RESULTS

In 2005, twenty years since the beginning of restructuring and subsequent reforms. We offer our readers to familiarize yourself with two materials. The first is devoted to the results of the twenty-year rule of the emperor NicholasII. This period is still interpreted as blind, rotten, not capable of tyranny. The second material is also dedicated to the twenty years - but the period of Russian history has already been modern.

Some results of the Board of Nicholas II

Sergey Oldenburg

In the twenty years of the Board of Nicholas II, the population of the empire increased by fifty million people - by 40%; Natural population growth has exceeded three million per year. Along with the natural increase, the overall level of well-being increased noticeably.

Thus, the consumption of sugar from 25 million pounds per year (8 pounds per soul in 1894) exceeded 80 million pounds (18 pounds per soul) in 1913. Tea consumption increased (75 million kg in 1913; 40 million in 1890).

Thanks to the growth of agricultural production, the development of communication, the appropriate supply of food aid, "Hungry Years" at the beginning of the twentieth century has already moved into the past. Nourishness no longer meant hunger: the bars in separate areas was covered with the production of other areas.

The crop of bread cereals (rye, wheat and barley), which reached at the beginning of the reign, on average, a little more than two billion pounds exceeded in 1913-1914. Four billion.

The number of manufactory per head of the population has doubled: despite the fact that the production of the Russian textile industry has increased percentage percentage, importing tissues from abroad has also increased several times.

Deposits in state savings offices increased from three hundred million in 1894 to two billion rubles in 1913.

Stone coal mining increased continuously. The Donetsk pool, which in 1894, less than 300 million pounds, in 1913, gave more than one and a half billion. In recent years, the development of new powerful deposits of the Kuznetsky basin in Western Siberia began. Coal mining throughout the empire for twenty years has increased more than four times. In 1913, oil mining approached 600 million pounds per year (two-thirds more than at the beginning of the reign).

In Russia, the metallurgical industry raised rapidly. Cast iron smelting increased in twenty years almost four times; copper smelting - ingesto; Mining ore mining also five times. In the field of mechanical engineering, a rapid increase in the most recent years was manifested: the main capital of the main Russian machinery plants in three years (1911-1914) increased from 120 to 220 million rubles. The production of cotton fabrics from 10.5 million pounds in 1894 doubled to 1911 and continued to increase further. The total number of workers in twenty years from two million approached five.

From 1,200 million at the beginning of the reign of the budget reached 3.5 billion. Year after year, the amount of income exceeded estimates; The state has all the time to be free. For ten years (1904-1913), the excess of ordinary income above the expenses amounted to over two billion rubles. Golden stock of Gosbank from 648 million (1894) increased to 1604 million (1914). The budget increased without the introduction of new taxes, without increasing old, reflecting the growth of the national economy.

The stretch of railways, as well as telegraph wires, is more than doubled. Increased I. river fleet - The largest in the world. (Steamers in 1895 were 2,539, in 1906 - 4 317.)

The Russian army increased in approximately the same proportion as the population: by 1914, it has numbered 37 buildings (not counting the Cossacks and irregular parts), with the composition of peacetime over 1,300,000 people. After the Japanese war, the army was thoroughly reorganized. Russian fleet, so cruelly affected by japanese War, revived to a new life, and this was a huge personal merit of the sovereign, twice overcoming the resistance of the Duma circles.

The growth of national education is evidenced by the following figures: By 1914, the expenditures of the state, zemstvo and cities on public education amounted to 300 million rubles (at the beginning of the reign - about 40 million).

About books and periodic publications In Russia for 1908 there are the following data: periodicals were 2,028, including 440 daily. Books and brochures published 23,852 titles, 70,841,000 copies, in the amount of 25 million rubles.

The economic amateurness of the broad masses was expressed in an unparalleled rapid development of cooperation. Until 1897, in Russia there were only about hundreds of consumer societies with a small number of participants and several hundred minor loans and savings comrades ... Already by January 1, 1912, the number of consumer societies approached seven thousand ... Credit cooperatives in 1914 increased their fixed capital by seven times compared with 1905 and numbered up to nine million members.

Against the background of the general picture of the mighty growth of the Russian Empire, the development of its Asian possessions was particularly highlighted. In twenty years, about 4 million immigrants from the inner provinces found a place in Siberia.

In the twentieth year, the reign of Emperor Nicholas II, Russia reached the level of material succeeded in it ... An aliens noted in Russia that happened in Russia. At the end of 1913, the editor "Economist EUROPEEN", Edmond Tar, made a survey of Russian economy on behalf of two French ministers. Noting the striking successes in all areas, Tari concluded: "If the cases of European nations be from 1912 to 1950, to go just as they went from 1900 to 1912, Russia by the middle of the current century will dominate Europe in both political and economic and financially».

This is what Winston Churchill wrote about the last days of the reign: "For no country, fate was so cruel as Russia. Her ship went to the bottom when the harbor was in mind. She has already undergone a storm when everything collapsed. All victims have already been brought, the whole work is completed. Despair and treason mastered the authorities when the task was already performed ...

In March, the king was on the throne; The Russian Empire and the Russian Army held, the front was provided and the victory is indisputable.

According to the surface fashion of our time, the royal system is customary to be treated as a blind, who rotted, not capable of tyranny. But the analysis of the thirty months of war with Germany and Austria was to fix these lightweight ideas. We can measure the strength of the Russian Empire in the impacts that she suffered, by disasters that she experienced, according to the inexhaustible forces she developed, and to restore the forces to which it was capable.

In the management of states, when great events are creating, the leader of the nation, whoever he is, is condemned for failures and is glorified for success ...

Here it will be collected now. Intervene dark hand, first clothed madness. The king comes down from the scene. His and all his loving people betrayed and death. His efforts reduce; His actions condemn; His memory is vicious ... Stop and say: And who turned out to be suitable? In people of talented and bold, people of ambitious and proud spirit, brave and powerful - there was no lack. But no one managed to answer those few simple questions, on which the life and glory of Russia depended. "

Some results of the period of restructuring and reform

Nikolay Leonov
special for Orthodoxy.ru.

The final objective criterion for assessing the success or failure of the reformist efforts are statistical indicators characterizing the state of the state as a whole and the population of the country. For twenty years of restructuring and reforms (1985-2005), historical Russia has ceased to exist with more than 1000 years of life. In 1991, contrary to the will of the overwhelming majority of the USSR population, expressed during a nationwide referendum, the political leaders of individual Union republics took advantage of the weakness of the central government and announced the liquidation of the USSR. The Moscow kingdom created by centuries, which then became the Russian Empire, and then by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, in one day on December 8, 1991 cringe to the sizes of the RSFSR, i.e. To the borders of the approximately corresponding to the middle of the XVII century. It was lost 5.5 million square meters. km. territory (from 22.4 million to 17 million), on which 14 independent states arose, most of which stood up for anti-Russian positions.

Of the 272 million population of the previous USSR, only 146 million remained abroad with more than 25 million ethnic Russians, which became citizens of the second grade in new national Limitrofa states. Against the background of the global tendency to reunite nations (examples of Vietnam, Yemen, Germany, etc.) the Russian people were in the position of separated.

Geopolitical catastrophe, broken in territory historical Russia, adversely affected the state of its population, characterized by a steady extinction process. Annual population decline from natural causes ranges from 700 to 800 thousand people. Fertility does not compensate for mortality. According to the number of suicides, Russia has come out for one of the first places in the world (60 thousand annually, 80% of them are men). General outflow of the population abroad in the form of economic emigration, brain leaks, etc. is estimated for twenty years in 5 million. The Russian government does not see other ways to replenish labor reserves, except for migration to Russia of citizens from the former Union republics, which will change the demographic composition of the country's population and will bring all related risks and dangers.

For 1985-2005 The well-being of the population of Russia deteriorated sharply. Even according to official statistics, half of the citizens of the country lives either lower or on the border of the minimum subsistence minimum. These our fellow citizens rather survive than they live. Bank savings of the population of Russia were discounted twice during this time. In 1992, they were actually destroyed by multiple and lightning rise in prices, in August 1998, depositors were ruined as a result of the financial bankruptcy of the state and the fall of the ruble rate in three or four times in relation to foreign currencies.

The wage level systematically lagged on prices. By 2000, the cost of food and essential items has stabilized at the global level. In combination of factors, Moscow has repeatedly become the most expensive city in the world. In the same time average level salary in Russia is about 10 times lower than in countries Western Europe and North America, to which Russia formally belongs, entering the group of the 8th most developed countries of the world.

The demoralization of a large part of the people became the reaction to the collapsed poverty, a traction for the search for oblivion in alcohol and drugs. Alcohol consumption in Russia reached 17 liters (in terms of pure alcohol) per capita per year, while the level of 8 liters is considered critical for public health. Drugs, first familiar only by a narrow circle of intelligentsia, began to capture wide layers of adolescents and young people. Only the drug authorities confiscated in one year would have enough for the manufacture of almost 200 million one-time doses.

The multiple polls of the population on the issue of whether it began to live better as a result of restructuring and reforms, give a steady picture: from 5 to 8% respond to the affirmative, 25-30% say that they retained the former quality of life or slightly improved it, the rest recognize that they began to live worse.

For 1985-2005 There was a sharp social bundle of the population of Russia. The pretended interlayer of the richest people, contradict the traditions, often exposes their wealth in the form of luxurious villas, expensive cars, which insults the overwhelming majority of the population, makes it a poverty even more painful and, of course, prevents the formation of the unity of the nation and the success of government reforms.

Russia's agriculture has suffered a large extent from the rejected-reform "transformations". The gross grain harvest has decreased from 110 million tons to 78 million in 2004, sugar beets from 25 million tons to 21 million, potatoes from 38 million to 36 million tons. Against the background of the total fall of the production of agriculture products, sunflower and soybeans were the main exception - the main raw material for the production of vegetable oil. Even worse things in animal husbandry: cattle population has decreased from 57 to 23 million heads, pigs from 38 to 14 million heads. Meat production (including bird) fell from 16 million tons to 8 million tons, and milk from 56 million tons to 32 million. Now import meat takes more than a third of our domestic market, and about 16% milk. Russia lost the ability to ensure itself with food, which creates a serious threat national Security. (The data were announced at a meeting of the Government of the Russian Federation on October 20, 2005)

Until now, the system of land tenure and land use is determined. There are about 16 million rural households focused on self-relocating and small-ware production. In the absence of land and mortgage lending in the country, these farms that do not have free financial resources and agricultural equipment are doomed to degradation. The process of formation of large modern agricultural complexes has begun, but for their formation it will take a lot of time. Farming, as a type of management, in Russia did not fit.

In industry, all these years there were similar changes in the devastating nature. Preserved and even slightly grown compared with 1985. Only oil and natural gas production, the export of which abroad has become the main source of gold revenues. The black metallurgy, aluminum and production of chemical fertilizers, was kept at an acceptable level, since the world market was extremely interested in their products. These types of production require either a large number of scarce raw materials, or cheap electricity, or are related to the costs of an environmental order, which makes Russia competitive.

The manufacturing industry almost completely died, with the exception of the automotive industry and the military-industrial complex (MOTOR-building, production of industrial vehicles, machines, controls and communications, agricultural equipment, household equipment, etc.) The volume of industrial production has decreased to 60% of 1985 . Stopped production for 70 thousand factories and factories. The average annual number of industrial and production personnel has decreased from 20 million people in 1992 to 11.8 million in 2004.

Most of the finished goods on which the livelihood of the country depends, Russia is imported from abroad: from screws and nails to computers and aircraft.

The serious socio-economic consequences of restructuring and reforms are explained by the acute political injection of all the processes that flowed in Russia during these years. As in 1917, the Bolsheviks sang "The whole world of Nasili we destroy to the foundation, and then ..." So the reformers of the 1985-2005, first of all, were guided primarily by the ideas of the destruction of the entire Soviet, the creation of guarantees of the irreversibility of the return to the previous model of society. People, the ill-impact of reforms, with passive hostility towards them, predetermined the failure of transformations called democratic.

By the end of the analyzed period, Russia approached, nevertheless, with serious chances for revival. She was saved by the data of the Lord enormous natural wealth, patience and endurance of the population, not fully lost faith in tomorrow. Thanks to the sale of raw materials, Russia's gold reserves have reached the highest level in its history. They make up 180 billion dollars. In the near future, our export revenues will be saved at a high level. A sharply need smart energetic leaders who will be able to use these favorable opportunities to gain lost time. Russia has retained the necessary scientific and technical bones, it's a matter of organizers.

It is critical to turn the negative trends of the moral and moral degradation of society, to breathe faith in God in God, to the country, in her leaders, in themselves.

26 / 12 / 2005

It is said that if a person does not know the history of his native state, he does not know his roots. On the one hand, what do we, now living, do the fate of the rulers who ruled a few hundred years ago? But practice shows: historical experience Does not lose relevance in any era. The Board of Nikolai 2 was the final chord in the reign of the Romanov dynasty, but it also turned out to be the brightest and turning point in the history of our country. The article below you will get acquainted with the royal family, learn how Nicholas was 2. His time, the reforms and the peculiarities of the Board will be interesting to everyone.

The last Emperor

Nikolay 2 had many titles and regalia: he was the emperor of the All-Russian, Grand Duke Finland, the king of Polish. He was appointed Colonel, and British monarchs awarded him by Feld Marshal British Army and Admiral Fleet. This suggests that among the heads of other states he enjoyed respect and popularity. He was a man easy to communicate, but at the same time never lost his own dignity. In any situation, the emperor never forgot that he is a special royal blood. Even in the link, during home arrest and in the last days He remained a real man with his life.

The time of the board of Nikolai 2 has shown: patriots with good thoughts and glorious affairs for the benefit of the Fatherland did not translate on Earth. Contemporaries said that Nicholas 2 was rather rather on the nobleman: a man is simple, conscientious, he responsibly approached any cause and always responded to someone else's pain. He condescendingly related to all people, even simple peasants, could easily talk to any of them. But the sovereign never forgiven those who got involved in monetary scams, fraud and deceived others.

Reforms of Nicholas 2.

The emperor ascended the throne in 1896. This is a difficult time for Russia, difficult for simple people and dangerous for the dominant class. The emperor himself firmly adhered to the principles of autocracy and always emphasized that it would strictly maintain his charter and did not intend to conduct any transformations. The date of the board of Nikolai 2 fell on a difficult time for the state, so revolutionary unrest in the people and their dissatisfaction with the ruling class was forced to Nicholas 2 to fulfill two major reforms. These were: Political reform 1905-1907g. And the agrarian reform of 1907. The history of Nikolai 2 reign shows: almost every step of the sovereign was exhausted and calculated.

Boylogin reform of 1905

The first reform began with the preparatory stage held from February to August 1905. A special meeting was created, which was led by the Minister of Internal Affairs A.G. Bulygin. During this time, a manifesto on the establishment of the State Duma and the Regulations on the elections was prepared. They were published on August 6, 1905. But due to the uprising of the working class, the law-based was not convened.

In addition, the All-Russian political strike was held, which made Emperor Nikolai 2 go to serious political concessions and on October 17 to publish a manifesto, who endowed the law on legislative rights, proclaim political freedom And significantly expand the circle of voters.

All the work of the Duma and the principles of its formation were recorded in the Regulations on the elections of December 11, 1905, in decree on the composition and device of the State Duma of February 20, 1906, as well as in the basic laws of April 23, 1906. Decorated changes in the state device by a legislative act. Legislative functions are given to the State Council and the Council of Ministers, who began its work from October 19, 1905, and his head appointed Yu.V. Witte. The reforms of Nikolai 2 indirectly pushed the state to change the authorities and the overthrow of autocracy.

Crash Duma 1906-1907

The first in Russia was very democratic, but put forward demands - radical. They believed that political transformations should continue, demanded that the landowners stop the land tenure, they condemned autocrase, kept on Total Terror. In addition, expressed the mistrust of the ruling power. Of course, all these innovations were not acceptable for the ruling class. Therefore, the first and second Duma 1906-1907 g. Nikolai 2 were dissolved by the emperor.

The political reform of Nicholas 2 ended in that it was created in which the rights of the people were severely limited. The new political system could not work with unresolved socio-economic and political problems.

The Board of Nicholas 2 has become a turning point for the political system of the state. The Duma turned into a tribune to criticize power, manifesting himself as an opposition. It pushed to a new revolutionary uprising and even more strengthened the crisis in society.

Agrarian "Stolypinskaya" reform

The process of transformations began in 1907 and they were engaged in P.A. Stolypin. The main goal was to preserve landowner landing. To achieve this result, we decided that it was necessary to eliminate communities and sell the land to the peasants living in the villages, through the peasant bank. For the sake of reducing the peasant minor, the peasants for the Urals began to relocate. In the hope that all these measures will cease social shocks in society and the opportunity to modernize agriculture will appear, launched agrarian reform.

Lifting the Russian economy

The introduced innovations brought tangible results in the agricultural industry, the economy of the Russian state felt a noticeable rise. Grain yields increased by 2 centners from each hectare, the volume of the collected products grew by 20%, the grain exported abroad increased by 1.5 times. The incomes of the peasants have increased markedly and their purchasing power has grown. The Board of Nicholas 2 raised agriculture to a new level.

But, despite the noticeable rise in the economy, social issues could not solve the ruler. The form of the Board remained the same, and the discontent of it in the people gradually increased. So only 25% of farms came out of the community, 17% of those resettled for the Ural returned back, and 20% of the peasants who took the land through the peasant bank were broken. As a result, the provision of peasants of the land of land decreased from 11 tents to 8 tens. It became clear that the second reform of Nicholas 2 ended unsatisfactory and agricultural problem was not solved.

By summing up the reign of Nikolai 2, it can be argued that the Russian Empire by 1913 became one of the richest in the world. This did not prevent the villains in 4 years to kill the Great Tsar, all his family and loyal approximate people.

Features of the upbringing of the future emperor

Nicholas himself 2 in childhood was brought up in strictness and in Spartan. I paid a lot of time, there was simplicity in clothes, and delicacies and sweets were only on holidays. Such an attitude towards children showed that even if they were born in a rich and noble family, then there are no merits in this. It was believed that the main thing is what you know and know how you have a soul. The royal family of Nicholas 2 is a sample of a friendly, fruitful alliance of her husband, his wife and their correctly educated children.

Such upbringing the future emperor suffered in his own family. The daughter of the king since childhood knew what pain and suffering were able to help with the one who needed it. For example, the eldest daughters of Olga and Maria, along with their mother, Empress Alexander Fedorovna, worked in military hospitals during World War II. For this they passed special medical courses And for several hours stood on their feet at the operating table.

Currently, we know that the life of the king and his family is a constant fear for their lives, for the family and for all primarily a big responsibility, care and anxiety for the entire people. And the "profession" of the king is ungrateful and dangerous, which confirms the history of the Russian state. The royal family of Nikolai 2 became the benchmark of marital loyalty for many years.

Head of the Imperial Family

Myself Nicholas 2 became the last and the Board of Russia at the house of Romanov ended on it. He was the eldest son in the family, and his parents were emperor Alexander 3 and Maria Fedorovna Romanov. After the tragic death of his grandfather, he became the heir to the Russian throne. Nicholas 2 possessed a calm character, was distinguished by great religiosity, grew up a shy and thoughtful boy. However, at the right moment was always firm and persistent in his intentions and actions.

Empress and mother family

The wife of the Russian Emperor Nikolai 2 became the daughter of the Great Duke of Hesse Dramsthade Ludwig, and her mother was Princess England. The future empress was born on June 7, 1872 in Darmstadt. Parents called her Alix and gave her real English upbringing. The girl was born in the sixth in a row, but it did not prevent her from becoming a brought up and decent German lawyer, because her native grandmother was Queen of England Victoria. The future empress was balanced in nature and was very shy. Despite the noble origin, she led the Spartan lifestyle, took the bath in the morning with cold water And spent the night on a tough bed.

Favorite children of the royal family

The first child in the family of the sovereign Nikolai 2 and his wife Empress Alexandra Fedorovna became daughter of Olga. She was born in 1895 in November and became a favorite child of his parents. Great Princess Romanova was very clever, friendly and differed in great abilities in the study of all kinds of sciences. It was distinguished by sincerity and generosity, and her Christian soul was clean and fair. The beginning of the Board of Nikolai 2 was marked by the birth of the firstborn.

The second child of Nikolai 2 became the daughter of Tatiana, which was born on June 11, 1897. Outwardly, she looked like a mother, and her character was father. She had a strong sense of duty and loved everything in all. Great Princess Tatiana Nikolaevna Romanova well embroidered and sewed, possessed a sound reason and in all life situations remained themselves.

The next and, accordingly, the third child of the emperor and the empress was another daughter - Maria. She was born on June 27, 1899. Great Princess differed from the sisters good nature, friendly and greasy. She had a beautiful appearance and possessed a big vital force. It was very tied to parents and loved them insanely.

The sovereign was looking forward to the Son, but the girl Anastasia became the fourth child in the royal family. The emperor loved her like all his daughters. Great Princess Anastasia Nikolaevna Romanova was born on June 18, 1901 and in character was very similar to the boy. She was a shock and frisky child, loved to fool and had a cheerful temper.

On August 12, 1904, the long-awaited heir was born in the imperial family. The boy was named Alex, in honor of the great great-grandfather Alexei Mikhailovich Romanova. Cesarevich inherited from his father and the mother is all the best. He loved his parents hot, and Nicholas 2 was a real idol for him, he always tried to imitate him.

Self for the throne

May 1896 marked the most important event - Nikolai Coronation was held in Moscow 2. It was the last similar event: the king became the last not only in the Romanov dynasty, but also in history Russian Empire. Ironically, it was this coronation that became the most majestic and luxurious. So the Board of Nicholas 2 began. For the most important occasion, the city was decorated with only the colorful illuminating lights that appeared at that time. According to eyewitnesses, the event was literally the word "fiery sea".

Representatives of all countries came to the capital of the Russian Empire. From the heads of state to simple Luda - representatives of each class were at the inauguration ceremony. To capture this momentous day in the paints, mastic artists arrived in Moscow: Serov, Ryabushkin, Vasnetsov, Repin, Nesterov and others. Nikolai 2 coronation was a real holiday for the Russian people.

Last coin of the Empire

Numismatics - truly interesting science. She studies not just coins and bills of different states and eras. In the collections of the largest numismatists, the history of the country, its economic, political and social changes can be traced. So the Chervonets Nikolai 2 became a legendary coin.

The first time he was released in 1911, and in the future annually the Mint Chervonians minted with huge circulations. The nominal coin was 10 rubles and was made of gold. It would seem why this money attracts the attention of numismatists and historians? The snag is that the number of issued and minted coins was limited. And, it means that it makes sense to compete for the cherished Chervonets. They met them much more than the Mint stacked. But, unfortunately, among the large number of fakes and the "impostor" it is difficult to find a genuine coin.

Why is so many coins have "twins"? There is an opinion that someone was able to remove the stamp of the facial and the opposite sides from the mint and pass them into the hands of counterfeiters. Historians claim that it could be either Kolchka, which "has proved" a lot of Chervonsev, to undermine the country's economy, or the Soviet government, which has tried to pay these money with Western partners. It is known that for a long time the West countries did not recognize the new government seriously and continued to be calculated with Russian gold worms. Also, the massive release of fake coins could be made much later, and from the gold of low quality.

Foreign Policy Nicholas 2

For the period of the reign of the emperor, two major military companies had to. On the Far East The Russian state has encountered aggressively tuned Japan. In 1904, the Russian-Japanese war began, which was supposed to distract the simple people from the socio-economic problems of the state. The largest military actions took place at the fortress of Port Arthur, which surrendered already in December 1904. Under Mukend, the Russian army lost the battle in February 1905. And the Island of Tsushima in May 1905, the Russian fleet suffered a defeat and was completely sweeping. The Russian-Japanese military company by signing in Portsmouth in August 1905 peace agreements, according to which Japan has departed Korea and the southern part of Sakhalin Island.

World War I

In the city of Sarajevo, in Bosnia, the heir was killed by the Austrian throne F. Ferdinand, which served as a reason for the beginning of the First World War of 1914 between the tripled union and the Entente. There were states such as Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy. And the Entente entered Russia, England and France.

The main hostilities took place on the West Front in 1914. On the eastern front, Austria-Hungary suffered a defeat from the Russian army, was close to surrender. But Germany helped Austro-Hungary to survive and continue the offensive to Russia.

Again, Germany went against Russia in the spring and summer of 1915, while taking Poland's offensive, part of the Baltic States, part of Western Belarus and Ukraine. And in 1916, the troops of Germany, the main blow was inflicted on the Western Front. In turn, the Russian troops broke through the front and defeated the Austrian army, led the military actions General A.A. Brusilov.

The foreign policy of Nicholas 2 led to the fact that the Russian state was economically exhausted by a long war, nominated and political problems. Deputies did not hide the fact that they are not satisfied with the policies that the ruling power holds. never was resolved, but Patriotic War Only aggravated him. By signing the Brest World on March 5, 1918, Russia graduated from war.

Summing up

You can talk about the fate of the rulers. Results of the Board of Nicholas 2 These are: Russia has experienced a colossal leap in economic development, as well as strengthening political and social contradictions. Over the years of the reign of the emperor, two revolutions had once, the last of which they became decisive. Large-scale transformations with other countries led to the fact that the Russian Empire strengthened its influence in the East. The time of the reign of Nikolai 2 was extremely contradictory. Maybe therefore, in those years, events occurred, which led to a change state building.

You can discuss for a long time, it was necessary to do the emperor anyway. Historians have not yet agreed in a single opinion about who was the last emperor of the Russian Empire - a great autocrat or death of statehood. The era of the Board of Nikolai 2 is a very difficult time for the Russian Empire, but at the same time noteworthy and fateful.

No one is no longer a secret that the history of Russia is distorted. In extremely, this concerns the great people of our country. Which represent us in the form of tyranans, crazy or inventive people. One of the most excited rulers is Nicholas II.

However, if you look at the numbers, we will make sure that much of what we know about the last king is a lie.

Nikolai II was based on the preservation of the principles of the state system, the strengthening of the Church, the substantiation of prudent, based on the Christian morality of freedoms, the preservation of the great-based authority of the empire, an increase in the overall welfare of the population by broad economic and economic transformations, an increase in education.

Russia was a huge territory, which was 19.179.000 square wools or about 8.320,000 square meters. miles

In administrative procedure, it consisted of 97 provinces and areas separated, in turn, at 816 USD.

N. Berchev (the authentic appearance of the Tsar-Martyr as a person, Christian and the monarch) wrote:

The brilliant Russian scientist Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev, a former not only a chemist, but also by an economist, and a statesman in his wonderful labor "to the knowledge of Russia", published shortly before his death (in 1906), gives a detailed picture of Russian well-being. Based on the statistical data of the All-Russian census of the population of 1897 and on the data of the Statistical Committee, given to them in their report " Movement of the population of European Russia in 1897. " (in 1900).

Population of Russia:

Mendeleev emphasizes that in 1897 the birth rate is 4.95%, mortality 3.14%, and the natural population growth of 1.81%. "I consider it very unnecessary, says Mendeleev, pay attention to the fact that such a natural increase, which is found for 1897 (1.81%), no one is still unknown for one country." Comparing the United States and Argentina, Mendeleev indicates that the increase in population of these countries is more because it consists of a natural increase, increased immigration from other countries. At the same time, he indicates the most prosperous country in this regard by Germany, where the annual population increase is 1.5%. Next, Mendeleev leads to the statistics of Ireland, where there is an explicit settlement of the population, and also points to a number of countries in which the population is gradually dying. Such a country after the Great Revolution, corrupted by its revolutionary philosophy and the fall of morality, became France, the population of which in front of the First World War systematically decreased. Mendeleev calculates that if the "precautions take 1.5% to increase the population of Russia, instead of 1.81%, then in 1950 it will be 282.7 million people. According to Soviet statistics, the total population Soviet Union In 1967, a number of 235 million in 1967, whereas, according to Mendeleev's calculations, it would have to reach a figure of 360 million, at a minimum. This is "deficit" in Russia's population, equal to 125 million people! According to Soviet statistics, the population growth for 1967 is 1.11%. There is something to think about.

"In Russia, annually," Mendeleev reports, "comes 2,000,000 inhabitants, i.e., at every minute of the day and night, the total number of born in Russia exceeds the number of dying for 4 people."

The Grand Russian scientist draws the attention of the Russian public to the growth of the population, which by the year 2000 should reach 600,000,000 souls. Based on this, Mendeleev comes to the conclusion that to ensure and increase the well-being of the population, it is necessary to increase the growth of the domestic industry, to engage in land buttons, raise the productivity of agriculture and labor at all. Based on the results of the census on the movement of the population, it comes to a strong conclusion that the issue of this imperial government is correctly rising and treated, as evidenced by the faster growth of the urban population due to the rural and the growth of peasant land tenure.

Industry

Touching our industry, Mendeleev indicates that the paper industry has won out of all the competition all the markets of Asia. It indicates that exports of excellent quality and very cheap paper products, like Sitz, Kumach, Satinet, "Chestov Leather", etc., and so on. The same goods of the British industry in China and other Asian countries, including India, are completely out.

Exports abroad sugar, tobacco, cigarette, vodka, caviar, fish and other canned foods reaches impressive sizes.

"Any Russian, who rushed abroad, writes Mendeleev," he knows that in Russia, the candy products of all kinds, ranging from simple caramels and jam to the highest grade candy, not only better than anywhere else, but also cheaper. "

For his part (N. Obruchev writes, the author of the memories) I can't not specify and I am sure that everyone who lived in Imperial Russia will confirm that such lemonade, which there were issued there, in their quality and taste, there was no way abroad And no now; Especially in this regard, Moscow: "Fruit Waters" Lanina and "Citro" and "Cranberry" Kalinina.

Our Canned Prokhorov, distinguished by Malorosiysk Borsch, Sudak in Mayonnaise, Fried Partridges and Tetherov, Sweet Polka Dot, etc., Fruit and Fish Canned: Sprots, Rosges, Mackerel were and, even in the past, still remaining competition, so same as different types of caviar, cigarette, tobacco and vodka.

Statistics for 20 years of reign of the king martyr gives the following information: the development of the industry in Russia went by gigantic steps - in 1914 there were 14,000 large factories and factories, on which about 2,500,000 workers worked, producing goods worth about 5 billion . Gold rubles. In addition, the handicraft industry was developed, in which several million mainly low-earth peasants involved in this fishery, as helping agriculture. Kostari highlighted knives, scissors, shoes, boots, pottery, furniture, toys and a lot of artized articles from ivory, silver and wood.

Vladimir Province was famous for the icon-painting, the Caucasus - weapons and all sorts of decorations, Bukhara, Khiva and Turkestan - carpets, Greykorsia and Malorosia - embroidery, Belarus - the clocks and the finest canvas, Yaroslavl province - boots and wickers, etc. In Russia, they were arranged annually 30.000 fairs From which international fairs are most famous in Nizhny Novgorod.

Peasantry

Love Nicholas II to the simple people was not abstract: he sought systematically to improve his life and well-being, a number of legislation and reforms conducted on their basis testify to this. Especially it affected his reforms concerning the land butter of the peasants. He understood the fact that they did not understand theoretics of socialism, putting the demagogic slogan "All Earth - Peasants". The martyr's king clearly realized that the partition of the whole land would row drown and inevitably led agricultural. Country products in a catastrophic state in the coming decades. Only illiterate people and irresponsible demagogues could say about the section of agricultural land. In 1914, on the entire area of \u200b\u200bRussia at 19.179.000 square meters. Luisst, 182.5 million residents lived. If the whole area of \u200b\u200bRussia is divided into equally, then there would be 10.95 testers per soul on average. And in the total number of these tits, there were areas occupied by settlements, iron and other roads, lakes, swamps, mountains and huge spaces of deserts, tundras and forests. The sovereign was well aware, and they needed fundamental reforms to improve agricultural products. For this, it was necessary to destroy community ownership and sevisor (that is, the location of land plots of one economy by strips interspersed with other people's sites).

The conviction of the sovereign about the need for such a reform was shared by the greatest minds of Russia: prof. DI. Mendeleev, Gen.-Adjutant N.N. Obruchev, prof. N.Kh. Bunge, prof. D.I.Pestroztsky, Ministers D.S. Sipyagin and P.A. Stolypin, which began to spend this reform.

It is interesting to note that about this writes in his memoirs S.Yu. Witte: "I must say that, on the one hand, I have not yet fully studied the peasant question regarding the advantages of the advantage of the peasant ownership of the land, I did not establish myself a final view." And then read - "Thus, I did not speak out for the community, nor for personal ownership, but found that it would be more prudent until the peasant question was found out in all its aggregate, the action to suspend the article."

Ensuring small-earth and landless peasants amounted to the subject of a special caringness of the government. Since 1906, an increased resettlement of peasants in Siberia began. Transport of immigrants was made at the expense of the treasury. A landowner land management committee and the migration department issued loans to such peasants and manifestation benefits. In the Asian Russia, the land, extremely suitable for agriculture and in the band, whose climate was most mild and healthy, were assigned to the peasants.

Russia by 1917 was a completely peasant country to a greater extent than any of European countries. On the eve of the revolution, peasants belonged to the entire arable land of the Earth in Asian Russia and 80% of her in European Russia.

Improving agriculture, in other words, the improvement of the life and economic well-being of 75% of the total population of Russia was the constant concern for the king of the martyr. Simultaneously with landowing reforms, a lot was made to improve agriculture and to raise agricultural products. The number of initial, medium and higher agricultural educational institutions increased rapidly.

In Russia, many varieties of fruit trees, vegetables, berries and cereals were derived. In this field, the famous Russian scientist I.V. Michurin has especially achieved. Turkestan and Caucasian peaches, grapes, apricots, pears and plums were the best in the world. The Black Sea prunes displaced the famous French prunes in recent years before the revolution. Grew wine-making; Russian Crimean and Caucasian wines, Don champagne, a specific "Abrau-Durso", if not exceeded, was not inferior in his quality French. New breeds of livestock and horses were displayed.

By surveys prof. DI. Mendeleeva Climate of Russia from all countries in Europe was the least favorable for agriculture. The agriculture was especially suffering from drought, when under the influence of the wind of the wind blowing from the southeastern deserts, the entire harvest of the Volga region, the southeast and the south of Russia burned to the root. "Before the revolution," writes prof. Peshrzhatsky, - in 46 provinces there were 84 thousand bakery of social and peasant stores. As of January 1, 1917, stocks of barley, rye and wheat in stores were 190.456.411 Puddles - and it is only in bread-based stores, not to mention other covers! "

According to statistical information in 1912 in the Russian Empire, there was:

35.300,000 horses - in the second place were US (23.015.902 horses);

51.900.000 Heads of cattle - We consisted in II place after the United States (613.682.648 heads);

84.500.000 Sheep - We ranked II in world products after Australia (85.057.402 Heads).

Tsarist Russia was a resident of Europe. "On average for 1909-1913," reports prof. Pedroztsky, grain products in Russia accounted for 75.114.895 tons. In all other countries of old and new light, 360.879,000 tons collected together with rice. Thus, the grain products of Russia accounted for 21% of the products of the whole world. Russia exported more grain, flour and seeds than the United States and Argentina together. "

Science and education

Popular education in Russia in the reign of Emperor Nicholas II rapidly developed. Budget of public education from 40,000,000 rubles. In 1894 he reached 400.000.000 million rubles in 1914. The fees for training in Russian universities compared with foreign was exceptionally low - 50 rubles per year. Students from the peasant, workers and non-hospitable families were exempted from the training fees and were scholars. Higher education There was no privilege of an exceptionally rich class, as it was abroad. Training B. primary schoolsoh, it was generally free. Students and students in secondary educational institutions (high schools) had the opportunity to earn intelligent labor, mainly lessons.

The former leader of the faction of the Studovikov of the State Duma I. Zhilkin wrote: "Again, more and more convex is one significant feature - a spontaneously growing of a national education.<…> A huge fact is performed: Russia from the illiterate becomes competent. All the soil of the enormous Russian plain as it was partitioned and accepted the seeds of education - and immediately overlooked the whole space, the hat is young pigs. "

In 1906, the State Duma and the State Council adopted the draft law on the introduction of universal education in Russia! This reform in the field of public education was supposed to be completed in 1922 in connection with this in Russia, 10,000 primary schools were built annually and 60 secondary educational institutions were opened.

Economy

In the reign of Nicholas II, as in the then US, the income tax did not exist. Tax investment in Russia was the lowest compared to other great powers of Europe.

According to statistical data for 1912:

Taxes in rubles per soul made up

Despite this, the state revenues of Russia from 1.410,000,000 gold rubles in 1897 increased to 3.417.000.000 Gold rubles in 1913. Golden Bank of Gosbank from 300,000,000 rubles in 1894 increased to 1.600.000.000 rubles in 1914. The amount of the state budget from 950,000,000 gold rubles in 1894 increased to 3.500.000.000 Gold rubles in 1914. During all this time, the state budget of the Russian Empire did not know the deficit.

The sovereign of the emperor patronized domestic investment and was an adamant opponent of foreign. Despite the restrictions on foreign capital, the economic well-being of Russia, and in particular its industry, raised rapidly. FROM end XIX. A century, industrial development of Russia happened faster than in any other country. In Russia, cooperation was very encouraged, and in this respect Russia, perhaps also stood at the place in the world. In 1914, there were 45,000 cooperative savings boxes in Russia and probably about 30,000 shops.

Working legislation

The workers' interests were defended by special legislation. Mandatory settlement books were introduced, in which hours of work and work fit, work was prohibited for youngsters, adolescents from 14 to 16 years could not work more than 8 hours, 11-hour working day was installed for men. Work in factories at night was banned by women and teenagers up to 17 years. On December 12, 1904, state insurance workers were introduced. This law did not exist in the United States for a long time.

The rural and urban population of departments were free medical care and free treatment in hospitals and hospitals. The first country in the world, who established the Department of People's Health, was Russia.

Church transformations

The tsar-martyr made a live stream into the religious and church life of Russia. The glorification took place in his reign: Rev. Seraphim of Sarovsky, St. Feodosia Uglitsky, St. Martyr Isidore, Svyatira Pitirim, Bishop Tambov and many others. Missionary activity intensified. The construction of temples grew. The number of Orthodox from 15 million under the Emperor Peter I increased to 115 or more than millions by the end of the reign of Emperor Nicholas II. In 1908, there were 51.413 churches in Russia.

Nikolai II was committed by the work of state dispensing. Russia's well-being in his reign very quickly reached an unprecedented before height.

N. Berchev "Genuine appearance of the King Martyr as a person, Christian and Monarch", according to the materials of the book "Nicholas II in memories and testimony." - M.: Veva, 2008.

Attitude towards the personality of the last Russian emperor is so ambiguous that there is simply no consensus on the results of his reign.
When they say about Nicolae II, two polar points of view are immediately determined: the Orthodox-Patriotic and Liberal Democratic. For the first Nicholas II and his family - the ideal of morality, the image of martyrdom; His Board - the highest point economic Development Russia in its history. For other Nicholas II - a weak person, a haired man, who failed to protect the country from revolutionary madness, was fully influenced by his wife and Rasputin; Russia during his reign is seen economically backward.

The purpose of this article is not the conviction or persecution of anyone, but let's consider both points of view and make your own conclusions.

Orthodox-patriotic point of view

In the 1950s, the report of the Russian writer Brazol Boris Lvovich (1885-1963) appeared in Russian abroad (1885-1963). During World War I, he worked in Russian military intelligence.

The report of Brazol is called "the reign of Emperor Nicholas second in numbers and facts. The answer to slanders, dismember motors and Russophobes. "

At the beginning of this report, the quotation of the famous economist of the time Edmon Teri is given: "If the cases of European nations will be from 1912 to 1950 to go just as they went from 1900 to 1912, Russia will dominate Russia as in the middle of the current century, so and economically and financially. " (magazine "Economist EUROPEEN", 1913).

Let's give some data from this report.

On the eve of the First World War, the population of the Russian Empire was 182 million people, and during the reign of Emperor Nicholas II, it increased by 60 million.

Imperial Russia built its budget and financial policy not only on deficient budgets, but also on the principle of significant accumulation of the golden stock.

In the reign of Emperor Nicholas II, the Law of 1896, the Golden Currency was introduced in Russia. The sustainability of money, the appeal was such that even during the Russian-Japanese war, accompanied by widespread revolutionary riots within the country, the exchange of credit tickets for gold was not suspended.

Before World War I, taxes in Russia were the lowest worldwide. The burden of direct taxes in Russia was almost 4 times less than in France, more than 4 times less than in Germany and 8.5 times less than in England. The burden of indirect taxes in Russia was on average twice as smaller than in Austria, France, Germany and England.

I. Repin "Emperor Nicholas II"

In the period between 1890 and 1913. Russian industry increased its productivity four times. And it should be noted that the increase in the number of new enterprises was achieved not due to the appearance of firms - model, as in modern RussiaAnd at the expense of actually working factories and factories that produced products and created jobs.

In 1914, there were contributions to 2.236,000,000 rubles in the State Savings Cass, i.e., 1.9 times more than in 1908

These indicators are extremely important for understanding that the population of Russia was by no means a poor and much of their income saved.

On the eve of the revolution, Russian farming was in full bloom. In 1913, in Russia, the harvest of the main cereals was on '/ z above the same Argentina, Canada and the United States of America combined. In particular, the collection of rye in 1894 gave 2 billion puddles, and in 1913, 4 billion pounds.

The reign of Emperor Nicholas II Russia was the main feed of Western Europe. At the same time, the phenomenal increase in the export of agricultural products from Russia to England (grains and flour) is drawn to. In 1908, 858.3 million pounds were exported, and in 1910 2.8 million pounds, i.e. 3.3 times.

Russia supplied 50% of the global egg importation. In 1908, 2.6 billion people were exported from Russia worth 54.9 million rubles, and in 1909, 2.8 million pcs. worth 62.2 million rubles. The export of rye in 1894 amounted to 2 billion pounds, in 1913: 4 billion pounds. Sugar consumption in the same period of time rose from 4 to 9 kg per year per person (then sugar was a very expensive product).

On the eve of the First World War, Russia produced 80% of world flax production.

Modern Russia practically dresses in food dependence on the West.

In 1916, i.e., in the midst of the war, more than 2.000 railways were built, which joined the Northern Arctic Ocean (Port Romanovsk) with the center of Russia. The Great Siberian Way (8.536 km) was the longest in the world.

It should be added that the Russian railways, compared to others, for passengers were the cheapest and most comfortable in the world.

In the reign of Emperor Nicholas II, public education has reached extraordinary development. Primary training was free by law, and since 1908 it became mandatory. From this year, about 10,000 schools were opened annually. In 1913, the number exceeded 130,000. By the number of women who studied in higher educational institutions, Russia occupied at the beginning of the 20th century first place in Europe, if not all over the world.

During the reign of the sovereign Nikolai II, the Government of Peter Arkadyevich Stolypin carried out one of the most significant and most brilliant reforms of Russia - agricultural reform. This reform is associated with the transition of the ownership of land and land production from community-friendly. On November 9, 1906, the so-called "Stolypinsky Law" was published, which allowed the peasant to leave the community and was made by the individual and hereditary owner of the Earth, which he processed. This law was a huge success. Immediately, 2.5 million pasts were submitted to cut off from family peasants. Thus, on the eve of the revolution, Russia was ready to turn into the country of owners.

For the period 1886-1913 g. The export of Russia amounted to 23.5 billion rubles, imports - 17.7 billion rubles.

Foreign investment from 1887 to 1913 increased from 177 million RUB over 2012; to 1.9 billion rubles, i.e. increased by 10.7 times. Moreover, these investments were directed into capital-intensive production and created new jobs. However, which is very important, the Russian industry was not dependent on foreigners. Enterprises with foreign investments occupied only 14% of the total capital of Russian enterprises.

The renunciation of Nicholas II from the throne was the greatest tragedy in the thousand-year history of Russia. With a fall, autocravia history of Russia rolled along the way of the unparalleled atrocity of the queuity, the enslavement of the multi-million people and the death of the greatest Russian Empire in the world, the very existence of which was the key to world political equilibrium.

The definition of the Bishop Cathedral of March 31 - April 4, 1992 of the Synodal Commission on the canonization of saints was entrusted with "when studying the feats of the new martyrs of the Russian to begin a study of materials related to the martyrdom of the royal family."

Excerpts from " Grounds for canonization of the royal family
From the report of Metropolitan Kruitsky and Kolomensky, Juvenal,
Chairman of the Synodal Commission on the Canonization of Saints. "

"As a politician and the statesman, the sovereign came based on its religious and moral principles. One of the most common arguments against the canonization of Emperor Nikolai II are events on January 9, 1905 in St. Petersburg. In the historical certificate of the Commission on this issue, we indicate: I introduced to know the evening of January 8 with the content of the Gaponian petition, which carried the nature of the revolutionary ultimatum, which did not allow to enter into constructive negotiations with representatives of workers, the sovereign ignored this document, illegal in the form and undermining prestige without War state power. During the whole January 9, 1905, the sovereign did not accept a single decision determined by the authorities in St. Petersburg to suppress the mass speeches of the workers. The order of the troops on the opening of fire was not the emperor, but the commander of the St. Petersburg Military District. Historical data does not allow to detect in the actions of the sovereign in the January 1905 days of the conscious evil will, facing the people and embodied in specific sinful decisions and actions.

With the beginning of the First World War, the sovereign regularly leaves in the bet, visits military units of the current army, dressing points, military hospitals, rear plants, in one word, everything that played a role in the conduct of this war.

Imperatrica from the very beginning of the war dedicated herself wounded. Having passed the courses of sisters of mercy together with the older daughters - the great princesses of Olga and Tatiana, - she cared for a few hours a day for wounded in the Tsarskoyel Lazarut.

The emperor considered a stay at the post of the Supreme Commander as fulfilling the moral and public debt before God and the People, however, always presenting the leading military specialists to a broad initiative in solving the entire set of military-strategic and operational and tactical issues.

The Commission expresses the opinion that the fact of renunciation from the throne of Emperor Nicholas II, directly connected with his personal qualities, in general is an expression of the historical situation in Russia then.

He accepted this decision only in the hope that those who wanted to remove him would be able to continue with honor war and will not destroy the work of Russia's salvation. He was afraid that his refusal to sign the renunciation did not lead to civil War in mind the enemy. The king did not want to be a drop of Russian blood because of him.

Spiritual motives for which the last Russian sovereign, who did not want to shed the blood of subjects, decided to renounce the throne in the name of the inner world in Russia, gives his act a truly moral nature. It is no coincidence that, when discussing in July 1918, at the Cathedral Council of the Local Cathedral of the Question of the Foundation of the Killed Sovereign, His Holiness Patriarch Tikhon decided on the ubiquitous ministry of the Panichid with the commemoration of Nicholas II as an emperor.

Behind many sufferings transferred to the royal family over the past 17 months of life, which ended with the fiction in the basement of the Yekaterinburg Ipatiev house on the night of July 17, 1918, we see people who were sincerely sought to translate in their lives of the head of the Gospel. In the sufferings transferred to the royal family in imprisonment with meekness, patience and humility, the Light of Christ Faith was revealed in their martyrdom, just as he excused in the life and death of millions of Orthodox Christians who have undergone persecution for Christ in the twentieth century.

It was precisely in understanding this feat of the Tsarist family, the Commission in complete disposal and from the approval of the sacred synoda finds it possible to glorify in the Council of New Communications and Russian Confessors in the face of Emperor Nikolai II, Empress Alexander, Tsarevich Alexy, Great Prince Olga, Tatiana, Maria and Anastasia.

Liberal Democratic Point of View

When Nicholas II came to power, he had no program, except for solid intention not to give up his autocratic power, which his father handed him. He was always solutions alone alone: \u200b\u200b"How can I do this, if it is against my conscience?" - It was the foundation on which he took his political decisions or rejected the options offered to him. He continued to pursue his father's contradictory policy: on the one hand, he tried to achieve social and political stabilization from above by preserving old estate-state structures, on the other - the policy of industrialization carried out by the Minister of Finance led to a huge social dynamics. Russian nobility The beginning of a massive offensive against the state-held economic policy of industrialization. Having removed Witte, the king did not know where to keep the way. Despite some reform steps (for example, the abolition of corporal punishment of the peasants), the king influenced the new Minister of Internal Affairs of Plevie decided in favor of the policy of all-friendly conservation of the social structure of the peasantry (maintaining a community), although Kulatsky elements, that is, richer peasants, was facilitated by way out peasant community. The king and ministers did not consider the necessary reforms in other areas: only a few minor concessions were made in the work issue; Instead of guaranteeing the right to strike, the government continued to repressions. The policies of stagnation and repression, which at the same time in a careful form continued to be launched economic policy, the king could not satisfy anyone.

At the meeting of land representatives on November 20, 1904, most demanded a constitutional regime. United in opposition to the strength of the progressive local nobility, rural intelligentsia, urban self-government and wide circles of the city intelligentsia began to demand introduction in the state of parliament. They were joined by Petersburg workers who were allowed to form an independent association, headed by Pop Gapon, they wanted to submit a petition of the king. The lack of general leadership with the already actually dismissed internal affairs minister and the king, who, like most of the ministers, did not understand the seriousness of the situation, led to a Blood Sunday catastrophe January 9, 1905. Army officers who had to restrain the crowd, were ordered to shoot in a peaceful People. 100 people were killed and presumably more than 1000 injured. Workers and intelligentsia responded to strikes and protest demonstrations. Although the workers mostly advanced purely economic requirements and revolutionary parties could not play an important role in the move, headed by Gapon, or in strikes following the bloody Sundays, a revolution began in Russia.
When a revolutionary and opposition movement in October 1905 reached the highest point - universal strikes, practically paralyzed the country, the king was forced to turn to his former minister Internal affairs, which, thanks to a very profitable peace treaty, concluded by the Japanese in Portsmouth (USA), acquired universal respect. Witte explained the king that he either should appoint a dictator who would severely fought with the revolution, or should guarantee bourgeois freedoms and elected legislative power. Nikolai did not want to turn the blood revolution. Thus, the principal problem of constitutional monarchies - the creation of the balance of power - aggravated as a result of the actions of the Prime Minister. The October Manifesto (10/17/1905) promised bourgeois freedoms, the electional meeting with legislative powers, the expansion of electoral law and, indirectly, equality of religions and nationalities, but did not bring the country to the peace, which was expected by the king. He rather caused serious unrest, broke out as a result of clashes between the loyal king and the revolutionary forces, and led in many regions of the country to pogroms directed not only against the Jewish population, but also against the representatives of the intelligentsia. The development of events since 1905 became irreversible.

However, in other areas there were positive changes that were not blocked on political macro levels. The rate of economic growth was again almost reached the level of nineties. In the village of Stolypinsky agrarian reforms that had the goal of creating private ownership began to develop independently, despite the resistance from the peasants. The state has a whole package of events sought large-scale modernization in agriculture. Science, literature and art reached a new heyday.

But the scandalous figure of Rasputin decisively contributed to the loss of the prestige of the monarch. World War II ruthlessly revealed the shortcomings of the Late Tsarism system. These were primarily political weaknesses. In the military field, by the summer of 1915, it was possible to even master the position at the front and establish supply. In 1916, thanks to the onset of Brusylov, the Russian army belonged even most of the territorial conquests of the allies before the start of the collapse of Germany. Nevertheless, in February 1917, Tsarism was approaching his death. In such a development of events, the king himself was to fully blame. Since he increasingly wanted to be his own prime minister, but did not correspond to this role, during the war no one could coordinate the actions of various state institutions, primarily civil with the military.

A temporary government who has changed the monarchy immediately took Nikolai and his family under house arrest, but he wanted to allow him to go to England. However, the British government was not in a hurry with the answer, and the temporary government was already insufficient enough to resist the will of the Petrograd Council of Workers and Soldier's deputies. In August 1917, the family transported to Tobolsk. In April 1918, local Bolsheviks achieved their transfer to Ekaterinburg. The king put this time of humiliation with great calm and hope for God, which in the face of death attached to him indisputable dignity, but which best times Sometimes it prevented him to act rationally and decisively. On the night of July 16, July 17, 1918, the imperial family was shot. Liberal historian Yuri Gauthier spoke with cold accuracy, having learned about the king's murder: "This is a junction of another of the countless minor nodes of our troubled time, and the monarchical principle can only win from it."

Paradoxes of the personality and reign of Nicholas II can be explained by the objectively existing contradictions of the Russian reality of the beginning of the 20th century, when the world has taken into a new lane in its development, and the Tsar did not have enough will and determination to master the situation. Trying to defend the "autocratic principle", he maneuver: it was going to small concessions, he refused them. As a result, the regime started, pushing the country to the abyss. Rejecting and braking reforms, the last king contributed to the beginning of the social revolution. This should be recognized as an absolute sympathy for the destiny of the king, and with its categorical rejection. At a critical minute of the February coup, the generals changed the oath and forced the king to renunciation.
Nicholas II himself knocked the soil from under his feet. He stubbornly defended his position, did not go to serious compromises and created the conditions for the revolutionary explosion. He did not support Liberals, striving to prevent the revolution in the hope of concessions of the king. And the revolution was accomplished. 1917 became the fatal frontier in the history of Russia.

Nikolay 2 is the last emperor of the Russian Empire (May 18, 1868 - July 17, 1918). Got a brilliant education, owned several foreign languages Perfection, he was reached by the rank of Colonel of the Russian Army, as well as Admiral Fleet and Feldmarshal British Army. He became the emperor after the sudden death of his father - joining the throne of Nicholas 2, when Nicholas was only 26.

Brief biography Nicholas 2

Since childhood, Nicholas prepared as a future ruler - he was engaged in a deep study of the economy, geography, politicians and languages. I achieved great success in the military business, to which there was a tendency. In 1894, just a month after the death of his father, married the German princess Alis Hessian (Alexander Fedorovna). Two years later (May 26, 1896) there was an official coronation of Nikolai 2 and his wife. The coronation took place in the atmosphere of mourning, in addition, because of a huge number of people who want to be present at the ceremony, many people died in a pressure.

Children Nicholas 2: Olga's daughters (November 3, 1895), Tatiana (May 29, 1897), Maria (June 14, 1899) and Anastasia (June 5, 1901), as well as Son Alexey (August 2, 1904 .). Despite the fact that the boy found a severe disease - hemophilia (non-blank blood) - he was prepared for the Board as the only heir.

Russia under Nicholas 2 was in the stage of economic lifting, despite this, political situation agted. The failure of Nicholas as a policy led to the fact that internal tensions grew in the country. As a result, after January 9, 1905, the rally of workers who went to the king was cruelly dispersed (the event was called "Bloody Sunday"), the first Russian revolution of 1905-1907 broke out in the Russian Empire. The result of the revolution was the manifesto "on the improvement of state order", which limited the power of the king and gave the people of civil liberties. Because of all the events that occurred during his board, the king got the nickname Nikolai 2 bloody.

In 1914, the First World War began, which had a negative impact on the state of the Russian Empire and only aggravated the internal political tension. The failures of Nicholas 2 in the war led to the fact that in 1917 the uprising broke out in Petrograd, as a result of which the king voluntarily renounced the throne. Date of renunciation of Nikolai 2 from the throne - March 2, 1917.

Years of the Board of Nicholas 2 - 1896 - 1917.

In March 1917, the entire royal family was arrested and later sent to the link. The shooting of Nikolai 2 and his family occurred on the night of July 16th.

In 1980, members of the royal family were canonized by the Foreign Church, and then, in 2000 and Russian Orthodox.

Politics Nicholas 2.

With Nikolai, many reforms were produced. The main reforms of Nicholas 2:

• Agrarian. The fixation of the land is not for the community, but for private peasants - owners;
• Military. Army reform after defeat in the Russian-Japanese war;
• Management. Created by the State Duma, the people received civil rights.

Results of the Board of Nicholas 2

• An increase in agriculture, deliverance to the country from hunger;
• Growth of economics, industry and culture;
• The rise in tension internal politicsWhat led to the revolution and the change of state system.

With the death of Nikolai 2, the end of the Russian Empire and the monarchy in Russia came.