How to get from Ethane Chlorhetan in organic chemistry. How to get chloroethane from ethyl alcohol like from chloroetan to get ethanol

Chemical formula Ethyl alcohol (ethanol) - C2H5on. And the substance is chloroethane used as a refrigerant and for anesthesia for medical purposes, has a C2H5SL formula. These substances are close in composition, only in the first case, the hydroxyl group is attached to the ethyl radical of C2N5, and in the second - ion chlorine. It is possible to obtain a chemical way as ethanol from chloroethane and chloroanthane from ethanol.

Instruction

There are a number of ways to produce chemical transformation of chlorhetan from ethyl alcohol. For example, it is possible to undergo a container with ethanol with strong heating in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid. And then the formed gas is ethylene to combine with a gaseous chloride. Here is the diagram of the first stage of the reaction: C2H5on \u003d C2H4 + H2O.

The resulting water is absorbed by concentrated sulfuric acid, which is very hygroscopic. Gaseous ethylene is assembled in another container connected to the reaction flask using a glass adapter.

In the interaction of the resulting ethylene with gaseous chloride, chloroethane is formed. Here is the scheme of the second stage of the reaction: C2H4 + NSL \u003d C2H5SL.

This reaction occurs in the presence of a catalyst - iron three chloride. By the way, in the industry, chlorhetan is obtained in this way (of course, without using ethyl alcohol as the initial raw material).

It is possible to obtain chloroanthane using the reaction of the interaction of ethyl alcohol with five chloride phosphorus. After mixing these substances, the reaction mixture is transferred to water, and with a dividing funnel, the organic part (chlorohetan) is separated from the inorganic part due to the fact that chloroeatan is very poorly mixed with water. The reaction proceeds as follows: C2H5on + PCl5 \u003d C2H5SL + HCl + POCL3.

There is another popular laboratory method for producing chloroetan from ethyl alcohol. When the interaction of ethanol with Tionyl chloride, chlorhetan is obtained, hydrochloric acid and gaseous sulfur dioxide. It is possible to separate the organic phase from the inorganic, as in the previous example, with a dividious funnel. The reaction is under such a scheme: C2H5on + SOCL2 \u003d C2H5Cl + HCl + SO2.

In the second case, the reaction is completely unprofitable in an economic sense, and is only practical interest.

Chloroethane is a flammable bat, which has a peculiar smell and a colorless color. Chloroethane is very often used in medical practice for anesthesia or inhalation anesthesia. This is a fairly powerful narcotic drug, thanks to which the anesthesia occurs very quickly, literally within a few minutes. The main disadvantage of this chemical substance, is the shortness of action, that is, after anesthesia, the awakening occurs after 20 minutes, so it can be used only with short-term surgical interventions. It can also be used as a local analgesic remedy for dermatitis, sports injuries, bruises, insect bite, inflammation, etc.

IN organic chemistry There are various types of chemical reactions:

1. Topping (elimination)

These are chemical reactions, as a result of which molecules of several new substances from the source molecule are formed. Very important among elimination reactions has a thermal splitting of carbon.

2. Accession

As a result of these reactions, several molecules of reacting substances are connected in one. it main feature Reactions of attachment.

3. Replacement

When carrying out these reactions, one atom is replaced or a group of atoms to another atom or another group of atoms.

4. Rearrangement (isomerization)

As a result of these reactions from the molecules of one substance, the molecules of other substances are formed.

How from ethylene get chlorhetan

In this case, we will use the reaction of the addition - hydro-charging (halo-gene hydrogen attachment). So, chloroanthane from ethylene can be obtained from the following reaction:

C2H4 + HCI \u003d C2H5CL

How to get ethanol from chloroetan

Now we need to use chemical reaction - Replacement with alkali, as a result of which we get alcohol and salt:

C2H5CL + NaOH \u003d C2H5OH + NaCl

How to get chlorhetan

In order to obtain chloroanthane from the ethane, we use the usual halide of alkanes. Only, you need to remember one important condition, the reaction must be carried out in the presence of light. Here chemical equationThis reaction.

In order to understand how to get from Ethane Chlorhetan, first analyze the features of ethane.

Brief description of ethane

This hydrocarbon has a C2H6 formula. Carbons in its molecule are in SP3 hybrid state. This is reflected in physical and chemical properties This substance. Under normal conditions, the ethane is a gaseous substance by a poorly soluble in water. Like all other representatives of the class of Alkanov, Ethan has rich simple connections. This is reflected in the chemical properties of this hydrocarbon. It is not capable of joining the reaction, only radical substitution is permissible for it.

Peculiarity

Find out how to get from Ethane Chlorhetan. To do this, it is necessary to react between the ethane and chlorine in the presence of a quantum of light (elevated temperature). Due to the gomolitical breaking of the connection, chlorine radicals are formed. For education requires a certain energy cost.

It can be purchased in different ways. Thermal pyrolysis can be considered as one of the variants of the formation of radicals. In order to obtain chloroethane from ethane, the equation is recorded at a temperature of about 500 0 S. of the energy that will be highlighted, sufficiently for breaking connections. The second method of forming active radicals is the use of ultraviolet radiation.

Radical replacement mechanism

Consider how from the ethane get chlorhetan. He takes the mechanism of SR-action halogens with alkanes. In the gas phase, during the reaction of ethane with chlorine, the chlorine dissociation under the action of UV occurs. This stage is called initiating, it is it characterized by the occurrence of active particles of chlorine radicals. The resulting particles are attacking the ethane molecule, forming chlorine hydrogen, as well as the ethyl radical C2H5.

We will continue the conversation on how to get from this chlorhetan. At the next stage, the ethyl radical enters into interaction with the chlorine molecule, forming ethanchloride and another chlorine radical. It is he who is able to react to react, continuing the cycle chain reaction. This stage is referred to as the increasing chain. The number of active radicals at this stage of interaction does not change, and is preserved in full. As the completion of the cycle, the third stage of the reaction is called the circuit breakdown. It implies collisions of free particles, resulting in reaction products.

Application

The answer to the question of how to get from Ethane Chlorhetan. Let's focus on application. The resulting chloroethyl is a serious narcotic substance. It is used as a drug in surgical operations. It is enough two to three seconds in order to minimize the motor activity.

As the main lack of this substance, we note the possibility of overdose. Even a minor increase in the permissible norm causes serious problems for the human body. Nowadays, Chloroethane is used in some cases as a narcotic substance.

IN more than It is in demand as a local agent for short-term surface pain relief. Finding on the skin, the substance evaporates, the skin supercool occurs, its sensitivity is reduced, resulting in the possibility of cutting, that is, carry out minor surface operations.

This substance is also used to reduce skin itching, treating thermal burns, neuromoisites, cryotherapy of inflammation. The ampoule is first heated in the palm of palm, then the jet on the skin is directed. For therapeutic purposes, the procedure is held once a day for 7-10 days.

Halogen derivatives of hydrocarbons - products for reducing hydrogen atoms in hydrocarbons per one or more halogen atoms.

Most halogen production hydrocarbons (haloalkyls) are very reactive connections. The greatest values \u200b\u200bfor connections of this class have reactions of substitution and cleavage. The chemical properties of halogenalkyl defines first of all the combination of C - x (x \u003d f, cl, br, i). The connection of the C - X in halolyalkylah is characterized by increased polarity. This is explained by the greater electronegability of the halogen atom compared to the carbon, with which it is connected.

The electron density displacement occurs towards the halogen atom (-i effect). Such redistribution of electron density leads to the fact that a partial negative charge (-) arises on the halogen atom, and on the carbon atom - partial positive ( +):

As a result, the -connection of the C - X becomes polarized. The reduced electron density on the carbon atom and determines high, in contrast to the limiting hydrocarbons, the reaction capacity of halogen derivatives, which easily enter the reaction of nucleophilic substitution (S n) and cleavage (elimination) (E).

Laboratory work

Purpose of work:the study of methods for obtaining and chemical properties of halogen derivatives of hydrocarbons.

Reagents and equipment:2n.naoh; H 2 SO 4 conc.; 0,2n.agno 3; i 2 in solution; chlorobenzene; ethanol; NaCl (TV); Chloral hydrate (Cryst).

tripod with test tubes; holder for test tubes; Skin glasses; Alcohol, microscope.

Experience 3.1 Creation of chloroetan from ethanol

Satriotic sodium chloride crystals are poured into the test tube of about 3 mm and add 3-4 drops of ethyl alcohol. So that all the salt is moistened with alcohol. Then add 3-4 drops of sulfuric acid and heated above the alcohol flame is not allowed too fast isolation of hydrogen chloride. To control the progress of the formation of chlorhetan, the hole of the test tube to the flame of the alcohol and ignites (chloroethane burns with the formation of a characteristic rings of green). After the initial heating, as soon as it is noticed at least a weak green chloroetan ring, heating is stopped. It is necessary to write the equations of reactions.

Note.Do not need to heat the test tube without need, since a significant amount of hydrogen chloride is distinguished. For this reason, you should not try to identify the smell of chlorhetan.

Experience 3.2Colving chloroform from chlorohydrate

3-4 chlorohydrate crystal are placed in the tube, 6-8 drops 2N are added. Naohs are slightly heated by liquid, which has already been smoked at room temperature. What happens? You should pay attention to the smell of the resulting liquid, comparing it with the smell of chloroform from the flask. It is necessary to write the equations of reactions.

Experience 3.3Production of ethanol iodoform

2 drops of ethanol are placed in the tube, 3 drops of Iodine solution in potassium iodist and 3 drops 2n. NaOH. With weak heating, (sometimes even from heat) there appears a white torch with a characteristic very resistant odor of iodoforms. When the Muti is dissolved, another 3-5 drops of the iodine solution are added to the warm solution. Wait 2-3 minutes before the formation of crystals. Then, with the help of pipettes, they take 2 drops of liquid with crystals of iodoforms from the bottom of the tube with crystals to the microscope and sketch the shape of the obtained crystals in the magazine. Write the equations of reactions.

Note. Heat the mixture of iodine with alcohol and alkali to boil, but do not boil, since the forming iodoform will be detected.

Experience 3.4. Comparative mobility of halogen in the benzene core

a) Ethan from methane can be obtained in two stages. When chloroing methane, chloromethane is formed:

When the chloromethane interacts with sodium ethane (Würtz reaction) is formed:

From ethanol in two stages you can get ethanol. When chloroing ethane, chlorhetan is formed:

Under action on chloroethane aquatic solution Alkali occurs the chlorine atom on the hydroxyl group and ethanol is formed.

Ethan from ethanol can also be obtained in two stages. When heating ethanol with sulfuric acid, dehydration occurs and ethylene is formed:

b) when heating ethanol with sulfuric acid, dehydration occurs and ethylene is formed:

When hydrogenating ethylene over the catalyst, Ethan is formed:

When chloroing ethane, chlorhetan is formed:

From chlorhethan in two stages can be obtained acetic Aldehyde. Under the action on chlorhetan aqueous alkali solution, ethanol is formed.

When heated, ethanol is oxidized by copper oxide in acetic aldehyde:

c) Butadiene can be obtained directly from ethyl alcohol when heated in the presence of a catalyst, while simultaneous dehydrogenation occurs (hydrogen cleavage) and dehydration (water cleaner):

d) With a strong heating of calcium carbonate with carbon, calcium carbide is formed:

Under action on calcium carbide, acetylene is obtained:

Ethyl alcohol from acetylene can be obtained in two stages. When hydrogenation of acetylene in the presence of the catalyst, ethylene is formed.