Chemical pollution of the atmosphere presentation. Air pollution presentation
Slide 2
IN last years there is a rapid development of computer technology. The computer is being introduced into almost all areas of our life. But few people know where computer technologies came to us and who invented them. The purpose of my work is to study the history of one of the most important subjects modern life- computer.
Slide 3
The word computer comes from english word computer, which means "calculator". At first, counting was inseparable from curling the fingers. Fingers became the first computing technique. The coup came with the invention of the abacus. Even if you have not heard this word, you have met, and more than once, the Russian version of this device - abacus.
Slide 4
But the calculations became more complex as they evolved, and people wanted to entrust the counting to the machine. Around 1632, the German scientist Wilhelm Schickard invented the first counting mechanism in history. In 1642, the French scientist Blaise Pascal created a machine that could add and subtract. In 1672, Wilhelm Leibniz created an adding machine that could still multiply and divide.
Slide 5
In the 19th century, the Englishman Charles Babbage developed the design of a machine that can be called the first computer. But he was unable to build it, since no one wanted to finance his project.
Slide 6
In 1944, the Mark-1 machine was created at the IBM enterprise at the request of the US Navy. It was a monster weighing about 35 tons.
Slide 7
But "Mark-1" did not work fast enough and in 1946 the first electronic machine ENIAC was built. Its weight was 30 tons, and it required 170 m2 of space. ENIAC contained 18,000 lamps, which emitted so much light that flying insects would cause malfunctions.
Slide 8
In 1947, the Americans invented transistors. One transistor replaced 40 lamps. As a result, the speed increased by 10 times, the weight and size of the machines decreased. A new computer era has begun - computers of the second generation have appeared.
Slide 9
In 1959, chips were invented. Computer speed has increased tenfold. The dimensions of the machines are noticeably reduced. The chip marked the birth of the third generation of computers. It was a box for the body and a set of parts. To work with it, you had to solder yourself, collect all the parts, and master programming. The first set-top box Altair-8800.
Slide 10
In the 1970s, the American company Apple (Apple) creates the first personal computer. In 1977, the Apple II was released, which already had a keyboard, monitor, sound and a plastic case.
Slide 11
The first computer that included a mouse was the Xerox 8010. The manipulator got its name "mouse" because of the similarity of the signal wire to the mouse tail (in earlier models it came out from the back).
Slide 1
Slide text:
III school scientific-practical conference of Younger schoolchildren "Forward, young researcher".
Computer history
Slide 2
Slide text:
In recent years, there has been a rapid development in computer technology. The computer is being introduced into almost all areas of our life. But few people know where computer technologies came to us and who invented them.
The aim of my work is to study the history of one of the most important subjects of modern life - the computer.
Slide 3
Slide text:
The word computer comes from the English word computer, which means "calculator".
At first, counting was inseparable from curling the fingers. Fingers became the first computing technique. The coup came with the invention of the abacus.
Even if you have not heard this word, you have met, and more than once, the Russian version of this device - abacus.
Slide 4
Slide text:
But the calculations became more complex as they evolved, and people wanted to entrust the counting to the machine.
Around 1632, the German scientist Wilhelm Schickard invented the first counting mechanism in history.
In 1642, the French scientist Blaise Pascal created a machine that could add and subtract.
In 1672, Wilhelm Leibniz created an adding machine that could still multiply and divide.
Slide 5
Slide text:
In the 19th century, the Englishman Charles Babbage developed the design of a machine that can be called the first computer.
But he was never able to build it, since no one wanted to finance his project.
Slide 7
Slide text:
But "Mark-1" did not work fast enough and in 1946 the first electronic machine ENIAC was built.
It weighed 30 tons and required 170 m2 of space. The ENIAC contained 18,000 lamps, which emitted so much light that flying insects would cause malfunctions.
Slide 8
Slide text:
Slide 9
Slide text:
In 1959, chips were invented. Computer speed has increased tenfold. The dimensions of the machines are noticeably reduced. The chip marked the birth of the third generation of computers.
It was a box for the body and a set of parts. To work with it, you had to solder yourself, collect all the parts, and master programming.
The first set-top box
Altair-8800.
Slide 10
Slide text:
In the 1970s, the American company Apple (Apple) creates the first personal computer.
In 1977, the Apple II was released, which already had a keyboard, monitor, sound and a plastic case.
Slide 11
Slide text:
The first computer to include a mouse was the Xerox 8010.
The manipulator got its name "mouse" because of the similarity of the signal wire with the mouse tail (in early models it came out from behind).
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Introduction
Chemical pollution of the atmosphere.
Sources of chemical pollution
Chemical industry as a source
pollution
Impact chemical substances on the
environment
The consequences of pollution
Conclusion
The chemical industry is a branch of the national economy,
producing
various types of chemical products for everyone
industries, agriculture, consumption.
It produces basic chemical products - ammonia, inorganic
acids, alkalis, mineral fertilizers, soda, chlorine and
chlorine products, liquefied gases; organic products
synthesis - acids, alcohols, ethers, organoelement
compounds, hydrocarbons, intermediates, dyes; synthetic
materials - resins, plastics, chemical and synthetic
fibers, chemicals, household chemicals, etc.
An important place in the industry is occupied by oil refineries and
petrochemical production. Sources of chemical pollution
In the course of its economic activity man produces various substances.
All substances produced using both renewable and
non-renewable resources can be classified into four types:
- starting materials (raw materials);
- intermediate substances (arising or used in the production process);
- final product;
- by-product (waste)
Chemical industry as a source of pollution
Of course, compared to energy and transport, global pollutionthrough the chemical industry is small, but it is also quite tangible
local impact. Most organic intermediates and final
products used or manufactured in the chemical industry,
made from a limited number of basic petrochemical products.
When processing crude oil or natural gas at various stages of the process,
e.g. distillation, catalytic cracking, sulfur removal and alkylation,
there are both gaseous and dissolved in water and discharged into the sewer
waste. These include residues and waste of technological processes that are not amenable to
further processing.
Gaseous emissions from distillation and cracking units during oil refining mainly
contain hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia and nitrogen oxides.
That part of these substances that can be collected in gas traps before leaving
into the atmosphere, is burned in flares, as a result of which combustion products appear
hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide When acidic products of alkylation are burned, hydrogen fluoride is formed,
entering the atmosphere.
There are also uncontrolled emissions caused by
various leaks, deficiencies in equipment maintenance, violations
technological process, accidents, and
also by evaporation of gaseous substances from the process
water supply and wastewater systems.
Of all types of chemical production, the greatest pollution is given by those
where varnishes and paints are made or used.
This is due to the fact that varnishes and paints are often made on
based on alkyd and other polymeric materials, as well as nitrovarnishes,
they usually contain a large percentage of solvent
Anthropogenic emissions organic matter in industries,
associated with the use of varnishes and paints is 350 thousand tons per year, the rest
production of the chemical industry as a whole emit 170 thousand tons per year
Environmental Impact of Chemicals
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Molecular biological effects
Metabolic and regulatory disorders
processes in the cell
Mutagenic and carcinogenic effects
Impact on the behavior of organisms
Effects of pollution
Under the influence of chemicals changethe following ecosystem parameters:
population density;
dominant structure;
species diversity;
abundance of biomass;
spatial distribution of organisms;
reproductive functions.
To reduce and reduce emissions of chemicals at industrial enterprises, the following measures should be taken:
It is necessary to design any production so thatso that emissions are known to be minimal.
Technological regimes must be strictly observed
production.
Mandatory equipment sealing is required on
industries where they are present and obtained
chemical compounds (this applies not only
chemical industry).
It is necessary to introduce continuous technological
processes and a vicious circle of production, circulating
water consumption.
It is necessary to take measures to prevent accidents
(for example, scheduled preventive maintenance
equipment).
Conclusion
I have considered some aspectschemical pollution the environment... This is
far from all aspects of this huge problem and
only a small part of the possibilities of solving it. To
do not completely destroy their habitat and
the habitat of all other forms of life, to man
it is necessary to be very careful with the environment
environment. This means strict control is required.
direct and indirect production of chemical
substances, a comprehensive study of this problem,
an objective assessment of the impact of chemical products on
environment, research and application of methods
minimizing harmful effects chemical
substances on the environment.
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