The name of the nobility of Lavrov in the Pskov province. Landowners and peasants of the Pskov province in recent years in ...: nenepavlo

Russian manor is a unique phenomenon of world architecture, the formation and development of which proceeded for several centuries. Here they got their incarnation best features national Character and national culture.

Many old nobility estates of the Pskov region are historically related to names famous people Russia - great scientists, poets, composers, artists, commander, navigators, doctors, inventors, state and religious figures whose names are known to every enlightened person. From here there were four patriarchs - Joasaf I, Pimen, Alexy I, Tikhon. It was born outstanding here state figures Athanasius Lavrentievich Ordin-Nachekin and, which stood at the origins of the industry in Russia. At the end of the XIX - early XX century, a lot was created on the Pskov land without exaggerating exemplary, income estimates. Their organizers and hosts are economist-practitioner Count (deep), Prince Nikolai Ivanovich Saltykov (Chernevo), Baron Lion Ernstovich Osten-Saken (Ivankovo), (quickly), Stat adviser II. V. Spiridonov (Vseason), Academician Bogdan Andreevich Tselinsky (Georgian) strengthened the economy of the country.

The Pskov region, which has no way out to the sea, brought into account Russia a whole poprayal of famous fluroters and admirals. List of truly star surnames - commander and famous military leaders who were born and grew up "in labor nests" on the Pskov Earth or spent here the last days His life and found peace. They were bravely to defend the interests of Russia.

Russian manor is not just a complex architectural complex from residential, cultural, economic, garden and parking and entertainment buildings. First of all, the estate was developed by traditions, lifestyle and lifestyle of the family and the genus, which made a whole layer of culture and philosophy of the noble class. By virtue of its legal status, material security, education, thesis code of conduct, the well-known organization, the nobility was, on the one hand, the natural support of statehood and, on the other hand, the generator of an independent way of thinking and behavior in the traditional patriarchal environment. Forms and style of communication adopted in the noble medium became a kind of matrix for the formation and development of society.

Restore the history of the Pskov Noble Assembly and identify the main directions of its activity allows the document fund of the documents from 16rd cases stored in the State Archive of the Pskov Region.

Most of the documents of the end of the XVIII century. Contains information about arrears from the noble estate with bringing data on the presence of fortress peasants, the amount of arrears for 1783-1790., as well as with the names of the nobles in the villages: Balasen, furrows, balloons, valevoy, nazimn, non-fruits, rocular, symann, festivities, Philosopher, yakhontovy ...

At the beginning of the XIX century. The leader of the Noble Assembly was instructed to compile lists of nobles who were in service: they meet the names and air service lists Alexander Borisovich Nazimov (Father Decembrist M. A. Nazimova), Matvey Evgenievich Rockotov, Minister of Justice Prince Petra Vasilyevich Lopukhina, Vasilyevich Vasilchikov , Ober-ProvantMeister Ivan Tikhonovich Bukharov and others.

The lists of the courtyard of 1816, indicating the number of fortress peasants and income sizes, have already included more than 250 people who can be divided into four groups. The first was the nobles, which preserved 1812 after the war. High yield of estates: Senator Nikolay Beckleshov (6 thousand), Alexey Chelischev (5 thousand), General Nikolai Karamyshev (4 thousand), Mikhail Borozdin (3 thousand), Pyatr of fingers (2 thousand) ... Second group The women owned by estates, also preserved the high yield of possessions: Marfa Nazimov (12 thousand), Princess Lobanova-Rostovtsev and Baroness Anna Taube (5 thousand), Alexander Chirikova (3 thousand), Elizabeth Falchikov (2 thousand). Widow and young girls formed a third group of owners of the estates: Majorsch Dreesher, Captivity's imprinustist, guarantine Rumyantsev, and others, whose income, as a rule, ranged from 500 to 1000 rubles. The young owners of the estates were, for example, Princess Anna Shakhovskaya, Evgenia Philosophian, daughters of Major Chirikov ... Finally, the fourth group - the most numerous - the owners were the yield of whose estates was so small that they were even exempted from payments. Peter Balashensky, for example, noted that he has no "profitability there is no fault."

On December 20, 1825, Nicholas I, in which the emperor gave an assessment just that the speech of Dakabristers was evaluated in the capital: "Then, when all the estate unanimously brought the oath of loyalty in the temples of God, the handful of dismissed daring to resist the total oath, the law, authorities, military order and beliefs. Two kind of people made up this creation: some misfortunes, the intent is not involved, others - their own leaders. What did the attackers wanted? They wished and searched, taking advantage of a moment, to fulfill evil plans to write the throne and domestic laws, introduce non-punishment. " The Supreme Criminal Court formed by Emperor, the Supreme Criminal Court of the Decembrists also included three Pskov landowners: Minister of Justice Prince P. V. Lopukhin, N. M. Borozdin and A. B. Kurakin. On June 3, 1826, the court sentenced the Decembrists-Pskovius. In a special manifesto, on July 13, personal wines were determined by each of them: "The headquarters-captain Nazimov participated in the rebellion of the adoption in the society of one comrade", "Lieutenant Count Konovnitsyn belonged to a secret society, although without a complete concept of a secret goal, agreed on the rebellion."

Under Nicolae I, "journals of the noble assembly" are introduced into practice, indicating dates of meetings, agenda, decisions. In 1832, for example, chaired by N. A. Yakhontov, several to twenty meetings were held monthly from two to twenty meetings, mainly due to the introduction of nobles to the pedigree under the new rules.

The noble assembly is systematically for the next triplete, approved the estimate of income and expenses.

Periodically considered the assembly and "secret" cases. One of the "secret" cases of 1837 concerned "the use of excesses of hot drinks of the fleet by Captain 2 rank of Matvesei Nikolayevich Chihachev, about the danger of staying with few young children." The meeting decided to "convince Chihachev to appoint guardian children, as well as a trustee to conduct economic affairs."

We had to the noble congregation and check the correctness of the deposits of noble surnames into a pedigree book.

During Crimean war (1853-1856) The meeting solved questions about the formation of the militia.

After the cancellation of the serfdom, the activity of the nobles in the meeting has somewhat grew - it was necessary to consider issues due to the new situation in the country.

In late 1880 - early 1890s. In the Environment of the Pskovsky nobility, conservative sentiments intensified, which coincided with the course of state policy Alexander III.

In early December 1892, the Pskov Nobility held a meeting with the discussion of the "Project of the Charter on the Guards and Trusteeship". The opinions of those present were divided: some offered to convey cases of care and guardianship to the Zemsky heads and Zemsky congresses, others - to preserve them for the noble assembly due to the data.

At the beginning of the XX century. Almost no meeting did not take place without discussing economic issues. Thus, the Commission, under the direction of Count P. A. Heyden, developed an appeal to the Ministry of Finance on Protection at the conclusion of a trade agreement with Germany of the interests of the Pskov nobility concerning the acquisition of elite seeds, mineral fertilizers and agricultural machines.

Revolution 1905-1907 He led to strengthening in the Pskov meeting of more left moods. So, when discussing "Manifesto on October 17", "at least a partial return to the previous regime" was condemned and the hope that the deputy meeting of the next three-year "will represent all the shades of noble moods". Expectations, however, were not implemented. After the defeat of the first Russian revolution, the Pskov nobility was mostly stood in monarchical positions, in favor of what many decisions of the noble assembly are evidenced. Especially brightly patriotic and monarchical sentiments were demonstrated at celebrations in honor of the 300th anniversary of the house of the Romanov and 100th anniversary Patriotic War 1812. The meeting decided to reward the descendants of the participants in the war, collect funds for a monument of the battle near Leipzig, the construction of the temple in the capital in honor of the 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty, on the casket, presented to the emperor; The manufacture of a tie in honor of the Borodino battle, performed in drawing V. M. Vasnetsov ... The desire to leave the memory of its activities was expressed in the preparation of the meeting of marble boards with the designation of the names of all county leaders of the nobility from the XVIII century. At the same time, the coats of arms of county cities were made.

The last pre-war meeting of Pskov nobles took place on January 27, 1913 with the consideration of the amount of fee for entering into pedigree books. The question of the unification of noble duties was discussed. We decided that in determining the amount of payments, all types of income should be taken into account: from Earth, urban real estate, shopping and industrial institutions. In the appendix to the "memorable book of the Pskov province for 1913-1914." As a result, a list of all estates was published indicating the size of land possessions and industrial enterprises.

Started in 1914. The war caused a patriotic rise, which was manifested at least in the telegrams of the Pskov noble assembly to the emperor: "To you, a great sovereign ... The soul and the heart, loyaded to the last drop of blood, Pskovsky nobility, unshakably storing the covenants of the old Pskov ... sent On the protection of their homeland of all their sons. " In response from the royal village in Pskov, it came on November 12, 1914. Telegram: "From the heart I thank the Istone, the faithful throne of the Pskov nobility for the expression of a feeling of loyal dedication. Nikolai. " As in the years of the Crimean War, the formation of a Pskov militia began, which "is ready to die for maintaining the millennial unmercting martial glory of the Pskov land!".

But under the influence of lesions on the front and with the approach of his line to the walls of the ancient Pskov, the patriotic attitude was replaced by a despondency. In September 1915 The meeting discussed the issue of evacuating its capital and property in Yaroslavl or Kostroma. We decided to start packaging cases and documents, first of all the pedigree books, the highest diploma, royal portraits, and the capital to evacuate together with the banks in which he was placed. But evacuation did not take place, and Pskov became the headquarters of the Northern Front. After renunciation on March 2, 1917, at the Pskov Station from the throne of Emperor Nikolai II, the Pskov, noble assembly ceased to exist ...

A significant part of possessions in the Pskov province owned the metropolitan aristocratic childbirth: Princes Shakhovsky, Gagarin, Saltykov; Grafic dignity had stroganov, heyden, Kamenskiy, Yankovskie, Rosena, Verensky, Medema, Austen-Sakken ... The owners of major places were elagines, grinding, Karamyshev, Zarins, Korsakov, Novosillese. But the bulk of the nobles was a small one.

The beginning of the revolution affected the fate of the Pskov aristocratic and provincial nobility in different ways: Metropolitan mainly left Russia; The provincial, remaining at home, had to drink a full bowl of the tragedy of the nation ...

Now only two dozen estates can be considered relatively preserved. Special place among them occupy museums and manors and memorial estates; In total, they are 12 in the Pskov region, and the Mikhailovskoe, Trigorskoe, Petrovskoe, part of the state memorial historical and literary and landscape museum-reserve A. S. Pushkin "Mikhailovskoe" are headed by this list.

In addition, the Museums of N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov Museums are functioning in the plussky district, as well as the Manor Museum of Log M. V. Altaevo-Yamchiko; In the Kuninsky district - Museum-Manor M. P. Mussorgsky in the village of Naumovo. The Museum-Manor S. V. Kovalevskaya is recreated in the Velikoluksky district in Polybino - the Women's Professor of Mathematics in the world.

Huge value has an ensemble of buildings of the estate of Stroganov XVIII - XIX centuries with a park in Volshovo Porkhovsky district - Palace and a manor park with an area of \u200b\u200b108 hectares. In the Porkhovsky district on the right bank of the River Slagon, Holomiks spread out - the former estate of the founder of St. Petersburg polytechnic Institute Prince A. Gagarin, in which Petrograd writers, poets, artists: M. Dobuzhinsky, K. Chukovsky, V. Khodasevich, M. Zoshkov, E. Zamyatin, 0. Mandelstam, M. Lozinsky and others. In the Dedovichsky district on the left bank of the River of the Day of the Day, the once-rich manor complex of the Prince (Red) Gorki is located.

Pskov land. "Nobles all relatives to each other"

Start, apparently, it is best from the beginning.
In the middle of the 18th century, Vasily Alekseevich Lopukhin had possessions in the porchovyum county. L.N. Makeenko, head. The historical department of the Pskov Museum-Reserve, working with the Customs Book of Pskov, found that his peasants village Shilov, Dissoli, Red Bora and others traded in 1748 in Pskov on the grain grain. In 1782, V.A. Cyarychinittt, V.A. Cyarychunittt APECGYANDGTGKOV, built on his funds to his funds. Nicholas. Water verset from the manor of red boron.) Vasily Alekseevich with his wife Natalie and were the first to be buried in the tomb in this church.
Their son of Peter began service in 1760 by the Life Guard Capral in the Preobrazhensky regiment. In 1677, he was produced in a couphell. In the same year, on November 8, he and his wife Praskov Ivanovna, a Domestic Levshina, Daughter Anna was born. In 1779, Peter Vasilyevich. It is recognized by the Ober-Politzmeister St. Petersburg by the rank of Arzhsbrigadzra. In 1783, in the second marriage with Catherine, "the daughter of Catherine was born, in 1788, the son of Pavel. From 1784 to 1794, Lopukhin is the Moscow Governor. In 1794, he was sent by the Governor-General simultaneously to the Yaroslavl and Vologda province.
Further to turn to the pre-revolutionary publication "Russian portraits of 18-19 centners."
The eldest daughter, early "having lost his mother, was brought up under the supervision of stepmother, women are poorly educated and far from impeccable reputation. Not being in a strict sense of beauty, small growth and non-profit, Anna
Petrovna had a charming head with fiery black eyes, black as a smith hair and eyebrows, an adorable mouth and dazzling white teeth, and an extremely soft and good facial expression; a little spoil it only incorrect form nose. The appearance of it in 1797 at the celebrations in Moscow, on the occasion of the coronation of Emperor Paul, was accompanied by great success and stopped the attention of the sovereign on it. " So I met a 42-year-old emperor and 20-lash Annallukhin.
The message whispered that the young Lopukhin "lost his head from him." The question arose about the invitation of the Lopukhin family to St. Petersburg, and Kutana took the negotiations with the father and the stepmother, which were successful. "
"Despite opposition to the Empress Mary Fedorovna, Lopukhins moved in 1798 to St. Petersburg and the whole family was generously shriekingily by the royal mortars. Anna Petrovna was appointed chamber Freilina, stepmother, it was complained of Stats-Damita0Gesztzsyzchevi ^ a # -NDOKOZOR, / Ren of the State Council and erected: January 19 (1799 c) in princely dignity with all downward offspring, and 22 Failla (in just a month) He received the title of lightness and coat of arms with the motto of "grace" (Russian translation of the Jewish word Anna).
In addition, Paul gave Anna Introduction Selo near Moscow, and its father-in-law of Lopuchinka near St. Petersburg.
"The post of Camera Freilina obliges Anna Petrovna to be constantly in the retinue of the Empress and accompany the royal surname to all the country residences, where a special room was assigned. Thanks to this, the emperor could see her daily. Lopukhina has been the exceptional attention of Zhudar, and when Paul became too demanding, admitted to him that her heart belongs to the prince of Gagarin Pavel Gavrilovich, then in the rank of Major at the Army of Suvorov in the war in Italy. In the rustling of Knight's generosity, the emperor immediately prescribed Suvorov to send Gagarin by Courier with the news about the nearest victory, which was fulfilled. Prince L. Gagarin was produced in Colonels, then in the General Adjutants and the Commmors of the Maltese-Lena-Wedding, however, was postponed for a long time and took place only on 8 February 18QQ in the presence of the emperor and the entire courtyard. All his life, Gagarin called his wife "his benefactor."
Until his death, Paul did not change his passion to Anna Petrovna; Has her only his friend and rested her from classes and distils. The name of it was called ships; The same name was concerned about the banners of the guard. 23 years old from the genus of Prinjean Gagarin was already a state-lady and a cavaluity lady of the Order of St. Great Martyr Catherine I Class I and the Order of St. John Jerusalemsky, who had only one woman, the Countess of Litt, nee Engelgard.
Wonderful tact and modesty, never left it, undoubtedly eased the princess Gagarina her difficult position in the light and at the court. The influence of her on the emperor affected only in the distribution of honors and awards and representation for those who fell into disgrace. "
The last exaltation of his beloved is the new Mikhailovsky castle from granite, brick, lined with marble, with a roof of pure copper. As the Saxon Messenger noted, "the palace had the name of the archangel and paint of mistress." Paul commanded to paint it into a complex color of red-brick tone - the color of the Gloves of Anna Petrovna, chosen from her on the ball. 44 days after the bowl of Paul wandered in his fortress.
But for the Porkhovsky district, he managed to do a good deed - REDOVED THE NICANDROVA. Rev. Father Ashmandritrite Gennady was enthusiastically to the emperor without limitation. The Porchovsky Monastery had his intercession Anna Petrovna, nee Lopukhin. It is no coincidence of her stepmother E.N. Lopukhina at Karachunitskiy Figure opened a fluid. Bogogors were very necessary for this family. But they did not help.
"At the counterpart of Alexander I Prince P.G. Gagarin was appointed Messenger at the court of the King of Sardinsky, and the Princess Anna Petrovna followed her husband in Italy, where they stayed two years. On April 25, 1805, Princess Gagarin died from Chatheka after childbirth, only 28 years old. The body of it is made to the earth in St. Petersburg, in the Lazareva Church of Alexander Nevsky Lavra. "
The church and the tomb of the Lopukhinic, where the father, and Brother Paul and his wife were found, were preserved in Karachulin. Nikandrov is not preserved
Desert. The only monument of Pavlovsky time, preserved to the present day - the wonderful church of the Ascension in the Velsky Ustye, the estate of Osipovich Kozhin and his wife of Faith Vasilyevna, nee Lopukhina (sister of Father Anna Petrovna).
L. Vasilyeva
Woman without March 8
I could not pass by this case. In the Pskov archive, it was accidentally discovered "The case under the wife of the retired headquarters of Milkov about the elimination of her husband from a joint residence with her because of his drunk and slituity life" for 1842. How was such a serious family situation solved? After all, it was almost impossible to get a divorce in those days.
In his past, in the name of the provincial leader of the nobility (Ippolitov), \u200b\u200bnee, nee Zasulich, reports that 7 years is in marriage, that her husband, Vissarion Semenovich Soft, fell ill with white hot, having three minor children, who has 4 years older; He dug his estate. He pleaded in front of his wife with serfs, and behind her with children chased with the threat of massacre. She had to go to his estate, which was given from his parents in the dowry, - Spassky Velikoluksky county. But the husband moved there quite already a sick person.
Three times, in the hot delirium, he went on foot in Novorzhev to his native brother Viktor Soft and the island for his sister, in marriage for Major General Kiryakov. By the way, the wife reports that in the Ostrovsky district there is estimation *! Ernica, which remained from the late uncle and not divided between brothers and sisters. The estate is in the institution in the island of the nice guardianship, "and the income with this is going to guardian ... Kiryakov.
What happened here! The leader of the Ostrovsky nobility Ladyzhensky Evgraf Semenovich reports that the units are soft - the only heiress of her parents and has about 200 souls of peasants (it is necessary to understand this: let her husband cut him down). The estate that was with the retired headquarters, he sold already married and, allegedly "kept herself with his wife" (it seems to be soaked together) and there is no other undivided estate. As for the village inkrychino, although although they are inherited by law, it is but "in the process" and will barely go. Not because it is better to be one for a guardian than to divide on three.
Further explains the brother, - Judge Novorzheva, a little coryavo, but it can not be able to: take it to my care in any way, having a small room, I can't in his aggression. " (Let it be chasing your children?) Yes, he admits that brother suffers from the mindset of mental abilities that
His anxiety to a strong extent. And here it is necessary to reproach a poor woman, suffered in his life from a violent husband: "I donated in white hot to leave one of the great onions in Novorzhev."
Once again, he repeats its indisputable arguments of the inability to accept his brother: "I do not have a convenient room, frequent beams from the family. It is best to put it in the hospital. " (Well, finally, and then you might think that in your family the patient is better.)

The presented list contains 1627 the names of Pskov Nobala:
(a) In 1917, the nobility pedigree of the Pskov province, including those who, for any reason, were not approved by the Government Senate for any reasons, which were actually established from the second half of the XVIII century. until 1917, the Corporation of the Pskov province,
b) Vladen in the XVIII-XIX centuries. populated (ie noble) estates in the Pskov province.
The list is compiled by:
- I parts of the "alphabet to persons recorded in the pedigree book of the Pskov Lip." (Gappo, f. 110, op. 1, d. 2), which includes the Pskov nobles with the names of the letters a-k. This document was drawn up by the secretary of the nobility of N. I. Akulov until 1911 and replenished with them until 1917. The second part was lost;
- "Inventories on the alphabet of the Pskov Nobility Deputy Meeting from 1789 to 1829" (Gappo, f. 110, op. 1, d. 1: Alphabetical list The nobles made to the pedigree book), which includes the Pskov nobles with the names of the letters of A - I. This inventory was compiled by the secretary of the nobility by Nikolai Verevkin for transmission to the Commission on the Welcomemen of the Pskov Nobility Deputy Meeting, its secretary of the 10th grade Fedor Zapeler;
- Oops to the Foundation of the Pskov Nobility Deputy Meeting (Gappo, F. 110);
- Oops to the Heldard Department Foundation of the Governing Senate (RGIA, F. 1343);
Additionally, a number of cases on the introduction of the Pskov province in the nicious pedigree of the Pskov province in these Foundations of the Gappo and RGIA was viewed to identify one-named birth. This group of childbirth, united membership in the Corporation of the Pskov province, has 1155 surnames.
The names marked with a symbol * are mentioned in the "list of the nobility of the Pskov pricing ... 1777".
It is worth recalling that in the formation of Pskov governorship, the Luzhsky and Gdovsky Counties were established in its composition, transmitted in 1781 to St. Petersburg province. Noble childbirth of these counties are not included in the list (however, good two thirds of these counties are found in other Pskov counties).
Behind the list of nobles follows a list of governors of governors, a number of which or were Pskov landlords, or those became, and also soon entered the noble pedigree. The names of these officials we marked with a symbol **.
28 clans of the old Pskov nobles, whose representatives participated in the meeting of 1777 subsequently have not been made to the noble pedigree. We place these surnames in the general list with a marked symbol ^.
444 surnames (they are marked with a symbol +) belong to the Pskov landowners who owned noble estates (ie, the estates of populated peasants), whose childbirth was not listed in the noble pedigree of the Pskov province. They are detected based on the materials of the Gappo: travel lists of landlord estates for 1812-1818. (f. 110 and 366), and RGIA: Affirmation of redemption transactions for estates from 10 and more souls temporarily required peasants for 1860-1880. The main redemption institution (f. 577, OP. 31).
List of sources used:
1. "The list of the nobility of the Pskov priest, formerly at the first meeting in Pskov when running the leaders, judges and assessors of the county, in December 1777. Pskov, 1846.
2. Karamyshev O. M. Official noble pedigree books: Historical and Legal Review // Noble Pedigree Books: History and modern problems. Materials of the Sixth Research Seminar, May 25, 2001 St. Petersburg., 2001. P. 12-13.

Landowners and peasants of the Pskov province
IN last years In historical magazines and almanacham, the lifestyle of the Russian nobility is widely promoted, Barsky estates, parks and palace landscapes are colorfully described, some authors write: "The fate of the boring estate is bitter, sorry the death of noble nests, what people were! It is very sorry that now they know who lived in these estates now. " These authors consider the fall of the nobility and their estates as a fall in Russian culture. What delight they estimate the moral estates of the noble class!
IN major cities Russia began to create noble meetings from the descendants of the Russian Patriches. In the luxurious halls, closed nobles-sky balls are satisfied with the palaces restored. Be the heir " blue blood"For individual modern systems, it becomes extremely prestigious, therefore persistently wanted both records in the pedigree books of noble names and titled relatives among Russian emigration.
It should be noted that the authors describing the life of the former nobility, only tired of Russia, and in the heart they are far from Russia and its people, who will not remember and never forget that most of the representatives of the noble estate led the celebrating, parasitic life, and In the years civil War As part of the army of Kolchak, Denikin, Yudenich and Wrangel, with their atrocities over the Russian population, showed their attitude to the Russian nation.
True historians have always warned about the damage and bias of one-sided lighting domestic history. Everyone knows that the wealth and brilliance of the Bars Houses and palaces of centuries were created at the expense of poverty and the misery of peasant huts. Objective history requires that the description of the life of the Barsquaries accompanied by simultaneously describing the living conditions of their peasants. For example, in biology, the ichthyologist, describing the lifestyle of Pike or Sudak, will certainly indicate not only the condition of water bodies and purity of water in them, but also the types of fish that these predators are devouring for their own food.
The nobles in Russia have always been a privileged estate, and depending on the origin, they were recorded in the pedigree books on six discharges. Nobles of ancient noble births, titled nobles (princes, graphs, barons) and representatives of the Foreign Nobility, who came to the service to Russia, rarely lived in the Pskov Earth; They either constantly lived in the capital, or stayed in foreign trips. The Pskov Nobility is a servant nobility that received him for military, maritime or civil service.
Numerous historical events They give many examples of a completely different attitude towards the land of ancestors and to the interests of the state of the peasantry and representatives of the nobility, and earlier the boyars. If the peasants always defended the state interests, the inviolability and integrity of the territory of Russia, while showing an inflexible faith in the rightness of the Russian idea and the dedication to Fatherland, the boyars and landowners were primarily given personal property interests, and the government took into account only with the decision Own problems. The betrayal and treason to their people were an exceptionally rare phenomenon among the peasantry, while the individual boyars and landowners were easily walked on crimes both before the people and the state.
It can be reminded that Pskov in 1240 was taken as a result of treason. Not townspeople, and Pskov's governor of Pskov, opened the city gate of the Livon-Sky Knights Crusaders, who walked the land of North-Western Russia. The favorite of Ivan the Terrible Prince Andrei Kurbsky, the victims of the shameful defeat of his numerous troops under the impetus, violated the military oath of King and Fatherland, betrayed Russia and moved to the side of Lithuanian conquerors. Then, heading Lithuanian military units, he fought against Russian troops.
The local Pskov landowner Grigory Valuev, a traitor and a member of the Polish gang, on the night of Christmas 1610 with a detachment of Polish bandits broke into the Great Luke, ruthlessly cut the unarmed residents, plundered and set fire to the city that burned for several days. After this raid, the citizens have restored its city for 12 years. In 1617, on the road to Poland, a certain Ivashka Cleopin, who was going on the task of the boyars asking the Poles to go war on the Great Lukes. Of course, after the necessary inquiry of this, Ivashka hung in Toroptz.
The true patriot of Russia, the peasant until the XVII century was actually defenseless in front of his lord who could sell it or kill him impunity. From the governments, the Lords and his hopelessness, many Pskov peasants ran out throughout Russia, went to the wild field and became the Cossacks. On the peasants, as an ordinary cattle, there were prices, the landowners were sold and bought them, briefly hid in their estates and estates. Even after the victory over Napoleon, the peasants continued over Napoleon, in 1813 the peasant cost 300 rubles, the peasant -150 rubles, and a young and healthy guy, suitable military service, - 700 rubles.
TO beginning of XIX. A century, the peasants generally lost all rights, they had one only duty - to work on her Mr., who, in his whim, could create imaginable and unthinkable attense (the classic example of Saltychikha's landowners).
Catherine II by his decree banned the peasants to file complaints about their landowners, the giving peasants-sky work became the main source of wealth of noble families and the construction of the Barsquaries.
In the times of Peter I, Catherine II and Anna Ivanovna, a powerful wave of foreigners "in catching happiness and ranks" was hung to Russia. Many of them received estates in the Pskov Earth and introduced foreign orders in their estates. These landowners spoke on someone else's language, appreciated the culture of someone else's people, they emphasizedly despised not only their fortress peasants, but also the whole Russian people. By occupying important state posts, Sanovniki and Velmazbi-foreigners solved many questions not in favor of the Russian population. But despite the poverty, the peasants of the Pskov province remained loyal authorities and submissive to their gentlemen. When at the turn of the XIX and XX centuries, in many provinces of Russia, a sea of \u200b\u200bpeasant unrest and uprisings raged, in the Pskov province, relative calm remained.
The landowners of Velikoluksky county, like other landowners of the province, were proud of their origin, and some of them led their pedigrees from the mid-XVII century: Greater Poland - from 1656, Alekseev, Arbuzov, Cornin, Karnitsyn and Pokhov - from 1670-1680, Ab. Buggas, Valuev, Dubrovin, Lutkovsky, Markov, Mikulin, Nazimov, Polibin and Khmelev - from 1681-1700. Later, the Kutuzov-Kutuzov, Corvin-Krukovsky and others appeared. Among the Pskov landowners were progressive people who were kind to the peasants and helped them, contributed to public education and the spread of culture. These landowners include V.P. Gorbunova, N.P. Elagina, L.P. Lavrov (Velikoluksky County), A.P. Lviv (Outoetsky County), Verevsky Baron (Novorzhevsky County), N.V. Spiridonova (Porchovsky County) and General A.N. Kuropatkina (Holm County).
But, as historic M.I. Seven, among the landlords there were a lot of stupid, ignorant and cruel rasters, who not only called and defeated their peasants, but also deeply bent each other, on any occasion they gnaw, rich without conscience crushed the poor, strong sought to hear the weak, wrote a friend Donos, complaints and blusses, moreover, even engaged in robbery, wearing and murder.
Velikoluksky landowners A. Arbuzov, F. Valuev, A. Greateropolsky,
N. Gregoropolsky, S. Elagin, A. Kozlov and G. Lavrov loved joint pirushi jointly. Having got drunk and pretty, they usually entered into a fight among themselves, in which active participation accepted their yard. Such "hand-to-hand fights" was accompanied to inspire a loud obscene course.
In the Velikoluksky district court, denunciations and complaints of the landowner Pushchina on the landlord of Murashov, Earrigner GS Savoskeeva on Major G.m. Lavrov and Major G.M. Lavrov on her son-in-law Inport Savoskeeva. Captain I.I. Greater Poland sent denunciations to the court of Great Bow K.O. Maksimova. The landowner A. Arbuzov complained about the public insight from the drunk captain H. Laptev. In 1887, a fierce judicial dispute walked between the native Lavrov brothers for the village of Haraylovo, located close to Ozchui (in 1942 burned by German punishers). Sergey Egorovich Lavrov argued that this village belongs to him, and not Stepan and not Nile Lavrov.
For the doubt of the peasant uprising under the leadership of E. Pugacheva Catherine II endowed the lands in the Nevelsky district of I.I. Michelson. A part of these lands was he inherited by His son Grigory, and part, including the village of Polybino, was bought by Lieutenant General Poliboopohakom V.V. Corvin-Krukov-skim. Grigory Michelson with a gang of his doded yard, equipped with guns, sabers and small guns, annually attacked the neighboring estates and even on the cities of Nevel and the Great Luki. The crowd swept drunk Mikhelsons along the streets of these cities, robbed stores, beat citizens. Seeing this gang, the merchants closed their shops and shops, and women and girls hurry hide in the nearest houses.
The landowner A.Kozlov in the summer with his palace every year committed robbery on neighboring estates, beat and crossed the peasants who manage estates and even landowners. With other people's fields and barn, he took the grain, hay and all valuable, which fell at hand.
Another tough landowner, F. Lavrov, except for his peasants, has oppressed for more than 10 years and robbed the neighbor - the poor landlord of Vasilevsky, took the property, hijacked cattle, caught and raped the peasant girls. The richness of F. Lavrova allowed so mocking up his neighbor, Lavrov's self-government did not know the borders, he even once ordered to avail by rods who had arrived at the official affairs of the county fellowship. The court and the county authorities were purchased and always supported F. Lavrov. Later, the peasants said: "There was no government at Fyodor Lavrov until God's force reached him by killing lightning." As it looks like the ratio of rich Trocerys to Poor Dubrovsky from the story of A.S. Pushkin.
If the landowners were treated so each other, then it can be assumed as they belonged to their peasants. Many landowners brutally defended the peasants with rods, sticks, whip and scourge, often brought peasants to suicide. The Velikolukovsk landowner Abryutin slapped the peasants into the shackles, as the dogs sat on the chain, herself killed the yard S. Trofimov. Novorzhevsky landowners Nazillian-sky systematically mercilessly peasants so that the meat flew by bloody shreds, the landowner Tyutchev for her own pleasure forced the peasants to arrange fights among themselves, and those who refused, immediately punished with rods.
Many landowners left the peasants from urgent field work and forced them to go on hunting with them as a signboards, where they were able to serve wild animals or crazy hunters bullets. Sophia Kovalevskaya writes how tyranny peasants in the estate of her father of General Korvin-Krukovsky.
In his arbitrarian, the landowners were imposed on the peasants different fines. For example, for the self-class departure of the peasant from the village - a fine of 28 rubles, for the sale of a cow without the knowledge of the landowner - 10 rubles, for the failure to appear on the charter's challenge, and 200 rubles for the submission of a complaint to the landowner. Money for paying a fine in peasant families was not most often, and the landowner leucked, because he was always confident that the court in any case would justify him. For this reason, Pskov peasants almost never filed complaints about landowners.
Typically, the landowners perceived the peasants as a cattle, a man was something average between the will and man for them, to speak in secular conversations about the peasants was a sign of bad tone and an hopelessness. Learn the children of the peasants, many landowners considered it economically unprofitable and even harmful, because the competent peasant will be bad to obey the landlord or in general will leave the village to the city. Graph Stroganov claimed that the peasant should go to church, and not to school.
Many landowners of the Pskov province themselves were not interested in sciences, they read little, did not write magazines and newspapers. Even the magazine "Vestnik of the Pskov Provincial Zemstvo" refused to write out, and his individual numbers in the county Zemsky stops were continued for years, nobody read them.
Prior to the abolition of the serfdom of peasant marriages in the province, as a rule, they were the whims of the landowner or landowners, marriages for love were very rare happy chance. Typically, the landowner aroused the girl-peasant girl of 17, or even 15, and immediately prescribed her bridegroom and the future husband. No requests, nor tears, nor crying could decline the stone heart of the Baryni or Barin. In such cases, the girl said: "That's what I thought - I do not like it. Tell me which intelligibility and tenderness. " And the appointed bride was ordered to be married, otherwise he would fall into disfavor. On the same day, the marriage itself was performed.
For many decades, Pskov landowners stood the village. The peasants lived in poor housing in eternal poverty and poorly fed. Bread was not enough every year, because after paying taxes and different milking grains, there was less than a third of the family needs. In the food of the peasants, milk, meat and fish were almost absent (the average per capita consumption of meat in the peasant family was 5-6 kg per year in a physiological norm of 70-90 kg). Everyone suffered from malnutrition, but most of all children. In peasant families there were constantly colds, often tormented toothaches, weakened immunity was the cause of mass expansion of various epidemics. Life of the peasant was largely similar to the domestic animal.
And the modern author admires - Oh, how ate in the old days! He writes that the table is rich, especially when they take guests. The number of dishes comes to hundreds, gold and silverware. For frying meat and birds used cedar oil (this oil and now ten times more expensive than the most valuable olive oil). Ate and drank a lot. Losts lasted 5-7 hours, hundreds of people were worn on them, and sometimes thousands of rubles. Two guests for lunch were eaten as much as they would have enough for a good tent of the peasants. After such an abundant lunch, guests were expected even at least a rich dinner.
Of course, such dinners could only be in particularly wealthy landowners. During lunch, like, for example, at P.M. Roman Corsakov, behind his back of each guest stood a man with a plate, ready to immediately fulfill any request and order. For the dinners of the landowners for the sake of their authority, they brought with them to a ten of their yard, which, with special needs, caused their nicknames - Manka, Vanka, Pashka, Palash, Senka, Fenka, etc.
Special preparation has been held for reception in the estate. For example, in the estate of General V. Korvin-Krukovsky Indek, they fought with walnuts, piglets were disappeared by milk, the calves strengthened the grain forage; Different vodka, tincture, fillings, wines and drinks, fruits and berries were harvested. And the peasants and their children, as the daughter of this general S. Kovalevskaya writes, for the collection in the forest of mushrooms, berries, nuts, and even dry twigs, cruelly punished.
In endless feasts and boobies, the landowners watched the condition created by peasant labor. The ruined landowners tried to correct their affairs due to the tightened oppression of their peasants. The life of the peasant family was accompanied by irreversible need and tears, which, together with folk malice, accumulated in the hearts and minds of the simple people.
TO eND XIX. century The life of the peasants of the province has deteriorated even more. To replenish the state treasury, Government S.Yu. Witte introduced high taxes on the essential goods in the village - kerosene, matches, salt, cotton fabrics, tobacco, etc. For example, the prices for sugar were 2-3 times higher than the price, in which Russian sugar producers sold it abroad. At the beginning of the 20th century, a Russian peasant (and worker) consumed foods 12 times less than American. For the working day, the Pskov breaker received about 50 kopecks, while the American agricultural worker is 2 rubles.
Pskov peasants knew well that their landowners were often shied away from the payment of taxes, and from the peasants the bosses charged the taxes throughout the rigor, right up to the props of pets and property. With the knowledge of the authorities in the Village of the province, all sorts of boxes, changers, malaki, Malahai, Boylyni and other merchants who, deceiving peasants, were bought from them or exchanged flabby, ready cans, skin, sheepskin, unbended skins and leather peasant fishery.
Chronic malnutrition significantly reduced the fertility and increased the death rate of the population. The average life expectancy in the peasant environment of the Pskov province did not exceed 30-32 years.
For example, the active correspondent of the magazine "Vestnik of Pskov Gubern-Skogo Zemstvo" 36-year-old peasant Pskov County F. Golubev considered himself a deep old man.
In the years of the I World War (1914-1917) in the Empire, including in the Pskov-Skaya province, the traders were created artificially shortage of bread. Large landowners and bankers held grain, and to obtain illegal profits organized a speculation on bread exchanges. The Russian government for solving a grain problem in 1917 introduced bread cards in cities and became violently to withdraw the grain from the peasants, but absolutely not touched the grain reserves from landowners and bankers. As the Prime Minister S.Yu notes in his memoirs Witte, large landowners in those years rushed to power, and bankers for big money, as a result of which an extremely dangerous socio-economic situation arose in the country. The peasants began to demand a fair decision of their fate, they had already made sure that a dove would not appear out of the egg egg.
It is not the wines of peasants, which then drank the boric estates. Then the lots of millions and millions of ordinary citizens of Russia. Its boric estates, as it became known, often destroyed the landowners themselves or their governing, so that they do not get "rebeling in black". Even in 1944, along with German invaders came to the Gdovsky district of the heir to the rich boric estate. This descendant of the Saltykov's prince personally set fire to the bikford cord so that with the help of the dynamite to blow up the Family Palace.
History indicates that Russian civilization and culture were created and strengthened by labor and care the best representatives Russian people, the engine forward was the self-awareness of the people and the Great Russian idea. This should not be forgotten if you have to preserve the political and economic independence of Russia.
A. Mordashev