What is the impact of human activities. Influence of human economic activity on the biosphere

All of humanity is faced with the most important task - the preservation of the diversity of all organisms living on Earth. All species (vegetation, animals) are closely interrelated. The destruction of even one of them leads to the disappearance of other species interconnected with it.

From the very moment when man came up with tools of labor and became more or less reasonable, his all-round influence on the nature of the planet began. The more a person developed, the more influence he had on environment Earth. How does a person influence nature? What is positive and what is negative?

Negative points

There are both pros and cons of human influence on nature. To begin with, consider negative examples of harmful:

1. Deforestation associated with the construction of highways, etc.
2. Soil pollution occurs due to the use of fertilizers and chemicals.
3. A decrease in the number of populations due to the expansion of areas for fields with the help of deforestation (animals, losing their normal habitat, die).
4. Destruction of plants and animals due to the difficulties of their adaptation to a new life, greatly changed by man, or simply their extermination by people.
5. and waters by different people and by the people themselves. For example, in Pacific there is a "dead zone" where a huge amount of debris floats.

Examples of human influence on the nature of the ocean and mountains, on the state of fresh water

The change in nature under the influence of man is very significant. The flora and fauna of the Earth are severely affected, water resources are polluted.

Typically, light debris remains on the surface of the ocean. In this regard, the access of air (oxygen) and light to the inhabitants of these territories is hampered. Numerous species of living creatures are trying to look for new places for their habitat, which, unfortunately, not everyone succeeds.

Ocean currents bring in millions of tons of garbage every year. This is a real disaster.

Deforestation on the mountain slopes also has a negative impact. They become naked, which contributes to the occurrence of erosion, as a result, loosening of the soil occurs. And this leads to devastating collapses.

Pollution occurs not only in the waters of the oceans, but also in fresh water. Thousands of cubic meters of sewage or industrial waste flows into rivers every day.
And they are contaminated with pesticides, chemical fertilizers.

The dire consequences of oil spills, mining

Just one drop of oil makes approximately 25 liters of water unusable. But this is not the worst thing. A rather thin film of oil covers the surface of a huge area of ​​water - about 20 m 2 of water. This is destructive for all living things. All organisms under such a film are doomed to slow death, because it prevents oxygen from entering the water. This is also a direct influence of man on the nature of the Earth.

People extract minerals from the bowels of the Earth, formed over several million years - oil, coal, and so on. Such industrial production, together with cars, emit huge amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which leads to a catastrophic decrease in the ozone layer of the atmosphere - the protector of the Earth's surface from the death-carrying ultraviolet radiation from the Sun.

Over the past 50 years, the air temperature on Earth has increased by only 0.6 degrees. But this is a lot.

This warming will lead to an increase in the temperature of the oceans, which will contribute to the melting of polar glaciers in the Arctic. Thus, the most global problem- the ecosystem of the Earth's poles is disrupted. Glaciers are the most important and voluminous sources of clean fresh water.

Benefits of people

It should be noted that people bring both certain benefits and considerable ones.

It is necessary from this point of view to note the influence of man on nature. The positive lies in the activities carried out by people to improve the ecology of the environment.

In many vast areas of the Earth in different countries protected areas, wildlife sanctuaries and parks are organized - places where everything is preserved in its original form. This is the most reasonable influence of man on nature, positive. In such protected places, people contribute to the preservation of flora and fauna.

Thanks to their creation, many species of animals and plants have survived on Earth. Rare and already endangered species must be included in the man-made Red Book, according to which fishing and collection is prohibited.

People also create artificial water canals and irrigation systems that help maintain and increase

Planting of diverse vegetation is also carried out on a large scale.

Ways to solve emerging problems in nature

To solve problems, it is necessary and important, first of all, to have an active human influence on nature (positive).

As for biological resources(animals and plants), then they should be used (obtained) in such a way that individuals in nature always remain in quantities that contribute to the restoration of the previous population size.

It is also necessary to continue work on the organization of reserves and planting forests.

Carrying out all these measures to restore and improve the environment is a positive influence of man on nature. All this is necessary for the good of oneself.

After all, the well-being of human life, like all biological organisms, depends on the state of nature. Now before all mankind stands the most the main problem- creation of a favorable state and stability of the living environment.

With the emergence and improvement of man, the evolutionary processes of the biosphere have undergone a significant change. At the dawn of his appearance, man had a predominantly local impact on the environment. This was expressed, first of all, in meeting the minimum needs for food and housing. Ancient hunters, with a decrease in the number of game animals, went to hunt to other places. Ancient farmers and pastoralists, if the soil was depleted or there was less forage, they reclaimed new lands. At the same time, the population of the planet was small. There was almost no industrial production at all. The insignificant amount of waste and pollution generated at that time as a result of human activity was not dangerous. Everything could be utilized due to the destructive function of living matter.

The growth of the planet's population, the successful development of animal husbandry, agriculture and scientific and technological progress have determined further development humanity.

Today, more than 7 billion people live on Earth, by 2030 this number will grow to 10 billion, and by 2050 - to 12.5 billion people. Providing the world's population with food and energy resources is already an acute problem. Today, countries with constant food shortages are home to about 70% of the world's population. Non-renewable natural resources are declining catastrophically. For example, according to forecasts of scientists, mankind will use up all reserves of metals within the next 200 years.

Human economic activity at the present stage is increasingly demonstrating negative examples impact on the biosphere. These include: pollution, depletion natural resources, land desertification, soil erosion. Natural communities are also disturbed, forests are being cut down, rare species of plants and animals disappear.

Environmental pollution

Environmental pollution- the entry into the environment of new, uncharacteristic for it solid, liquid and gaseous substances or the excess of their natural level in the environment, which has a negative impact on the biosphere.

Air pollution

Clean air is essential for the life of all living organisms. In many countries, the problem of keeping it clean is a state priority. main reason air pollution consists of the burning of fossil fuels. Of course, he still plays a leading role in providing energy to all sectors of the economy. Today, the vegetation of the planet is no longer able to fully assimilate the products of combustion of liquid and solid fuels.

Carbon oxides (CO and CO 2) released into the atmosphere as a result of fuel combustion are the cause of greenhouse effect... Sulfur oxides (SO 2 and SO 3), resulting from the combustion of fuels containing sulfur, interact with water vapor in the atmosphere. The end products of this reaction are solutions of sulphurous (H 2 SO 3) and sulfuric (H 2 SO 4) acids. These acids fall to the surface of the earth with precipitation, cause acidification of the soil, and lead to human diseases. Forest ecosystems, especially conifers, are most affected by acid precipitation. They have the destruction of chlorophyll, underdevelopment of pollen grains, drying and falling of needles.

Nitrogen oxides (NO and NO 2), when exposed to ultraviolet rays, are involved in the formation of free radicals in the atmosphere. Nitric oxides lead to the development of a number of pathological conditions in humans and animals. These gases, for example, irritate the respiratory tract, cause pulmonary edema, etc.

Chlorine compounds make a significant contribution to the destruction of the planet's ozone layer. For example, a single chlorine free radical can destroy up to 100,000 ozone molecules, which is the cause of ozone holes in the atmosphere.

The reasons radioactive contamination atmosphere are accidents at nuclear power plants (for example, at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in 1986). Nuclear weapons testing and improper disposal of nuclear waste are also contributing to this process. The radioactive particles that enter the atmosphere are scattered on long distances, polluting the soil, air, water bodies.

Transport should also be mentioned as a source of air pollution. The exhaust gases from internal combustion engines contain a wide range of contaminants. Among them are oxides of carbon and nitrogen, soot, as well as heavy metals and compounds with a carcinogenic effect.

Hydrosphere pollution

Freshwater scarcity - global ecological problem... Along with the waste and scarcity of water, the growing pollution of the hydrosphere is of concern.

The main cause of water pollution is the direct discharge of industrial waste and municipal waste water into aquatic ecosystems. In this case, with chemicals biological contaminants (for example, pathogenic bacteria) also enter the aquatic environment. When heated waste water is discharged, physical (thermal) pollution of the hydrosphere occurs. Such discharges reduce the amount of oxygen in the water, increase the toxicity of impurities and often lead to death (death of aquatic organisms).

Soil pollution

Depletion of natural resources

Natural resources- the means of subsistence of people, which are not created by their labor, but are found in nature. The main problem of their state of the art- reduction in the number of exhaustible and deterioration in the quality of inexhaustible natural resources. Especially it concerns animals and plant resources... Habitat destruction, environmental pollution, overuse of natural resources, poaching significantly reduce the species diversity of plants and animals.

During the existence of mankind, about 70% of forest lands have been cut down and destroyed. This became the reason for the extinction of plant species inhabiting herbaceous and shrub layers. They could not exist in a direct solar radiation... Due to deforestation, the animal world... Animal species that had close ties with tree layers either disappeared or migrated to other places.

It is believed that since 1600, as a result of human activity, about 250 species of animals and 1000 species of plants have completely disappeared from the face of the Earth. About 1,000 species of animals and 25,000 species of plants are currently under threat of destruction.

Animal and plant resources are capable of permanent regeneration. If the rate of their use does not exceed the rate of natural renewal, then these resources can exist for a very long time. However, the speed of their renewal is different. Animal populations can recover their numbers in a few years. Forests grow in several decades. And soils that have lost their fertility restore it very slowly - over several millennia.

A very important resource problem for the planet is the preservation of quality fresh water... As you know, the total reserves of water on the planet are inexhaustible. However, fresh water accounts for only about 3% of the entire hydrosphere. Moreover, only 1% of fresh water is suitable for direct human consumption without preliminary purification. Approximately 1 billion people on Earth do not have constant access to fresh drinking water. Therefore, humanity must consider fresh water as an exhaustible natural resource. The problem of fresh water is aggravated every year due to the shallowing of rivers and lakes as a result of reclamation measures. The consumption of water for the needs of agriculture and industry is increasing, water bodies are polluted with industrial and household waste.

Lack of fresh water and its poor quality also affect human health. It is known that the most dangerous infectious diseases (cholera, dysentery, etc.) occur in places where access to clean water is difficult.

Desertification

Desertification- a set of processes that lead to the loss of a continuous vegetation cover by the natural community with the impossibility of its restoration without human participation. Desertification is mainly caused by anthropogenic factors. These are deforestation, irrational use of water resources in irrigation, etc. For example, excessive cutting of woody mountain vegetation becomes the reason natural Disasters- mudflows, landslides, avalanches. An excessive load on pastures with an increase in the scale of livestock production can also lead to desertification. The vegetation cover eaten by animals does not have time to recover, and
the soil is exposed different types erosion.

Soil erosion is the destruction of the fertile soil layer under the influence of wind and water.

Soil erosion occurs due to the massive inclusion of more and more lands by humans in active land use.

To the greatest extent, desertification is typical for regions with an arid climate (deserts, semi-deserts) - in the countries of Africa and Asia (especially China).

Today this problem is of an interethnic nature. Therefore, the UN adopted the International Convention to Combat Desertification, which was signed by almost 200 states.

The main consequences of human economic activity are environmental pollution, depletion of natural resources and land desertification. Prevention of the destructive influence of the anthropogenic factor on the biosphere is today an important common human problem, in the solution of which every inhabitant of the Earth should participate.

Currently, environmental protection has become one of the most urgent problems development of society.

This is due to the ever-increasing interdependence of socio-ecological and natural processes.

Humanity has reached such a level of development at present when the results of its activities become comparable to global natural disasters.

The growth rate of the world's population is very high.

The period for which the population is doubling is rapidly decreasing: in the Neolithic it was 2500 years, in 1900 - 100 years, in 1965 - 35 years.

As for the productivity of the biosphere, it is comparatively low in terms of objective indicators.

Deserts occupy a significant part of the land, and the productivity of agricultural crops lags behind the rate of population growth. Added to this is the plundering of natural resources.

Forest fires (deliberate or accidental) destroy up to two million tons annually organic matter planets. A huge number of trees are used to make paper. Huge areas of rainforest, after many years of agricultural use, turn into a desert.

Monocultures in many tropical countries, such as sugarcane, coffee tree, etc., drain the soil.

The improvement and increase in the number of vessels for fishing and marine animals has led to a reduction in the number of many marine species fish. Excessive whaling has contributed to a sharp decline in global whale stocks. The Greenland whale is almost extinct, and the blue whale is endangered. As a result of human poaching, the number of fur seals and penguins has significantly decreased.

Of the natural phenomena that play an important role in the depletion of natural resources, soil erosion and drought should be mentioned. Severe erosion destroys the soil. A person also contributes to this when he destroys the vegetation cover by improper management, burning and cutting down forest plantations, unscheduled grazing of livestock (especially sheep and goats).

Through the fault of man on the globe, more than five million square kilometers of cultural lands are currently lost.

The destruction of the vegetation cover leads to an ever more severe aridity.

The systematic drainage of many wet areas also contributes to the development of aridity. Aridity also increases with the steady depletion of the water table used in industry. So, for the production of one ton of paper, 250 cubic meters water, and the production of one ton of fertilizers requires 600 cubic meters of water.

Today, in many parts of the world, there is already a very strong shortage of water, and with a decrease in precipitation, this shortage is felt even more.

Systematic drainage of marshes in the temperate zone is a serious mistake of mankind. Swamps function like a sponge - they regulate the water table - supplying it in the summer and absorbing water generated by heavy rainfall, thereby preventing flooding. In addition, marshes serve as a refuge for endangered plant and animal species, and in terms of their profitability, marshes are equal to or even superior to the most profitable crops.

Human impact on the environment has led to the fact that many species of animals and plants have become very rare or completely disappeared.

The high rates of scientific and technological progress at the present time, on the one hand, has led humanity to the achievements that people only dreamed of in the past centuries. On the other hand, the development of astronautics, the chemical and metallurgical industries, advances in medicine, veterinary medicine, agriculture, agricultural technology and other industries have a negative impact on humanity as a whole.

Systematization and generalization of information showed that scientific and technological progress has bad influence on flora and fauna, including people.

Almost half of all diseases among the inhabitants of our planet are caused by the harmful effects of chemical, physical, mechanical, biological environmental factors.

At the same time, the degree of influence of environmental factors on the population largely depends on the age of people, climatic conditions in which they live, latitude, length of daylight hours, social conditions, the level of environmental pollution.

About 60% of all cases of malformations among people and more than 50% of deaths are associated with environmental pollution. Mortality from diseases of the circulatory system is increasing, mental disorders, lesions of the respiratory system, malignant neoplasms, diabetes mellitus, diseases of the cardiovascular system.

Economic activity affects not only directly but also indirectly on the atmosphere and the processes occurring in it. Especially strong impact of human economic activity has on the climate of entire regions - deforestation, plowing of land, large reclamation work, mining, burning fossil fuels, military operations, etc.
Human economic activity does not disrupt the geochemical circulation, and also has a significant impact on energy balance in nature. During human economic activity, various chemical compounds, which are tens of times greater than the appearance of substances during weathering rocks and volcanoes. In some regions with large numbers population and industrial production, the volume of generated energy of steel is comparable to the energy of the radiation balance and has a great impact on the change in the microclimate.

The modern composition of the atmosphere is the result of a long historical development of the globe. The composition of the atmosphere is oxygen, nitrogen, argon, carbon dioxide and inert gases. Over cities and industrial areas, the concentration of gases in the atmosphere increases, which are usually found in very small quantities in rural areas or are completely absent. Polluted air is harmful to health. In addition, harmful gases, combining with atmospheric moisture and falling out in the form of acid rains, deteriorate the quality of the soil and reduce the yield.
Based on the results of studies checking the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere, it was determined that the decrease occurs by more than 10 million tons per year. Therefore, the content carbon dioxide in the atmosphere can reach a critical situation. According to the calculations of some scientists, it is known that an increase in the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere by 2 times will increase the average temperature of the Earth by 1.5-2 degrees due to the "greenhouse effect. Due to the increase in temperature, rapid melting of glaciers occurs, which leads to a serious change in the entire surrounding world. and also, a rise in the level of the World Ocean by 5 m is possible.

According to scientists, every year in the world as a result of human activity, 25.5 billion tons of carbon oxides, 190 million tons of sulfur oxides, 65 million tons of nitrogen oxides, 1.4 million tons of freons, organic lead compounds, hydrocarbons, are released into the atmosphere. including carcinogenic, a large number of solid particles (dust, soot, soot).
Global air pollution affects the state of natural ecosystems, especially the green cover of our planet. Acid rains, mainly caused by sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, cause enormous damage to forest biocenoses. Forests, especially conifers, suffer from them.

The main cause of air pollution is the combustion of fossil fuels and metallurgical production. If in the 19th and early 20th centuries, the combustion products of coal and liquid fuel entering the environment were almost completely assimilated by the vegetation of the Earth, then at present the content of combustion products is steadily increasing. A number of pollutants are released into the air from stoves, fireboxes, and car exhaust pipes. Among them, sulfurous anhydride stands out - a poisonous gas that is easily soluble in water. The concentration of sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere is especially high in the vicinity of copper smelters. It causes the destruction of chlorophyll, underdevelopment of pollen grains, drying and falling of leaves and needles.

Soil - the top layer of land, formed under the influence of plants, animals, microorganisms and climate from the parent rocks on which it is located. It is an important and complex component of the biosphere, closely related to its other parts. Under normal natural conditions, all processes occurring in the soil are in balance.
As a result of the development of human economic activity, pollution, changes in the composition of the soil and even its destruction occur. Soil contamination with mercury (with pesticides and industrial waste), lead (during lead smelting and from vehicles), iron, copper, zinc, manganese, nickel, aluminum and other metals (near major centers ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy), radioactive elements (as a result of precipitation from atomic explosions or during the disposal of liquid and solid waste from industrial enterprises, nuclear power plants or research institutes related to the study and use of atomic energy), persistent organic compounds used as pesticides. They accumulate in soil and water and, most importantly, are included in ecological food chains: they pass from soil and water to plants, animals, and eventually pass into the human body with food. Unskillful and uncontrolled use of any fertilizers and pesticides leads to disruption of the circulation of substances in the biosphere.

Erosion is one of the anthropogenic changes in soils. The destruction of forests and natural grassy cover, repeated plowing of the land without observing the rules of agricultural technology lead to soil erosion - the destruction and washout of the fertile layer by water and wind. The most destructive water erosion is also widespread. It occurs on slopes and develops when the land is improperly cultivated. Together with melt and rainwater, millions of tons of soil are carried away from the fields to rivers and seas every year. Significant areas with formed soils are withdrawn from agricultural use due to the open-pit mining of minerals that lie at a shallow depth.

At present, the area of ​​land developed by man has reached 60% of the land. Built-up land now occupies about 300 million hectares. Man today is subject to the regulation of hydrological regimes in large areas. It can significantly, albeit locally, change the climate, landscapes and green cover of the planet. The riches that nature has collected for centuries in the bowels of the planet, people extract and carry across its entire surface. For almost 50 years since the beginning of the scientific and technological revolution, there are no signs of a slowdown in technological progress. The power of modern civilization is growing rapidly, and science and technology are opening up new horizons for its development. Never before has civilization provided humanity with so many benefits as it is now.

Human impact on wildlife consists of direct influence and indirect change natural environment... One of the forms of direct impact on plants and animals is logging. Finding themselves suddenly in an open habitat, plants in the lower layers of the forest are adversely affected by direct sunlight. In thermophilic plants of herbaceous and shrub layers, chlorophyll is destroyed, growth is inhibited, and some species disappear. Light-loving plants that are resistant to high temperatures and a lack of moisture settle in the felling sites. The fauna is also changing: species associated with the stand disappear or migrate to other places.

Due to intensive economic activity, there is a gradual depletion and destruction of the natural environment, that is, the loss of those natural irreplaceable resources that serve as a source of human economic activity for a person. At the current rate of consumption, the explored reserves of coal, oil, natural gas and other minerals, according to scientists, will be enough for industrial use for 50-500 years. Moreover, a smaller indicator applies to liquid hydrocarbons, i.e. oil.
True, society has the prospect of using other types of energy, in particular atomic, wind, solar, sea tides, geothermal waters, hydrogen energy, the reserves of which are still considered inexhaustible. However, the use of atomic energy in large-scale production is hampered by the unresolved problem of disposal of nuclear waste. The development of hydrogen as a source of energy is still possible only theoretically, since technologically this problem has not yet been solved.

One of the sharpest contemporary problems- lack of clean fresh water. In developing countries, up to 9 million people die from water pollution every year. According to scientists, already in 2000, more than 1 billion people experienced a shortage of drinking water. In general, there is a lot of water on Earth. The hydrosphere contains approximately 1.6 billion km 3 of free water; 1.37 billion km 3 of it falls on the World Ocean. On the continents - 90 million km 3, of which 60 million km 3 of water is underground - almost all of this water is salty, 27 million km 3 of water is stored in the glaciers of Antarctica, the Arctic, highlands.
Environmental ignorance and environmental nihilism have resulted from insufficient public attention to environmental issues. What they have in common is a disregard for knowledge and the use of environmental laws in communication between humans and the environment. Environmental ignorance - unwillingness to study the laws of the relationship between man and the environment; ecological nihilism - unwillingness to be guided by these laws. Unfortunately, ignorance and ecological nihilism, combined with consumer psychology, become dangerous for the existence of all life on Earth.

From century to century, people have used the surrounding nature as a source of resource consumption. But until a certain time, this activity did not provide harmful influence on the world around a person. For example, plants have always served as a source of food for humans, as a building material for huts, and plants were used to feed livestock.

Developing, mankind more and more consumed plant materials, and with the advent of various devices, mechanisms, production, vegetable world began to suffer serious losses. For example, if a couple of decades ago, about 5 thousand items of products were produced from wood, now there are already about 15 thousand items.

A person seeks to make his life better, more comfortable, therefore, he takes away more and more resources from nature. As a result, this human influence on plants results in the return of toxic production wastes to him, which are difficult to dispose of. In turn, this becomes a threat to both humans and the environment.

Only at the end of the last century did scientists pay attention to the results of the harmful effects of human economic activity on the flora. In this regard, they began to create scientific programs, to issue grants for the development of ways to improve the environmental situation.

Human economic activity and flora

Industrial emissions also have a detrimental effect on plants. For example, phytotoxicants released into the air have a detrimental effect on coniferous forests - forests dry out from these substances. Recently, rainforests, which are the main suppliers of oxygen to the surrounding atmosphere, have also begun to suffer from industrial facilities. Restoring rainforests is a very difficult and extremely time-consuming task.

For the production of electricity, hydroelectric power stations and water storage facilities are being built on the rivers. In this regard, large areas of soil are flooded. Wrong human activity in the cultivation of floodplains of rivers and lakes provoked their siltation, which means the disappearance of many aquatic plants.

Population increase, urbanization

It should be noted that the degree of man's harmful influence on the flora also depends on the number of population. Indeed, in this regard, more and more food, energy resources are required, it is required to solve housing problems, etc. The population is constantly growing, new generations need more and more resources. But, unfortunately, the possibilities and resources of the planet are not unlimited. Therefore, now it is necessary to seriously and quickly solve the problem of insufficient resources.

In addition, the rapid growth of the world's population causes urbanization, which means that there are more and more cities and they occupy everything. large areas... But at the site of their construction and expansion, natural corners are being destroyed. Therefore, often at the site of the emergence of new cities, even the climate becomes different.

The flora as an object of protection

Under the influence of human activity (direct or indirect), many plant species are brought to the brink of destruction. They have become rare, disappearing, or have disappeared altogether. Currently, about 30 thousand species of plants are known to be under complete threat of extinction.

As an object of protection, all plants are divided into aquatic, soil, underground and terrestrial:

Aquatic vegetation growing in water bodies is extremely important for the ecosystem of the water bodies themselves and the organisms living in them. Man makes little use of this group of plants.

Soil vegetation is represented by fungi, bacteria, some algae. They all affect the soil, making it more fertile. A person also does not use them actively.

Land plants growing on the surface of the earth are most actively used by humans. It was from this group that most plants disappeared.

As a result of their activities, huge areas of wild plants have been replaced by agricultural crops, since man is constantly transforming the surrounding nature in his own interests. In addition, plants disappear due to the haphazard grazing of farm animals. They eat plants, and those that remain are damaged by hooves. As a result, degeneration of pastures occurs, water, wind soil erosion occurs.

If the presence and constantly growing number of industrial enterprises and power plants can be justified by production necessity, then spontaneous landfills, mass littering of hayfields and pastures cannot be justified in any way. Spontaneous garbage dumps, removal of industrial waste to inappropriate places have the most negative impact on the fragile ecosystem. The unorganized collection of medicinal plants, flowers and the activities of tourists leaving behind mountains of garbage is also very detrimental to the flora.

Man increasingly began to face the impoverishment of recently green corners of nature, pastures, meadows and forests. Thus, he has to study the laws of nature of the surrounding world more and more deeply. Humanity has begun to realize the serious danger of the further detrimental effect of its activities on plants, which means that humanity will find ways to reduce it.