ATP organic substances. ATP and other organic cell compounds - knowledge hypermarket

In the body of a person about 70 trillion cells. For healthy growth, each of them requires helpers - vitamins. Vitamin molecules are small, but their drawback is always noticeable. If it is difficult to adapt to the dark, you need vitamins A and B2, dandruff appeared - there is not enough B12, B6, P, do not heal the bruises for a long time - vitamin C deficiency in this lesson you will learn how and where in the cell is stored and stored strategic The stock of vitamins, as vitamins activate the work of the body, and also learn about ATP - the main source of energy in the cell.

Subject: Basics of Cytology

Lesson: Building and aTF functions

As you remember, nucleic acidsconsist of nucleotides. It turned out that the nucleotide cells may be in the associated state or in a free state. In a free state, they perform a number of functions important for the livelihoods.

To so free nucleotides belong aTF molecule or adenosine trifosphoric acid (adenosine trifhosphate). Like all nucleotides, ATP consists of five carbon sugar - ribosia, nitrogenous base - adenin, and, in contrast to DNA and RNA nucleotides, three phosphoric acid residues (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1. Three schematic images of ATP

The most important aTP function It is that it is a universal keeper and a carrier energy in a cage.

All biochemical reactions in a cell that require energy costs, ATP is used as its source.

When separating one residue of phosphoric acid, ATF goes in Adf (adenosinefosphate). If another residue of phosphoric acid is separated (which happens in special cases), Adf goes in AMF (adenosine monophosphate) (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2. ATP hydrolysis and turning it into ADP

When separating the second and third residues of phosphoric acid is released a large number of Energy, up to 40 kJ. That is why the relationship between these phosphoric acid residues is called macroeergic and denote by a corresponding symbol.

In the hydrolysis of the usual bond, a small amount of energy is released (or absorbed), and with the hydrolysis of the macroeergic bond, much more energy is distinguished (40 kJ). The relationship between ribose and the first residue of phosphoric acid is not a macroeergic, with its hydrolysis, only 14 kJ of energy is allocated.

Macroehergic compounds can be formed on the basis of other nucleotides, for example Gtf (Guanosintriphosphate) is used as a source of energy in the biosynthesis of protein, takes part in signal transmission reactions, is a substrate for RNA synthesis during transcription, but it is ATP that is the most common and universal energy source in a cell.

ATF contained as in cytoplasm, so I. in the kernel, mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Thus, we remembered what ATP is, what is its functions, and what is a macroeergic connection.

Vitamins - biologically active organic compoundswhich in small quantities are needed to maintain life processes in the cell.

They are not structural components Live matter, and not used as a source of energy.

Most vitamins are not synthesized in the human body and animals, but enter it with food, some are synthesized in small amounts of intestinal microflora and tissues (vitamin D is synthesized by the skin).

The need for man and animals in vitamins is not the same and depends on such factors as the floor, age, the physiological condition and the conditions of habitat. Some vitamins are not needed by all animals.

For example, ascorbic acid, or vitamin C, is needed to person and other primates. At the same time, it is synthesized in the reptile organism (sailors were taken in swimming turtles, to combat quinta - vitamin C).

Vitamins were open in late XIX. century thanks to the works of Russian scientists N. I. Lunina and V. Pashutin,which showed that for full nutrition, not only the presence of proteins, fats and carbohydrates, but also some others, at that time unknown, substances.

In 1912, the Polish scientist K. Funk(Fig. 3), studying the components of rice husks protecting from the disease Beri Take (vitamin B Avitaminosis, suggested that the amine groupings must be included in these substances. It was he who was suggested to call these substances with vitamins, that is, the amines of life.

In the future, it was found that many of these substances amino groups do not contain, but the term vitamins have taken root in science and practice.

As individual vitamins are discovered, they were lathe and called them depending on the functions performed. For example, Vitamin E was called tocopherol (from Dr.-Greek. Τόκος - "childbearing", and φέρειν - "bring").

Today, vitamins are divided by their ability to dissolve in water or in fats.

To water soluble vitamins include vitamins H., C., P., IN.

To fat soluble vitamins include A., D., E., K.(You can remember how the word: keda) .

As already noted, the need for vitamins depends on age, gender, the physiological state of the body and habitat. At young age a clear need for vitamins was noted. A weakened organism also requires large doses of these substances. With age, the ability to absorb vitamins falls.

The need for vitamins is also determined by the ability of the body to dispose of them.

In 1912, the Polish scientist Casimir Funk Received rice husk partially purified vitamin B1 - thiamine. For another 15 years, it took to obtain this substance in the crystalline state.

Crystal vitamin B1 Blugless, has a bitter taste and well soluble in water. Thiamine is found in vegetable and microbial cells. Especially a lot of it in grain crops and yeast (Fig. 4).

Fig. 4. Tiamine in the form of tablets and food

Thermal processing of food products and various additives destroy thiamine. When avitaminosis, the pathology of the nervous, cardiovascular and digestive systems are observed. Avitaminosis leads to a violation of the water exchange and the functions of the blood formation. One of the bright examples of Tiamine Avitaminosis is the development of the disease of Beri-take (Fig. 5).

Fig. 5. A man suffering from Tiamine Avitaminosis - Take-Bury Diseases

Vitamin B1 is widely used in medical practice for the treatment of various nervous diseases, cardiovascular disorders.

In the bakery of thiamine along with other vitamins - riboflavin and nicotinic acid used to vitaminize bakery products.

In 1922. Evans. and A. Bisho Opened fat-soluble vitamin called them tocopherol or vitamin E (literally: "contributing to childbirth").

Vitamin E in pure form - oily liquid. It is widespread in cereal cultures, for example in wheat. Its a lot in vegetable, animal fats (Fig. 6).

Fig. 6. Tocopherol and products that contain it

Many vitamin E in carrots, in eggs and milk. Vitamin E is antioxidantThat is, protects cells from pathological oxidation, which leads them to aging and death. It is "vitamin youth." The value of vitamin for the sexual system is huge, so it is often referred to as vitamin reproduction.

As a result, the deficiency of vitamin E, in the first place, leads to a violation of embryogenesis and the work of reproductive organs.

Vitamin E production is based on the selection of wheat germs - by alcohol extraction and distillation of solvents at low temperatures.

In medical practice, both natural and synthetic preparations are tocopherolato acetate in vegetable oil, enclosed in a capsule (the famous "fishe fat").

Vitamin E preparations are used as antioxidants in irradiations and other pathological conditions associated with an elevated content of ionized particles in the body and active forms of oxygen.

In addition, Vitamin E is prescribed to pregnant women, as well as used in complex treatment therapy for infertility, with muscle dystrophy and some liver diseases.

Vitamin A (Fig. 7) was opened N. Drummond In 1916.

This discovery was preceded by observations of the presence of a fat-soluble factor in the food required for the full development of farm animals.

Vitamin and no wonder takes first place in the vitamin alphabet. He participates in almost all processes of life. This vitamin is necessary to restore and preserve good vision.

It also helps produce immunity to many diseases, including colds.

Without vitamin A, it is impossible to healthy skin epithelium. If you have a "goose skin", which most often appears on the elbows, hips, knees, the legs, if there is dry skin on the hands or other similar phenomena appeared, this means that you lack Vitamin A.

Vitamin A, as well as vitamin E, is necessary for the normal functioning of the genital glands (gonad). In case of hypovitaminosis, vitamin A marked damage to the reproductive system and respiratory organs.

One of the specific consequences of the lack of vitamin A is a violation of the process of view, in particular a decrease in eye ability to the dark adaptation - chicken blindness. Avitaminosis leads to the emergence of xerophthalmia and the destruction of the cornea. The last process is irreversible, and is characterized by a complete loss of vision. Hypervitaminosis leads to inflammation of the eye and disruption of hair cover, loss of appetite and the full depletion of the body.

Fig. 7. Vitamin A and products that contain it

Vitamins of group A, first of all, are contained in animal products: in the liver, in fish oil, in oil, in eggs (Fig. 8).

Fig. 8. The content of vitamin A in products of plant and animal origin

In products of plant origin, carotenoids are contained, which in the human body under the action of the carutinase enzyme go to Vitamin A.

Thus, you met today with the structure and functions of ATP, and also remembered the meaning of vitamins and found out how some of them are involved in the processes of life.

In case of insufficient arrival of vitamins, primary avitaminosis develops into the body. Different products contain different amounts of vitamins.

For example, carrots contain a lot of provitamin A (carotene), cabbage contains vitamin C, etc. From here, the need for a balanced diet, which includes a variety of vegetable and animal products.

Avitaminosis Under normal food conditions, it is very rare, much more often meet hyovitaminosiswhich are associated with insufficient flow with food vitamins.

Hyovitaminosis It may occur not only as a result of unbalanced nutrition, but also as a result of various pathologies from the gastrointestinal tract or liver, or as a result of various endocrine or infectious diseases, which lead to impaired absorption of vitamins in the body.

Some vitamins are produced by intestinal microflora (intestinal microbiota). Suppression of biosynthetic processes as a result of action antibiotics may also lead to development hypovitaminosisas consequences dysbacteriosis.

Excessive use of food vitamin supplements, as well as drugs containing vitamins, leads to a pathological condition - hypervitaminosis. This is especially characteristic of fat-soluble vitamins, such as A., D., E., K..

Homework

1. What substances are called biologically active?

2. What is ATP? What is the feature of the structure aTF molecules? What types chemical bond exist in this complex molecule?

3. What are the ATP functions in the cells of living organisms?

4. Where is happening synthesis ATF.? Where is the hydrolysis of ATP?

5. What is vitamins? What are their functions in the body?

6. What are the vitamins differ from hormones?

7. What classifications of vitamins are you known?

8. What is avitaminosis, hypovitaminosis and hypervitaminosis? Give examples of these phenomena.

9. What diseases may be a consequence of insufficient or excessive flow of vitamins in the body?

10. Discuss your menu with friends and relatives, calculate, taking advantage of additional information about the content of vitamins in different food products, whether you get enough vitamins.

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Bibliography

1. Kamensky A. A., Kriksunov E. A., Book V. V. General biology 10-11 Class of Drop, 2005.

2. Belyaev D. K. Biology 10-11 class. General biology. A basic level of. - 11th ed., Stereotype. - M.: Enlightenment, 2012. - 304 p.

3. Agafonova I. B., Zakharova E. T., Sivhogolov V. I. Biology 10-11 class. General biology. A basic level of. - 6th ed., Extras. - Drop, 2010. - 384 p.

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"Organic Chemistry Lessons" is a qualitative and quantitative actual. Term " organic substances"Introduced into the science of Y. I. Bercelyus in 1807. Phosphorus. M.Brthlo synthesizes fats (1854). Classification of organic substances. A.M. Butlerov synthesizes a sugar substance (1861). Questions. A.Chlbe synthesize acetic acid (1845).

"Evolution of the Organic World" - a man's spacion. Goacin is a modern bird, some signs similar to Archeopterix. Internet sources. Evolution. Echidna. Kazaire - Australian Ostrich. Platypus. Having studied the material of the topic "Evolutionary evidence organic World»You should be able to: evidence of the evolution of the organic world. An eleven-year-old Prutviya Patil from the village of Sanguliyi in the Indian state of Maharashtra.

"Organic substances of cells" - thanks for your attention. What are the functions of carbohydrates and lipids? Organic substances included in the cell. Output. Lipids. List the proteins function. Fastening. Make a conclusion. Repeat homework Explore new topic. Carbohydrates consist of carbon atoms and water molecules. What organic substances are part of the cells?

"Shipping connections" - to harden the compounds are applied. The oblique chisel for finishing sharpening is sharpening on both sides. The working part of the bit has the form of a wedge with an angle of 35. Depending on the type of glue, the product is maintained in a compressed state up to 24 hours. Chisel is intended for dulling nests and lylish. A characteristic element of the shaped details are cartel.

"Biologically active compounds" - world production of essential fats and oils. Latanoprost (xalatan) is an anti-clouds (based on synthetic prostaglandin of the F2A group). Cascade Arachidon Ko. Simple lipids - waxes. Primary classification of lipids of biological membranes. Biologically active compounds of living organisms.

Question 1. What building has an ATP molecule?
ATP is adenosine trifhosphate, a nucleotide belonging to the group of nucleic acids. The concentration of ATP in the cell is small (0.04%; in skeletal muscles 0.5%). The adenosyntrifosphoric acid molecule (ATP) is similar to one of the nucleotides of the RNA molecule. ATP includes three components: adenin, five-carbon sugar ribosis and three phosphoric acid residue interconnected by special macro-ergic bonds.

Question 2. What function performs ATP?
ATP is a universal energy source for all reactions occurring in a cell. Energy is allocated in the case of separation from the ATF molecules of phosphoric acid residues when the macro-ergic bonds break. The relationship between the residues of phosphoric acid is a macroeergic, when it is cleaved, it is allocated approximately 4 times more energy than when the splitting of other connections. If one residue of phosphoric acid is separated, the ATP goes into the ADP (adenosine infusion acid). This distinguishes 40 kJ of energy. When separating the second residue of phosphoric acid, another 40 kJ of energy is distinguished, and the ADP goes into AMP (adenosine monophosphate). The separated energy is used by the cell. The ATP cell of the cell uses in biosynthesis processes, when driving, in the production of heat, when carrying out nerve pulses, in the process of photosynthesis, etc. ATP is a universal energy accumulator in living organisms.
When hydrolysis of phosphoric acid residue, energy is highlighted:
ATP + H 2 O \u003d ADF + H 3 PO 4 + 40 kJ / mol

Question 3. What connections are called macroeergic?
Macroehergic is called links between the residues of phosphoric acid, since during their rupture a large amount of energy is released (four times more than when the splitting of other chemical bonds).

Question 4. What role do vitamins in the body?
The metabolism is impossible without the participation of vitamins. Vitamins are low molecular weight organic substances, vital for the existence of a human body. Vitamins or not produced at all in the human body, or are produced in insufficient quantities. Since the most often vitamins are a non-green part of the enzyme molecules (coenzymes) and determine the intensity of a plurality of physiological processes in the human body, then their constant admission to the body. Exceptions to some extent constitute the vitamins of group B and A, capable of accumulating in the liver in small quantities. In addition, some vitamins (in 1 in 2, k, e) are synthesized by bacteria living in a thick intestine, from where they are absorbed into the blood of a person. With a lack of vitamins in food or diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, the flow of vitamins in blood decreases, and diseases arise that have a common name of hypovitaminosis. With the complete absence of some kind of vitamin, heavier disorder occurs, the name of Avitaminosis. For example, vitamin D regulates the exchange of calcium and phosphorus in the human body, vitamin K is involved in the synthesis of prothrombin and promotes normal blood coagulation.
Vitamins are divided into water-soluble (C, PP, vitamins of group B) and fat-soluble (A, D, E, etc.). Water soluble vitamins are absorbed in aqueous solutionAnd when they are excess in the body, they are easily displayed with urine. Grease-soluble vitamins are absorbed along with fats, so violation of digestion and suction of fat is accompanied by a lack of glad vitamins (A, O, K). A significant increase in the content of fat-soluble vitamins in food can cause a number of metabolic disorders, since these vitamins are poorly removed from the body. Currently there are at least two dozen substances belonging to vitamins.

Question 4. What role do vitamins in the body?
The metabolism is impossible without the participation of vitamins. Vitamins are low molecular weight organic substances, vital for the existence of a human body. Vitamins or not produced at all in the human body, or are produced in insufficient quantities. Since the most often vitamins are a non-green part of the enzyme molecules (coenzymes) and determine the intensity of a plurality of physiological processes in the human body, then their constant admission to the body. Exceptions to some extent constitute the vitamins of group B and A, capable of accumulating in the liver in small quantities. In addition, some vitamins (in 1 in 2, k, e) are synthesized by bacteria living in a thick intestine, from where they are absorbed into the blood of a person. With a lack of vitamins in food or diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, the flow of vitamins in blood decreases, and diseases arise that have a common name of hypovitaminosis. With the complete absence of some kind of vitamin, heavier disorder occurs, the name of Avitaminosis. For example, vitamin D regulates the exchange of calcium and phosphorus in the human body, vitamin K is involved in the synthesis of prothrombin and promotes normal blood coagulation.
Vitamins are divided into water-soluble (C, PP, vitamins of group B) and fat-soluble (A, D, E, etc.). Water-soluble vitamins are absorbed in an aqueous solution, and with their excess in the body, it is easily removed with urine. Grease-soluble vitamins are absorbed along with fats, so violation of digestion and suction of fat is accompanied by a lack of glad vitamins (A, O, K). A significant increase in the content of fat-soluble vitamins in food can cause a number of metabolic disorders, since these vitamins are poorly removed from the body. Currently there are at least two dozen substances belonging to vitamins.

1. What organic substances do you know?

Organic substances: proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, fats (lipids), vitamins.

2. What vitamins are you known? What is their role?

Water-soluble (C, B1, B2, B6, PP, B12 and B5) is isolated), fat-soluble (A, B, E and K) vitamins.

3. What types of energy are you known?

Magnetic, thermal, light, chemical, electrical, mechanical, nuclear, etc.

4. Why is energy required for the vital activity of any organism?

Energy is necessary for the synthesis of all specific substances of the body, maintaining its highly ordered organization, active transport Substances inside the cells, from some cells to others, from one part of the body to another, for transmission of nerve pulses, movement of organisms, maintaining a constant body temperature and for other purposes.

Questions

1. What building has a ATP molecule?

AdenosineRithosphate (ATP) - nucleotide, consisting of a nitrogen base of adenine, carbohydrate ribose and three phosphoric acid residues.

2. What function performs ATP?

ATP is a universal energy source for all reactions occurring in a cell.

3. What are the relationships are called macroergic?

The relationship between the residues of phosphoric acid is called macroeergic (it is denoted by the symbol ~), since it is excreted in its rupture almost four times more energy than when the splitting of other chemical bonds.

4. What role do vitamins are performed in the body?

Vitamins are complex Ol organic compounds needed in small quantities for normal livelihoods of organisms. Unlike other organic substances, vitamins are not used as a source of energy or building material.

The biological effect of vitamins in the human body lies in the active participation of these substances in metabolic processes. In the exchange of proteins, fats and carbohydrates, vitamins take part either directly or entering complex enzyme systems. Vitamins are involved in oxidative processes, as a result of which numerous substances used from carbohydrates and fats are formed, as an energy and plastic material. Vitamins contribute to the normal growth of cells and the development of the whole organism. An important role is played by vitamins in maintaining the immune reactions of the body, ensuring its resistance to adverse factors. ambient.

Tasks

To summarize your knowledge, prepare a message about the role of vitamins in the normal functioning of the human body. Discuss with classmates question: how can a person provide his body with the necessary amount of vitamins?

The timely and balanced receipt of the required number of vitamins contributes to the normal life of the person. Their main amount enters the body with food, so it is important to eat correctly (so that food contains vitamins in the desired quantity, it should be diverse and balanced).

The role of vitamins in the human body

Vitamins are vital substances necessary to our body to maintain many of its functions. Therefore, a sufficient and constant flow of vitamins in the body with food is extremely important.

The biological effect of vitamins in the human body lies in the active participation of these substances in metabolic processes. In the exchange of proteins, fats and carbohydrates, vitamins take part either directly or entering complex enzyme systems. Vitamins are involved in oxidative processes, as a result of which numerous substances used from carbohydrates and fats are formed, as an energy and plastic material. Vitamins contribute to the normal growth of cells and the development of the whole organism. An important role is played by vitamins in maintaining immune responses of the organism, providing its resistance to adverse environmental factors. This is essential in the prevention of infectious diseases.

Vitamins soften or eliminate adverse effects on the human body of many drugs. The lack of vitamins affects the state of individual organs and tissues, as well as on the most important functions: growth, continuation of the genus, intellectual and physical capabilities, protective functions of the body. A long lack of vitamins leads first to reduce the ability to work, then to deterioration of health, and in the most extreme, severe cases it can end with death.

Only in some cases, our body can synthesize separate vitamins in small quantities. For example, tryptophan amino acid can be transformed into a nicotinic acid. Vitamins are necessary for the synthesis of hormones - special biologically active substances that regulate a variety of body functions.

It turns out that vitamins are substances related to indispensable human nutrition factors, and are of great importance for the vital activity of the body. They are necessary for the hormonal system and the enzyme system of our body. Also regulate our metabolism, making the human body healthy, vigorous and beautiful.

The main amount of their number enters the body with food, and only some are synthesized in the intestine inhabitants in it with useful microorganisms, but in this case they are not always enough. Many vitamins quickly destroy and do not accumulate in the body in the right amounts, so a person needs a constant flow of them with food.

The use of vitamins with therapeutic goal (vitaminotherapy) was originally entirely related to the impact on various forms of their insufficiency. From the middle of the XX century, vitamins have become widely used to vitaminize food, as well as feed in animal husbandry.

A number of vitamins are represented not by one, but several related compounds. Knowledge chemical structure Vitamins made it possible to obtain them by chemical synthesis; Along with microbiological synthesis, this is the main method of producing vitamins on an industrial scale.

The primary source of vitamins are plants in which vitamins accumulate. In the body, vitamins come mainly with food. Some of them are synthesized in the intestine under the influence of the life of microorganisms, but the amounts of vitamins do not always fully satisfy the needs of the body.

Conclusion: Vitamins affect the absorption of nutrients, contribute to the normal growth of cells and the development of the whole organism. Being part of enzymes, vitamins define them normal function and activity. The disadvantage, and moreover, the absence of any vitamin in the body leads to a violation of metabolism. With the lack of them in food, human performance, the body's resistance to diseases, to the action of adverse environmental factors is reduced. As a result of the deficit or absence of vitamins, vitamin failure is developing.