The structure of political activity scheme. What are the functions of politics in society

Detailed solution Paragraph § 20 on social science for students in grade 11, authors L.N. Bogolyubov, N.I. Gorodetskaya, L.F. Ivanova 2014

Question 1. Is the highest rung of the social ladder accessible to every person? What determines the position of a person in society?

The concept of the social ladder is relative. For officials - one thing, for businessmen - another, for artists - the third, etc. There is no single social ladder.

A person's position in society depends on education, property, power, income, and so on.

A person can change his social position with the help of social elevators - the army, the church, the school.

Additional social elevators - the media, party and social activities, the accumulation of wealth, marriage with representatives of the upper class.

Position in society, social status has always occupied an important place in the life of every person. So, what determines the position in society:

1. Kinship - status may depend on kinship lines, the status of children of wealthy and influential parents is undoubtedly higher than that of children born to less influential parents.

2. Personal qualities - one of the most important points on which the status in society depends. A person with a strong-willed character, who has the qualities of a leader, a manager, will surely achieve more in life and achieve a higher position in society than a person with the opposite character.

3. Connections - the more friends, the more acquaintances who can really help to get somewhere, the more likely it is to achieve the goal, which means to gain a higher social status.

Questions and tasks for the document

Power is will power. This strength is measured not only by the intensity and activity of the internal volitional tension exercised by the ruler, but also by the authoritative inflexibility of his external manifestations. The purpose of power is to create in the souls of people a mood of certainty, completeness, impulsiveness and diligence. The ruler must not only want and decide, but also systematically lead others to a consensual will and decision. To rule means, as it were, to impose one's will on the will of others; however, so that this imposition is voluntarily accepted by those who submit.

Question 1. Find in the text phrases with the word "will" or words derived from it. What is the meaning of these statements?

Unlike any physical strength state power is will power.

To rule means, as it were, to impose one's will on the will of others; however, so that this imposition is voluntarily accepted by those who submit.

Question 2. How does I. A. Ilyin see the correlation of the mental and spiritual principles in power with the physical, power? Does he think that the government should not use force?

Unlike any physical force, state power is a force of will. This means that the mode of its action is, by its very nature, internal, psychic and, moreover, spiritual. Physical strength, that is, the ability to materially-bodily influence a person on a person, is necessary state power, but it by no means constitutes the basic mode of action inherent in the state. Little of, political system the more perfect, the less it turns to physical force, and it is precisely the system that gravitates towards the exclusive dominance of physical force that undermines itself and prepares for its dissolution. The "sword" does not at all express the essence of state power; it is only an extreme and painful remedy, it constitutes the last word and the weakest of its supports. There are situations and periods when power without a sword is useless and disastrous power; but these periods are exceptional and abnormal.

Question 3. In what case is the imposition of the will of power on the will of the subject accepted voluntarily by those who obey?

The imposition of the will of power on the will of the subject is accepted voluntarily by those who obey if the people like the adopted laws and they want to fulfill them. If everything is well thought out and agreed upon.

Question 4. What conclusion can be drawn from the read text to understand modern power relations?

Power should not be with forceful methods. The ruler should not only want and decide, but also lead others to a consensual will and decision.

SELF-CHECK QUESTIONS

Question 1. What is the structure of policy as an activity?

In science, politics is considered in three dimensions:

1) as one of the many types of human activity, the activity of social groups and individuals;

2) as a sphere of public life, one of the subsystems of society as a whole;

3) as a type of social relations between individuals, small groups and large communities.

The participation of people in political life is manifested not only in the activities of individuals, but also in the impact on politics of large social groups (classes, social strata, ethnic communities, estates, etc.).

In order to more successfully influence politics, people create political organizations and associations. most adapted to political activity are political parties. The most active subject of politics is the state.

Relatively small groups of people who have the greatest influence on political decision-making are called the political elite. These are groups of persons concentrating power in their hands, exercising political leadership of society, determining the paths and goals of political development. The political elite includes the highest statesmen, leaders of political parties, heads of parliament, persons holding key positions in the power structures of the state, means mass media, and etc.

So, the subjects of politics are individuals, social groups, political organizations, political elites.

The activities of the subjects of politics are aimed at society, at maintaining its integrity, as well as at implementing changes in it that meet the interests of a particular subject of politics or the whole society. The fact that political activity is aimed at society as a whole, on all aspects of its life, distinguishes it from other types of activity. At the same time, it is customary in politics to single out various directions, which are usually called by the name of the object of political influence. The object of economic policy is the economy, social - the social sphere, youth policy- youth, etc. Object domestic policy is a society within the country, external - the world community, international relations.

Political activity is motivated by the interests of political subjects, primarily by the interests of certain social groups. The position of a social group in society gives rise to its attitude to the existing situation, to power structures.

Driven by their own interests, people set themselves appropriate political goals, which are most clearly formulated by the political leaders, parties, and elites supported by them.

To achieve the set goals, various political actions are carried out: organizing parties, making government decisions, election campaigns, speeches in parliament, political rallies, holding party congresses, appeals to the people, developing political programs, referendums, coups d'état, uprisings, visits by government delegations, etc. In the course of these actions, various means of political activity are used: peaceful and violent, organizational and agitational, theoretical and diplomatic.

Question 2. What is included in the concept of "politics"?

The political sphere is one of the four spheres of social life known to you. It includes various forms of political activity; relations between people arising in the course of this activity; organizations and institutions that are created to implement political goals and objectives; political consciousness of people, which directs their activities in the field of politics.

The most important place in the structure of the political sphere is occupied by political institutions. They are among the main social institutions that implement the fundamental needs of society. Political institutions satisfy a society's need for integration, security, and social order.

Each of them carries out a certain type of political activity and includes a group of people specializing in its implementation; political norms governing relations within these institutions with other political and non-political institutions; the means necessary to achieve the set goals.

The main political institution is the state. (Remember the essential features of the state studied in the social science course of the basic school.) In turn, the state includes the institution of the presidency, the institutions of legislative, executive and judicial power, the institution of elections, etc.

Political parties are among the most important political institutions. The history of parties in their modern form is not as long as the history of the state, but even it has more than a century and a half.

Question 3. What social relations are political?

Political relations are the relationships and interactions that arise between people in the process of political activity. These are the interconnections of social communities and individuals in the sphere of power, politics, and management. This is the relationship of the subjects of political life regarding the conquest, use and redistribution of political power. Any social relations acquire a political character if they include the use of power in the center and in the localities.

Political relations are associated with the distribution of power, rights and powers in society, with the delimitation of the subjects of the center and places. These include relationships between:

Public authorities and institutions (for example, between the government and parliament);

The state and social groups (for example, between the state and entrepreneurs);

State and non-state public organizations and movements (for example, between state and church);

Political parties, as well as between political parties and non-political organizations (for example, between parties and trade unions);

State and citizens;

Various states in the international arena;

The state and international political associations (for example, the UN, NATO).

The manifestations of these relationships can be different: relations of rivalry, competition (for example, between political parties); mutual responsibility (for example, between a citizen and the state); support (for example, voters and any party); cooperation (for example, the party and trade unions); union (say, several states); conflict (for example, between states or a state and a particular social group), etc.

These relations are based on interests and goals, the coincidence or divergence of which predetermines the development of interaction between participants in political life. The nature of the relationship depends on economic and social factors, on the political culture of society, as well as on the political will of the subjects of politics.

Question 4. Describe the subjects of policy.

The subjects of politics are social and national communities, organizations, institutions that are able to participate in political life, make political decisions and achieve their implementation, change social relations in accordance with their interests and goals. The subject of politics is the bearer of active, purposeful and reasonable action.

Question 5. What are the political interests?

Political interest is the orientation of an individual (social group) to gain certain positions in the system of political power.

According to the carriers of political interests, political interests themselves can be divided into:

personal interests;

group interests;

corporate interests;

class interests;

national interests.

According to the degree of manifestation, political interests are divided into:

Natural interests;

Conscious interests.

According to the scale of orientation, political interests are:

Domestic political;

foreign policy;

Global (geopolitical).

Question 6. How do different politicians and organizations solve the problem of the correlation of ends and means in politics?

On the moral principles, education and morality of the leaders of organizations.

Question 7. What is the relationship between the concepts of "politics" and "power"?

Politics is the activity of state power, party or public group in the field of domestic or foreign relations, determined by the interests of this power, party, group.

Power is the ability and ability to impose one's will, to influence the activities and behavior of other people, even in spite of their resistance. The essence of power does not depend on what this possibility is based on. Power can be based on various methods: democratic and authoritarian, honest and dishonest, violence and revenge, deceit, provocation, extortion, incentives, promises, etc.

The closely related concepts of "politics" and "power" are key concepts social science called political science.

Question 8. Describe the party as a political institution.

Any political party is a voluntary association of people who have common political views, seeking to achieve their goals through the conquest of power or participation in its implementation. Usually a party expresses and defends the interests of a certain social community (class, social stratum, etc.). V Russian Federation the law defines a political party as a public association created for the purpose of citizens' participation in the political life of society through the formation and expression of their political will, participation in public and political actions, in elections and referendums, as well as in order to represent the interests of citizens in state authorities and bodies local government.

Each political party independently determines its political goals, immediate and long-term ideas, which are reflected in the party program and charter. However, the main objectives of a political party, according to the law, are:

Formation of public opinion;

Political education and upbringing of citizens;

Expressing the opinions of citizens on any issues of public life, bringing these opinions to the attention of the general public and public authorities;

Nomination of candidates for elections to legislative (representative) bodies of state power and representative bodies local self-government, participation in elections to these bodies and in their work.

A party is an organization whose principles of construction, the rights and obligations of its members are reflected in its charter. As a rule, it has a party program outlining not only the party's goals, but also the ways and means to ensure their achievement. Party members have different statuses in its structure: they are party leaders; party officials working in the central and local bodies of the party; party activists leading party groups, local organizations; ordinary members of the party. All of them are working to win the support of voters in the upcoming elections. For this, meetings of citizens, the party press, speeches in parliament and other representative bodies are used.

Question 9. What is the essence of power?

The essence of power lies in the relations of domination and subordination that arise between those who give orders and those who carry out these orders or who are subjected to power influences. Power relations arise wherever stable communities of people exist. Any organization, any joint type of activity cannot be carried out without power relations, without someone leading and someone following orders. Even in interpersonal communication two people, as a rule, there is a relationship of subordination.

Question 10. What is the difference between political power and other types of power?

Political activity, political institutions, political relations are various aspects of a complex, multidimensional social phenomenon - politics. And all these aspects, like politics in general, are connected with the struggle for power or with the use of power to realize group or national interests.

The one who has the power gives orders, orders, directives, commands. He can sanction those who faithfully follow these orders (in which case he uses a reward), or those who do not follow the orders or do them poorly (in which case he uses a punishment). For the majority of citizens, it is not the possibility of sanctions that matters, but the conviction of the need to comply with the instructions of the authorities, the authority of the authorities.

Political power has a number of features that distinguish it from other types of power. First, it applies to the entire society, to all living in the territory of a given state. Its orders are obligatory for all other kinds of power. Secondly, it acts on the basis of law on behalf of the whole society. Thirdly, only she has the legal right to use force within the country. Fourth, it is characterized by the existence of a single nationwide center for political decision-making. Fifthly, this power has the ability to use a variety of means (not only coercive, but also economic, social, cultural and informational).

Thus, political power is the right, ability and opportunity to defend and implement certain political views, attitudes and goals. She uses various ways and means of influencing political subjects, primarily the state, on the behavior of social communities of people, organizations to manage, coordinate, coordinate the interests of all members of society and subordinate them to a single political will.

Question 11 practical value knowledge about politics and power?

Based on this knowledge, one can analyze certain decisions and develop the most rational and perfect way of managing.

TASKS

Question 1. If you were the leader of a party that calls itself a popular progressive, what goals would you put forward for the next ten years?

1. Raise the economy.

2. Raise the level and quality of life.

3. Return raw materials from private capital to the people.

4. Take on youth, our future.

5. Tighten the laws for the authorities.

6. Reduce all apparatuses of power, to the extent necessary. qty.

7. Reduce salaries for civil servants.

8. Let the regions manage their own profits.

9. Revise the laws in terms of life, property, honor, regardless of rank.

10. Have a strong, mobile, professional army.

11. Improve the work of law enforcement agencies by introducing levers of real rewards and punishments.

Question 2. Perhaps you are familiar with the lines from a song written in the first quarter of the 20th century:

Our locomotive, fly ahead! In the Commune - a stop. We have no other way - We have a rifle in our hands.

Does this text contain political goals and means to achieve them? Which party's ideas does this verse reflect?

The song was written in the 1920s, immediately after the revolution, and was sung by the Bolsheviks, or communists, who believed that only in hands with a rifle could one crush everything old and build a new society. This couplet reflects the ideas of the Communist Party.

Question 3. In 2002, the State Duma of Russia adopted the Law "On counteracting extremist activity." The law creates legal grounds for the liquidation of organizations whose activities the court considers extremist. Persons inciting national, racial, social hatred, calling for violence in order to achieve political goals, will be held accountable, as well as persons or organizations financing extremist activities.

Explain the meaning of this law. What are the steps you need to take to make it a reality?

It is mainly directed against Nazi youth organizations. It is used against Russian nationalists of the far right. The meaning of this law is to counter extremist activities, as this is the incitement of interracial conflicts. Examples: disbanded the organization Northern Brotherhood, which accounted for more than 1000 crimes.

Question 4. In 2011, shortly before the next elections to the State Duma, sociologists conducted a survey of voters, in which they revealed the level of interest in these elections. 40% of the respondents stated that there is such interest, and 54% said that there is no interest. 6% found it difficult to answer (Spark. - 2011. - No. 35).

How do you rate these survey results? What, in your opinion, are the reasons for the lack of interest among many in an important political event for the country?

The reasons for the lack of interest among many in an important political event for the country are that many believe that the government is corrupt, all votes have been bought.

Policy elements are the structural units of policy as a single, integral system. Policy elements include:

1) The subjects of politics are social communities (class, nation, political elite, masses, professional groups), social institutions(parliament, government, political parties, trade unions, churches, media, international organizations) and individuals (citizens, members of the political elite, political leaders).
2) Political power is the main element of politics. Political power is the ability to impose one's political will on members of society.
3) Political organization - set state institutions expressing the interests of the individual, group, society.
4) Political relations - forms of interrelation and interaction of subjects of politics, based on consent, partnership, conflict, domination.
5) Political consciousness - a system of political assessments, meanings and statements, manifested at the level of emotions, feelings, experiences, likes and dislikes (political psychology), as well as at the level rational ideas, beliefs that make up the subject's political worldview (political ideology).
6) Political culture - the type of attitude of an individual, social group, society as a whole to certain political phenomena, events, facts, manifested in people's behavior.

What are the functions of politics in society?

Politics performs the following functions in public life:

1. Expression of socially significant interests of all groups and strata of society. Expression of interests includes: a) awareness of interests; b) their registration in ideology; c) institutionalization of interests through the creation of a political party or social movement.
2. Rationalization of contradictions arising in society. The achievement by social groups of their interests is inevitably accompanied by conflicts between them. Politics is designed to translate the resolution of these conflicts into the mainstream of a civilized dialogue. In other words, to achieve your interests, you can take people to the streets, turn cars over, break shop windows; or you can create a political party, by participating in the election campaign, get your representatives into parliament and resolve all issues at the negotiating table with representatives of other parties in parliament.
3. Management and management of social processes in the interests of certain groups or society as a whole. Leadership is to determine the main goals and priorities of development, as well as to develop ways and means to achieve them; management is an activity to implement the developed strategic decisions.
4. Integration of various social groups by subordinating their interests to the interests of the whole. Politics is called upon to express a common national interest and determine the place in it of each social group.
5. Ensuring the innovative nature of social development. This means that politics is designed to ensure that political forms meet the needs of economic and social development society. In other words, policy should create conditions conducive to economic and social development.
6. Finally, politics performs a peculiar human-creative function. It lies in the fact that politics is a specific sphere of self-realization of the individual, i.e. allows a person to show himself as a socially active, socially significant being.

What are the similarities and differences between politics and morality?

Politics is a general guide for action and decision-making that facilitates the achievement of goals. Politics directs action to achieve a goal or accomplish a task. By setting directions to follow, it explains how goals are to be achieved. Politics leaves freedom of action.

Moraml (Latin moralis - relating to mores) - one of the main ways of normative regulation of human actions in society; one of the forms of social consciousness and a type of social relations. Morality covers moral views and feelings, life orientations and principles, goals and motives for actions and relationships, drawing a line between good and evil, conscience and shamelessness, honor and dishonor, justice and injustice, norm and abnormality, mercy and cruelty, etc.

What does the concept of legitimacy of power reflect?

Legitimacy (from lat. legitimus - agreeing with the laws, legal, lawful) - the consent of the people with the government, when it voluntarily recognizes its right to make binding decisions. The lower the level of legitimacy, the more often the government will rely on coercion

What is the structure of the policy? 3

What caused the need for the existence of political leaders? 6

What form of national-state structure exists in modern Russia? What varieties do you know? 10

What functions do parties perform in society? sixteen

What political regime exists in Russia? nineteen

What are the causes of interstate conflicts? 25

What is the structure of the policy?

What is the structure of political activity? In the most general way

there are three main points. Firstly, the ability to set immediate (tactical) and long-term (strategic) real goals and solve problems, taking into account the balance of social forces, all the possibilities of society at a particular stage of its development. Secondly, the development of effective methods, means, forms of organization of social forces to achieve the goals.

Finally, thirdly, the appropriate selection and placement of personnel capable of solving the tasks assigned to them.

The implementation of political activity is unthinkable without a certain system political power. It is a set of elements that are officially recognized executors of political power. This includes the state apparatus, political parties, trade unions, various public organizations (the church, since in our society it is separated from the state, is not part of a political organization). All this is nothing but the main constituent elements of a branched and tightly welded systemic whole, a mechanism by which political power is exercised in society.

In political science research on the problems of analyzing the structure of politics, various aspects have been identified. Differentiation of approaches to the consideration of the policy structure is determined by a number of factors. Among them, the most significant, perhaps, are such as the complexity, versatility of politics itself as a social phenomenon, as well as the specifics of the context of a particular researcher? It is not difficult, for example, to present the structure of policy in terms of “behavioral” analysis. Of course, when evaluating certain approaches, points of view, at least two extremes are unacceptable. On the one hand, it is untenable to reject the positive content of such approaches, in which politics is structured through the prism of some kind of attribute, quality, or property. On the other hand, it is reckless to try to make any single criterion absolute, because in this case the political realities will be taken into account in a very limited amount. Thus, in our opinion, to analyze the structure of policy, it is necessary and quite possible to use various

criteria. Without claiming to be a complete and even more systematic analysis of the criteria

highlighting the structural elements of the policy, consider some of them

Of course, in the political science literature, these criteria are tractorized

various terms and concepts. Among these criteria are

the following: essential or substantive, by areas of functioning, by subjects of political life, institutional and others.

In accordance with the essential criterion, we are talking about identifying the main elements of the content of politics as a social phenomenon. These are the very facets, sides, elements of politics that act as necessary, without which politics cannot be presented as a holistic phenomenon. Such elements include, for example, political power, political activity, political relations, political needs and interests, political consciousness (political psychology and political ideology), political culture, a system of political institutions and mechanisms for exercising power, political process and others.

Politics, political life is formed, functions in the interaction of various subjects. Proceeding from this, it is impossible not to take into account the subjective criterion for distinguishing elements of the policy structure. As elements, levels of politics in this regard, one can consider, for example, a nationwide policy, social group, class, national policy, the policy of the state and public organizations, movements and associations. This interpretation of the policy structure, based on the subjective criterion, can undoubtedly be refined, supplemented, but it has the right to exist.

Many political scientists point to the need to take into account the peculiarities of the methods and mechanisms for implementing policies in various spheres of public life.

The identification of different levels, components of policy depending on the spheres of public life is also an important direction in the analysis of the structure of politics. Among these policy components are the following:

Domestic and foreign policy,

Economic policy,

Social politics,

Politics in the field of state structure and development of democracy,

Politics in the spiritual and ideological sphere.

The works of domestic and foreign political scientists indicate

the need to analyze the place and role of the government, state structures, political parties, movements, etc. A systematic analysis of politics as a holistic, effective phenomenon is impossible without taking into account such components as the state, political parties and associations. Therefore, the institutional criterion for the structural division of politics becomes natural and justified. Within the framework of this approach, it is legitimate to single out such elements of political life as a political organization, a political system, a state, political parties, public organizations, associations, and movements.

Already a brief enumeration of some approaches to the structural analysis of politics leads to the recognition of the need for further continuation of the analysis of the structure of politics, the identification of new criteria and, based on them, new facets, elements of the policy structure. All types of political activity, political consciousness, political institutions, etc. are also internally structured.

At the same time, it should be emphasized that all elements of the structure are closely

are interconnected, forming a holistic phenomenon - politics. The integrity of politics manifests itself in a variety of forms. First, it expresses itself already in the interconnection of its various elements. For example, it is well known that the determining factors of human behavior are ultimately economic factors. However, where problems are connected with state power, economic interests act through political consciousness, political interests, political motives”, generating indirectly certain forms of political activity. The political sphere of life, secondly, has a relative independence, and it has its own specific tendencies, patterns of functioning and development.

Features characteristic of our country.

Now in our society there is a process of real impact of policy on the economic sphere of society in order to eliminate those mechanisms that have developed in this area, which have become a brake on further social development.

In the last decade, in the historical arena of our country, again

aggravated national problems. Many theoretical and practical

political questions were formulated by life itself. And among them is the problem of the subjects of national political life and nation-building.

What caused the need for the existence of political leaders?

All topics that make up the course of political science are related to the problems of political power. But for some of them this connection is very close and direct, while for others it has an indirect character. Political leadership belongs to the first group. Its study concretizes and deepens our knowledge of political power. In its essence and form of manifestation, political leadership is a manifestation of power and power relations. Power functions and powers are carried out by specific persons - political leaders. The mechanism for the implementation of political power cannot operate without the main character - the political leader, who occupies a central place in power relations. Political leadership to a large extent reveals the essence of the real mechanism for implementing policy in society.

With the concept of "leader" (Eng. leader- leading, managing other people) is closely related to the concept of "leadership". The meaning of the latter quite accurately reflects the purpose of a human leader, his place and role in society, the processes in which he is involved, his functions. Interest in leadership and attempts to comprehend this important social aspect are rooted in Antiquity. Herodotus, Plutarch and other researchers paid special attention to this issue, since they saw the true creators of history in monarchs and generals. N. Machiavelli made a significant contribution to the study of political leadership. In his understanding, a political leader is a sovereign who uses any means to maintain his dominance and maintain public order. A significant contribution to the development of the problem of political leadership was made by T. Carlyle,
R. Emerson, G. Tarde.

All researchers noted that the most important feature of a leader is the ability to influence other people in the direction of organizing their joint activities to achieve certain goals. In addition, scientists tried to answer the question: Are leaders born or made? This topic was considered by Z. Freud, L. Gumilyov. The findings of scientists are ambiguous. According to the concept of L. Gumilyov, leaders are born. Nature endows these people with excess biochemical energy. They make up no more than 5% of the population. However, those who are born leaders do not necessarily become leaders. This requires significant experience. Therefore, most scientists believe that leaders become.

The formation and functioning of leaders is an objective and universal phenomenon. "Objective" - because any joint activity needs organization, development of the most rational and acceptable ways to achieve goals. These functions are performed by people who enjoy authority. "Universal" - because all types of joint activities of people, groups, organizations, movements need a leader. You can talk about leaders in politics, business, science, art, religion, party leaders, and so on. In modern political science, there are several definitions of political leadership. Here are some of them:

political leadership- this is a managerial status, a social position associated with the adoption of power decisions, this is a leadership position;

political leadership- this is a priority permanent influence on the part of a certain person on the whole society, a political organization or a large social group;

political leadership- it is a symbol of a group, a community, a model of the political behavior of a group, capable of realizing its interests with the help of power;

political leadership- this is a way of interaction between the leader and the masses, in the process of which the leader has a significant impact on society.

Thus, given these definitions, we see that leadership is a complex mechanism of interaction between leaders and followers. The main components of this concept are: the leader's ability to accurately assess the situation; the ability to find the right solution to the problems facing society, to influence the minds and energy of people in order to mobilize them to implement any solution.

Leadership as a special mechanism of interaction between the leader and "others" in a particular community assumes that "others" accept, actively support his decisions, actions, consciously and voluntarily obey him.

Leadership in politics has a number of specific features:

as a rule, there is no direct interaction between the national leader and society, it is mediated by parties, interest groups, and the media;

leadership is multi-role in nature, the leader is focused on reconciling various social interests, he is forced to strive to justify the mass expectations from his activities;

political leadership corporate. Behind the decisions that are made by top leaders, the work of numerous experts, the leader's inner circle, is always hidden, invisible to society;

political leadership is to some extent institutionalized; leader's activity is limited by existing social relations, norms, decision-making procedures.