The role of biology in human everyday life examples. The practical significance of biology in the modern world

Ask your parents and acquaintances what they think about the importance of biology in life. modern man... Prepare a report with specific examples of how biological knowledge is used in Everyday life person.

Answer

Each organism lives in a specific environment. Habitat is the part of nature that surrounds living organisms with which they interact. There are many living organisms around us. These are plants, animals, fungi, bacteria. Each of these groups is studied by a separate biological science.

In our time, such common problems how to protect health, provide food and preserve the diversity of organisms on our planet. Biology, whose research is aimed at solving these and other issues, closely interacts with medicine, agriculture, industry, in particular food and light, etc.

You all know that when a person is ill, he uses drugs. Most medicinal substances are obtained from plants or the waste products of microorganisms. For example, the use of antibiotics (from the Greek. anti- against and bios). They are produced by certain types of fungi and bacteria. Antibiotics kill pathogens of many dangerous human and animal diseases.

Biology plays important role and in providing humanity with food. Scientists are creating new high-yielding plant varieties and animal breeds that allow for more food. Biological research is aimed at preserving and increasing soil fertility, which ensures high yields. Living organisms are also widely used in industry. For example, a person gets yogurt, kefir, cheeses thanks to the activity of certain types of bacteria and fungi.

However, active and often ill-considered economic activity human has led to significant pollution environment substances harmful to all living things, to the destruction of forests, virgin steppes, reservoirs. Over the past centuries, thousands of species of animals, plants and fungi have disappeared, and tens of thousands are on the verge of extinction. But the disappearance of even one of some kind of organisms means an irreversible loss for the biological diversity of our planet. Therefore, scientists create lists of plant, animal and fungal species in need of protection (the so-called Red Data Books), and also identify areas where these species are taken under protection (reserves, national natural parks etc.).

Thus, biology is a science called upon by its research to convince people of the need to respect nature, to comply with its laws. Therefore, it is considered the science of the future.

Biology is a system of sciences about living nature. Among the various biological sciences, one of the first, more than two thousand years ago, arose the sciences studying plants - botany (from the Greek botane - greenery) - and animals - zoology (from the Greek zoon - animal - and logos). Advances in the development of biology over time led to the emergence of its various directions, which you will meet in high school.
Each organism lives in a specific environment. Habitat is the part of nature that surrounds living organisms with which they interact. There are many living organisms around us. These are plants, animals, fungi, bacteria. Each of these groups is studied by a separate biological science.
In our time, such common problems as health protection, food security and the preservation of the diversity of organisms on our planet are especially acute for humanity. Biology, whose research is aimed at solving these and other issues, closely interacts with medicine, agriculture, industry, in particular food and light, etc.
You all know that when a person is ill, he uses drugs. Most medicinal substances are obtained from plants or the waste products of microorganisms. For example, the use of antibiotics (from the Greek anti - against - and bios) saved the lives of hundreds of millions of people. They are produced by certain types of fungi and bacteria. Antibiotics kill pathogens of many dangerous human and animal diseases.
Biology plays an important role in providing humanity with food. Scientists are creating new high-yielding plant varieties and animal breeds that allow for more food. Research by biologists is aimed at preserving and increasing soil fertility, which ensures high yields. Living organisms are also widely used in industry. For example, a person gets yogurt, kefir, cheeses thanks to the activity of certain types of bacteria and fungi.
However, the active and often ill-conceived economic activity of man has led to significant pollution of the environment with substances harmful to all living things, to the destruction of forests, virgin steppes, and reservoirs. Over the past centuries, thousands of species of animals, plants and fungi have disappeared, and tens of thousands are on the verge of extinction. But the disappearance of even one of some kind of organisms means an irreversible loss for the biological diversity of our planet. Therefore, scientists create lists of species of plants, animals and fungi in need of protection (the so-called Red Data Books), and also identify areas where these species are taken under protection (reserves, national natural parks, etc.).
Thus, biology is a science called upon by its research to convince people of the need to respect nature, to comply with its laws. Therefore, it is considered the science of the future.

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Each organism lives in a specific environmente. Habitat - a part of nature that surrounds living organisms with which they interact. There are many living organisms around us. These are plants, animals, griswould, bacteria. Each of these groups is studied separately.I am a biological science.

The importance of biology in life

person. In our time, humanity is especially acutecommon problems such as health protection,providing food and preserving the diversity of organisms on our planet. Biology, whose research is aimed at solving these and other issues, closely interacts with medicine, agriculture, industry, in particular food and llight, etc.

You all know that when a person is ill, he uses drugs. Most medicinal substances are obtained from plants or the waste products of microorganisms. For example, the use of antibiotics (from the Greek anti - protve - and bios). They are produced by certain types of fungi and bacteria. Antibiotics kill pathogens of many dangerous human and animal diseases.

Biology plays an important role in providing humanity with foodeat. Scientists are creating new high-yielding plant varieties and animal breeds that allow for more nutritionania. Biological researchdirected

to preserve and increase soil fertility, which ensures high yields. Living organisms are widely used lThey are also used in industry. For example, a person gets yogurt, kefir, cheeses thanks to the activity of certain types of bacteria and fungi.

However, the active and often ill-conceived economic activity of man has led to significant pollution of the environment with substances harmful to all living things, to the destruction of forests, virgin steppes, and reservoirs. Over the past centuries, thousands of species of animals, plants and fungi have disappeared, and tens of thousands are on the verge of extinction. But the disappearance of even one of some kind of organisms means an irreversible loss for the biological diversity of our planet. Therefore, scientists create lists of plant, animal and fungal species in need of protection (the so-called Red Data Books), as well as

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allocate territories where these species are taken under protection (reserves, nationalsome parks, etc.).

Thus, biology is a science called upon by its research to convince people of the need to respect nature, to comply with its laws. Therefore, it is considered the science of the future.

It is difficult to overestimate the role of biology in modern reality, because it studies in detail human life in all its manifestations. Currently, this science unites such important concepts like evolution, cell theory, genetics, homeostasis and energy. Its functions include the study of the development of all living things, namely: the structure of organisms, their behavior, as well as the relationship between themselves and the relationship with the environment.

The importance of biology in human lifeIt is understandable if we draw a parallel between the main problems of an individual's life, for example, health, nutrition, and the choice of optimal living conditions. Today, numerous sciences are known that have separated from biology, becoming no less important and independent. These include zoology, botany, microbiology, and virology. It is difficult to single out the most significant of them; they all represent a complex of the most valuable fundamental knowledge accumulated by civilization.

Outstanding scientists such asClaudius Galen, Hippocrates, Carl Linnaeus, Charles Darwin, Alexander Oparin, Ilya Mechnikov and many others. Thanks to their discoveries, especially the study of living organisms, the science of morphology appeared, as well as physiology, which collected in itself knowledge about the systems of organisms of living beings. Genetics has played an invaluable role in the development of hereditary diseases.

Biology has become a solid foundation in medicine, sociology and ecology. It is important that this science, like any other, is not static, but is constantly replenished with new knowledge, which is transformed in the form of new biological theories and laws.

The role of biology in modern society, especially
but in medicine, it is priceless. It was with her help that methods were found for the treatment of bacteriological and rapidly spreading viral diseases. Every time we think about the question of what is the role of biology in modern society, we remember that it is thanks to the heroism of medical biologists that the centers of terrible epidemics have disappeared from planet Earth: plague, cholera, typhoid fever, anthrax, smallpox and other diseases no less dangerous for human life.

It can be safely asserted, based on the facts, that the role of biology in modern society is growing continuously. Impossible to imagine modern life without breeding, genetic research, the production of new food products, as well as sustainable energy sources.

The main significance of biology is that it represents the foundation and theoretical basis for many promising sciences, such as, for example, genetic engineering and bionics. She owns a great discovery - the decoding of the human genome. Such a direction as biotechnology was also created on the basis of knowledge combined in biology. Currently, it is precisely this nature of technology that makes it possible to create safe medicines for prevention and treatment that does not harm the body. As a result, it is possible to increase not only life expectancy, but also its quality.

The role of biology in modern society zakIt is also in the fact that there are areas where her knowledge is simply necessary, for example, the pharmaceutical industry, gerontology, forensics, agriculture, construction, as well as space exploration.

JOB C1

Application of biological knowledge in practical situations

(PRACTICE-ORIENTED TASK)

Task C1 includes questions related to the application of biological knowledge in practice. When answering questions C1, you need to remember that any practical action has a scientific basis. It is this scientific basis that needs to be revealed in the answer. The tasks of this line are quite diverse, since they cover the material of the entire course of biology. Some points of the practical use of biological knowledge have already been considered in the materials for preparing for solving the tasks of Part A, so we will focus on the most typical situations.

PLANTS

Picking - removal of the tip of the main root. Removing the tip of the main root leads to active growth of lateral roots located in the upper, most fertile soil layer. A powerful root system is being formed. The mineral nutrition of the plant improves. The yield increases.

Hilling. Hilling contributes to the development of adventitious roots on the lower part of the stem, which means the development of a more powerful root system, an improvement in the mineral nutrition of plants and an increase in yield. In potatoes, as a result of hilling, the number of underground shoots - stolons, at the ends of which tubers develop, increases.

Loosening the soil. Air penetrates more easily into loose soil, which improves the breathing conditions of the roots, moisture is better absorbed. Loosening after watering helps to retain moisture in the soil and is therefore called dry watering.

Fertilization. Nitrogen fertilizers promote the growth of the green mass of plants, i.e. shoots, phosphorus fertilizers - abundant flowering and ripening of fruits, potassium fertilizers - the development of roots and underground modified shoots. Organic fertilizers contain the entire set necessary elements, are introduced into the soil in advance, since it takes time for their experience and the release of nutrients.

In the gardens, during the flowering of fruit trees, beehives are exhibited. This action is useful for both beekeepers and gardeners. Bees collect more honey, since they do not have to spend time searching and traveling. In doing so, they pollinate a large number of flowers, resulting in increased fruit yield.

Dry the seeds before storing. Wet seeds breathe intensively, while generating a large amount of heat, which can lead to the death of the embryo.

Champignons are grown artificially, but porcini mushrooms are not.

Champignons, unlike other cap mushrooms, do not form mycorrhiza with trees, so they can be grown in artificial conditions. To do this, it is enough to maintain the required temperature, humidity and provide a sufficient amount of organic matter in the ground.

Plants grow poorly in swampy soils. Waterlogged soils are poor in oxygen, which makes it difficult for roots to breathe. This negatively affects the development of the root system and the entire plant.

Large seeds are selected for sowing. Large seeds contain a greater supply of nutrients, which ensures better seedling development.

Some seeds are sown deeper, others closer to the surface. Small seeds are sown shallowly, since otherwise the supply of nutrients available in them will not be enough for the seedling to emerge to the surface. Large seeds are embedded deeper, as they require more moisture for germination.

Grasshopping - removal of excess lateral shoots. The removal of stepchildren (for example, from tomatoes) is carried out in order to increase the yield of the crop. Nutrients are not spent on the growth of unnecessary lateral shoots, but on the formation of fruits.

Sphagnum spreading often leads to waterlogging of the territory. Sphagnum has special dead cells that store water. The mass of water stored by one plant can exceed its own mass by 25 times. As a result, waterlogging of the upper soil layer occurs and further waterlogging is possible.

Medical instruments are sterilized using heat and pressure rather than freezing. Sterilization at high temperature and pressure leads to the death of not only the bacteria themselves, but also their spores. When frozen, bacteria form spores.

Gardeners wrap the trunks of fruit trees for the winter for protection from rodents and hares. Rodents and hares can damage the bark. Conductive elements are located in the bark, therefore, damage to the bark leads to a disruption in the relationship between the root system and the aerial part of the plant.

In the spring, the trunks of fruit trees are whitewashed. First, whitewashing plays the role of a disinfectant, destroying some of the pests. Secondly, light-colored trunks reflect the sun's rays, which reduces the heating of the trunk and protects against spring burns.

ANIMALS

The meat must be fried. Poorly cooked or cooked meat may contain Finnish bovine tapeworm. Once in the human body, the Finns can develop into an adult worm.

Earthworms are of great benefit. Earthworms loosen the soil, improving its structure, thereby providing air access to plant roots and better moisture absorption. In addition, they mix different soil layers and take part in the processing of plant residues.

Reptiles sit on stumps or stones in the morning. Reptiles are cold-blooded animals. The morning sun rays heat the body of the reptile. An increase in body temperature leads to an increase in metabolic rate. The animal becomes more active.

Attracting birds. To attract birds, artificial nests are made (birdhouses, titmouses). Birds kill a large number of insect pests, especially during the rearing period.

Bats orient themselves even with their eyes closed.

For orientation in space, bats use mainly ultrasound, so the organ of hearing is more important than vision.

HUMAN

Physical inactivity. With a lack of motor activity, the muscles weaken, the number of contractile threads decreases in the muscle fibers. Calcium salts leave the bones, which, when combined with cholesterol, are deposited on the walls of blood vessels, disrupting blood circulation.

When standing or sitting for a long time, the legs swell. The legs become swollen as a result of obstruction of the venous circulation. The movement of blood through the veins of the legs is facilitated by the presence of venous valves and the contraction of skeletal muscles (compressing the veins). When standing or sitting, the muscles do not compress the veins, as a result of which the outflow of blood from the lower extremities is difficult. Blood pressure increases and fluid seeps into the tissue, causing swelling.

Walking for an hour is easier than standing in one place for an hour. When walking, the flexor muscles and the extensor muscles of the legs work alternately. At the moment of contraction of the extensors, the flexors relax, and vice versa. While standing, these muscle groups work at the same time, so fatigue sets in faster. Another cause of fatigue is obstruction of venous blood flow (see above).

When drugs are injected into a vein, they are diluted with saline. The introduction of large doses of drugs into a vein can lead to a violation of the constancy of the composition of blood plasma (to a shift in the state of the plasma in the direction of a hypertonic solution), which can cause disruption of the functioning of blood cells. Physiological solution - sodium chloride solution with a concentration of 0.9% - corresponds to the concentration of mineral salts in the blood plasma.

Children who have had chickenpox (or some other disease) no longer have it. An active natural immunity is developed. After an illness in the body long time cells of the immune memory (a special group of lymphocytes) are preserved, which, in the event of a repeated hit of the corresponding pathogen, ensure the production of a large number of antibodies.

The alcoholic's heart is large, but weak. In a person suffering from alcoholism, the muscle tissue of the heart is reborn into adipose tissue, which is not able to contract. Seemingly large, the heart actually has a small force of contraction, expels a small volume of blood at a time and therefore contracts more often.

It is imperative to eat fresh fruits and vegetables, because they contain minerals, vitamins and improve motility (contraction of the walls) of the intestine.

Passengers are offered candy during takeoff and landing. During takeoff and landing, unpleasant sensations appear in the ears associated with the occurrence of a pressure difference on the eardrum from the external environment and from the side of the middle ear cavity. Swallowing movements contribute to the expansion of the auditory (Eustachian) tube, which connects the middle ear cavity with the nasopharynx. As a result, the pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane is equalized.

Antibiotic treatment. Long-term use of antibiotics leads to a violation of the intestinal microflora - dysbiosis. As a result, pathogenic organisms can develop, bowel function deteriorates, and the synthesis of some vitamins is disrupted. Antibiotic-resistant strains of microorganisms are formed.

It is harmful to eat while reading (or watching TV). Extraneous stimuli can inhibit juice-secreting reflexes, which impairs digestion.

It is advisable to eat at the same time (diet). Eating at the same time contributes to the production of conditioned reflex at the time of admission. Digestive juices begin to be produced in advance, due to which food enters the already prepared stomach and is absorbed faster.

Why serve the table and decorate the dishes. The sight of a beautifully served table and an appetizing dish induces a conditioned reflex release of digestive juices, which improves digestion. The juice of I.P. Pavlov called it hot, or appetizing.

I have to eat soup. Meat decoctions and decoctions of vegetables contain ready-made biologically active substances(amino acids, oligopeptides), causing increased secretion of digestive juices.

Medicines must be prescribed by a doctor. The doctor has the appropriate education and knows the purpose of each drug and the rules for its administration. Medicines have side effects. Taking medications without consulting a specialist is unacceptable.

Better to breathe through your nose. When passing through the nasal cavity, the air is purified, warmed and humidified.

Nosebleeds. In the nasal cavity, blood vessels are located close to the surface, thanks to which the inhaled air heats up.

The bullet pierced the chest, the lungs were not affected, but the wounded man died from suffocation. The bullet violated the integrity of the pulmonary and (or) parietal pleura. As a result, the tightness of the pleural cavity was disrupted, therefore the expansion of the chest cavity during inhalation does not lead to expansion of the lungs. The lungs collapse.

After a bath or physical exercise the face often turns red. Exercise generates a lot of heat. The expansion of the blood vessels in the skin promotes heat transfer. Heat dissipation also increases during your stay in the bath.

With a strong blow with the back of the head, stars "run" before the eyes. In the occipital lobe of the cerebral cortex is the central (processing) part of the visual analyzer (visual zone). A strong blow can irritate nerve cells and cause visual image asterisks, etc.

A person cannot simultaneously see clearly objects located at different distances from him. This is due to the peculiarities of the lens accommodation. When looking at closely spaced objects, the lens is more convex, which makes it impossible to clearly see objects that are far away, and vice versa.

When moving to a new apartment, the hand looks for a switch in the same place, and the switch is on the other. This is an example of a conditioned reflex developed in an old place of residence. Over time, this reflex will fade away and a new one will develop.

GENERAL BIOLOGY

The behavior of erythrocytes and other cells in solutions with different salt concentrations. Depending on the concentration, the solution surrounding the cell (in relation to the cell cytoplasm) can be hypertonic (the concentration of the solution is higher than the concentration of substances in the cytoplasm), hypotonic (the concentration of substances is lower) and isotonic (equal concentration). The cytoplasm of cells placed in a hypertonic solution is compressed - plasmolysis occurs, water leaves the cell into the surrounding solution. In this case, the red blood cells shrink. In a hypotonic solution, erythrocytes swell as water enters the cells and burst. In isotonic solution, erythrocytes do not change.

Havefreshwater protozoa have contractile vacuoles, while marine protozoa do not. The contractile vacuoles of protozoa remove from the body not only liquid decay products, but also excess water. Freshwater protozoa live in a hypotonic solution, so excess water constantly enters their body. Mor-

TASKS FOR INDEPENDENT SOLUTION

C1.1. What does the removal of the shoot tip lead to? For what purpose does a person use this technique?

C1.2. In greenhouse farms, sometimes served in greenhouses carbon dioxide... What is the purpose of this?

C1.3. Often in the pine forest you can see a lot of young mountain ash, although there are no mature fruiting plants nearby. How can you explain their appearance?

C1.4. What is green manure?

C1.5. Why do plants transplanted with a clod of earth take root better?

C1.6. What is the difference between the root systems of pines grown in a swamp and on a sandy soil? What is the reason for the differences?

C1.7. Why the most effective way prevention of the spread of anthrax is the destruction of sick animals and the burning of their corpses?

C1.8. After the rain, many earthworms crawl to the surface of the soil. What is the reason for this?

C1.9. What is the importance of bivalve molluscs for the self-purification of water bodies?

C1.10. What is it in appearance to distinguish a newt from a lizard?

C1.11. What is the biological meaning of the signs that swallows fly low before the rain?

C1.12. What is the biological meaning of the saying: "At night all cats are gray"?

C1.13. Why heat is less tolerated at high air humidity?

C1.14. Why is it harmful to constantly chew gum?

C1.15. How do heart rate and blood pressure change with large blood loss?

C1.16. Why is carbon monoxide poisoning dangerous?

C1.17. How to explain the appearance of goose bumps and small shivers when freezing?

C1.18. Why is hot food less affected by digestive enzymes?

C1.19. A group of mice were transported to an alpine laboratory. After some time, all mice showed an increase in the hemoglobin content in the blood. What kind of variability is this? What is the reason for this change?

C1.20. Many groups of organisms are affected by oil spills. One of them is waterfowl. As a result of contamination of plumage with oil products, birds die. How can this be explained?