In Korolenko we drove the shore of Lena. We drove the shore of Lena to the south, and winter caught up with us
Public lesson On the topic "Preparation for the EEE: Training Writing an Essay-reasoning in the 10th grade"
Prepared and conducted a teacher of Russian language and literature of the highest qualification category of MBOU Gymnasium №11 G. Pyatigorsk Stavropol Territory Kharathan Elmira Georgievna
Objectives:
1. Form the language competence of students using ICT.
2. Actualization of knowledge and skills of schoolchildren to create an essay.
3. Phased testing of the written composition algorithm.
4. Deepening knowledge of students about the peculiarities of a journalistic style.
Type of lesson: Lesson of generalization
Equipment lesson : Text V. Korolenko, Support, Appendix No. 1, №2,working sheets for students, presentation of the lesson, distributing material, laptop, multimedia projector.
Methodical comment : Lesson is carried out Using Material Collection N.A. Shenina, A.G. Nashevice "Russian. An essay on the exam "(" Legion ", 2015).
This lesson held after studystructures of writing-reasoning. An individual task is given in advance (the creation of a presentation about V. G. Korolenko. The story "Moroz")
During the classes
I.Organization of lesson
On the board written the topic of the lesson
II.. Main part
- Based on the subject's read, try formulating the lesson tasks.
So, the subject of the lesson: "Training in writing an essay-reasoning "
(Preparation for the USE)
Slide №1
- What goals and objectives face us, based on the topic of the lesson?
( Slide number 2 - tasks and objectives of the lesson)
- Right. The task of today's lesson is to improve the writing skill on textartistic style . Making a task 25 When passing the exam - one of the most difficult stages. It is impossible to fulfill the work that you can't do. This lesson will help you overcome the psychological barrier, acquire the skill of the job of the task 25, the writing-reasoning. Work in groups will create more comfortable conditions in the lesson for writing an essay-reasoning on the text V. Korolenko (texts are distributed to all students).
2. Deepening students' knowledge about the peculiarities of a journalistic style.
- Name the styles of speech
– Name the distinctive features of the journalistic style of speech. Slides number 3-12.
1 group: lexical value, style of style
2 Group: Signs
3 Group: Language features of journalistic style.
3. Practical work In preparation for writing an essay.
A) The writing-reasoning refers to a publicistic style, and its writing is subordinated to a certain algorithm that clearly reflects all stages of work.
What is the composition of writing-reasoning? Slide number 13.
1. Formulate one of the problems of the source text
2. Comment on the selected problem
4. My position
5-6. Arguments "for" or "against" author's position (one - from literary sources)
7.Connect.)
– The sequence of stages is necessarily taken into account when writing an essay and its assessment. Turn to the text.
B)Reading in the field of source text:
IN)Text analysis.
- Definition of style and type of speech.
– What style of speech is this text?
– What type of speech prevails?
(Text relates to art stylesince the purpose is emotionalimpact With the help of the created images on the feelings and thoughts of readers and listeners, combines book and spoken vocabulary; The prevailing type of speech is the argument with the elements of the narration and description.)
- Is everything clear in the content? What do you know about V.G. Korolenko?
Checking the fulfillment of home individual task
- presentation "V.G. Korolenko and his work "; information about him. Slides number 14-17.
Appendix No. 1.
(1) We rode the shore of Lena to the south, and the winter caught up with us from the north.
(2) However, the river stubbornly fought with frost: closer to the shores, it turned into a frozen ugly dirty white mass, and in the middle of the ice still grumbled heavy, random shafts, hiding from the eyes of a frozen bed, like a wild crowd hides the place of execution.
(3) And once from a small coastal calera, we saw some kind of black object among the quietly moving ice blocks, clearly distinguished on a white and yellow background.
(4) - Crow, - said one of the yamchikov.
(5) - Bear, - the other thing objected.
(6) - Where does the Bear come from in the middle of the river? - I asked him.
(7) - from that shore. (8) In the third year, the Bed has crossed the island with three bearings. (9) Nonch also the beast from that shore to our goes. (Yu) can be seen, winter will be stupid ...
(11) Our caravan stopped at Cape, waiting for the approach of the interested thing of all objects.
(12) - But this, brothers, Kozuli, - finally said one of the yamchikov.
(13) Indeed, it turned out to be two mountain goats. (14) Now they have already clearly visible their dark elegant figures among the real ice nightmare. (15) One of the goats was more, the other is smaller. (16) We suggested that it was a mother and daughter. (17) Moreover, the eldest explicitly led the crossing. (18) Around them ruthless ice floes beat, faced, spit and crumbled; In the intervals, something was boiled and splashing, and gentle animals, alert, stood on an ice piece, pose their thin legs in one place ... (19) Probably, they were scared, because their life could break into any second. (20) But, apparently, it was even more terrible to stay on the bank, since they, so monstrously risking, started this dangerous crossing.
(21) Huge ice floated in front of the goats, began to slow down the move and began to unfold, stopping the movement of the rear. (22) From this around the animals, a whole hell of destruction and splask rose. (23) For a moment, two miserable dark spots were completely disappeared into this chaos, but then we noticed them on another ice. (24) Again, having gathered her thin trembling legs, goats stood ready for another jump. (25) It was repeated several times, and each new jump with a desired stubbornness brought them to our shore.
(26) When the ice on the goats, came to the fatal place of the collision with the shore, we had frost on the skin from fear for their fate: in such an hell out of the accumulated icy masses it was difficult to survive.
(27) Dry crackling, chaos of fragments, suddenly rising up and crawled on the edges of the cape, - and two black bodies are easy, as an abandoned stone, darted ashore.
(28) We, standing on the caulation, unwittingly obscured the goats of the fever.
(29) However, an intelligent animal, deciding to fight for life to the end, was not afraid of us, enemies on everyday life, and did not think for a minute.
(30) I noticed the look of her round eye, looked with some strange trust, and then she rushed herself and sent younger directly to us.
(31) From such courage and determination, even our big predatory dog \u200b\u200bPolcan, instead of rush to prey, confused. (32) And the older goat, carefully sunbathing his younger, ran past the dog, fearlessly touching his side of his wool ...
(33) - These poor animals have overcome so much dangers before our eyes ... (34) Here it is a desire to live, "Sokolsky thought thoughtfully, our random fellow worker, when we went to the path.
(35) - Did you notice with what kind of dedication the eldest helped the younger and how did you close the younger from the dog? (Z6) Here it is - the desire to save ...
(37) Did anyone do this in such circumstances?
(38) - every mother, I think ... - I said, smiling.
(according to V. G. Korolenko *)
* Vladimir Galatiovich Korolenko (1853-1921) - Russian writer, journalist, publicist.
Such a homework was not happening by chance, because it helps more accurately understand the text content, according to which we will write an essay.
Before you definetext topic , analyze the content of each paragraph, highlight the keywords and the most important thoughts of the author.
- What is the topic of text?
(The problem of dedication and maternal love)
- What is the main idea?
(Every mother is ready for a self-sacrifice for the sake of salvation of his child)
Stage 1Finding the problem of text.
– Word the problem. Write it down in the form of a questionnaire or phrase.
(What is self-sacrifice? Self-sacrifice ... What is it?)
Wordwork: Self-sacrifice, selflessness .
What is the interpretation of these words give intelligent dictionaries? Slide №18.
Putting the attention of students on the fact that by choosing the problem, they should argue about it, comment on it and select arguments on this issue.Slide №19.
Without this stage of work, it is impossible to do without this, as it is a support, the "skeleton" of the future essay. Without the correct definition of the problem, the essay will not be assessed by experts. For the correctly formulated problem is given1 point.
- Remember what can be stained in the composition (see the reference abstract)?
Stage 2.Comment on the problem (textual) - 3 points. Slide number 20-22.
(All groups work. According to the results of the work, "Recommendation" is drawn up for a comment)
Pay attention to the events taking place in this text.
Changing state of narrator
Thoughts arising from the narrator: does a person be able to selflessly help when it is connected with the risk for his life? - every mother ...
Feature composition.
3 stagesFinding the position of the author - 1 point. Slide №23
(All groups work.)
Clearly formulate it (better in your own words) and write a separate paragraph with the obligatory inclusion of the phrase "the author's position". Those who formulated the problem in the form of the question must be answered. This answer will reflect the copyright position.
4 stagesPersonal opinion. Slide No. 24.
5 stageArgument - 3 points. Slide №25,26
Recall how the argument is introduced?
Do not forget! The maximum number of points is counted by those students who will lead at least 2 arguments, one of which is taken from artistic, journalistic or scientific literature. I pay special attention to what the argument should consist (see the support abstract).
Work on the selection of arguments can be carried out in groups (for weaker students - a consultant), and individually.
Examples of illustrations for arguments given by students: poem in prose I.S. Turgenev "Sparrow", the story of V.Astafieva "Geese in the Poliens", the story of D.N. Mamina-Siberian "Emelya-Hunter", M. Gorky "Old Man Izergil", E.Nomov "White Goose".
The final stage.Recommendations for writing an essay-reasoning:
Do not be distracted from the formulated problem: and comment, and the arguments must match this particular problem.
Watch out for the paragraph of text
Avoid bulky sentences
Not sure - do not write! Replace words in which you doubt
Do not abuse exclamation suggestions and a response-question form in the comments
Look, whether the arguments correspond to the specified problem.
Check out the composition: Tautology (repeat of the same word in adjacent proposals) - the most common speech error. To avoid tautology, use periprases. Example: author of the article, the name of the author (for example, V.G. Korolenko, Russian writer, journalist, publicist)
III.Summing up the lesson .
(An essay is written in the classroom in the next lesson on the same day)
– What was the most difficult for you in the lesson?
– What should you pay attention to the subsequent lessons?
Homework: modify the draft version of the text created in the "work sheets", given all the comments and recommendations.
Essay of student
In the text of the Russian writer V.G. Korolenko, given to us for analysis, is very important, in my opinion, the moral problem is the problem of self-sacrifice and dedication. What is self-sacrifice and dedication? I think this is the willingness of a person or an animal to sacrifice the sake of the creature close to them.
Vladimir Galaktionovich reveals the problem on the example of a case of life, telling us about how one day the narrator and his travelers witnessed the dangerous crossing of two mountain goats through not until the end of the frozen river. It was a dangerous journey, but obviously, it was more dangerous on another bank. The goat-mother led the crossing, jumping over with ice floes. Risks his life, she helped her inexperienced daughter. Having selected ashore, the goats were in front of another danger - people and their dog. These poor animals continue to fight for their lives. Mother, covering her daughter and risking her life, directs her. Is it not dedication?
V.G. Korolenko believes that self-sacrifice and dedication is the readiness of at any cost, even at the cost of your life, to help close creatures. Each mother is ready to risk their own life for his child. In a dangerous situation, the mother assumes important decisions and the first is risk. The author convinces us that the goat was not only a sense of self-preservation, but not knowing the borders of maternal love.
I fully agree with the author's opinion. In my opinion, self-sacrifice and dedication are among the most important qualities of a living being. Any mother is ready to sacrifice himself to protect your child.
In the proof of the foregoing, I will give examples from fiction. So, for example, the problem of dedication and love is raised in the work of I.S. Turgenev "Sparrow." An adult sparrow sacrificing himself, whores his body of a small and defenseless Sparobushka, who dropped out of the nest and in danger, from the dog. The main power of the sparrow is not in physical abilities, but in the manifestation of it to close, in dedication.
Another argument confirming the author's thought can be the story of D.N. Mine-Siberian "Emelya-Hunter". The author wanted to say that life is the most expensive both in a person, and in the animal. The daughter of Emeley saves from the wolves of his son Grishutka at the cost of his life. And the mother-deer risks himself, protecting the cub, the whole day leads the hunter in the forest, distracts his attention from the calf, as he understood that Emel came after him. She was ready to die for her deer.
Thus, it can be concluded that dedication and self-sacrifice is A real feat that is capable only Mother, ready to take the risk for the sake of salvation of his chad.
Appendix No. 2.
Block 1. Composition of writing
Block 2. Writing-reasoning
Entry, as well as conclusion, are important compositional parts of the writings. Entry can
enter the topic of text
report on the main problem
be reason to explain the main problem
Forms of checks:
Lyrical reflection
Discussion about the title
Dialogue with an imaginary interlocutor about the topic (idea, problem) text
A figured pattern arising from the association due to text issues
Illustration of any fact of the main thought or the main problem of text
Descriptive statement
Grammatical means of decoration of styles:
Visor proposal or a number of calls
Chain of question deals
Question-response unity
Perhaps a combination of different grammatical funds: a call offer + rhetorical question, a call offer + rhetorical exclamation; Citation + rhetorical question, etc.
Speech cliche:
When you read this text, imagine yourself (you think you feel, you feel, you understand, etc.) ...
Probably, each of us once (thought, reflected, watched, felt) ...
After reading the text, I again (introduced, I remembered, I thought, etc.)
Before me reflections ... (Who?) On the burning topic ...
Block 3. How to formulate the problem of source text?
Theoretical part
Problem -this is a complex theoretical or practical question that requires solutions.
Main types of problems:
Speech cliché. We formulate the problem
Concerns ... problems.
Pay attention ... the problem.
At some kind of Problem to think, work.
Some The problem arises, gets up, is of interest, deserves attention, is waiting for solutions
The topic chosen to conversate with the reader, in my opinion, is very viciously angry.
Block 4. How to comment on the problem.
Theoretical Material
We drove the shore of Lena to the south, and the winter caught up with us from the north. However, it could seem that she goes to meet us, descending from above, by the river.
In September, under Yakutsky, it was still quite warm, there was no ice floe on the river. At one of the close stations, we even seduced wonderful moon at night and, so as not to sleep in the stuffy yurt of the Machnik, just blurred outside (for the winter) still warm dung, - lay on the shore, having arranged her beds in boats and undergoing deer skins. At night it seemed to me, however, that someone burns me with a flame right cheek. I woke up and saw that moonlight night Even more walked. In the circle stood frost, the frills covered my pillow, and this touch seemed to me so hot. My friend who saved in one boat with me, - Dreamed, probably the same. The moon lasted him right in the face, and I saw terrible grimaces that appeared on it. His sleep was strong and probably very painful. At this time, another satellite stood in the next boat, lifting the doh and the skins with which it was covered. Everything was white and fluffy from the frost, and all he seemed like a white ghost, suddenly arise from the cold shine of the Inea and the lunar light.
"BR-R ..." he said. - Frost, brothers ...
The boat broke under him, and from her movement on the water was heard the ringing, as if from the broken glass. These are in places protected from fast current, the first "tackle", still thin, preserved traces of long crystalline needles brokered and ringing, like a thin crystal ... The river as if aelney, feeling the first blow of the frost, and the rocks along the mountain coast, on the contrary , became easier, air. They were covered with incomplete, they went into a unclear, illuminated distance, sparkling, almost ghost ...
It was the first hi frost at the beginning of a long way ... Hello cheerful, progress, almost joking.
As we slowly and with delays moved further to the south, the winter was completely fortified. Whole docks were already covered with a film of dark varnish-pure ice, and the stone abandoned from the shore, she rolled for a long time, gliding along a smooth surface and causing a strange, all rising handling, reflected echo of mountain gorges. Further, the ice, tightly grabbing the edges of the river and the strengthened "tackle", opposed the rapid flow. Frost, everything continued its conquests, the bakes expanded, and every step in this struggle was noted by a feature of broken ice floes showing where there was still a living course that retreated again to the sage-other to the middle ...
Then someone on the shores lay already snow, sharply shaking a dark, heavy river stream. Even further - small mountain rivers joined this struggle. Gradually arriving from the sources, they also walked their ice in the mouths and threw him in Lena, clutching the free stream and making it difficult for her own fight against frost ... The features of the rivers were becoming higher; The ice floes emitted on the edges of the pickles are all thicker. They have already formed real shafts, and sometimes we were visible from the shore, as among these trees anxious movement began ... This river angrily threw into her fixed ice strengthens freely still moving on her strains, pierced the bars, crumbled ice in pieces, in needles , in the snow, but then again in the impotence retreated, and after some time it turned out that the white feature of the breakfast advanced even further, the ice strip was wider, the bed was narrowed ...
The farther, the fact that this struggle became stubborn and amusing. The river was no longer thin ice floes, but the whole huge boulders of the so-called torus, who were prayed to each other in a monstrous disorder. The picture became all irretrievably. Closer to the shores of Toros, it was already frozen by the ugly masses, and in the middle it still grumbled with heavy, random shafts, hiding from the eye frozen track, like a wild crowd closes the place of execution. All nature seemed to be full of fright and sad, almost solemn expectation. The deserted mountain coast gorges submissively reflected dry crackling of broken ice fields and severe grooves of the exhaust river.
After some time, a dark jet in the middle was also turned in the middle: on it, quietly peeling, facing, stained, - the white ice floes of a continuous ice drift were thickly floated, finally squeeze the sequence and exhausted flow.
Once from a small coast caist, we saw some black object among these quietly moving icy masses, clearly distinguished on a white and yellow background. In desert places, everything attracts attention, and among our little caravan, conversations and guesses began.
"Crow," said someone.
"Bear," the other thing objected.
Opinions were divided. One black point seemed no more ravens, another - no less bear: a remote monotony of these white rolling masses, lazily floated between the high mountains, "perfectly perverted a perspective.
- Where does the Bear come from in the middle of the river? - I asked the yamchik, who expressed the suggestion about the bear.
- From that shore. In the third year, Meshbed Won, from that island, crossed the three cubs.
- Nonch also a beast from that shore to our goes. It can be seen, winter will be tuned ...
- Frost is driven, - added the third one.
All our caravan stopped at Cape, waiting for the approach of the interest of all the subject. White Ice Porridge Meanwhile, it was somewhat quiet to us, and it was noticeable that the black point on it changes the place, as if really moving around the flames to our shore.
"But this, brothers, Kozul," said one of the yamchikov finally.
"Two," added another, visiting.
Indeed, it turned out to be mountain goats and really there were two. Now we have already clearly visible their dark graceful figures among the real ice ads. One was more, the other is smaller. Maybe it was a mother and daughter. Around them the floes beat, faced, spit and crumbled; With these clashes, in the intervals, something was boiled and splashed, and the gentle animals, alert, stood on a large relatively ice floe, pose their thin legs in one place ...
- Well, what will happen! - said a young bump with deep interest.
Huge ice floated in front of the goats, it began to slow down the move and then launched, stopping the movement of the rear. From this around animals, a whole hell of destruction and splask rose. The ice floes became vertically, climbed each other and broke with loud as shots, a crash. Upon times between them, it was revealed and closed again the dark depths. For a moment, two miserable dark spots were completely disappeared into this chaos, but then we immediately noticed them on another ice. Again, having gathered its thin, trembling legs, goats stood on another ice platform, ready for a new jump. It repeated several times, and each jump with a desired stubbornness brought them to our shore and removed from the opposite.
It was possible to trace the plan of smart animals. The end of the cape, the end of the Cape spoke with a sharp edge into the river, and here the floes, accelerated by the flow, were swaying with a strong force. But more distant, avoiding the lines of the strike, immediately picked up the reflected jet and carried out again to another river bank. The eldest of two goats, apparently heading the crossing, with each jump, obviously, was heading for this thought, rather from the head of the ice drift ... Whether she saw us or not, "but she clearly did not accept our presence. We also stood on the capatile internally, and even a big acute and predatory machine dog, who was coming to us, obviously, was interested in a completely disinterested outcome of these bold and tragically dangerous evolutions ... quite already close to the coast, in the top ten, from the whole handful of people, The goats were still absorbed only by the collision of the ice floes and their jumps. When the ice on which they stood quietly circling, went to the fatal place, - we even captured the breath ... a moment ... dry crackling, chaos of fragments that suddenly rose up and crawled on the edges of the cape, - and two black bodies are easy as Abandoned stone, darted ashore, on top of this chaos.
Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Specify the response numbers in the increasing order.
1) Sophisticator of the storyteller, Sokolsky, doubts: Does everyone have a person who is able to make selfless assistance when it is associated with risk for his life?
2) According to the observations of local rods, such "crossings" animals from another shore foreshadow very cold winter.
3) According to the narrator, animals saved not only the survival instinct, but also the ability to calculate their steps in advance, mind, courage and determination.
4) Fixed closer to the shore, the goats rushed to people in the hope that they could save them in case of falling into the water.
5) The dog instantly reacted to the appearance of goats and rushed in the younger.
Explanation.
Statement 1) is confirmed by Proposition No. 37.
Statement 2) is confirmed by proposals No. 9-10.
Statement 3) is confirmed by proposals No. 31-32.
Statement 4) contradicts proposals №27, 29.
Statement 5) is contrary to Proposition No. 31.
Answer: 123.
Answer: 123.
Relevance: 2016-2017
Difficulty: Normal
Codifier section: Semantic and compositional integrity of text.
Mariam Grigoryan 25.04.2015 13:00
in which sentences 3 judgment is confirmed
Tatyana Yudina
(25) It was repeated several times, and each new jump with a desired stubbornness brought them to our shore.
However, a smart animal, deciding to fight for life to the end, was not afraid of us, enemies on everyday life, and did not think for a minute.
the guest 19.01.2016 18:46
Question 3 incorrect. There is no animal and there can be no mind, courage, determination, there are only reflexes and instinct.
Tatyana Yudina
In the text, the animal is called smart. Let's not challenge what is written in the text.
Which of the listed statements are faithful? Specify the response numbers in ascending order.
1) in Proposition 2 contains a descriptive fragment.
2) The sentences 19-20 presents reasoning.
3) Proposition 21 indicates the reason why it is said in sentence 22.
4) The sentences 30-32 presents a description with the discourt elements.
5) The prevailing type of text-reasoning.
Explanation.
The sentences 30-32 contains a story, not a description with the elements of reasoning.
Most of all in the text of the narration, not reasoning, therefore the remaining options are correct.
Answer: 123.
Answer: 123.
Relevance: 2016-2017
Difficulty: Normal
Masha Safronova (Katav-Ivanovsk) 13.03.2015 17:01
Why did the word "ran" be taken too?
Tatyana Yudina
Yes, so they write in dictionaries.
Daria Bokoon. 09.05.2016 09:02
Error too because of "ran". The question arises, to which word to quote?
Tatyana Statsenko
You may, possibly, without the verb, use phraseologism - "Claus on the skin." Example: I have from all this frost on the skin (without the word "ran" the general meaning of the phrase preserved, which means it is indivisible). The answer is corrected.
Galina Ivanenko 21.12.2016 15:27
frameology - frost on the skin ran. This is a complete option. He is given in dictionaries. There may be a reduced option, but it does not cease to exist from this. The word "ran" is not in this context of a free lexable with an independent value.
Some kind of frost has joined the skin \u003d someone 1) frozen 2) frightened. FR-M multivalued. But "ran" to throw out the phraseology is impossible.
Tatyana Yudina
All tasks to search for phraseologism have this deficiency. And all different dictionaries ... In this case, I agree with you. It seems that in the exam responses on the exam, this fact will not have a decisive value. In response, a full option is entered along with frost on the skin.
Mikhail Alexandrovich 16.10.2017 14:08
Can be the phrase "fatal place"?
Tatyana Statsenko
The phrase may be, but it is not a phraseologist.
From Proposals 17-18, write out the word formed by the Bessfix method.
Explanation.
In Proposition 17, the word crossing (crossing) is formed by the bessfix method from the verb to forward.
Answer: Crouch | Crossing
Among the proposals 11-18 find find such (s), which is connected (s) with the previous one with the help of a stronger pronoun. Write the number (s) of this (s) offers (s).
Proposition 14 is connected to the previous one with the help of a stronger pronoun "them."
Answer: 14.
Relevance: current school year
Difficulty: High
Codifier section: Offer communication tools in text
Rule: Task 25. Communication means of proposals in the text
Communication means of proposals in the text
Several proposals related to the whole topic and the main idea are called text (from lat. Textum - fabric, communication, connection).
Obviously, all offers, separated by a point, are not isolated from each other. There is a meaningful connection between two neighboring text proposals, and not only the proposals located nearby may be associated with one or more proposals. The semantic relationship between proposals is different: the content of one sentence may be opposed to the content of another; The content of two or more suggestions can be compared with one another; The content of the second offer can disclose the meaning of the first or clarify one of its members, and the third content is the meaning of the second, etc. The purpose of the task 23 is to determine the type of communication between proposals.
The wording of the task may be like this:
Among the proposals 11-18, find such (E), which is connected (s) with the previous one with the help of index pronouns, adverbs and single-handed words. Write a sentence (s) (s)
Or: Determine the type of communication between offers 12 and 13.
Remember that the previous one is one above. Thus, if the gap 11-18 is specified, then the desired offer is within the limits marked in the task, and the answer may be correct, if this proposal is associated with the 10th topics that are specified in the task. Replies can be 1 and more. Score for successful task assignment - 1.
Let us turn to the theoretical part.
Most often, we use such a text constructing model: each sentence is connected followed, this is called a chain bond. (About the connection parallel to say below). We speak and write, connect independent offers to the text on the simple rules. That's the point: in two neighboring offers, we must go about the same subject.
All types of communication is customary to divide on lexical, morphological and syntactic. As a rule, when connecting proposals to text can be used. at the same time several types of communication. This greatly facilitates the search for a desired sentence in the specified fragment. Let us dwell on each of the types.
23.1. Communication with lexical means.
1. The words of one thematic group.
The words of one thematic group are words that have the generality of lexical significance and denoting similar, but not the same concepts.
Examples of words: 1) forest, path, trees; 2) buildings, streets, sidewalks, square; 3) water, fish, waves; Hospital, Medical, Reception, Chamber
Water It was clean and transparent. Waves Rounded ashore slowly and silently.
2. Rodovoid words.
Rovenovid words are the words related to the relationship - the kind: the genus is a broader concept, the species is narrower.
Examples of words: Chamomile - flower; Birch - tree; Car - transportetc.
Examples of proposals: Under the window everything also grew birch. How many memories are connected with me tree...
Field romashki. become rare. But this is unpretentious flower.
3 lexical repeat
Lexical repetition is the rest of the same word in the same word form.
The closest connection of proposals is expressed primarily in repetition. Repeat a member of the sentence - main feature chain communication. For example, in suggestions Forest was behind the garden. The forest was deaf, launched Communication is based on the model "subject to - subjectable", that is, the subject called at the end of the first sentence is repeated at the beginning of the following; in suggestions Physics is science. Science should use a dialectical method - "The model is a bit - subject"; In the example The boat moored to the shore. The shore was soaked in small pebbles - The model "The circumstance is subject to" and so on. But if in the first two examples of the word forest and science stand in each of the nearby offers in the same case, the word shore It has different forms. Lexical repeat B. tasks EGE A word repeat will be reckoned in the same word formation used to enhance the impact on the reader.
In the texts of artistic and journalistic styles, a chain connection by lexical repeat has often expressive, emotional character, especially when the repetition is at the junction of proposals:
Here disappears from the map of the Aral sea.
Whole sea!
Using the repeat here is used to enhance the impact on the reader.
Consider examples. We still do not take into account the additional means, we look only for lexical repeat.
(36) I heard how a very brave man, who passed war, said once: " It was scary, very scary. " (37) He spoke to the truth: he it was scary.
(15) as a teacher, I happened to meet young people, thirsting for a clear and clear answer to the question of the highest valueslife. (16) 0 valuesAllowing to distinguish good from evil and choose the best and most worthy.
note: different forms of words refer to another type of communication.For details on the difference, see the word form item.
4 Single words
Single words - words with the same root and overall value.
Examples of words: Motherland, Born, Birth, Rod; break up
Examples of proposals: I'm lucky be born Healthy and strong. The history of mine birth Not remarkable.
Although I understood that relationships need breakbut could not do this myself. This break Would be very painful for both of us.
5 Synonyms
Synonyms - the words of the same part of speech, close in meaning.
Examples of words: bored, frown, sad; Fun, joy, babysitting
Examples of proposals: For goodbye, she said that will be bored. I knew that too i will be sad On our walks and conversations.
Joy covered me, picked up and suffered ... LyclastIt seemed that there were no borders: Lina answered, finally replied!
It should be noted that synonyms are difficult to be in the text if you need to look for communication only with the help of synonyms. But, as a rule, along with this method of communication, others are used. So, in example 1 there is a union also , This connection will be discussed below.
6 contextual synonyms
Contextual synonyms - the words of the same part of speech that are converged only in this context, since they refer to one subject (feature, action).
Examples of words: kitten, poor, shalun; Girl, student, beauty
Examples of proposals: Kitty It lives quite recently. Husband shot loolegu From a tree, where he climbed, fleeing from dogs.
I guessed that she student. Girl continued to be silent, despite all the efforts on my part to talk her.
These words in the text find even more difficult: because the author does synonyms. But along with this method of communication, others are used, which facilitates the search.
7 Antonyms
Antonyms are the words of the same part of the speech opposite to meaning.
Examples of words: laughter, tears; hot Cold
Examples of proposals: I pretended that I was pleasant to this joke and squeezed out something like laughter. But tears They stood up and I quickly left the room.
Her words were hot and digger. Eyes candy cold. I like to get under the contrasting shower ...
8 contextual antonyms
Contextual antonyms - the words of the same part of speech opposite to meaning only in this context.
Examples of words: mouse - lion; Home - Green Work - Ripe
Examples of proposals: On the work This man was gray mouse. At home I woke up in it a lion.
Ripe Berries can be safely used for cooking jam. And here green It is better not to lay, they are usually puzzled, and can spoil the taste.
Pay attention to the non-random coincidence of terms (synonyms, antonyms, including context) in this task and tasks 22 and 24: this is the same lexical phenomenon, But considered at different angles of view. Lexical tools can serve to communicate two proposals worth a number, and may not be a link. At the same time, they will always be a means of expressiveness, that is, they have every chance of being the object of tasks 22 and 24. Therefore, the Tip: By performing the task 23, pay attention to these tasks. More theoretical material About lexical means you will learn from the rules-help to task 24.
23.2. Communication with morphological means
Along with lexical means of communication, morphological products are used.
1. Pronoun
Communication with pronouns is a connection at which one word or several words from the previous proposal is replaced by pronoun. To see such a connection, you need to know what kind of pronoun, what are the discharges in value.
What you need to know:
The pronouns are words that are used instead of a name (noun, adjective, numeral), refer to persons, indicate objects, signs of objects, the number of objects, without calling them specifically.
According to I. grammatical features Nine proliferations are allocated:
1) Personal (I, we; You, you; He, she, it; they);
2) Returnable (Himself);
3) Press (mine, yours, our, your, your own); As a assistant are used also forms of personal: his (jacket), her work), them (merit).
4) index (this one, that, such, such, so much);
5) determinatory (himself, most, all, every, every, other);
6) relative (who, what, what, what, which, how much, whose);
7) Questionaging (who? What? What? Whose? Which? Which? Where? When? Where? Where? Why? Why? What?);
8) negative (no one, nothing, any);
9) Uncertainty (someone, something, someone, someone, anyone, someone).
Do not forget that pronouns vary by casesTherefore, "you", "me", "about us", "about them", "no one", "everyone" is the forms of pronoun.
As a rule, the task indicates how discharge should be pronoun, but it is not necessary if there are no other pronouns in the specified period that perform the role of binding elements. It is necessary to clearly realize that not any pronoun, which is found in the text, is a link.
Let us turn to the examples and determine how Propositions 1 and 2 are associated; 2 and 3.
1) In our school recently made repairs. 2) I finished it many years ago, but sometimes I went, wandered on school floors. 3) Now they are some other people, others, not mine ....
In the second sentence of pronouns, two, both personal, i and her. Which one is that stretchwhich connects the first and second sentence? If this is a pronoun iwhat is it replaced In sentence 1? Nothing. And what replaces the pronoun her? Word " school»From the first sentence. We conclude: Communication with personal pronouns her.
In the third sentence of the pronouns three: they, some, mine. Only binds the pronoun with the second they are (\u003d Floors from the second sentence). Rest in no way with the words of the second sentence do not correlate and do not replace anything. Conclusion: The second sentence with the third links the pronoun they are.
What is the practical importance of understanding this method of communication? In which it is possible and you need to use pronouns instead of nouns, adjectives and numerals. To use, but not abuse, since the abundance of the words "he", "His", "their" sometimes leads to misunderstanding and confusion.
2. Institutes
Communication with the help of adverbs is a connection, the features of which depend on the value of adverbs.
To see such a connection, you need to know what adverb, which there are discharges in value.
Adcharations are immutable words that indicate a sign in action and belong to the verb.
As a means of communication, the adventures of the following values \u200b\u200bcan be used:
Time and space: below, on the left, near, at the beginning, has long beenand the like.
Examples of proposals: We started work. at first It was hard: I could not work in a team, there were no ideas. Later They dragged, felt their strength and even entered the excitement.note: Proposals 2 and 3 are associated with Proposition 1 with the help of the specified adverbs. This type of communication is called parallel tie.
We climbed to the top of the mountain. Around We were only the tops of the trees. Nearby Clouds sailed with us. A similar example of parallel communications: 2 and 3 are associated with 1 with the help of the specified adverbs.
Indicative adverbs. (They are sometimes called them locomotive adverbssince they do not call how or where the action occurs, but only point to it): there, there, there, then, from there, because and the like.
Examples of proposals: Last summer I rested in one of the sanatoriums of Belarus. From there It was almost impossible to call, not to mention working on the Internet.The adverb "from there" replaces the whole phrase.
Life has flowed as a guy: I learned, my mother worked with her father, the sister married and left her husband. So Three years have passed. The adverb "so" summarizes the entire content of the previous offer.
It is possible to use I. other digits of adverch, for example, negative: in school and university I did not have a relationship with the peers. Yes I. nIGHT did not fold; However, I didn't suffer from it, I had a family, there were brothers, they replaced me friends.
3. Soyuz
Communication with the help of unions is the most common type of communication, thanks to which various relationships associated with the meaning of the Union arise between proposals.
Communication with writing unions: but, and, but, also, or, however And others. The task may indicate the type of union, and may not be specified. Therefore, we should repeat the material about the unions.
Detail O. writing unions Tasted in a special section
Examples of proposals: By the end of the weekend, we are incredibly tired. But The mood was awesome! Communication with the help of the opposing union "but".
So it was always ... Or It seemed to me that. Sound with separation Union "or".
We draw attention to the fact that very rarely one union is involved in the formation of communication: as a rule, lexical means of communication are simultaneously used.
Communication with the help of verification unions: for so. A very atypical case, since the verification unions associate proposals in the composition of complex. In our opinion, with such a connection, the intentional rupture of the structure of a complex proposal takes place.
Examples of proposals: I was in complete despair ... For I did not know what to do where to go and, most importantly, to whom to seek help.Union for matters because, because, indicates the cause of the condition of the hero.
I have not passed the exams, I did not accept the institute, I could not ask for help from my parents and would not do that. So that One remained: to find a job. Union "So" has the meaning of the investigation.
4. Particles
Communication with particles Always accompany other types of communication.
Particles after all, and only, here, won, only, even Additional shades contribute.
Examples of proposals: Call your parents, talk to them. After all It's so simple and at the same time difficult to love ...
Everything in the house has already slept. AND only Grandma quietly mumbled: she always read prayers before bedtime, leaving the best strategies for us.
After leaving the husband, it became empty on the soul and desert in the house. Even A cat, usually worn by a meteor around the apartment, only sleepily yaws and everything strives to get to my hands. Here At whose hands would rely on me ...Please note the binding particles are at the beginning of the offer.
5. Forms Word
Communication with the word form is that the same word is used in a number of proposals
- if this noun - number and case
- if a adjective - Rode, number and case
- if a proponation - Rode, including Depending on the discharge
- if a verb in the face (childbirth), number, time
Verbs and communion, verbs and verbalism are considered different words.
Examples of proposals: Noise Gradually increased. From this increasing noise It was not in itself.
I was familiar with my son captain. With himself captain Fate did not reduce me, but I knew that this is only a matter of time.
note: The task may be written "forms of the word", and then it is one word in different forms;
"Forms of words" - and these are already two words that are repeated in neighboring proposals.
In the difference in the forms of the word and the lexical repeat, there is a special complexity.
Information for the teacher.
Consider as a sample fine task Real EGE 2016. We give a completely fragment published on the FIPI website. Methodical instructions For teachers (2016) "
The difficulties of examined when performing the task 23 caused cases when the condition of the task required the differences in the form of the word and the lexical repeat as a means of communication of proposals in the text. In these cases, when analyzing the language material, it should be paid to the student that lexical repetition involves repeating a lexical unit with a special stylistic task.
We present the condition of task 23 and the fragment of the text of one of esmer options 2016:
"Among the offers 8-18, find such that is connected with the previous one with the help of lexical repeat. Write the number of this offer. "
Below is the beginning of the text given for analysis.
- (7) Which artist's artist, when you don't love the land, eccupas!
(8) Maybe therefore Berg and did not manage to landscapes. (9) He preferred a portrait, poster. (10) He tried to find the style of his time, but these attempts were full of failures and ambiguities.
(11) Once Berg received a letter from the artist Yarteva. (12) He called him to come to the Murom Forest, where he spent the summer.
(13) August stood hot and windless. (14) Yartsev lived far from a deserted station, in the forest, on the shore of a deep lake with black water. (15) He removed the hut at the forester. (16) Berg's veins on the lake Son Festnik Vanya Zotov, a sutured and shy boy. (17) Lake Berg lived for about a month. (18) He was not going to work and did not take with him oil paints.
Proposal 15 is associated with Proposition 14 with personal pronouns "is he" (Yartsev).
Proposition 16 is associated with Proposition 15 with forms of words "forester": Proposed-case-based verbid-driven verb, and freely impeded forms controlled by the name nouns. These wordforms express different values: The value of the object and the value of the belonging, and the use of the considered wordform is not stylistic load.
Proposition 17 is associated with Proposition 16 with forms of words ("On the lake - on the lake"; "Berg - Berg").
Offer 18 is associated with the previous one with personal pronouns "he" (Berg).
The right answer in the task 23 of this option is 10. It is the text of the text that is connected with the previous one (proposal 9) with lexical repeat (word "he").
It should be noted that among the authors of various benefits there is no consensus, What to consider lexical repeat - the same word in different cases (persons, numbers) or in the same one. Authors of the Books of the National Education Publishing House, "Exam", "Legion" (authors of Tsybulko I.P., Vasilievy I.P., Gostev Yu.N., Senina N.A.) Do not lead a single example in which words In various forms, considered a lexical repeat.
At the same time, very difficult cases in which words standing in different cases coincide in the form are considered in the manuals in different ways. The author of the books of Senina N.a sees in this form of the word. I.P. Tsybulko (based on the book 2017) sees lexical repeat. So, in the suggestions of the type I saw the sea in a dream. The sea called me The word "sea" is different cases, but at the same time there is no doubt that the most stylistic task of which writes I.P. Tsybulko. Without deepening in the linguistic solution of this issue, we denote the position of Svezhegé and give recommendations.
1. Everything is clearly not coinciding forms - these are the forms of the word, not a lexical repetition. Please note that we are talking about the same language phenomenon as in the task 24. And in 24 lexical repetitions are only repeated words, in the same forms.
2. There will be no coinciding forms in the tasks on the decision: if the linguistic specialists themselves cannot figure it out, then the school graduates are not under power.
3. If tasks with similar difficulties fall on the exam, we look at those additional communication tools that will help determine the choice. After all, the compilers of kimov can be their own opinion. Unfortunately, so maybe.
23.3 Syntaxcuts.
Introductory words
Communication with the help of introductory words accompanies, complements any other connection, complementing the shades of the values \u200b\u200bcharacteristic of the introductory words.
Of course, you need to know which words are introductory.
He was hired. UnfortunatelyAnton was too ambitious. One side, Companies needed such personalities, on the other - he did not inferlude anyone and nothing if something was, as he said, below his level.
We give examples of the definition of communication tools in a small text.
(1) We met with Masha a few months ago. (2) My parents have not yet seen it, but did not insist on acquaintance. (3) It seemed that she also did not strive for rapprochement that I was somewhat stolen.
We define how proposals are associated in this text.
Proposition 2 is associated with Proposition 1 with personal pronouns herwhich replaces the name Masha In sentence 1.
Proposal 3 is associated with Proposition 2 with the help of the word forms she her: "She" is the form of a nominative case, "her" is a form of a genitive case.
In addition, Proposition 3 has other means of communication: this is a union also, Introductory Word it seemed, rows of synonymous structures did not insist on acquaintance and did not strive for rapprochement.
Nikita Petrov 02.11.2015 10:19
why not 11 offer? There too possessive pronoun at the beginning...
Tatyana Statsenko
but this is a stronger pronoun (ours) in any way with the "Lita Winter" out of 10 offers is not connected.
Rajana Ayupova 30.12.2016 19:45
And in Proposition 18, the pronoun "of them" is rather index?
Tatyana Yudina
They are personal, shape of the pronoun "they".
Yulia Ryabova 29.03.2019 12:17
and if there are, for example, proposals 11-18, and in 11 there will be a possessive pronoun, connecting the offer with the previous one (10), whether to write 11 of the offer? After all, 10 in the proposal specified in the task is not included.
Tatyana Statsenko
There is no need.
Read the Review Fragment. It addresses the language features of the text. Some terms used in the reviews are missed. Insert the numbers to the points of the passes corresponding to the term number from the list.
"IN. Korolenko, as a true master of the story, in a small amount, managed to fully transfer the readers with the features of the episode, experienced by the storyteller. In the syntax, frequent use (a) _____ (sentences 2, 18, 21, 30) makes the narrative of alive, dynamic, and the use of such a syntactic means of expressiveness, as (b) _____ (Proposals 34, 36), helps to express semantic accents. In turn, such trails, as (c) _____ (Proposals 2, 27) and (g) _____ ("Elegant figures" in sentence 14, "ruthless ice" in sentence 18, "To the fatal place" in sentence 26), Satisfied with the text with special expressiveness, art and however, helping the author's attitude to their heroes and what is happening in general. "
List of terms:
2) Comparison
3) a number of homogeneous members
4) Exclamation Proposals
5) syntactic parallelism
6) Epiphara
7) rhetorical issues
8) lexical repetitions
9) Epitts
Write the numbers in response by placing them in order corresponding to the letters:
| A. | B. | IN | G. |
Explanation (see also a rule below).
Fill skip.
"IN. Korolenko, as a true master of the story, in a small amount, managed to fully transfer the readers with the features of the episode, experienced by the storyteller. In the syntax frequent use a number of homogeneous members (Proposals 2, 18, 21, 30) makes the narrative of alive, dynamic, and the use of such a syntactic means of expressiveness as syntactic parallelism (Offer 34 - "Here it is - the desire to live"; Proposition 36 - "Here it is - the desire to save ..."), helps to place semantic accents. In turn, such trails like comparison (Offer 27 - "As an abandoned stone") and epitts ("Elegant figures" in Proposition 14, "ruthless ice" in sentence 18, "to the fatal place" in sentence 26), satisfy the text with special expressiveness, art and however, helping the author's attitude towards their heroes and what is happening in general. "
Answer: 3529.
Answer: 3529.
Rule: Task 26. Language Means of Expressiveness
Analysis of the means of expressiveness.
The purpose of the task is to determine the means of expressiveness used in the review by establishing conformity between the passes indicated by letters in the text of the review, and the figures with definitions. You need to write compliance only in the order in which letters go in the text. If you do not know what is hidden under a given letter, you need to put "0" at the place of this figure. For the task you can get from 1 to 4 points.
When executing a task 26, it should be remembered that you fill out the place of passage in the reviews, i.e. restore the text, and with it and semantic, and grammatical communication. Therefore, an additional tip is often an analysis of the review itself: various adjectives in one way or another, consistent with the missions, etc. It will make it easier to perform the task and separation of the list of terms into two groups: the first includes terms based on the word value, the second is the structure of the sentence. This division you can spend, knowing that all means are divided into two large groups: lexical (non-soccer) and trails are included in the first; In the second figures of speech (some of them are called syntax).
26.1 Trop-word or expression used in a figurative value for creating an artistic image and achieving greater expressiveness. The paths include such techniques like epithet, comparison, personification, metaphor, methonymy, sometimes include hyperboles and lithotics.
Note: In the task, as a rule, it is indicated that these are trails.
In the review, examples of paths are indicated in brackets as phrase.
1.Epithet (In Per. with Greek. - Appendix, Administration) - This is a figurative definition that marks an essential line for this context in the depicted phenomenon. From simple definition, epithet is distinguished by artistic expressiveness and imagery. The epithet is based on a hidden comparison.
The epithets include all the "colorful" definitions that are most often expressed. adclusive:
sadright Earth (F.I. Tyutchev), gray fog, lemon light, dumb peace (I. A. Bunin).
Epitts may also be expressed:
-nounsacting as applications or fagging, which give a figurative characteristic of the subject: wizard-winter; Mother - Cheese Earth; The poet is a Lira, not just a nanny of his soul (M. Gorky);
-naschayiaacting in the role of circumstances: in the north the wild alone... (m. Y. Lermontov); Leaves were tense extended in the wind (K. G. Powesty);
-tempecisia: Waves carry radia and sparkling;
-pronounsexpressing the excellent degree of one or another state of the human soul:
After all, there were battle fights, yes, they say what kind! (M. Yu. Lermontov);
-communion I. involved in turns : Nightinglers of the word rinse Study limits (B. L. Pasternak); I also admit the appearance ... borzopisters who cannot prove where they spent the night yesterday, and who do not have other words in the language, except for words, do not remember kinship (M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin).
2. Comparison - This is an embracing reception based on a comparison of one phenomenon or concept with another. In contrast to the metaphor, the comparison is always twisted: it is called both compaable items (phenomena, feature, actions).
Aules are burning, they have no protection.
The enemy of the Sons of the Fatherland is broken,
And glow as an eternal meteor,
Playing in the clouds, scares out. (M. Yu. Lermontov)
Comparisons are expressed in various ways:
Form of the cooling case of nouns:
Solovia flying youth flew
Wave In bad weather, the joy of washed (A. V. Koltsov)
Form comparative degree Adjective or adveria: these eyes greaterof our seas and cypresses darker (A. Akhmatova);
Comparative turns with alliances, as if, as if dr.:
As a predatory beast, in a humble abode
Winner breaks up with bayonets ... (M. Yu. Lermontov);
With the help of words similar, similar, it is:
On the eyes of a cautious cat
Similar Your eyes (A. Akhmatova);
With the help of comparative appendages:
Skilled foliage golden
In pisosted water on the pond,
Exactly butterflies
With a slaughter flies on a star. (P. A. Yesenin)
3.Metafora (In Per. with Greek. - Transfer) is a word or expression that is used in a figurative value based on the similarity of two items or phenomena on any sign. In contrast to the comparison, which provides something that is compared, and what is compared with, the metaphor contains only the second, which creates the compactness and image formation of the word. The metaphor may be based on the similarity of objects in form, color, volume, appointment, sensations, etc.: waterfall stars, avalanche letters, wall of fire, abyss of grief, pearl of poetry, spark of loveand etc.
All metaphors are divided into two groups:
1) general language ("Erased"): golden hands, storm in a glass of water, mountains to wait, the strings of the soul, love faded;
2) artistic (Individually author, poetic):
And flashes stars diamond Treps
IN warmable cold Dawn (M. Voloshin);
Empty heavens Transparent glass (A. Akhmatova);
AND blue eyes, bottomless
Flowers on the far shore. (A. A. Blok)
Metaphor is there not only single: It can develop in the text, forming entire chains of figurative expressions, in many cases - to cover, as if to permeate the entire text. it deployed, complex metaphor, whole artistic image.
4. Elimination - This is a kind of metaphor based on the transfer of signs of a living being on the phenomena of nature, objects and concepts. Most often personification are used in the description of nature:
Roll through the sleepy valleys, the fogs are sleepy, And only the horsepone is, sound, is lost away. Forecast, pale, day autumn, rolling out fragrant sheets, fenced sleep without dreams half-fell flowers. (M. Yu. Lermontov)
5. Metonimia (In the lane. with Greek - rename) is the transfer of the name from one item to another on the basis of their adjacency. Sitness can be a manifestation of communication:
Between the action and the action instrument: their villages and Niva for a violent raid Obstructed he swords and fires (A. S. Pushkin);
Between the subject and material from which the subject is made: ... not on silver, - I used on gold (A. S. Griboedov);
Between the place and people located in this place: The city of Nois, Flags crack, wet roses flew out of the bowls of flowers ... (Yu. K. Olesha)
6. Synekdokha (in the lane. with Greek. - Calculation) is metonimia varietybased on the transfer of the value from one phenomenon to another on the basis of a quantitative relationship between them. Most often transfer occurs:
With a smaller to more: it does not fly to it and the bird, and the tiger is neither ... (A. S. Pushkin);
From the part to the unit: Beard, what are you all silent? (A. P. Chekhov)
7. Periprase, or perifrasis(In Per. with Greek. - Descriptive expression) - this is a turnover that is used instead of any word or phrase. For example, Petersburg in verse
A. S. Pushkin - "Peter Creation", "Full Krasa and Divo" countries, "Grad Petrov"; A. A. Blok in verses M. I. Tsvetaeva - "Knight without ukrizna", "Blue-eyed snow singer", "Snow Swan", "Almighty of my soul".
8.Gypebol (in the lane. with Greek. - Exaggeration) is a figurative expression that contains an exorbitant exaggeration of any sign, phenomena, actions: A rare bird will take up to the middle of the Dnieper (N. V. Gogol)
And at the same minute the streets couriers, couriers, couriers ... can imagine thirty-five thousandsome couriers! (N.V. Gogol).
9. Lithota(In the lane. with Greek. - Major, moderation) is a figurative expression, which contains an exorbitant accumulation of any sign, phenomena, actions: What kind of tinybugs! There is right less pin head.(I. A. Krylov)
And the marching thing is important, in calm the fucking, the horse leads a peasant in large boots, in a serve sheepskin, in large mittens ... and myself with marigolds! (N.A. Nekrasov)
10. Ironya (In the lane. with Greek. - pretense) is the use of words or statements in the sense opposite to the direct. The irony is a type of allegory, in which a mockery is hidden for an externally positive assessment: Roll off, smart, you wander your head? (I. A. Krylov)
26.2 "non-soccer" lexical fine-expressive language
Note: The tasks are sometimes indicated that this is a lexic. Usually in Reviews of the task 24 Example lexical means It is given in brackets or in one word or a phrase, in which one of the words is in italic. Please note: it is these means most often necessary find in the task 22!
11. Synonyms, i.e., the words of one part of speech, various sounds, but the same or close to lexical meaning and different from each other or shades of value, or stylistic coloring ( brave-resistant, run - rush, eyes (neutr.) - oph. (Poet.)), have great expressive strength.
Synonyms can be contextual.
12. Antonyms, i.e. the words of the same part of the speech opposite to the value ( truth - lie, good - evil, disgusting - wonderful), also have great expressive opportunities.
Antonyms can be contextual, i.e. becomes antonyms only in this context.
Fallen happens good or evil,
Donodol or merciless,
Fallen happens clever and inconvenient
Prudent and reckless
Refining and irreparable.
13. Phraseology as a language of language expressiveness
Phraseologisms (phraseological expressions, idioms), i.e., reproducible in the finished form of phrases and suggestions, in which holistic importance dominates the values \u200b\u200bof their components of their components and is not the simple amount of such values \u200b\u200b( get to come to be in the seventh heaven, apple contention), have great expressive opportunities. The expressiveness of phraseological units is determined by:
1) their bright imagery, including mythological ( the cat is cut as a squirrel in the wheel, the thread of the Ariadnes, the Damocles of the Sword, Achilles Fif);
2) related to many of them: a) to the discharge of high ( voice blatant in the desert, go into the fly) or reduced (conversational, spurated: like a fish in water, nor sleeping in the Spirit, led behind the nose, wash the neck, cheer your ears); b) to the category of language means with positive emotional expressive coloring ( store as a zenitis of an eye.) or with negative emotional expressive coloring (without the king in the head is disinforced., Small Tshaka - neglect., Groš the price is a contempora.).
14. Stylist painted vocabulary
To enhance expressiveness in the text, all discharges of stylistic painted vocabulary can be used:
1) emotional-expressive (estimated) vocabulary, including:
a) words with a positive emotional expressive assessment: solemn, sublime (including old elements): inspiration, coming, fatherland, aspiration, intractable, unshakable; Elevative and poetic: serene, radiant, spell, azure; approving: noble, outstanding, amazing, brave; Lasted: Sun, Blue, Daughter
b) words with a negative emotional expressive assessment: disapproving: snow, transbry, Ocolesitsa; disgusting: looking out, dellaga; Cruise: balbes, Zubril, Script; Flash /
2) Functional and stylistic painted vocabulary, including:
a) Books: Scientific (terms: alliteration, cosine, interference); Official business: below submitted, report; Publicistic: report, Interview; Art and poetic: azure, eyes, lounges
b) Spoken (everyday-household): dad, boy, Bushroom, Healthy
15. Lexica limited consumption
To enhance expressiveness in the text, all levels of vocabulary of limited use can also be used, including:
Dialectic vocabulary (words that are used by residents of any locality: komochet - Rooster, Vixture - Squirrel);
The vocabulary is spacious (words with a pronounced reduced stylistic coloring: familiar, coarse, dismissive, fill, located on the border or outside the literary norm: Holodranets, Zabuldiga, Slashchina, Trepach);
Professional vocabulary (words that are used in professional speech and are not included in the system of an overhangistric language: kambuz - in the speech of sailors, duck - in the speech of journalists, the window - in the speech of teachers);
Lexik Zagonnaya (words peculiar to jargon - youth: tusovka, frills, cool; Computer: brains - Computer Memory, Klava - Keyboard; Soldier: demob, Shpak, Perfume; Jargon criminals: brother, Malina);
Lexics Outdated (historians - words that came out of use due to the disappearance of the objects or phenomena denoted by them: boyar, oprichnina, horse; Archaisms - outdated words, calling objects and concepts for whom new names appeared in the language: chelo - forehead, sail - sail); - The vocabulary is new (neologisms - words recently included in the language and not lost their novelty: blog, slogan, teenager).
26.3 Figures (rhetorical figures, stylistic figures, speech figures) are stylistic techniques based on special combinations of words emerging beyond the usual practical use, and aimed at strengthening expressiveness and images of text. The main figures of speech include: rhetorical question, rhetorical exclamation, rhetorical appeal, repeat, syntactic parallelism, multi-joint, nonsense, ellipsis, inversion, parcel, antithesis, gradation, oxymoron. Unlike lexical means, this is the level of proposal or several offers.
Note: There is no clear format for the definition specifying these tools: they are called both syntactic agents, and when they are simply expressive, and the figure.In a task 24, the number of suggestions is indicated on the speech figure, this in brackets.
16.Rtoric question - This is a figure in which the form of the question contains a statement. The rhetorical question does not require an answer, it is used to strengthen emotionality, expressiveness of speech, attract the attention of the reader to one or another phenomenon:
Why did he give the hand to the slanders of insignificant, why did he believe the words and caressing false, he, who had fledged people from the young age?.. (M. Yu. Lermontov);
17.Rtoric exclamation - This is a figure in which the exclamation form contains a statement. Rhetorical exclamations enhance the expression of certain feelings; They usually differ not only for special emotionality, but also solemnity and raise:
It was in the morning of our years - About happiness! About tears! About the forest! About life! About the sun light! About fresh birch spirit. (A. K. Tolstoy);
Alas!before the rule of stranger, a proud country bent. (M. Yu. Lermontov)
18.Rtoric appeal - This is a stylistic figure consisting in an underlined appeal to someone or something to enhance the expressiveness of speech. It serves not so much for the name of the addressee of speech, how much to express the relationship to what is said in the text. Rhetorical appeals can create solemnity and pathetics of speech, express joy, regret and other shades of mood and emotional state:
My friends! Our union is beautiful. He, as a soul, outstanding and eternal (A. S. Pushkin);
Oh, deep night! Oh cold autumn!Dare! (K. D. Balmont)
19.Ver (positional and lexical repeat, lexical replay) - This is a stylistic figure, consisting in repetition of any member of the sentence (words), part of the proposal or a complete proposal, several proposals, stanzas in order to attract special attention to them.
Repeat varieties are anaphor, epiphara and pickup.
Anaphora(In the lane. with Greek - climbing, lifting), or unity, is the repetition of the word or group of words at the beginning of rows, storage or proposals:
Lazilyblowing noon Millish,
Lazily River rolls.
And in solid firm and clean
Lazily melting clouds (F. I. Tyutchev);
Epiphora (in Per. with Greek. - Additive, final offer of the period) is the repetition of words or a group of words at the end of rows, storage or proposals:
Although there is no man,
What is forever - Human.
What is the day il
Before infinite?
Although there is no man,
What is forever - human (A. A. Fet);
Gave them loaf of light bread - joy!
Today the film is good in the club - joy!
Paust two-volume in the bookstore brought joy! (A. I. Solzhenitsyn)
Picking - This is the repeat of any segment of speech (suggestions, poetic string) at the beginning of the corresponding speech segment following it:
He fell on cold snow
On cold snow, as if pine
As if the pine in the cheese Bor (M. Yu. Lermontov);
20. Parallelism (syntactic parallelism) (In the lane. With Greek. - Going next) - identical or similar construction of related texts of the text: nearby offers, poetic lines, stroke, which, correlated, create a single image:
I look for futureness with fear,
I look at the past with a longing ... (M. Yu. Lermontov);
I was a ringing string,
I was a blooming spring,
But you did not want colors,
And you did not hear words? (K. D. Balmont)
Often using antithesis: What is looking for in the country far? What threw him in the edge of his native?(M. Lermontov); Not a country - for business, and business for the country (from the newspaper).
21. Inversion (in Per. with Greek. - Rearrangement, turning) is a change in the usual order of words in a sentence in order to underline the semantic significance of any element of the text (words, suggestions), giving the phrase of a special stylistic painting: solemn, high sound, or, on the contrary, Conversational, somewhat reduced characteristic. The following combinations are considered invered in Russian:
The agreed definition is standing after the word determined: I sit behind bars in doktnica raw (M. Yu. Lermontov); But did not run a zyby on this sea; Fine air did not flow: he was brew great thunderstorm (I. S. Turgenev);
Additions and circumstances expressed by nouns are facing the word to which: Overcoming hours (single hours of hours);
22.poxulation(In the lane. with Franz. - Particle) - Stylistic reception, consisting in the dismemberment of the unified syntactic structure of a proposal for several intonational-semantic units - phrases. At the site of dismemberment of the sentence, the point, exclamation and question marks, dots can be used. In the morning, bright, like a lubok. Scary. Long. Ratish. The rifle regiment was broken. Our. In battle unequal(R. Christmas); Why no one indignant? Education and Health! The most important areas of society's life! Not mentioned in this document in general(From newspapers); It is necessary that the state remembers the main thing: its citizens are not individuals. And people. (From newspapers)
23.Bessional and multi-joint - Syntactic figures based on intentional pass, or, on the contrary, conscious repetition of unions. In the first case, when omitting unionsThe speech becomes compressed, compact, dynamic. The pictures and events here are quickly, instantly deployed, replace each other:
Swede, Russian - Kolts, Rubit, cuts.
Fight drum, clicks, grinding.
Thunder cannons, Topot, Rzhanye, moan,
And death and hell on all sides. (A.S. Pushkin)
When multi-eyedwe are talking, on the contrary, slows down, pauses and the repeated union allocate words expressingly emphasizing their semantic significance:
But and grandson, and greatly and PRAINTOR
Grow in me while I am a rastic itself ... (P.G. Anticoline)
24.Teriod- Long, polynomial proposal or a strongly common simple sentence, which is distinguished by the completeness, unity of the topic and the intonational disintegration into two parts. In the first part, the syntactic repeat of the same type of apparent (or members of the sentence) comes with increasing increase in intonation, then the separating significant pause, and in the second part, where the conclusion is given, the voice tone is noticeably decreased. Such an intonation design forms a kind of circle:
Whenever the life of a homemade circle I wanted to limit, / when I have been my father, my spouse has commanded a pleasant lot, / when I spoiled a family picture, at least a mig one, then, rightfully, besides you, I did not seek one bride. (A.S. Pushkin)
25.Antithesis, or opposition (in the lane. with Greek. - Control) is a turnover, in which opposite concepts, positions, images are abruptly opposed. Antonyms are usually used to create antithesis - general-language and contextual:
You are rich, I am very poor, you are a prose, I am a poet(A. S. Pushkin);
Yesterday I looked in my eyes,
And now - everything mows to the side,
Yesterday, I was sitting before the birds
All the larks are now crows!
I am stupid, and you are a smart
Live, and I am dumbfounded.
About the cry of women of all time:
"My cute, what did I do you?" (M. I. Tsvetaeva)
26.Gradation (in trans. with lat. - gradual increase, strengthening) - a reception consisting in the consistent arrangement of words, expressions, trails (epithets, metaphor, comparisons) in the order of amplification (ascending) or attenuation (decrease) of a sign. Rising gradation Usually used to enhance image, emotional expressiveness and influencing text:
I called you, but you did not look back, I am a lean, but you didn't down (A. A. Blok);
Glowed, burned, shinedhuge blue eyes. (V. A. Soloohin)
Downward graduation Used less often and is usually used to enhance the semantic content of text and creating imagery:
He brought the mortal resin
Yes, branch with faded sheets. (A. S. Pushkin)
27.Ost. (in the lane. with Greek - witty-stupid) is a stylistic figure in which commonly incompatible concepts are connected, as a rule, contrary to each other ( bitter joy, ringing silenceetc.); It turns out a new meaning, and it acquires special expressiveness: with that hour began for Ilya sweet torment, Lightly puzzling soul (I. S. Shmelev);
there is merry meadow in the Alosti Dawn (S. A. Yesenin);
But beauty of them ugly I will soon have a mysteriousness. (M. Yu. Lermontov)
28. Allegory - Allegory, transfer of an abstract concept through a specific image: Must defeat foxes and wolves (trick, malice, greed).
29.Mull - The intentional breaking of the statement, transmitting the excitedness of speech and assumed that the reader guess unspoken: but I wanted ... perhaps you ...
In addition to the above syntactic means of expressiveness in tests, the following are found:
-exclamation proposals;
- dialogue, hidden dialogue;
-question-response formation Such a form of presentation at which questions alternate and answers to questions;
-rows of homogeneous members;
-citation;
-introductory words and designs
-Incomplete sentences - Proposals in which any member needed for completeness of the structure and values \u200b\u200bare missing. Missing sentences can be restored and context.
26.12.2016 16:02
why in b answer 5, not 6? how to distinguish them
Tatyana Yudina
Indeed, a difficult question. About the parallelism they say when the proposals go on the side, one after another, very much on the construction in the structure are similar, so usually in verses it happens.
Write from the text of the metaphor. 1. It's hard ... Wat ... Sia at home on the first winter day. 2. We went to the forest lakes. 3. The forests were solemn ... about light and quiet. four.Day like (as if) dreamed. 5. From a cloudy high sky fell apart ... Nokiya snowflakes. 6. We are the Ost ... Horn breathe on them and they are ... BP ... Smelted into clean droplets of water, then muddle cm ... rusted and rolled down to the ground as beads. 7. We (not) hurry walked through the forests before twilight bypassed familiar places. 8. Old Sn ... Giri sat Faohl ... Strike on a loose ... with snow mountains. 9. We broke a few Clabda captured ... oh Moroz Ryabina. 10. On a small lake, it calls ... Smiling Larina Pond always sailed a lot of rox. 11. This (hour) Water in the lake was a ... Right transparent all row to winter dropped to the bottom. 12. At the shores of Nar ... Slash glass ... Aya P ... Ice gloss. 13. The ice was so transparent that even (c) it was difficult to notice him. 14. I will see ... l off the coast of the flock of the dam and threw a small stone in them. 15. The stone fell on the ice. The roach ranks shining the scales darted (c) the depth of the lake and on the ice left a white grainy mark from the blow. 16. We have handted individual ice floes. 17. They crunched and the east ... poured on the fingers mixed by the smell of snow and lingonberries. 18. The sky above his head was very bright white and K ... Ricusete, it was thick and the color of it with a nap ... Net ... Netz. 19. (From) there was a slower ... and snow clouds. 20. In the forests, everything was greeted all quieter and finally ... l thick snow. 21. He is ... L in Iscin (h ... rous) water ... Kotal face p ... Roshil the gray smoke of the forest. 22. Winter start ... La hobble over the ground.
Open brackets, insert the missed letters. 1. The shores are swimming (for) Other meetings2. We wanted to understand (c) the mystery surrounding this house.
3. (c) tight to the shores of Aldan pr_Makali forests affecting their majestic beauty.
4.This city - steppe mirage, tightened (c) dense, quite tangible shape.
5. Expeditions were to descend (by) the slope (c) bottom.
6. (for) The top turned out to be (not) a large Dark Window.
7. (for) The end of the year was planned to conduct a competition.
8. (for) The end of five friends again turned out to be together.
What sentence is not written in a punch? a) on the rack, I saw a few (no) chinful books. b) among other finds there was a woodencasket, closed and (not) damaged.
c) (no) past medical examination was not allowed for the exam.
d) the wines of the defendant (not) is proved.
2) In which case is NN?
The appearance of the novice was slightly: no clearer (1) Loose shoes (2) Es to half, having booed (3) bodies (4) Sweaters hung a shapeless bag.
a) 1, 2, 3; c) 2, 3;
3) In which sentence, the dedicated definition is isolated? (Punctuation signs are not arranged.)
a) shores Lena left and right Steep and completely covered with forest.
b) the simple people here wearing light cane braided Hats.
c) Teacher russian language and literature Sergey Danilovich came to our school recently.
d) red brick building with massive gate It turned out tobacco factory.
4) Specify a sentence with a grammatical error.
a) A special place in the work of Pushkin is occupied by works, displayed historical past.
b) A special place in the work of Pushkin is occupied by works that displays the historical past.
c) Pushkin has several works in which the past is displayed.
d) Pushkin has works that displays our past.
5) What is complicated by the offer?
We were completely lost, but fortunately, we met two compatriots who spent us to the hotel.
but) homogeneous members and input words;
b) homogeneous members, separate circumstances and definition;
c) a separate circumstance and a separate definition;
d) homogeneous members, input words and separate definition.
6) In place of which numbers you need to put a comma?
Written by Voltaire (1) "History of Charles 12" (2) is part of a multi-volume collection of works (3) published in Paris (4) at the beginning of the century.
b) 2, 3; d) 3.4.
7) In which sentence is not written separately?
a) stood the heat, (not) usual for these places.
b) the owner appeared, Suspended and (not) shaved.
c) (not) accustomed to independent work Children with difficulty mastering the school course.
d) Previously, this disease was considered completely (not) healing.
8) In which case is NN?
The lake was right behind the meadow, sowed (1) by clover, but it was forbidden to walk on some kind of meadows (2) about, and the protopant (4) oh different paths was not near.
a) 1, 4; c) 3.4;
July is hot and you want to swim and so lucky me and my sisters invited to go swimming at Lake Aslykul Lake Aslavkulthe biggest in Bashkiria, we came to the water and manilated us to ourselves we were decomposed and decided to warm up in the sun to get even more wanted to swim there on the lake I sunk had bathed and splashing my sisters swam on an inflatable mattress and a lot more Lake can sit ashore and watch as a wonderful beautiful pair of swans floats splash and blossoms on a wide lake How the sun sits down and a wonderful sunset is reflected in the water and of course you can just breathe yes yes, just breathe fresh clean air. You can just do what you can do on the lake. Listen to the splash of water and joyful laughter of children and think how well live
It is necessary comma in separate members of the proposals1. Returning from the bazaar (1) a woman met (2) with something concerned (3) Son.
2. The forest (1) dressed in silver mine (2) surrounded us (3) shook (4) snow-covered tops.
3. Judgeing the buzz (1) of the car (2) gray from dust and dirt (3) slowly moved along the highway.
4. Silver plated dew (1) Leaves (2) Slightly slightly cropped (3) dropping wet dust (4) and (5) with a golden glitter.
5. Wind (1) Angry and Cold (2) Double (3) Put their song (4) similar to howl (5) Hungry Wolf.
6. From the trees (1) of the sleeved light fog (2) and large splashes were filled with ferns (3).
7. Behind the river (1) smoking (2) glowing (3) someone's lonely and sad fire.
8. The highway went to the south (1) bypassing the villages (2) the visible (3) then on the right (4) then to the left of the road.
9. Danko rushed forward (1) High (2) Holding a burning heart (3) and (4) Lighting the path to them.
10. From the lime alleys (1) spinning (2) and overtaking each other (3) a yellow round leaves (4) and (5) Promotion (6) lay on a wet road (7) and on the wet dark green grass meadow.
11. We (1) Working for the day (2) Tired (3) and (4) Ubaucous rain noise (5) quickly fell asleep.
12. Thickets (1) touched by large (2) in fist (3) red
(4) Flowers (5) were visible in the distance.
13. On the lake (1) among the forests of green (2), white lines (3) as stars (4) bloomed.
14. Purvated by the sunshine (1) of water sparkle (2) as melted silver (3) and (4) stunned picture
I.
We drove the shore of Lena to the south, and the winter caught up with us from the north. However, it could seem that she goes to meet us, descending from above, by the river.
In September, under Yakutsky, it was still quite warm, there was no ice floe on the river. At one of the close stations, we even seduced wonderful moon at night and, so as not to sleep in the stuffy yurt of the Machnik, just blurred outside (for the winter) still warm dung, - lay on the shore, having arranged her beds in boats and undergoing deer skins. At night it seemed to me, however, that someone burns me with a flame right cheek. I woke up and saw that Moonlit night was even more walked. In the circle stood frost, the frills covered my pillow, and this touch seemed to me so hot. My friend who saved in one boat with me, - Dreamed, probably the same. The moon lasted him right in the face, and I saw terrible grimaces that appeared on it. His sleep was strong and probably very painful. At this time, another satellite stood in the next boat, lifting the doh and the skins with which it was covered. Everything was white and fluffy from the frost, and all he seemed like a white ghost, suddenly arise from the cold shine of the Inea and the lunar light.
"BR-R ..." he said. - Frost, brothers ...
The boat broke under him, and from her movement on the water was heard the ringing, as if from the broken glass. These are in places protected from fast current, the first "tackle", still thin, preserved traces of long crystalline needles brokered and ringing, like a thin crystal ... The river as if aelney, feeling the first blow of the frost, and the rocks along the mountain coast, on the contrary , became easier, air. They were covered with incomplete, they went into a unclear, illuminated distance, sparkling, almost ghost ...
It was the first hi frost at the beginning of a long way ... Hello cheerful, progress, almost joking.
As we slowly and with delays moved further to the south, the winter was completely fortified. Whole docks were already covered with a film of dark varnish-pure ice, and the stone abandoned from the shore, she rolled for a long time, gliding along a smooth surface and causing a strange, all rising handling, reflected echo of mountain gorges. Further, the ice, tightly grabbing the edges of the river and the strengthened "tackle", opposed the rapid flow. Frost, everything continued its conquests, the bakes expanded, and every step in this struggle was noted by a feature of broken ice floes showing where there was still a living course that retreated again to the sage-other to the middle ...
Then someone on the shores lay already snow, sharply shaking a dark, heavy river stream. Even further - small mountain rivers joined this struggle. Gradually arriving from the sources, they also walked their ice in the mouths and threw him in Lena, clutching the free stream and making it difficult for her own fight against frost ... The features of the rivers were becoming higher; The ice floes emitted on the edges of the pickles are all thicker. They have already formed real shafts, and sometimes we were visible from the shore, as among these trees anxious movement began ... This river angrily threw into her fixed ice strengthens freely still moving on her strains, pierced the bars, crumbled ice in pieces, in needles , in the snow, but then again in the impotence retreated, and after some time it turned out that the white feature of the breakfast advanced even further, the ice strip was wider, the bed was narrowed ...
The farther, the fact that this struggle became stubborn and amusing. The river was no longer thin ice floes, but the whole huge boulders of the so-called torus, who were prayed to each other in a monstrous disorder. The picture became all irretrievably. Closer to the shores of Toros, it was already frozen by the ugly masses, and in the middle it still grumbled with heavy, random shafts, hiding from the eye frozen track, like a wild crowd closes the place of execution. All nature seemed to be full of fright and sad, almost solemn expectation. The deserted mountain coast gorges submissively reflected dry crackling of broken ice fields and severe grooves of the exhaust river.
After some time, a dark jet in the middle was also turned in the middle: on it, quietly peeling, facing, stained, - the white ice floes of a continuous ice drift were thickly floated, finally squeeze the sequence and exhausted flow.
II.
Once from a small coast caist, we saw some black object among these quietly moving icy masses, clearly distinguished on a white and yellow background. In desert places, everything attracts attention, and among our little caravan, conversations and guesses began.
"Crow," said someone.
"Bear," the other thing objected.
Opinions were divided. One black point seemed no more ravens, another - no less bear: a remote monotony of these white rolling masses, lazily floated between the high mountains, "perfectly perverted a perspective.
- Where does the Bear come from in the middle of the river? - I asked the yamchik, who expressed the suggestion about the bear.
- From that shore. In the third year, Meshbed Won, from that island, crossed the three cubs.
- Nonch also a beast from that shore to our goes. It can be seen, winter will be tuned ...
- Frost is driven, - added the third one.
All our caravan stopped at Cape, waiting for the approach of the interest of all the subject. White Ice Porridge Meanwhile, it was somewhat quiet to us, and it was noticeable that the black point on it changes the place, as if really moving around the flames to our shore.
"But this, brothers, Kozul," said one of the yamchikov finally.
"Two," added another, visiting.
Indeed, it turned out to be mountain goats and really there were two. Now we have already clearly visible their dark graceful figures among the real ice ads. One was more, the other is smaller. Maybe it was a mother and daughter. Around them the floes beat, faced, spit and crumbled; With these clashes, in the intervals, something was boiled and splashed, and the gentle animals, alert, stood on a large relatively ice floe, pose their thin legs in one place ...
- Well, what will happen! - said a young bump with deep interest.
Huge ice floated in front of the goats, it began to slow down the move and then launched, stopping the movement of the rear. From this around animals, a whole hell of destruction and splask rose. The ice floes became vertically, climbed each other and broke with loud as shots, a crash. Upon times between them, it was revealed and closed again the dark depths. For a moment, two miserable dark spots were completely disappeared into this chaos, but then we immediately noticed them on another ice. Again, having gathered its thin, trembling legs, goats stood on another ice platform, ready for a new jump. It repeated several times, and each jump with a desired stubbornness brought them to our shore and removed from the opposite.
It was possible to trace the plan of smart animals. The end of the cape, the end of the Cape spoke with a sharp edge into the river, and here the floes, accelerated by the flow, were swaying with a strong force. But more distant, avoiding the lines of the strike, immediately picked up the reflected jet and carried out again to another river bank. The eldest of two goats, apparently heading the crossing, with each jump, obviously, was heading for this thought, rather from the head of the ice drift ... Whether she saw us or not, "but she clearly did not accept our presence. We also stood on the capatile internally, and even a big acute and predatory machine dog, who was coming to us, obviously, was interested in a completely disinterested outcome of these bold and tragically dangerous evolutions ... quite already close to the coast, in the top ten, from the whole handful of people, The goats were still absorbed only by the collision of the ice floes and their jumps. When the ice on which they stood quietly circling, went to the fatal place, - we even captured the breath ... a moment ... dry crackling, chaos of fragments that suddenly rose up and crawled on the edges of the cape, - and two black bodies are easy as Abandoned stone, darted ashore, on top of this chaos.
They were already on the shore. But on the other side of the Spit was a dark strip of water, and the passage of the bunch of people was blocked. However, the smart animal did not think for a minute. I noticed the look of her round eye, looking with some strange trust, and then she rushed herself and sent younger straight to us. Machine dog, a big shaggy Polcan, confusedly stood when the older goat, blocking the younger, ran past her, almost touched by her sidewall her shaggy wool. The dog only pressed the tail and thoughtfully touched aside as if puzzled by his own generosity and fearing that we would interpret it in a sense disadvantaged for her. But we approved her restraint and just watched the upstairs, where two slim bodies flashed on the fly, molded over the tops of the rocks ...
III
This station together went by the random fellowship Ivan Rodionovich Sokolsky, the head of the exploration of the regional party. Somehow some storm brought him back to the distant Siberia, and he no longer tried to break out from here, pulling the life of the parent intelligence in a kind of impressions. It was a major man, with a weathered face, a gray-haired mane hair and, as if frozen the devils, not easy to give out spiritual movements. His feelings seemed to be also hidden under inexpressive physiognomy as the course of the river under the ice. In his Koshest (in which I was driving this station together) lay a gun in a case of enean skin, and although he stood around and it was worth it only to stretch his hand to take out a gun, he didn't do this movement. His solid gray eyes all the time did not break away from animals, and for the first time during our unfortunate, however, - dating seemed to be in these gray eyes Melts something not completely cold and not completely swung.
When this whole little episode ended well, we all satisfied again and our caravan moved further, stretching under the stony shore. We all were configured somehow fun, and everyone discussed a bold feat of the animal, who managed to maintain such a self-control among so many dangers.
"However," I said, smiling, "something needs to be attributed to our account." You might think that frost has a property of awaken good feelings.
- What do you conclude that? - asked Sokolsky seriously.
- Of the completely unusual behavior of this Polkana, as well as, forgive the mapping, - your own: your gun remains in the case.
"Yes," answered the attitude. - It's true. These poor animals have overcome so much dangers in our eyes, and I think, even the Polkan was to conscientiously finish all this by a simple murder on the shore ... you noticed, what kind of dedication the eldest closed the younger from the dog? .. Does a person do it in such circumstances?
"Every mother, I think ..." I said, smiling. - In general, it seems to me that this small episode has made a strong effect.
Sokolsky's face was traces of inner excitement, her eyes looked with soft sadness.
"Yes," he answered thoughtfully. - It reminded me of one story and one person ... So you said about the action of frost and good feelings. No, frost is death. Did you think that in a person can freeze, for example ... conscience?
"And even the whole person can turn into a cliff, that is, ceases to be a man," I replied, smiling again. My satellite mood seemed to me more and more mysterious.
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