Peter 3 main events. Interesting facts from the life of Emperor Peter III and Catherine II

Russian Emperor Peter III (Peter Fedorovich, nee Karl Peter Ulrich Golstein Gottorpsky) was born 21 (10 old style) February 1728 in the city of Kiel in the Duchy of Holstein (now - the territory of Germany).

His father - Duke Holstein Gottorpsky Karl Friedrich, nephew of the Swedish king Charles XII, mother - Anna Petrovna, daughter Peter I. Thus, Peter III accounted for the graduate of two sovereigns and could, under certain conditions, be a contender and to Russian, and the Swedish throne .

In 1741, after the death of Queen Sweden, Ulrika Eleonora, he was elected the successor to her husband Friedrich, who received the Swedish throne. In 1742, Peter was brought to Russia and was declared his aunt's heir to the Russian throne.

Peter III became the first representative of the Golstein-Gottorpian (Oldenburg) branch of the Romanovs in the Russian throne, which was ruled by 1917.

Petra's relationship with his wife did not work out from the very beginning. Everything free time He spent, engaged in military exercises and maneuvers. For the years spent in Russia, Peter never made attempts to learn this country better, her people and history. Elizabeth Petrovna did not allow him to participate in solving political issues and the only position on which he could show himself was the position of director of the Shuttle Corps. Meanwhile, Peter openly criticized the activities of the government, and during the seven-year war publicly expressed sympathy for the Prussian King Friedrich II. All this was widely known not only at the court, but also in broader layers of Russian society, where Peter did not use neither authority, nor of popularity.

The beginning of his reign was marked by numerous milles nobility. From the link returned, the former regent Duke Kurlyandsky and many others. The secret search of the office was destroyed. March 3 (February 18, on the old style) of 1762, the emperor issued a decree on the liberty of the nobility (Manifesto on the gift of liberty and freedom of the whole Russian nobility ").

Material prepared on the basis of information from open sources

Peter III Fedorovich Romanov

Peter III (Petr Fedorovich Romanov Birth nameKarl Peter Ulrich Golstein-Gottorpsky; February 21, 1728, Kiel - July 17, 1762, Ropsha- Russian emperor in 1761-1762, First representative of Holstein-Gottorpskaya (or rather: the Oldenba dynasty, Branches Holstein -Hottorp, officially wearing the name "Imperial House of Romanov")in Russian throne, Ekaterina II husband, Father Paul I

Peter III (in the Lobe Guard Mundire of the Transfiguration Regiment, 1762)

Peter III

The short Board of Peter III continued less than a year, but during this time the emperor managed to configure almost all influential forces in the Russian noble society: the courtyard, the guard, the army and the clergy.

He was born 10 (21) February 1728 in Kiel in the Duchy of Holstein (Northern Germany). German Prince Carl Peter Ulrich, who received after the adoption of Orthodoxy Name Peter Fedorovich, was the son of Duke Karl Friedrich Hollytein-Gottorpsky and the eldest daughter Peter I Anna Petrovna.

Karl Friedrich Golstein-Gottorpsky

Anna Petrovna

Having entered into the throne, Empress Elizaveta Petrovna caused the son of his beloved sister to Russia and appointed in 1742 by his heir. Karl Peter Ulrich was in early February 1742 brought to St. Petersburg and 15 (26) November declared its heir. Then he accepted Orthodoxy and received the name of Peter Fedorovich

Elizabeth Petrovna

As a teacher, Academician Ya. Schlyanin, who could not achieve any significant success in the formation of a prince; That fascinated only the military and the game on the violin.

Petr Fedorovich is a great prince. Work portraitG. H. Groot

In May, 1745 prince proclaimed the ruling Duke of Holstein. In August 1745, he married a princess of Sophia Frederic Angular Anhalt Czyrch, future Catherine II.

Peter Fedorovich (Grand Duke) and Ekaterina Alekseevna (Great Princess

Cesarevich Petr Fedorovich and the Grand Princess Ekaterina Alekseevna. 1740s. Hood G.-k. GOOD.

The marriage was unsuccessful, only in 1754 they had a son Pavel, and 1756 - Anna's daughter, who deceased in 1759. He had a connection with Freilina E.R. Vorontsova, niece of Chancellor M.I. Vorontsova. Being a fan of Friedrich the Great, publicly expressed during the seven-year war 1756-1763 its proprietary sympathies. Open dislike of Peter to the whole Russian and explicit inability to state affairs, Elizabeth Petrovna was anxiety. In the court circles, the transmission projects of the Crown of the Mining Paul with the regent of Catherine or the Catherine itself were put forward.

Portrait of Grand Duke Paul Petrovich in childhood (Rockies F. S.,)

Peter and Catherine were complained of Oranienbaumunder Petersburg

However, the Empress did not decide to change the order of the prestiplotia. The former duke, who from birth was preparing for the occupation of the Swedish throne, since he was also the grandson of Charles XII, she taught Swedish, Swedish legislation and Swedish history, and accustomed to Russia with prejudice from childhood. The zealous Lutheran, he could not reconcile with the fact that it was forced to change the faith, and at a convenient case tried to emphasize his contempt for the Orthodoxy, the customs and traditions of the country, which he had to be managed. Peter was neither an evil nor a cunning man, on the contrary, often showed softness and mercy. However, his extreme nervous impassment made the future of the sovereign dangerous as a person who focused in his hands absolute power over a huge empire.

Peter III Fedorovich Romanov

Elizabeth Romanovna Vorontsova, Favorite Peter III

After the death of Elizabeth, Petrovna with the new emperor, Peter quickly disadvalled against himself courtesy, attracting foreigners, guard, canceling Elizavtian liberty, army, concluding the world unprofitable for Russia with a defeated Prussia, and finally the clergy, ordering all the icons from churches except the most important, dye beard, remove the vestments and change clothes into the Sirtuchi on the similarity of Lutheran pastors.

Empress Ekaterina, the Great with her husband Peter III in Russia and their son, the future of Emperor Paul I

On the other hand, the emperor softened the persecution of the prostheticity, signed a decree of the union of the nobility in 1762, canceling the obligatory service for representatives of the noble class. It seemed that he could count on the support of the nobles. However, his board ended tragically.

Peter III is depicted on horseback among a soldier group.The emperor wears the orders of St. Andrew of the First and Saint Anne.Tabackerka decorated with miniatures

Many were not satisfied with the fact that the emperor signed an alliance with Prussia: shortly before, with the late Elizabeth, Petrovna, Russian troops won a number of victories in the war with Prussians, and Russian empire Could count on considerable political benefits from the success achieved in the battlefields. Union with Prussia crossed all such hypodes and violated good relations with the previous allies of Russia - Austria and France. Even more discontent caused the attraction of Peter III on russian service numerous foreigners. For russian courtyard There was no influential forces, the support of which would ensure the new emperor the sustainability of the Board.

Portrait of Grand Duke Peter Fedorovich

Unknown Russian Artist Portrait of Emperor Peter III Last third of the XVIII century.

Taking advantage of this, a strong court party, hostile to Prussia and Peter III, in the Union with a group of Guardsmen and made a coup.

Peter Fedorovich always feared Catherine. When after the death of Empress Elizabeth, he became Russian king Peter III, the vengeous spouses did not associate anything, but it shared a lot. The rumors came to Catherine that Peter wants to get rid of her, sharpening in the monastery or depriving life, and their son Paul declare illegitimately. Catherine knew how cool was the Russian autocrats with the postal wives. But she was preparing for many years to climb the throne and was not going to give way to his man who did not love and "in the voice without thrill".

Georg Christoph's GOOD.Portrait of Grand Prince Peter Fedorovich (subsequently Emperor Peter III

Six months after January 5, 1762, Peter III entered the throne, a group of conspirators led by Ekaterina's lover Count G.G. Orlov took advantage of the lack of Peter at the courtyard and released on behalf of the regiments imperial Guard Manifesto, according to which Peter was deprived of the throne, and Empress was proclaimed Catherine. She was crowned by the Bishop of Novgorod, Peter also concluded a country house in Ropsch, where he was killed in July 1762, apparently, from the knowledge of Catherine. According to the contemporary of those events, Peter III, "allowed to overthrow himself from the throne, as a child who is sent to sleep." His death soon finally freed Ekaterina the road to power.

in the winter palace, the coffin was delivered next to the coffin of Empress Catherine II (the hall was issued on the project of the Rinaldi architect)

After the official ceremonies of Pratra III and Catherine II was moved from the Winter Palace to the Cathedral of the Peter and Paul Fortress

Petra III's exhumation is devoted to this allegorical engraving Nikolai Anselena

Peter III tombs and Catherine II in Petropavlovsky Cathedral

Hat Emperor Peter III. 1760-E.

Ruble Peter III 1762 St. Petersburg Silver

Portrait of Emperor Peter III (1728-1762) and a view of the Monument to Empress Catherine II in St. Petersburg

Unknown Northwest Cutter. A plaque with a portrait of the Grand Duke Peter Fedorovich. St. Petersburg (?), Ser. 19th century. Mammoth tale, relief thread, engraving, drilling

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Part 1 - Peter III Fedorovich Romanov

Each of the Russian rulers had many unsolved enough secrets, however, Peter III Fedorovich was one of the most mysterious Russian emperors.

Young Years of the German Prince

Karl Peter Ulrich Golstein-Gottorpsky (just so called Peter from birth), born in the family of German Duke Charles Friedrich and daughter Peter I Tsearean Anna.

From the birth, Peter was a challenged at once on two European throne - he could become the king of Sweden as the grand-nephew of a childless Charles XII and, being the grandson of Peter I claimed the Russian throne. The prince wicked early and brought up his uncle Bishop Eytsky, who hated everything Russian and brought up a nephew on Protestant customs.

About the formation of the child was taken care of little, so Peter owned only german language And spoke a little in French. The boy was growing very nervous and cowardly, fond of music and painting and adored everything connected with military affairs (while terribly afraid of the cannon shots).

In 1741, by order of Empress, Elizabeth, a thirteen-year-old heir comes to Russia, which at that time he hates with all his heart. After a year, Peter on the orders of the Empress moves in Orthodoxy under the name of Peter Fedorovich.

Married life

In 1745, Peter marries Sophia Augustus Frederic Anhalt Cerebst, future Catherine II. Their marriage from the first days was doomed to failure - too different were young spouses. Catherine was more educated and intellectual, and Peter except games in the soldiers did not interest anything. The spouses did not make an intimate relationship, they were not at all for a long time, and in the future Catherine had to wear military german form In order to excite her husband.

At the same time, despite the cold in the relationship, Peter really trusted his wife, and in difficult situations often turned to her for help, for which he even came up with her nickname "Mrs. Beat".

The empress of Elizabeth, the Empress of Elizabeth, was laughed at the wiping of the Grand Duke, and the whole Russian know, so the prince played secretly, and the toys were hiding in a married bed, at night, when the spouses remained alone, he played over two hours.

Sophisticated treason of Peter

Not paying attention to your beautiful wife, Peter is surprisingly to all courtiers wounded his mistress - Elizavet Vorontsov, daughter of Graph Roman Vorontsov. The girl was ugly - Tolstoy, with a little walked and a wide face. Although Peter also stated that he loved and respects Vorontsov, but called her in society just "Romanovna". Surprisingly, Catherine was completely not offended by the spouse and called his mistress "Russian Pompadur".

Peter, not embarrassed, appeared in the society of Favoritsa, and after becoming the emperor immediately produced it in Camera Freilina and handed it to her Ekaterinin ribbon. Moreover, Peter almost openly declared that it divorced with Catherine, send it to the monastery, and he himself marries Vorontsova. It is these statements that have become an impetus to the future palace coup.

Spywareness of the heir

Hatering Russia, Peter Fedorovich adored Prussia and believed King Friedrich his idol, so during the seven-year-old war, the heir passed the secret documentation in which the number and location of Russian regiments was said.

When Empress Elizaveta Petrovna learned about it, he was furious, but in memory of the late sister Anna and, realizing that she had no other heir, forgave her nephew. The case was hushed up, and Peter himself convinced that the King Friedrich is looking for friendship with the Grand Duke.

Children Peter.

Peter Fedorovich and Ekaterina Alekseevna had two children - Grand Duke Pavel I. Great Princess Anna. The first son was born in nine years of marriage, which gave rise to many rumors that Peter was not the father of the newborn Paul. When the court went rumors that the father of the child is Sergey Saltykov, although Paul was very similar to the Grand Duke Peter Fedorovich.

The Grand Duchess Anna lived less than two years, and although he was recognized as the daughter of the Grand Duke, whether such an unknown. Peter himself stated that he did not know where his wife's pregnancy was taken from, he had nothing to do with them.

He did not engage in the upbringing of his son Paul, since he was immediately selected by the Empress Elizabeth, and Peter himself was not interested in the development of the Son.

Emperor Peter III

Emperor Peter stayed all 186 daysHowever, over these days, it was able to show themselves with the slightly and energetic ruler. So he abolished the secret office, began the secularization of the lands, created the state bank, stopped the persecution of old-handers, carried out quite wide amnesty for political prisoners.

Most of his documents became a foundation for the Catherine Epoch. The reason that was chosen for the state coup - the fantasy of Peter about the baptism of Russia on the Protestant rite, historians were not documented, and most likely, it was specially invented by the Environment of Catherine II.

Mystery of death

According to the official version, the emperor Peter died of a disease, which in principle may be true, since events palace coup He undermined the already weak health of the emperor. There is also a legend that Peter killed the favorite of Catherine Alexei Orlov.

Such a sustainable death gave rise to a lot of legends, that Peter escaped, therefore, for a long time in Russia and abroad, there were figures of the impostors of Lia-Petrov, one of which even became the king of Montenegro, and the second became the famous robber Emelyan Pugachev. The last of the impostors was arrested in 1802, already under the grandson of Peter Emperor Alexandra.

Coronation after death

Since the reign of Peter lasted, half a year of the official coronation ceremony did not have time, it was because of this that he was buried not in the tomb of the imperial family in the Petropavlovsky Cathedral, but in the Alexander-Nevsky Lavra without any honors. Only after 34 years later, his son Emperor Paul, having risen on the throne, suffered a dust of his father to the Petropavlovsky Cathedral and personally spent a coronation rite over the land of a dead father.

In 1761, Emperor Peter 3, Fedorovich climbed into the Russian throne. His reign lasts only 186 days, but during this time he managed to commit a lot of evil for Russia, leaving memory in history about himself, as a unwell man.

For history, the path to power of Peter is interesting. He was the grandson of Peter the Great and nephew of Empress Elizabeth. In 1742, Elizabeth called Peter his heir, who after her death would lead Russia. Young Peter was engaged to the German princess of Sofia Church, who, after baptism, received the name of Catherine. As soon as Peter became an adult, a wedding was played. After that, Elizabeth was disappointed in the nephew. He, loving his wife, almost all the time spent with her in Germany. He was increasingly soaked in German character and love for everything German. Peter Fedorovich literally guarded the German king, his wife's father. In such conditions, Elizabeth perfectly understood that Peter would be a bad emperor for Russia. In 1754, Peter and Catherine had a son who was called Paul. Elizabeth Petrovna in infancy demanded Paul to himself and personally engaged in his upbringing. She instigated the child's love for Russia and prepared him to the Board great country. Unfortunately, in December 1761, Elizabeth died to the Russian throne, according to the will, Emperor Peter 3 was planted, was planted .

At this time, Russia was spent in a seven-year war. The Russians fought with the Germans, in front of which Peter wondered. By the time of his arrival, Russia literally destroyed german army. Prussian king was in panic, he tried several times to run abroad, and his attempts were known to renounce power. The Russian army by this time almost completely occupied the territory of Prussia. The German king was ready to sign the world, and it was ready to do this on any conditions, just to preserve at least partially its country. At this time, Emperor Peter 3 Fedorovich betrayed the interests of his country. As mentioned above, Peter leaned over the Germans, and adored the German king. As a result, the Russian emperor signed not a pact of the surrender of Prussia, and not even a peace treaty, but concluded with the Germans to the Germans. Russia did not receive anything for the seven-year-old war won.

The signing of a shameful union with the Germans served with the emperor, the evil joke. He saved Prussia (Germany), but at the cost of his life. Returning from the German hike, russian army Announced. Seven years they fought for the interests of Russia, but the country did not acquire anything because of the actions of Peter Fedorovich. The same moods shared the people. The emperor was not otherwise called, as "insignificant of people" and the "hatering Russian people." On June 28, 1762, Emperor Peter 3 Fedorovich was overthrown from the throne and arrested. After one week, a certain Orlov A.G. In the heat of drunk fight killed Peter.

Preserved in the history of Russia and bright pages of this period. Peter tried to bring order in the country, cared for monasteries and temples. But it is not capable of overlapping the betrayal of the emperor, for which he paid life.

Having married the duke of the Holstein Karl Friedrich, the daughter of Anna Petrovna lost the right to the Russian throne. Her son, who was confronted at birth, Karl-Peter Ulrich was lucky - he, however, on a completely short time, became the Russian emperor under the name Peter III (02.02.1728-06.07.1762). A spouse who overthrown him in 1762, an impostor on the Russian throne - Catherine II, did everything to introduce her husband to a man not far away and small, in many ways his memory was in many ways.

Biography Peter III

The boy quickly lost both parents: Mother died at childbirth, father - when the child was only 11 years old. With the educators, he did not find a common language and did not receive systematic education either. Despite high originThe future Russian emperor was subjected to brutal corporal punishments, which, largely, formed his character in which good nature and softness alternated with the attacks of anger. He was fond of the game on the violin and reached almost perfection performed. In 1742, Empress Elizaveta Petrovna remembered the nephew, ordered him to bring him to Russia. Soon after arrival, he was proclaimed the heir to the throne. Elizabeth, the young man was obliged to the transition to the Orthodox faith under the name of Peter Fedorovich. Soon he was married to the princess of Sofia August-Frederic Angelt Church. So there were future rulers of Russia - Peter III and Ekaterina II. Marriage cannot be called successful, each in him was in itself. Moreover, Peter was deliberately cold with his wife, and she, in turn, was looking for consolation in the arms of other cavaliers. No wonder so stubbornly holds in the domestic historiography, the version of the future of Emperor Paul I was not at all Peter III, but Count Alexey Saltykov, one of the many lovers of Catherine. However, a fairly simple look at the portraits of both so that you can easily find direct relationship, not to mention similar features of the character. Peter became the emperor after the death of Elizabeth Petrovna. His short board left a dual impression from contemporaries and ambiguous memory at the descendants. Peter a lot, if not everyone did contrary to the memory of the late empress. For too long, his pride and power were infringed, and now they are no longer anywhere held back. Ultimately, Peter restored the guard against himself, which turned out to be death like literally. The overthrown emperor was taken to the hunting house in Ropsch, where they kept under guard. There he was, most likely, killed during dinner one of the Orlich brothers.

Internal Policy Peter III

Six months - smoothly so much was released by Peter to implement their own intentions. However, it is very difficult to say that he had some kind of definite program to reorganize Russia. Emperor Richoradilo and threw out of extremes to extremes. Among the most significant events of that time, we can distinguish the casualties to the nobility through the highest manifesto, the weakening of church land tenure, the termination of the persecution for faith (especially this was touched by the Old Believers), as well as the elimination of the hated by many of the secret office. At the same time, Peter began to rebuild the army to the Prussian manner, as it became, ultimately, the fatal step for him.

Foreign Policy Peter III

If you call internal politician Peter consistent, as noted above, difficult, then external, on the contrary, was quite defined. All the successes of Russia in the seven-year war with Prussia were, in fact, were negotiated by the Union with the Prussian Emperor Friedrich, Kumir Peter still from his youth.

• The body of the emperor was originally buried in the Alexander Nevsky Lavra, but the son of Peter, who came to power in 1796, Emperor Paul I ordered so that the remains of both parents were resting together, in the Petropavlovsky Cathedral. To accompany the coffin of Poor's parent, in retaliation, ordered one of the alleged killers - Count Alexei Orlov.
• The people did not have time to love, not to wave Peter III, unlike the guard.
• Some refused to consider it killed, and on this wave of sentiment was again revived such a phenomenon as impostimy. The most famous impostor, who took the name of Peter III, of course, became the Yaitsky Cossack Emelyan Pugachev.