Who was part of the Russian Empire. Russian empire

Together with the collapse of the Russian Empire, the majority of the population preferred to create independent national states. Many of them were not destined to remain sovereign, and they became part of the USSR. Others were included in the Soviet state later. And what was Russian empire at the beginning XX century?

By the end of the XIX century, the territory of the Russian Empire - 22.4 million km 2. According to the census of 1897, the population was 128.2 million people, including the population of European Russia - 93.4 million people; Polish kingdom - 9.5 million, - 2.6 million, Caucasian Territory - 9.3 million, Siberia - 5.8 million, Central Asia - 7.7 million people. There were over 100 peoples; 57% of the population were non-Russian peoples. The territory of the Russian Empire in 1914 was divided into 81 provisions and 20 regions; There have been 931 city. Part of the provinces and regions was combined in Governor-General (Warsaw, Irkutsk, Kiev, Moscow, Pria Amur, Steppe, Turkestan and Finland).

By 1914, the length of the territory of the Russian Empire was from north to south 4383.2 versts (4675.9 km) and from East to West - 10,060 versts (10,732.3 km). The total length of the land and sea borders is 64,909,5,5 versets (69 245 km), of which 18,639,5 versts accounted for land borders (19,941.5 km), and the share of sea - about 46,270 versts (49 360 , 4 km).

The entire population was considered submitted by the Russian Empire, the male population (from 20 years) swore to the loyalty to the emperor. The subjects of the Russian Empire were divided into four estates ("states"): nobility, clergy, urban and rural ordinary people. The local population of Kazakhstan, Siberia and a number of other districts allocated in an independent "state" (foreigners). The coat of arms of the Russian Empire was a double-headed eagle with royal regalia; the state flag - a cloth with white, blue and red horizontal stripes; State anthem - "God, Tsar Grant." National language - Russian.

In administratively, the Russian empire by 1914 was divided into 78 provinces, 21 and 2 independent districts. The province and region were divided into 777 counties and districts and in Finland - by 51 arrival. The counties, districts and parishes, in turn, were divided into mills, departments and plots (only 2523), as well as 274 Lensmanhood in Finland.

The territory (metropolitan and border) important in the military-political plan were combined into governments and Governor-General. Some cities were highlighted in special administrative units - Graduality.

Even before the transformation of the Grand District of Moscow to the Russian kingdom in 1547, at the beginning of the XVI century, the Russian expansion began to go beyond its ethnic territory and began to choose the following territories (the table does not indicate land lost before the beginning of the 19th century):

Territory	Date of accession to the Russian Empire	Facts
Western Armenia (Small Asia)		Territory gave way in 1917-1918
Eastern Galicia, Bukovina (Eastern Europe)		In 1915, in 1916 was partially disgusting, in 1917 lost
Uryanhai edge (South Siberia)		Currently as part of the republic
Land Franz-Joseph, Earth Emperor Nicholas II, Novosibirsk Islands (Arctic)		Archipelago of the Northern Ocean, enshrined as the territory of Russia, a note of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Northern Iran (Middle East)		Lost as a result of revolutionary events and Civil War in Russia. Currently belongs to the state Iran
Concession in Tianjin		Lost in 1920. Currently, the city of central subordination of the PRC
Kwantu Peninsula (Far East)		Lost as a result of defeat in the Russian-Japanese war of 1904-1905. Currently, Liaoning Province, PRC
Badakhshan (Central Asia)		Currently, the Mining Badakhshanskaya JSC Tajikistan
Concession in Hankou (Wuhan, East Asia)		Currently, Hubei Province, PRC
CUSPIAN OBJECT (Central Asia)		Currently owned by Turkmenistan
Adjara and Karsian-Childyr Sanjaki (Transcaucasia)		In 1921, Turkey is inflamed. Currently, the Ajara JSC of Georgia; Ils Kars and Ardachan in Turkey
Bayazet (Dogubayazitsky) Sanjak (Transcaucasia)		In the same, 1878, year of Turkey on the results of the Berlin Congress
Principality Bulgaria, Eastern Rumelia, Adrianopol Sanjak (Balkans)		Aboved by the results of the Berlin Congress in 1879. Currently, Bulgaria, the Marmara region of Turkey
Kokand Khanya (Central Asia)		Currently Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan
Khiva (Khorezm) Khanate (Central Asia)		Currently Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan
including Aland Islands		Currently, Finland, Republic of Karelia, Murmansk, Leningrad Region
Tarnopol district of Austria (Eastern Europe)		Currently, the Ternopil region of Ukraine
Belostoksky District of Prussia (Eastern Europe)		Currently Podlaska Voivodeship Poland
Ganja (1804), Karabakh (1805), Shekijskoe (1805), Shirvan (1805), Baku (1806), Cuban (1806), Derbent (1806), Northern Talyshsky (1809) Khanate (Transcaucasia)		Vassal Khanate to Persia, capture and voluntary entry. Fixed in 1813 by a permium agreement on the results of the war. Limited autonomy until the 1840s. Currently Azerbaijan, Nagorno-Karabakh Republic
Imereti Kingdom (1810), Megrelskoye (1803) and Guriy (1804) Principalities (Transcaucasia)		The Kingdom and Principality of Western Georgia (since 1774 independent of Turkey). Protectors and voluntary entries. Fixed in 1812 by the Treaty with Turkey and in 1813 a contract with percia. Self-management until the end of the 1860s. Currently, Georgia, the edges of the self-top Svaneti, Guria, Imeretiya, Samtskha-Javakhetia
Minsk, Kiev, Bratzlawskoe, Eastern parts of Vilensky, Novogrudsky, Bereshesky, Volyn and Podolsky Voivodes Commonwealth (Eastern Europe)		Currently, Vitebskaya, Minsk, Gomel region of Belarus; Rivne, Khmelnitskaya, Zhytomyr, Vinnitsa, Kiev, Cherkasy, Kirovograd region of Ukraine
Crimea, Bidan, Jambilailuk, Eddushil, Small Nogai Horde (Kuban, Taman) (Northern Black Sea)		Khanate (since 1772 independent of Turkey) and nomadic nogai tribal unions. Annexia, enshrined in 1792 under the contract as a result of war. Currently Rostov region, Krasnodar Territory, Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol; Zaporizhia, Kherson, Nikolaevskaya, Odessa region of Ukraine
Kuril Islands (Far East)		Tribal unions of Ainov, bringing to Russian citizenship, finally by 1782. Under the contract of 1855, the South Kuriles in Japan, under the contract of 1875 - all islands. Currently, North-Kuril, Kuril and South Kurilsky District District of the Sakhalin Region
Chukotka (Far East)		Currently, the Chukchi Autonomous District
Tarkovskoe Shamkhallope (North Caucasus)		Currently, the Republic of Dagestan
Ossetia (Caucasus)		Currently, the Republic of North Ossetia - Alanya, Republic of South Ossetia
Large and small cabarda		Principality. In 1552-1570, the military union with the Russian state, in the future vassals of Turkey. In 1739-1774 under the contract - the buffer principality. Since 1774 in Russian citizenship. Currently, Stavropol Territory, Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, Chechen Republic
Inflatable, Mstislavsky, large parts of Polotsk, Vitebsk Voivodes Commonwealth (Eastern Europe)		Currently, Vitebskaya, Mogilyovskaya, Gomel region of Belarus, Daugavpils region of Latvia, Pskov, Smolensk region of Russia
Kerch, Yenikale, Kinburn (Northern Black Sea)		Fortresses, from the Crimean Khanate under the contract. They were recognized as Turkey in 1774 under the contract as a result of the war. Crimean Khanate received independence from the Ottoman Empire under the patronage of Russia. Currently urban district Kerch Republic of Crimea of \u200b\u200bRussia, Ochakovsky district of the Hyolaev region of Ukraine
Ingushetia (North Caucasus)		Currently, the Republic of Ingushetia
Altai (South Siberia)		Currently, Altai Territory, Altai Republic, Novosibirsk, Kemerovo, Tomsk regions of Russia, East Kazakhstan region of Kazakhstan
Kymenigord and Neuchlotsky Len - Neuxlot, Wilmanstrand and Friedrichsgam (Baltic)		Flax, from Sweden under a contract as a result of war. From 1809 in the Russian Great Principality of Finland. Currently, the Leningrad Region of Russia, Finland (South Karelia region)
Junior Zhuz (Central Asia)		Currently, the West Kazakhstan region of Kazakhstan
(Kyrgyz Earth and others) (South Siberia)		Currently, the Republic of Khakassia
New Earth, Taimyr, Kamchatka, Commander Islands (Arctic, Far East)		Currently, Arkhangelsk Region, Kamchatsky, Krasnoyarsk Territory

IN early XIX. in. There was an official consolidation of the borders of Russian possessions in North America And in the north of Europe. St. Petersburg Conventions of 1824, borders were identified with American () and English possessions. Americans pledged not to settle north of 54 ° 40 "s. Sh. On the coast, and the Russians - south. The border of Russian and British possessions passed along the shore from 54 ° C. sh. Up to 60 ° C. sh. At a distance of 10 miles from the ocean edge , given all the bends of the coast. The St. Petersburg Russian-Swedish Convention of 1826 was established by the Russian-Norwegian border.

Academic expeditions V. M. Sezhgin and A. I. Sheremer in 1802-1804. To the North-West of Russia, Belarus, Baltic States and were devoted mainly to mineralogical research.

The period of geographical discoveries in the cured European part of Russia ended. In the XIX century Expeditionary research and their scientific generalization were mainly thematic. Of these, it is possible to call the zoning (mainly agricultural) of European Russia for eight latitudinal bands proposed by E. F. Kankrin in 1834; Botaniko-geographical zoning of European Russia R. E. Trautfetter (1851); studies of the natural conditions of the Caspian seas, the state of fisheries and other fields there (1851-1857), conducted by K. M. Barom; Labor N. A. (1855) on the animal world of the Voronezh province, in which he showed deep links between the animal world and physico-geographical conditions, and also established the patterns of distribution of forests and steppes due to the nature of the relief and soil; Classic soil studies V. V. In the zone started in 1877; A special expedition under the leadership of V. V. Dokuchaev, organized by the Forest Department for the comprehensive study of the nature of the steppes and finding ways to combat. In this expedition, the stationary research method was first applied.

Caucasus

Accession to Russia of the Caucasus caused the need to study new Russian lands, the study of which was weak. In 1829, the Caucasian Expedition of the Academy of Sciences under the leadership of A. Ya. Kravel and E. X. Lenza examined the rocky ridge in the system of the Big Caucasus, determined the exact heights of many mountain peaks of the Caucasus. In 1844-1865 The natural conditions of the Caucasus studied G. V. Abih. They were studied in detail by the orography and geology of Bolshoi, Dagestan, Kolkhi lowland, made up the first general orographic scheme of the Caucasus.

Ural

The work that developed a geographical view of the Urals includes a description of the Middle and Southern Urals, made in 1825-1836. A. Ya. Kupev, E. K. Gofman, G. P. Gel Messen; Publication of the "Natural History of the Orenburg Territory" E. A. Eversman (1840), in which the comprehensive characteristic of the nature of this territory is given with a well-founded natural division; Expedition Russian geographical society On the North and Polar Urals (E. K. Gofman, V. G. Bragin), during which the vertex of Konstantinov Stone was opened, open and explored by the Pai-Hoi Ridge, was composed of an inventory that served as the basis for the compilation of the map of the study part of the Urals. A prominent event was a trip in 1829. An outstanding German natural scientist A. Humboldt to the Urals, Rudny Altai and to the banks of the Caspian Sea.

Siberia

In the XIX century Siberia's research continued, many areas of which were studied very weakly. In Altai in the 1st half of the century, the origins of p were opened. Katuna, studied (1825-1836, A. A. Bung, F. V. Goebler), Rivers Chulyshman and Abakan (1840-1845, P. A. Chihachyov). During travel, P. A. Chihachev, physico-geographical and geological studies were performed.

In 1843-1844 A. F. Middendorf assembled extensive material on the oriental, geology, climate, and the organic world of Eastern Siberia and the Far East, for the first time information about the nature of the Taimyr, the Range was obtained. According to the materials of the trip, A. F. Middendorf wrote in 1860-1878. Posted by "Travel to North and East Siberia" - one of the best samples of systematic reports on the nature of the territories studied. This product is given the characteristics of all major natural components, as well as the population, the features of the relief of medium Siberia, the originality of its climate, are presented, the results of the first scientific study of permafrost, the zogeographic division of Siberia is given.

In 1853-1855 R. K. Maak and A. K. Sondagagen examined the geology and life of the population of the Centraliakuta Plain, the Midnishness Plateau, Vilyuy Plateau, spent the shooting of the river.

In 1855-1862 The Siberian Expedition of the Russian Geographical Society produced in the south of Eastern Siberia and to topographic shooting, astronomical definitions, geological and other studies.

A large amount of research was carried out in the second half of the century in the mountains of the south of Eastern Siberia. In 1858, Geographical studies in Sayanov spent L. E. Schwartz. During them, the topograph of the feces carried out topographic surveillance. In 1863-1866 Research in Eastern Siberia and in the Far East conducted P. A. Kropotkin, paying special attention to the relief and. They were investigated by the Oka, Cupid, Ussuri, the ridges, the Patomic Highlands was found. Ridge Hamar-Daban, coast, Priangarya, Selenga pool, explored A. L. Chekanovsky (1869-1875), I. D. Khsky (1872-1882). In addition, A. L. Chekanovsky explored the basins of the River River Lower Tunguska and Olenek, and I. D. Chersky - the drill of the Lower Tunguska. Geographical, geological and botanical examination of Eastern Sayan spent during the Sayan Expedition N. P. Bobyr, L. A. Yachevsky, Ya. P. Posin. The study of Sayan in 1903 continued V. L. Popov. In 1910, in 1910, a geographical study of the boundary strip between Russia and China from Altai to Kyakhta was held.

In 1891-1892 During his last expedition, I. D. Khsky explored, Nevsky Plateau, discovered three high mountain chains of TAS-Kystabit, Ulahan-Chistai and Tomushai behind the Verkhoyansky ridge.

Far East

The studies of Sakhalin, the Kuril Islands and the seas adjacent to them continued. In 1805, I. F. Kruzenshtern explored the eastern and northern shores of Sakhalin and the Northern Kuril Islands, and in 1811. V. M. Golovin made an inventory of the middle and southern part of the Kuril ridge. In 1849, G. I. Nevelsky confirmed and proved the shipping of the mouth of the Amur for large vessels. In 1850-1853 G. I. Nevelsky et al. Research, Sakhalin, adjacent parts of the mainland were continued. In 1860-1867 Sakhalin investigated F. B., P.P. Glen, G.V. Shebunin. In 1852-1853 N. Boschnyakov studied and described pools Amgun Rivers and Tim, Lake Everon and Chukchagir, Bureinsky Ridge, Haji Bay (Soviet harbor).

In 1842-1845 A. F. Middendorf and V. V. Vaganov were investigated by Shartar Islands.

In the 50-60s. XIX century The coastal parts of Primorye: in 1853-1855. I. S. Unkovsky Open the bays of the post and Olga; In 1860-1867 V. Babkin held a shot of the northern coast of the Japanese Sea and Petra Great Bay. Nizhny Amur and North Sikhote-Alin were studied in 1850-1853. G. I. Nevelsky, N. K. Boshnyak, D. I. Orlov, etc.; In 1860-1867 - A. Budishchev. In 1858, M. Venyukov was investigated by the Ussuri River. In 1863-1866 And Ussuri studied P.A. Kropotkin. In 1867-1869. A large journey through the Ussuri region performed. They held comprehensive studies of the nature of the basins of the Ussuri rivers and Sucean, the Sikhote-Alin Ridge was crossed.

middle Asia

As individual parts and Central Asia are attached to the Russian Empire, and sometimes preceding it, Russian geographers, biologists and other scientists investigated and studied their nature. In 1820-1836 The organic world of Murgjar, General Syrte and Plateau Ustyurt investigated E. A. Eversman. In 1825-1836 The description of the eastern shore of the Caspian Sea, the ridges of Mangystau and Bolshaya Balkhan, Krasnovodsky Plateau G. S. Karelin and I. Blamberg. In 1837-1842 A. I. Schrenk studied East Kazakhstan.

In 1840-1845 Balkhash-Alakolskaya Basil was opened (A. I. Schrenk, T.F. Nifanthev). From 1852 to 1863 T.F. Nifanthev conducted the first shooting lakes, Zaisan. In 1848-1849. A. I. Butakov was held first shooting, a number of islands were opened, Chernyshev Bay.

Valuable scientific resultsEspecially in the field of biogeography, the Expedition of 1857. IG Borshov and N. A. Seversow in Mourgas, the Embuba River pool and the sands of large badgers. In 1865, IG Borschov continued to research on vegetation and the natural conditions of the Aralo-Caspian Territory. The steppes and deserts are considered as natural geographical complexes and analyzed mutual relations between relief, moisturizing, soils and vegetation.

From the 1840s. Studies of highland Central Asia began. In 1840-1845 A. A. Lehman and Ya.P. Yakovlev opened Turkestan and Zeravshansky ridges. In 1856-1857 P. P. Semenov laid the beginning of the scientific study of Tien Shan. The heyday of studies in the mountains of Central Asia is for the period of the expedition leadership of P. P. Semenova (Semenova-Tyan-Shanska). In 1860-1867 N. A. Severstech explored the ridges Kyrgyz and Karatau, opened the Kagegantau ridges, Pskemsky and Keshaal-LLP on, in 1868-1871. A.P. Fedchenko explored Tien Shan, Kuhistan, Alai and Zalai ridges. N. A. Severrtov, A. I. Skassi, Rushansky Ridge and Glacier Fedchenko (1877-1879) were opened. The studies conducted allowed to highlight the Pamir in a separate mining system.

Studies in the desert areas of Central Asia were carried out by N. A. Severstov (1866-1868) and A. P. Fedchenko in 1868-1871. (Kyzylkum desert), V. A. Obruchev in 1886-1888. (Karakuma Desert and the ancient Uzboy Valley).

Complex studies of the Aral Sea in 1899-1902. conducted.

North and Arctic

At the beginning of the XIX century. The opening of the Novosibirsk Islands ended. In 1800-1806 Ya. Sannikov was held by the Islands of the Publish Islands, Faddeevsky, New Siberia. In 1808, Belkov opened the island, who received the name of his opener - Belkovsky. In 1809-1811. At visited the expedition M. M. Gedenshtroma. In 1815, M. Lyakhov were found Islands Vasilyevsky and Semenovsky. In 1821-1823 P. F. Anju and P.I. Instrumental studies that ended with the preparation of an accurate map of the Novosibirsk Islands were carried out and described the Islands of Semyanovsky, Vasilyevsky, the column, the coast between the mouths of the Indigirk and Olekeuk rivers, the East Siberian Walnings was opened.

In 1820-1824 F. P. Wegel in very heavy natural conditions A trip to the north of Siberia and the Northern Arctic Ocean was made, and the coast was investigated and described by the coast from the mouth of the Indigirka to the Kolyucian lip (Chukotka Peninsula), existence was predicted.

Studies were conducted in Russian possessions in North America: in 1816 O. E. Kotzebu opened a large bay in the western coast of Alaska in the Chukchi Sea, called him named. In 1818-1819. The east coast of Bering Sea was investigated by P.G. Korsakovsky and P.A. Ustyugov, Delta Alaska was opened - Yukon. In 1835-1838 The lower and secondary flow of Yukon was investigated by A. Glazunov and V.I. Malakhov, and in 1842-1843 - Russian sea officer L. A. Zagoskin. They also described the internal areas of Alaska. In 1829-1835 The coast of Alaska was investigated by F. P. Vrangel and D.F. Source. In 1838 A.F. Kashevarov described the north-west coast of Alaska, and P. F. Kolmakov opened the Innoko River and Ridge Qusokokuch (Kuskokvim). In 1835-1841. D.F. Source and P. Mightkov completed the opening of the Alexander archipelago.

The archipelago was intensively studied. In 1821-1824. F. P. Litke at Brig "New Earth" explored, described and amounted to the western coast map of the new land. Attempts to make an inventory and put on the map The eastern coast of the new land was not crowned with success. In 1832-1833 The first invention of the entire east coast of the Southern Island of the New Earth did P. K. Pakhtusov. In 1834-1835 P. K. Pakhtusov and in 1837-1838. A. K. Tsivolka and S. A. Moiseev was described the eastern coast of the North Island to 74.5 ° C. Sh., describes in detail the sheds of the Motokkin Ball, opened the island of Pakhtusov. The description of the northern part of the new land was made only in 1907-1911. V. A. Rusanov. Expeditions under the leadership of I. N. Ivanova in 1826-1829. It was possible to make an opis from the southwestern part of the Kara Sea from the nose to the mouth of Ob. The studies have made it possible to start learning vegetation, animal peace and geological structure New Earth (K. M. B., 1837). In 1834-1839, especially during a major expedition in 1837, A. I. Schrenk was investigated by the Chysheska lip, the coast of the Kara Sea, the Timan ridge, the island, the Ridge of Pai-Hoi, Polar Urals. Studies of this area in 1840-1845 She continued A. A. Kayserling, who spent shooting, examined Timan ridge and Pecore lowland. Integrated studies of the nature of the Peninsula Taimyr, North-Siberian lowland spent in 1842-1845. A. F. Middendorf. In 1847-1850. The Russian geographic society was organized by an expedition to the North and Polar Urals, during which the Pai-Hoy Ridge was found.

In 1867, the island of Wrangel was opened, Opishen South Coast, which made the captain of the American whaling ship T. Long. In 1881, the American researcher R. Berry describes the eastern, Western and most of the northern shores of the island, the internal areas of the island were examined for the first time.

In 1901, I visited the Russian icebreaker "", under the team S. O. Makarov. In 1913-1914. On the archipelago, the Russian expedition under the leadership of G. Ya. Sedov. At the same time, a group of participants of the fraud of the expedition of the expedition G. L. Brousilov on the vessel "was visited here. Anna ", headed by the navigator V. I. Albanov. Despite the difficult conditions when all the energy was aimed at the preservation of life, V. I. Albanov proved that the Land of St. Petersburg and the land of the Oscar king do not exist on the map of Y. Payer.

In 1878-1879. For two navigating the Russian-Swedish expedition under the leadership of Swedish scientist N. A. E. On a small sailing and vapor "Vega" was first passed from the west to the East of the Northern Sea Path. This was proved the possibility of navigating along the entire Eurasian Arctic coast.

In 1913, the Hydrographic Expedition of the Northern under the leadership of B. A. Vilkitsky on the icebreaking pares of "Taimyr" and "Vaigach", exploring the possibilities of passing through to the north of Taimyr, met solid ice And follows along their edge to the north, opened the islands, the land of Emperor Nikolai II (now - Northern Earth), approximately applying its eastern on the map, and next year - the southern shores, as well as Zesarevich Island (now -). Western and northern coast remained completely unknown.

Russian Geographical Society

Russian Geographical Society (RGO) established in 1845, (from 1850 - the Imperial Russian Geographical Society - IRGO) belongs to great merits in the development of domestic cartography.

In 1881, the American polar explorer J. De Long North-east of the island of New Siberia is the islands of Jeannetta, Henrietta and Bennett. This group of the islands was named after his discovere room. In 1885-1886 The study of the Arctic coast between the rivers of Lena and Kolyma and Novosibirsk islands was carried out by A. A. Bungj and E. V. Tol.

Already in early 1852, it issued its first twenty-hyventical (1: 1,050,000) card and the Pai-Hoi coastal ridge, compiled by the materials of the Ural Expedition of the RGO 1847-1850. On it, for the first time with great accuracy and details were also depicted on the coastline of Pai-Hoy.

The geographical society also published 40-versa cards of the river regions of Amur, southern Lena and Yenisei and about. Sakhalin on 7 sheets (1891).

Sixteen large expeditions of the IRGO, who were led by N. M. Przhevalsky, N. Potanin, M. V. Pevtsov, G. Ye. GroMm-Mramijlo, V. I. Roborovsky, P. K. Kozlov and V.A. Obruchev, made a great contribution to the shooting of Central Asia. During these expeditions, 95,73 km were completed (from them over 30,000 km accounted for by N. M. Przhevalsky), 363 astronomical points were determined and the heights of 3533 points were measured. The position of the main mountain ranges and river systems, as well as lake basins of Central Asia, was specified. All this largely contributed to the creation of a modern physical map of Central Asia.

The heyday of the expedition activity of the IRGO is accounted for by 1873-1914, when the Grand Duke Konstantin was standing at the head of the company, and P. P. Semenov-Tian-Shansky was the vice-chairman. During this period, expeditions to Central Asia were organized, and other districts of the country; Created two polar stations. From the mid-1880s. The company's expeditionary activities are increasingly specialized in individual sectors - glaciology, limbies, geophysics, biogeography, etc.

The great contribution of the IRGO has entered the terrain of the country. For the processing of leveling and making a plaster mall, a plaster component of the IRGO was created. In 1874, the IRGO conducted under the leadership of A. A. Tillah Aralo-Caspian Level: from Karatamak (on the North-West Bank of the Aral Sea) through Ustyurt to the Bay of the Dead Cuttuk of the Caspian Sea, and in 1875 and 1877. Siberian Levels: from the village of Zverinogolovskaya in the Orenburg region and to Baikal. The materials of the plaster component were used by A. A. Tillage to compile a "map of European Russia" on the scale of 60 miles in inches (1: 2,520,000), published by the Ministry of Railways in 1889. More than 50 thousand high-altitude stones were used to compile it. obtained as a result of levels. The map made a coup in ideas about the structure of the relief of this territory. It was presented in a new way to the orography of the European part of the country, not changed in the main features and to the present, the Central Russian and Volga hills were first depicted. In 1894, the forest department under the leadership of A. A. Tello with the participation of S. N. and was organized an expedition to study the origins of the main rivers of European Russia, which gave extensive material on relief and hydrography (in particular, on lakes).

The military topographic service conducted, with the active participation of the Imperial Russian Geographic Society, a large number of pioneering reconnaissance filming in the Far East, in Siberia, Kazakhstan and Central Asia, during which many territories map were compiled, which were previously "white spots" on the map.

Mapping the territory in the XIX-early XX centuries.

Topographic geodesic work

In 1801-1804 "His His Majesty Depot Maps" has released the first state multi-sized (on 107 sheets) Map of scale 1: 840 000, which covered almost all European Russia and the name of the "Pillaby Card". The maintenance of its maintenance was mainly put, mainly the materials of the general intelligence.

In 1798-1804 The Russian general headquarters under the leadership of Major General F. F. Steinhel (Stteyingel) with a wide use of Swedish-Finnish topographer officers conducted a large-scale topographic survey of the so-called old Finland, that is, the areas attached to Russia on Nesteadt (1721) and the Aboskom (1743) peace. The shooting materials, preserved in the form of a handwritten four-volume atlas, were widely used in the preparation of various cards at the beginning of the XIX century.

After 1809, the topographic services of Russia and Finland were combined. At the same time, the Russian army received a ready-made educational institution on the preparation of professionals-topographers - a military school, founded in 1779 in the village of Gappanimia. On the basis of this school, March 16, 1812, the Gappanham Topographic Corps was established, which became the first special military topographic-geodesic educational institution in the Russian Empire.

In 1815, the rows of the Russian army were supplemented by the instruments-topographers of the general apartment of the Polish troops.

From 1819, topographic surveys started in Russia, 1:21,000, based on triangulation and carried out mainly with the help of Menzula. In 1844, they were replaced by shooting on a scale of 1:42,000.

On January 28, 1822, the corpus of military topographers was established at the main headquarters of the Russian Army and the Military Topographic Depot. State topographical mapping has become one of the main tasks of military topographers. The first director of the host of military topographers was appointed a wonderful Russian geodesist and cartographer F. F. Schubert.

In 1816-1852 In Russia, the largest triangulation works were held for that time, stretching at 25 ° 20 "in meridian (together with the Scandinavian triangulation).

Under the leadership of F. F. Schubert and K. I. Tenner began intensive instrumental and semi-drug (route) shooting, mainly in the Western and North-Western provinces of European Russia. According to these filming in the 20-30s. XIX century The semitographic (half-spoken) maps of provinces on the scale of 4-5 versts in inches were compiled and engraved.

The military topographic depot began in 1821 to compile the extremely necessary not only military, but also to all civilian agencies of the topographic topographic map of European Russia on the scale of 10 miles in inches (1: 420,000). Special tentels of European Russia is known in literature as a map of Schubert. Work on the creation of a card continued with interruptions until 1839. It was published on 59 sheets and three valves (or half lists).

The large amount of work was carried out by the hull of military topographers in different parts of the country. In 1826-1829. were composed detailed maps Scale 1: 210,000 Baku Provinces, Talysh Khanate, Karabakh province, Tiflis plan, etc.

In 1828-1832 A shot and valahi was drawn, which became a sample of its time, as it was based on a sufficient number of astronomical points. All maps were reduced to Atlas 1:16,000. The total survey area reached 100 thousand square meters. Must.

From the 30s. Geodesic and air-friendly work began. Geodesic items conducted in 1836-1838. The triangulations became the basis for creating accurate topographic maps of Crimea. Geodetic networks developed in Smolensk, Moscow, Mogilev, Tver, Novgorod provinces and in other areas.

In 1833, the head of KW General F. F. Schubert organized an unprecedented chronometric expedition to the Baltic Sea. As a result of the expedition, the longitude of 18 points were identified, which, together with 22 points associated with them trigonometric, gave a reliable justification for the shocks of the coast and Proms of the Baltic Sea.

From 1857 to 1862 Under the guidance and on IRGO funds in the military-topographic depot, work was carried out on the compilation and publication on 12 sheets of the General Map of European Russia and the Caucasian Territory on the scale of 40 miles in inches (1: 1,680,000) with an explanatory note. According to the Council, V. Ya. Struve, the card for the first time in Russia was established in the Gaussian projections, and Pulkovsky was adopted for the initial meridian. In 1868, the card was published, and later she was repeatedly reprinted.

In subsequent years, there were 55 sheets of 55 sheets, twentieth and orographic Sorious Caucasian Cards.

The best cartographic works of the IRGO belongs to the composed of Ya. V. Khanykov "Map of the Aral Sea and Khiva Khanate with their surroundings" (1850). The map was published on french Paris Geographical Society and on the representation of A. Humboldt was awarded the Prussian Order of the Red Eagle of the 2nd degree.

Caucasian military topographic department under the leadership of General I. I. St Bnitsksky conducted reconnaissance in Central Asia on the eastern shores of the Caspian Sea.

In 1867, a cartographic establishment was opened at the military topographic department of the General Staff. Together with an open cartographic institution of A. A. Ilina open in 1859, they were direct predecessors of modern domestic cartographic factories.

Special place among the diverse products of the Caucasian WTO were raised maps. A large embossed card was completed in 1868, and in 1869 was exhibited at the Paris exhibition. This card is made for horizontal distances on a scale of 1: 420,000, and for vertical - 1:84,000.

Caucasian military topographic department under the leadership of I. I. Stbanitsky made up a 20-versatious map of the Customic Territory based on astronomer-geodesic and topographic work.

Work was performed in the topogeodesic preparation of the territories of the Far East. Thus, in 1860, the West Bank of the Japanese Sea determines the situation of eight points, and in 1863 in the Gulf of Peter the Great defined 22 points.

The expansion of the territory of the Russian Empire was reflected on many maps and in atlases issued at this time. This in particular is the "General Map of the Russian Empire and the Kingdom of the Polish and Grand Principality of Finland" from the Geographical Atlas of the Russian Empire, the Kinguchi of the Polish and Grand Principality of Finland "V. P. Pyyschev (St. Petersburg, 1834).

Since 1845, one of the main tasks of the Russian military topographic service becomes the creation of a military topographic card Western Russia On the scale of 3 versts in inches. By 1863, 435 sheets of the military topographic map were published, and by 1917 - 517 sheets. On this map, the relief was transferred by strokes.

In 1848-1866 Under the direction of Lieutenant General A. I. Mende, shooting were held to create topographic flight cards and atlases and descriptions for all provinces of European Russia. During this period, work was performed on an area of \u200b\u200babout 345,000 square meters. Must. Tverskaya, Ryazan, Tambov and Vladimir Province were sangapographed on the scale of one versta in inches (1:42,000), Yaroslavskaya - two versts in inches (1:84,000), Simbirskaya and Nizhny Novgorod - Three versts in inches (1: 126,000) and Penza province - on the scale of eight miles in inches (1: 336,000). According to the results of the shooting, the IRGO published multicolored topographic aircraft atlas of the Tver and Ryazan province (1853-1860) on the scale of 2 versts in inches (1:84,000) and the Tver province map on the scale of 8 miles in inches (1: 336,000).

Shooting Mende had an undoubted impact on further improvement of the methodology of state mapping. In 1872, the military topographic department of the Main Staff was started to update the three-service card, which actually led to the creation of a new standard Russian topographic map of the scale of 2 versts in inches (1:84,000), which was the most important source of information about the locality used in Forces and folk economy up to the 30s. XX century A two-service military topographic map was published for the kingdom of Polish, the parts of the Crimea and the Caucasus, as well as the Baltic States and the districts around Moscow and. It was one of the first Russian topographic maps on which the relief was depicted by horizontals.

In 1869-1885 A detailed topographic shooting of Finland, which was the beginning of the creation of a state topographic map of the scale of one versta in an inches - the highest achievement of pre-revolutionary military topography in Russia. The simulation cards covered the territory of Poland, the Baltic States, Southern Finland, the Crimea, the Caucasus and part of the Southern Russia north of Novocherkassk.

By the 60th year. XIX century Special map of European Russia F. F. Schubert on the scale of 10 miles in inches is strongly outdated. In 1865, the editorial commission appointed a responsible executor of the draft compilation of a special map of European Russia and its editor of the Captain of the General Staff I. A. Strelbitsky, under the leadership of which the final work was carried out and all the guidance documents that determined the methods of drawing up, preparation for the publication and publication of the new cartographic Works. In 1872, the preparation of all 152 sheets of the card was completed. The tentelstka was reprinted repeatedly and partially complemented; In 1903, it consisted of 167 sheets. This card was widely used not only in the military, but also in scientific, practical and cultural purposes.

By the end of the century, the work of the host of military topographers on the creation of new maps to low-talled areas, including the Far East and Manchuria, continued. During this time, several reconnaissance detachments passed more than 12 thousand miles, performing route and eye shooting. According to their results, topographic maps were drawn up on the scale of 2, 3, 5, and 20 miles in inches.

In 1907, a special commission was established in the General Staff to develop a plan for future topogeodesic work in the European and Asian Russia chaired by the chief of the KW General N. D. Artamonov. The new triangulation of grade 1 was decided to develop according to a specific program proposed by General I. I. Pomerantsev. By the implementation of the KW program began in 1910 by 1914, the bulk of the work was performed.

By the beginning of World War II, a large amount of large-scale topographic filming was performed on the territory of Poland completely, in the south of Russia (the triangle Chisinau, Galatz, Odessa), in Petrograd and Vyborg provinces partially; on the top scale in Liminity, Petrograd, Minsk provinces, and in the Transcaucasia partially, on the northeast coast of the Black Sea and in the Crimea; In a double-scale scale - in the north-west of Russia, east of the sections of the selection of the semi-and vests.

The results of topographic filming of previous and pre-war years have made it possible to draw up and publish a large volume of topographic and special military maps: semi-serpent map of the Western Border Space (1:21,000); Metal map of the Western Border Space, Crimea and Transcaucasia (1:42,000); Military topographic two-service card (1:84,000), three-service card (1: 126,000) with relief, pronounced strokes; half-spoke 10-versical map of European Russia (1: 420,000); Military Road 25-Verstal Map of European Russia (1: 1,050,000); 40-Verstual Strategic Map (1: 1,680,000); Caucasus maps and neighboring foreign states.

In addition to the maps of the Military Topographic Department of the General Directorate of the General Staff (HugSh), the Maps of Turkestan, Central Asia and the adjacent states, Western Siberia, the Far East, as well as the Maps of All Asian Russia, prepared.

The housing of military topographers for 96 years of its existence (1822-1918) performed a huge amount of astronomer-geodesic and cartographic work: the geodesic items were determined - 63,736; astronomical points (by latitude and longitude) - 3900; 46 thousand km of leveling strokes were laid; Made instrumental topographic surveys on a survey basis on a different scale on an area of \u200b\u200b7,425,13,29 km2, and semi-tooths and eyeers - on the area of \u200b\u200b506 247 km2. In 1917, 6739 nomenclatures of cards of different scales were on the supply of the Russian army.

In general, by 1917, a huge field filming was obtained, a number of wonderful cartographic works were created, but the topographic shooting of the territory of Russia was uneven, a significant part of the territory remained unexplored in topographic terms.

Research and mapping of seas and oceans

Significant were Russia's achievements in the study and world ocean. One of the important incentives of these studies in the XIX century, as before, served the need to ensure the functioning of Russian overseas possessions in Alaska. For the supply of these colonies, round-the-world expeditions were regularly equipped, which, starting from the first navigation in 1803-1806. On the ships "Hope" and "Neva" under the leadership and Yu. V. Lysyansky, many wonderful geographical discoveries have made and significantly increased the map study of the World Ocean.

In addition to the hydrographic work carried out almost annually off the coast of Russian America, officers of the Russian Navy, participants in the world expeditions, serving a Russian-American company, among which there were such brilliant hydrographs and scientists as F. P. Vrangel, A. K. Etolin and M D.D. Tebenkov, continuously replenished the knowledge of the northern part of the Pacific Ocean and improved the navigation maps of these regions. The contribution of MD Tebenkova, who compiled the detailed "Atlas of North Morapadian coast of America from to Cape Corrientes and Aleutian Islands with the addition of some places of the North General Shore of Asia," published by the St. Petersburg Maritime Academy in 1852

In parallel with the study of the northern part of the Pacific, Russian hydrographs were actively investigated by the coast of the Northern Ocean, contributing, thus, the final design of geographical ideas about the polar regions of Eurasia and laying the foundations of the subsequent development of the Northern sea Path. So, most of the coast and the islands of the Barents and the Kara Sea were described and sangapographed in the 20-30s. XIX century Expeditions F. P. Litka, P. K. Pakhtusov, K. M. Bair and A. K. Tsivolki, who laid the foundations of the physico-geographical study of these seas and the archipelago New Earth. To solve the problem of the development of transport links of European Pomerania with, expeditions were equipped for the hydrographic inventory of the coast from the nose canine to the mouth of the Obi River, the most effective of which were Pechora Expedition I. N. Ivanova (1824) and Opve I. N. Ivanova and I. A. Geese (1826-1828). Maps compiled by them had a solid astronomer-geodesic rationale. Studies of sea coasts and islands in the north of Siberia at the beginning of the XIX century. They were largely stimulated by the discoveries of Russian arelands in the Novosibirsk archipelago, as well as the search for mysterious northern land ("Land Sannikov"), the islands of the north of the mouth of Kolyma ("Land Andreeva") and others. In 1808-1810. During the expedition under the leadership of M. M. Gedenshtroma and P. Pshetitsyn, who examined the island of New Siberia, Faddeevsky, Boiler and the shed between the latter, was first created a map of the Novosibirsk archipelago as a whole, as well as mainland sea coasts between the mouths of the Yana rivers and Kolyma. For the first time a detailed geographical description of the islands was performed. In the 20s On the same areas were equipped with Yanskaya (1820-1824) under the leadership of P. F. Anju and Kolyma (1821-1824) - under the leadership of F. P. Wrangel - expeditions. These expeditions were performed on an extended scale of the program of work of the Expedition M. M. Gedenshtrom. They had to shoot shores from the Lena River to Bering Strait. The main merit of the expedition was to compile a more accurate card of the entire mainland coast of the Arctic Ocean from the River Oleon to the Kolyucian lip, as well as the Maps of the Novosibirsk, Lyakhov and Bear Islands. In the eastern part of the Wrangel card, it was marked according to the local residents, the island with the inscription "Mountains are seen from the cape of Yakan in the summer." This island also depicted on maps in Atlasa I. F. Kruzenshtern (1826) and G. A. Sarycheva (1826). In 1867, he was opened by the American navigator T. Long and to commemorate the merit of a wonderful Russian polar researcher named Wrangel. The results of the expeditions P. F. Anju and F. P. Vrangel were summarized in 26 handwritten cards and plans, as well as in scientific reports and works.

Not only scientific, but also huge geopolitical importance for Russia had held in the middle of the XIX century. G. I. Nevelsky and his followers intensive maritime expeditionary studies in Okhotsk and. Although the island position of Sakhalin was known to Russian cartographs from the very early XVIII In., which was reflected in their works, however the problem of accessibility to the mouth of the Amur for maritime courts from the south and north was finally and positively solved only G. I. Nevelsky. This discovery changed with a decisive way changed the attitude of the Russian authorities to Amuria and Primorye, showing the enormous potential capabilities of these richest areas provided, as the studies of G. I. Nevelsky proved, through water communications leading to the Pacific Ocean. These studies themselves were carried out by travelers sometimes at their own fear and risk in confrontation with official government circles. Wonderful expeditions G. I. Nevelsky prepared the ground to return Russia to the Amur region under the conditions of the Aigong Treaty with China (signed on May 28, 1858) and accession to the Empire of Primorye (under the conditions of the Beijing Treatise between Russia and China, Prisoner 2 (14), 1860 .). The results of geographic research on Amur and Primorye, as well as changes in the borders in the Far East, in accordance with Russia's treaties with China, were mapped to compiled and published as soon as possible the maps of the Amur region and Primorye.

Russian hydrographs in the XIX century. continued active work on the European seas. After the joining of Crimea (1783) and the creation on the Black Sea of \u200b\u200bthe Russian Navy, detailed hydrographic shooting of the Azov and Black Seas began. Already in 1799, navigation atlas I.N. was compiled. Billings on the North Coast, in 1807 - Atlas I. M. Budishcheva on western Black Sea, and in 1817 - "General Map of the Black and Azov Sea". In 1825-1836 Under the leadership of E. P. Manganari on the basis of the triangulation, the topographic survey of the entire Northern and West Sea was carried out, which made it possible to publish in 1841. "Atlas of the Black Sea".

In the XIX century The enhanced study of the Caspian Sea continued. In 1826, according to the materials of the detailed hydrographic work of 1809-1817, the Admiralty-Board Additional Affairs under the leadership of A. E. Kolodkin was published "Complete Atlas of the Caspian Sea", which satisfying the requirements of shipping of that time.

In the following years, Atlas's cards were specified by the expeditions of G. Basargin (1823-1825) on the west coast, N. N. Muravyeva-Kara (1819-1821), G. S. Karelina (1832, 1834, 1836) and others. - On the eastern coast of the Caspian Sea. In 1847, I. I. Zherebtsov was described by the Bay. In 1856, a new hydrographic expedition under the leadership of N.A. was sent to the Caspian Sea. Ivashinzova, which for 15 years held a systematic survey and description, composing several plans and 26 cards that covered almost entirely the coast of the Caspian Sea.

In the XIX century Intensive work continued to improve the maps of the Baltic and White Seas. The outstanding achievement of Russian hydrography was compiled by G. A. Sarychev "Atlas of the entire Baltic Sea ..." (1812). In 1834-1854 Based on the materials of the chronometric expedition, F. F. Schubert was drawn up and maps were drawn up on the entire Russian coast of the Baltic Sea.

Significant changes in the map of the White Sea and the northern coast of the Kola Peninsula were made by hydrographic works F. P. Litke (1821-1824) and M. F. Rainek (1826-1833). According to the materials of the expedition, Reinek in 1833 was published "White Sea Atlas ...", whose maps of navigators were used until the beginning of the 20th century, and the "Hydrographic description of the Northern Coast of Russia", which completed this atlas, can be considered as a sample geographical description coarse. Imperial Academy The sciences honored this work M. F. Rainek in 1851 a complete Demidov Prize.

Thematic mapping

Active development of basic (topographic and hydrographic) cartography in the XIX century. Created the basis necessary for the formation of special (thematic) mapping. Its intensive development refers to the XIX-early XX centuries.

In 1832, a hydrographic Atlas of the Russian Empire was issued to the main management of the routes of communication. It includes general maps of 20 and 10 miles in inches, detailed map of the scale of 2 versts in inches and plans on a scale of 100 inch in inches and larger. Hundreds of plans and maps that contributed to an increase in the cartographic study of the territories along the routes of the respective roads.

Significant cartographic works in the XIX-early XX centuries. The Ministry of Public Protection formed in 1837, in which in 1838 the Civil Topographer's Corps was established, which carries out the mapping of poorly studied and unexplored land.

An important achievement of domestic cartography was published in 1905 (2nd Edition, 1909) "Big World Wall-Top Atlas Marx", which contained over 200 cards and a pointer of 130 thousand geographical names.

Nature mapping

Geological mapping

In the XIX century continued intensive cartographic study mineral resources Russia and their operation, the development of special geological (geological) mapping is obtained. At the beginning of the XIX century. A lot of mountain districts were created, plans of factories, salt and oil crafts, gold deposits, mantomolomen, mineral springs. Especially in detail is reflected in the maps History of intelligence and development of minerals in the Altai and Nerchinsky mountainous districts.

Numerous mineral deposit cards were compiled, plans land plots and forest possessions, factories, mines and fields. As an example of a collection of valuable handwritten geological cards, the Atlas of Salt Fishes, compiled in the Mountain Department, can be called "Mountain Department. The compilation cards relate mainly to the 20-30th. XIX century Many of the cards of this satin are much wider in content than ordinary maps of hydrochlorians, and are, in fact, early samples of geological (petrographic) cards. Thus, among the cards of Vanovica, 1825 there is a petrographic map of the Belostok region, Grodno and part of the Vilen province. The rich geological content also has a "Map of Pskov and part of the Novgorod province: with the testimony of hillock and salt sources opened in 1824 ..."

An extremely rare sample of an early card is a "topographic map of the Crimea Peninsula ..." with the designation of the depth and quality of water in the villages, compiled by A. N. Kozlovsky in 1842. On a cartographic basis, 1817. In addition, on the map shows information about areas of territories, Having a different security of water, as well as a table of the number of villages on the villages in need of watering.

In 1840-1843 English Geologist R. I. Murchison together with A. A. Kayzerling and N. I. Koksharov conducted research, which for the first time gave the scientific picture of the geological structure of European Russia.

In the 50s. XIX century The first geological maps are beginning to be published in Russia. One of the earliest - "Geogenic Map of St. Petersburg province" (S. S. Kufortga, 1852). The results of intensive geological research found an expression in the "Geological Map of European Russia", (A. P. Karpinsky, 1893).

The main task of the Geological Committee was the creation of a 10-versical (1: 420,000) geological map of European Russia, and therefore the systematic study of the relief and the geological structure of the territory in which such prominent geologists, like I. V. Muskketov, A. P. Pavlov et al. By 1917, only 20 sheets of this map were published from those planned 170. Since the 1870s. Geological mapping began some areas of Asian Russia.

In 1895, the "Atlas of Earth Magnetism" was published, compiled by A. A. Tillan.

Forest mapping

One of the earliest handwritten maps of forests is "a map for reviewing the state of forests and forest industry in [European] Russia", compiled in 1840-1841, as established, M. A. Tsvetkov. The Ministry of Public Protection was carried out major work on mapping government forests, forest industry and forest consuming industries, as well as to improve forest accounting and forest cartography. Materials for it were collected by requests through local government departments, as well as other departments. In the final form in 1842 two cards were drawn up; The first of them is a forest map, the other was one of the early samples of soil-climatic cards, on which climatic bands and dominant soils were identified in European Russia. Soil-climatic card has not yet been detected.

Works on the preparation of the Forest Map of European Russia revealed the unsatisfactory condition of the device and mapping and prompted the scientist committee of the Ministry of Public Protection to create a special commission to improve forest mapping and forest accounting. As a result of the work of this commission, detailed instructions and symbols were created for the preparation of forest plans and maps approved by King Nikolai I. Special attention to the Ministry of Public Protection paid the organization of work on the study and mapping of government lands in Siberia, which acquired a particularly wide range after the cancellation of serfdom In Russia in 1861, one of the consequences was the intensive development of the migrating movement.

Soil mapping

In 1838, a systematic study of soils began in Russia. Most handwritten soil cards were compiled mainly on questioned information. A prominent economic and geographer and a climatologist Academician K. S. Veselovsky in 1855 amounted to and published the first consolidated "soil map of European Russia", which shows eight types of soil: black soil, clay, sand, loam and sproughs, calories, tundra , swamps. The works of K. S. Veselovsky on climatology and soils of Russia were the starting point for labor on the soil cartography of the famous Russian geographer and Soilist V. V. Dokuchaev, who proposed for soils, a truly scientific classification, based on the genetic principle, and introduced their integrated study, taking into account factors Soil formation. His book "Cartography of Russian Soils", published by the Department of Agriculture and Rural Industry in 1879 as an explanatory text to the "Soil Map of European Russia", laid the foundations of modern soil science and soil cartography. Since 1882, V. V. Dokuchaev and his followers (N. M. Sibirstev, K. D. Glinka, S. S. Neztruev, L. I. Prasolov, etc.) held soil, and actually complex physical and geographical research in more than 20 provinces. One of the results of these works was the soil maps of the provinces (on a 10-vest scale) and more detailed maps of individual counties. Under the leadership of V. V. Dokuchaeva N. M. Sibirtsev, G. I. Tonfolov, and A. R. Ferchain was drawn up in 1901. "Soil map of European Russia" was published 1: 2,520,000.

Socio-economic mapping

Faculty mapping

The development of capitalism in industry and agriculture caused the need for a deeper study of the national economy. To this end, in the middle of the XIX century. Review economic cards and atlases begin to be published. The first economic cards of individual provinces (St. Petersburg, Moscow, Yaroslavl, etc.) are created. The first economic card published in Russia was "a map of the industry of European Russia with the testimony of factories, factories and fields, administrative places on the manufactory part, the main fairs, water and land messages, ports, lighthouses, customs, the most important marins, quarantines, etc. 1842 .

A significant cartographic work is the "economic statistical atlas of European Russia from 16 cards", compiled and published in 1851 by the Ministry of State Protection, withstood four editions - 1851, 1852, 1857 and 1869. It was the first economic atlas in our country dedicated to agriculture. He included the first thematic maps (soil, climatic, agricultural). In the atlas and his textual part, an attempt was made to summarize the main features and directions of the development of agriculture of Russia 50s. XIX century

Undoubted interest is a handwritten "Statistical Atlas", compiled in the Ministry of Internal Affairs under the leadership of N. A. Milyutin in 1850 atlas consists of 35 maps and cartograms reflecting a wide variety of socio-economic parameters. It seems to be prepared in parallel with the "economic-statistical atlas" of 1851 and gives many new information compared to it.

The major achievement of domestic cartography was the publication in 1872. Compiled in the Central Statistical Committee "Maps of the most important industries of the European Russia" (about 1: 2,500,000). The publication of this work was facilitated by the improvement of the organization of statistical affairs in Russia, related to the formation of the Central Statistical Committee, headed by the famous Russian geographer, Vice-Chairman of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society P. P. Semenov-Tian-Shansky. Materials collected in the eight years of the existence of the Central Statistical Committee, as well as various sources of other departments made it possible to create a map, a multifaceted and reliably characterizing the economy of the Foreform Russia. The map was an excellent reference manual and a valuable material for scientific research. Featuring the completeness of the content, expressiveness and originality of mapping methods, it is a wonderful monument of the history of Russian cartography and historical sourcewho did not lose their meaning up to the present.

The first capital atlas of the industry became the "statistical atlas of the main industries of the factory-factory industry of European Russia" D. A. Timiryazeva (1869-1873). At the same time, the maps of the mining industry (Urals, the Nerchinsky District, etc.) were published, the placement maps of the sugar industry, agriculture, etc., transport and economic card durability of cargo traffic on railroad and waterways.

One of the best works of Russian socio-economic cartography began XX century. It is the "Commerce and Industrial Map of European Russia" V. P. Semenova-Tyan-Shanskaya scale 1: 1,680,000 (1911). This map presented synthesis economic characteristics Sets of centers and areas.

It should be stopped on one outstanding cartographic work created by the Department of Agriculture of the Main Department of Agriculture and Land Management before the First World War. This is the album-atlas "Agricultural fishing in Russia" (1914), representing a set of statistical maps of rural. This album is interesting as the experience of a kind of "cartographic propaganda" of the potential opportunities of the agricultural economy in Russia to attract new investments from abroad.

Mapping of the population

P. I. Keppen organized a systematic collection of statistics on the number, and the ethnographic features of the population of Russia. The result of the works of P. I. Keppen was the "ethnographic map of European Russia" on the scale of 75 versts in inches (1: 3,50,000), withstood three publications (1851, 1853 and 1855). In 1875, a new large ethnographic map of European Russia on a scale of 60 miles in Inch was published (1: 2,520,000), compiled by the famous Russian ethnographer, Lieutenant General A. F. Rittich. At the Paris International Geographic Exhibition, the map received a medal of the 1st class. Ethnographic maps of the Caucasian region of scale 1: 1,080 000 (A. F. Rittych, 1875), Asian Russia (M. I. Veniukov), the kingdom of Polish (1871), Transcaucasia (1895), etc.

Among other thematic cartographic works should be called the first map of European Russia, compiled by N. A. Milyutin (1851), "General Card of the entire Russian Empire with Meaning the degree of population" A. Rakinta scale 1:21 000 000 (1866), which included Alaska.

Complex research and mapping

In 1850-1853 The police department released atlases of St. Petersburg (compiler N.I. Tsylov) and Moscow (compiler A. Khothev).

In 1897, the student of V. V. Dokuchaeva G. I. Tonfolov published a zoning of European Russia, which was first called physico-geographical. In the Twef Filsta scheme, zonality clearly reflected, as well as some significant intrazal differences in natural conditions.

In 1899, the world's first National Atlas of Finland, which was part of the Russian Empire, but had the status of the Autonomous Grand Principality of Finland. In 1910, the second edition of this atlas appeared.

The highest achievement of pre-revolutionary thematic cartography was the capital "Atlas of Asian Russia", published in 1914 by the migration management, with an application of extensive and richly illustrated text in three volumes. The atlas reflects the economic situation and the conditions of agricultural development of the territory for the needs of the migration management. It is interesting to note that this publication first included a thorough review of the history of mapping of Asian Russia, written by a young naval officer, subsequently a famous historian of Martiography L. S. Bagrov. The content of the cards and the accompanying text of the Atlas reflects the results of large labor of various organizations and individual Russian scientists. The atlas for the first time is given an extensive set of economic maps in Asian Russia. The central partition is mapped to the cards different color The general picture of land tenure and land use is shown, in which the results of the ten-year activity of the reimportant management of immigrants are displayed.

A special card is placed on the distribution of the population of Asiatic Russia for religion. Cities are devoted to three cards, on which their humanity, budget growth and debt are displayed. On the cartographers in agriculture, the proprietary weight in the field of different cultures and the relative number of basic types of livestock is shown. On a separate map, mineral deposits are marked. Special atlas maps are devoted to the ways of communication, postal institutions and telegraph lines that have, of course, are extremely unclosed Asian Russia.

So, by the beginning of World War II, Russia has come by cartography, which ensured the demands of the defense, the national economy, the science and education of the country, at the level that the Great Eurasian state of his time that was responsible for its role. The Russian Empire, by the beginning of the First World War, possessed vast territories displayed, in particular on the general map of the state, published by the cartographic institution A. A. Ilina in 1915

The Russian Empire existed from 1721 to 1917. She occupied a huge territory, almost every 36 million square kilometers, from of Eastern Europe And to Asia (inclusive). The empire had the autocratic type of board and the capital in St. Petersburg. The population of the empire was more than 170 million people and included more than a hundred different ethnic groups. The largest of them are Christians, Muslims and Jews.

The Russian empire originated during the reign of Peter the Great (1694-1725) after Russia won in the Great Northern War (1700-1721). In this war, Russia fought against the Swedish and Polish empires.

Most of the population of Russia of that time consisted of serfs. Russian rulers tried to reform the system to refuse slavery, following the example of Western states. This led to the abolition of serfdom in 1861. Cancellation occurred during the reign of Alexander II (1855-1881). The liberation of the peasants did not lead to the improvement of their lives. Disagreements and intrigues in the ruling circles increased and as a result, this led to the fact that King Nicholas II was forced to renounce the throne on March 15, 1917, during.

Absolute domination over their neighbors in Europe and Asia

The Russian offensive in Eastern Prussia and Austria-Hungary was to distract the German troops from the Western Front. During the implementation of this idea, the Russian Empire suffered catastrophic losses and a number of defeats in 1914-1915. The incompetence of military leadership and serious problems inside the country affected. The losses incurred during the war caused mass riots, especially among the proletariat, the peasantry and soldiers.

This led to mass protests in 1916. The split in the government was increased, an opposition progressive block was formed. Regardless of all the government's attempts to maintain order and monarchical system, demonstrators in the capital called for the cancellation of autocrat. It was forced to renounce the throne on March 15, thereby stopped the existence of the Russian Empire. Seven months later, the Bolshevik revolution began and there was a Soviet Union.

The formation of the Russian Empire happened on October 22, 1721 by old style or November 2. It was on this day that the last Russian king Peter 1 Great declared himself the emperor Russian. It happened, as one of the consequences of the Northern War, after which Senate asked Peter 1 to take the title of emperor of the country. The state received the name "Russian Empire". Her capital was the city of St. Petersburg. For all time the capital only for 2 years (from 1728 to 1730) was postponed to Moscow.

Territory of the Russian Empire

Considering the history of Russia, the epoch must remember that at the time of education of the empire to the country, large territories were joined. This became possible due to the successful foreign policy of the country, which Peter led 1. He created new story, the story that returned Russia to the number of world leaders and powers, with the opinion of which it is worth to be considered.

The territory of the Russian Empire was 21.8 million km2. It was the second largest country in the world. In the first place was the British Empire with its numerous colonies. Most of them have saved their status to this day. The first laws of the country shared its territory for 8 provinces, each of which was governed by the governor. He had all the completeness of local authorities, including judicial. In the future, Catherine 2 increased the number of provinces to 50. Of course, it was done not by the accession of new lands, but by crushing. This strongly increased the state apparatus and quickly reduced the efficiency of local government in the country. We will talk about this in more detail in the relevant article. It should be noted that at the time of the collapse of the Russian Empire, its territory numbered 78 provinces. The largest cities of the country were:

1. St. Petersburg.
2. Moscow.
3. Warsaw.
4. Odessa.
5. Lodz.
6. Riga.
7. Kiev.
8. Kharkov.
9. Tiflis.
10. Tashkent.

The history of the Russian Empire is full of both bright and negative moments. In this time segment, which lasted less than two centuries, has invested a huge number of fateful moments in the fate of our country. It was during the period of the Russian Empire that the Patriotic War happened, hiking in the Caucasus, hiking to India, European campaigns. The country has evolved dynamically. Reforms affected absolutely all aspects of life. It was the history of the Russian Empire who presented our country of great commander, whose names are on the lips to this day not only in Russia, but also throughout Europe, - Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov and Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov. These glorified generals forever enlisted their names in the history of our country and covered the eternal glory Russian weapons.

Map

We present the map of the Russian Empire, briefly with the history of which we consider, on which the European part of the country is represented with all the changes that occurred in terms of territories over the years of the state.

Population

By the end of the 18th century, the Russian empire was the largest country in the world in the area. Her scale was such that the messenger sent to the country of death in Ekaterina 2 at all corners of the country, arrived at Kamchatka after 3 months! And this is despite the fact that the messenger rumored almost 200 km daily.

Russia was also the most numerous country in the population. In 1800, about 40 million people lived in the Russian Empire, most of which are in the European part of the country. Behind the Urals lived a little less than 3 million. The national composition of the country was a motley:

• East Slavs. Russians (Velikorsosa), Ukrainians (Malorossy), Belarusians. For a long time, almost until the very end of the empire, it was considered a single people.
• Estonians, Latvians, Latvians and Germans lived in the Baltic States.
• Finno-Ugors (Mordva, Karelia, Udmurts, etc.), Altai (Kalmyki) and Turkic (Bashkirs, Tatars, etc.) Peoples.
• The peoples of Siberia and the Far East (Yakuts, Euren, Buryats, Chukchi, etc.).

In the course of the formation of the country, part of the Kazakhs and Jews, who lived in the territory of Poland, were found to be part of the Kazakhs, who after her decay were departed.

The main estimation in the country was peasants (about 90%). Other class: Mesh "(4%), merchants (1%), and the remaining 5% of the population were distributed between the Cossacks, clergy and nobility. This is the classic structure of agricultural society. And indeed, the main occupation of the Russian Empire was agriculture. It is no coincidence that the fans of the royal regime are so loved today are associated with agriculture (it is about importing grains and butter).

By the end of the 19th century, 128.9 million people lived in Russia, of which 16 million lived in cities, and the rest in the villages.

Political system

The Russian empire was autocracy in the form of his board, where the entire fullness of power focused in her hands 1 person - the emperor, who was often called, on the old manner, king. Peter 1 laid into the laws of Russia it is the limitless power of the monarch, which provided autocracy. Simultaneously with the state, the autocrat actually ruled the church.

An important point - after the reign of Paul 1 autocracy in Russia could not be called absolute. This happened because of the fact that Paul 1 issued a decree, according to which the transmission system of the throne, installed by Peter 1. Peter Alekseevich Romanov, remind, ruled - the ruler himself determines its receiver. Part of the historians today speaks of the negative of this document, but it is precisely the essence of the autocracy - the ruler takes all decisions, including his successor. After Paul 1, the system returned, in which the son inherits the throne behind the father.

Rulers of the country

Below is a list of all rulers of the Russian Empire for the period of its existence (1721-1917).

Rulers of the Russian Empire

Emperor	Years of board
Peter 1	1721-1725
Catherine 1.	1725-1727
Peter 2.	1727-1730
Anna Ioannovna	1730-1740
Ivan 6.	1740-1741
Elizabeth 1.	1741-1762
Peter 3.	1762
Catherine 2.	1762-1796
Paul 1.	1796-1801
Alexander 1.	1801-1825
Nikolay 1.	1825-1855
Alexander 2.	1855-1881
Alexander 3.	1881-1894
Nikolay 2.	1894-1917

All the rulers were from the Romanov dynasty, and after the overthrow of Nikolai 2 and the murder of the Bolsheviks of his own and his family, the dynasty was interrupted, and the Russian empire ceased to exist, having changed the form of statehood on the USSR.

Main dates

During its existence, and this is practically 200 years, the Russian empire has experienced many important points and events that have their influence on the state and the people.

• 1722 - Tabel about ranks
• 1799 - Foreign hikes Suvorov in Italy and Switzerland
• 1809 - Attachment of Finland
• 1812 - Patriotic War
• 1817-1864 - Caucasian War
• 1825 (December 14) - Decembrist uprising
• 1867 - Sale Alaska
• 1881 (March 1) Alexander 2 murder
• 1905 (January 9) - bloody sunday
• 1914-1918 - World War II
• 1917 - February and October Revolution

Completion of the Empire

The history of the Russian Empire broke off on September 1, 1917 on the old style. It was on this day that the republic was proclaimed. It was proclaimed by Kerensky, who did not have the right to this right, so the declaration of Russia can be called illegal. The authority for such a proclamation was only from the Constituent Assembly. The fall of the Russian Empire is closely related to the history of her last emperor, Nicholas 2. This emperor possessed with all the qualities of a worthy person, but had an indecisive character. It is because of this in the country and there were those unrest, which were worth the nicholas herself 2 lives, and the Russian Empire - existence. Nicholas 2 failed to severely stop the revolutionary and terrorist activity of the Bolsheviks in the country. This is true there were objective reasons. The main of which, the First World War, in which the Russian Empire was involved and exhausted in it. The replacement of the Russian Empire came new Type state Device Countries - USSR.

Russian empire - The state that existed from November 1721 to March 1917.

The empire was created after the end of the Northern War with Sweden, when King Peter first proclaim himself with the emperor, and finished his existence after February Revolution 1917 and adding to themselves by the latest emperor Nikolai by the second imperial powers and the renunciation of him from the throne.

The population of a huge power was 178 million people at the beginning of 1917.

The capitals of the Russian Empire had two: from 1721 to 1728 - St. Petersburg, from 1728 to 1730 - Moscow, from 1730 to 1917 - again St. Petersburg.

The Russian empire had extensive territories: from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea in the south, from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the East.

The major cities of the Empire were St. Petersburg, Moscow, Warsaw, Odessa, Lodz, Riga, Kiev, Kharkov, Tiflis (modern Tbilisi), Tashkent, Vilna (modern Vilnius), Saratov, Kazan, Rostov-on-Don, Tula, Astrakhan, Ekaterinoslav (modern Dnepropetrovsk), Baku, Chisinau, Helsingfors (modern Helsinki).

The Russian Empire shared on the province, regions and districts.

As of 1914, the Russian Empire shared on:

a) province - Arkhangelsk, Astrakhan, Bessarabskaya, Vilenskaya, Vitebskaya, Vladimirskaya, Vologda, Volyn, Voronezh, Vyatka, Grodno, Ekaterinoslavskaya, Kazanskaya, Kaluga, Kiev, Kovna, Kostroma, Kurland, Kurskaya, Liflyandskaya, Minsk, Mogilyovskaya, Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Novgorod, Olonetskaya, Orenburg, Orlovskaya, Penza, Perm, Podolskaya, Poltava, Pskov, Ryazan, Samara, St. Petersburg, Saratovskaya, Sybirskaya, Smolensk, Tavricheskaya, Tambov, Tverskaya, Tula, Ufa, Kharkov, Kherson, Kholmskaya, Chernigov, Estland, Yaroslavskaya, Volyn, Podolskaya, Kiev, Vilenskaya, Kovna, Grodno, Minsk, Mogilevskaya, Vitebskaya, Kurlyandskaya, Liflyandskaya, Estland, Warsaw, Kalishovskaya, Kelets, Lublin, Lublin, Petrokovskaya, Plotsky, Radomskaya, Svalkskaya, Baku, Elizavypolskaya (Elisavetpolskaya), Kutaiskaya, Stavropol, Tiflis, Black Sea, Erivan, Yenisei, IRK Utka, Tobolskaya, Tomsk, Abo-Biorneborg, Vazskaya, Vyborg, Kuopioskaya, Nieland (Nyuland), St. Michelskaya, Tavastgskaya (Tavastgusskaya), Uleborg

b) areas - Batuman, Dagestan, Karsian, Kuban, Tereskaya, Amur, Zabaikalskaya, Kamchatka, Primorskaya, Sakhalin, Yakutskaya, Akmolinskaya, Custinian, Samarkand, Semipalatinskaya, Semirechenskaya, Cheese Dariainskaya, Turgay, Ural, Fergana, Area of \u200b\u200bDonskoy;

c) District - Sukhumsky and Nakatalsky.

It will not be mentioned that in the last years of the Russian Empire, in recent years, independent countries have come before the collapse - Finland, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia.

The Russian Empire rule is one tsarist dynasty - Romanov. In 296 years of the existence of the empire, the rule of 10 emperors and 4 empress.

The first Russian emperor Peter is the first (the years of the Board in the Russian Empire 1721 - 1725) was in this rank of 4 years, although the total time of his reign was 43 years.

Peter The first staged by the conversion of Russia to a civilized country.

Over the past 4 of their years, there has been a number of major reforms on the imperial throne of Petr.

Peter conducted reform government controlled, introduced the administrative and territorial division of the Russian Empire on the province, created a regular army and a powerful military fleet. Peter also eliminated church autonomy and subjugated

church of the Imperial Power. Even before the formation of the empire, Peter founded St. Petersburg, and in 1712 he transfers the capital there from Moscow.

In Peter, the first newspaper was opened in Russia, a lot is open educational institutions For nobles, and in 1705 the first general educational gymnasium was opened. Peter brought up the order also in the design of all official documents, forbidding semi-annumenia (Ivashka, Senka, etc.), forbade violent marriage, removing the caps and standing on his knees when the king appears, and also allowed married divorces. With Peter, a whole network of military and marine schools for children of soldiers was discovered, drunkenness in feasts and meetings was prohibited, the beard of government officials is prohibited.

To enhance the educational level of the nobles, Peter has introduced a mandatory study of a foreign language (in those days - French). The role of the boyars was leveled, many boyars from semi-armed yesterday's peasants turned into educated nobles.

Peter the first forever deprived the Sweden of the status of the aggressor country, breaking under Poltava in 1709 the Swedish army led by the Swedish king Karl XII.

In the days of the reign of Peter, the Russian Empire joined its possessions the territory of modern Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia, as well as Karelian stakes and part of Southern Finland. In addition, the composition of Russia included Bessarabia and North Bukovina (the territory of modern Moldova and Ukraine).

After the death of Peter on the imperial throne, Catherine I was asked.

The Empress reigned for a long time, only two years (the years of the Board 1725 - 1727). However, her power was rather weak and actually been in the hands of Alexander Menshikova - the companion of Peter. Catherine showed interest only to the fleet. In 1726, the Supreme Secret Council was created, which under the formal chairmanship of Catherine managed the country. In the time of Catherine, bureaucracy and treasures flourished. Catherine only signed all the papers that were transferred to her by representatives of the Supreme Secret Council. Inside the same Council was the struggle for power, reforms in the empire were suspended. In the days of the reign of Catherine, Russia did not led any wars.

The next Russian emperor Peter II also reigned for a long time, just three years (the years of the Board 1727 - 1730). The Emperor Peter the Second became when he was only eleven years old, and he died aged fourteen years from the sieves. In fact, Peter the Empire did not rule, for such a short period he did not even have time to manifest interest in state affairs. Real power in the country continued to be in the hands of the Supreme Secret Council and Alexander Menshikov. With this formal ruler, all the beginnings of Peter the first were leveled. The Russian clergy made attempts to separate from the state, the capital from St. Petersburg was postponed to Moscow, the historical capital of the former Moscow principality and the Russian state. The army and fleet came to decline. The corruption and massive embezzlement of money from the state treasury flourished.

The next Russian ruler was Empress Anna (the years of the Board of 1730 - 1740). However, the country was really ruled by Her Favorite Ernest Biron, Kurland Duke.

The authority of the same Anna was very trimmed. Without approval of the Supreme Secret Council, the Empress could not introduce taxes, declare war, to spend the state treasury at his own discretion, to produce a colonel to high ranks above the title, appoint the heir to the throne.

With Anna, the proper fleet content and construction of new ships was resumed.

It was at Anne that the capital of the empire was returned back to St. Petersburg.

After Anna, Ivan VI became the emperor (year of government 1740) became the most young emperor in the history of Tsarist Russia. He was planted for the throne in a two-month age, the real authorities in the empire continued to possess Ernest Biron.

Ivan Vi's Board turned out to be short. In two weeks happened palace coup. Biron was removed from power. The Emperor Baby lasted on the throne a little over a year. During his formal board, no significant events in the life of the Russian Empire did not happen.

And in 1741, Empress Elizabeth (the years of the Board 1741-1762) rose to the Russian throne.

In the time of Elizabeth, Russia returned to Petrovsky transformations. The Supreme Secret Council was eliminated, for many years, submitted to the real power of Russian emperors. Has been cancelled the death penalty. Noble privileges were legally decorated.

In the days of the reign of Elizabeth, Russia participated in a number of wars. In the Russian-Swedish War (1741 - 1743), Russia again, as once Peter the first, won over the Swedes a convincing victory, rearing for them a significant part of Finland. Then a brilliant seven-year-old war was followed against Prussia (1753-1760), which ended with the Russian troops of Berlin in 1760.

In the time of Elizabeth, the first university (in Moscow) was opened in Russia.

However, the Empress itself had weaknesses - she often loved to arrange luxurious peirs, which pretty devastated the treasury.

The next Russian emperor - Peter III - reign only 186 days (year of government 1762). Peter was vigorously engaged in public affairs, during his short stay on the throne abolished the office of secret cases, created the state bank and first introduced into the Russian Empire for the first time. A decree was created, which forbidden to kill the landowners and cripple the peasants. Peter wanted to reform the Orthodox Church on the Protestant sample. A document "Manifesto on the liberties of the nobility", which legally secured the nobility as an informed class of Russia was created. At the same time, the king nobles were exempted from the forced service in the army. All high-ranking venoms-bees exiled during the reign of previous emperors and Empress were released from references. However, the next palace coup prevented this sovereign to continue to work and reign on the benefit of the empire.

Empress Catherine II (the years of the Board 1762 - 1796) is entering the throne.

Catherine The second on a par with Peter is considered to be one of the best empresses, the efforts of which contributed to the development of the Russian Empire. Ekaterina came to power through a palace coup, overthrowing his husband Peter III from the throne, which was cold to her and treated with undisguised disregard.

The period of the reign of Catherine had the saddest effects for the peasants - they were completely fixed.

However, with this Empress, the Russian empire significantly moved its borders to the West. After the section of the speech, the Commonwealth East Poland became part of the Russian Empire. Also entered her and Ukraine.

Catherine was eliminated by Zaporizhzhya Schash.

During the reign of Catherine, the Russian Empire has completed the war with the Ottoman Empire, who has been filled with Crimea. According to the results of this war, Kuban also became part of the Russian Empire.

In Catherine, throughout Russia, there was a mass discovery of new gymnasiums. Education has become available to all residents of cities, except peasants.

Catherine founded a number of new cities in the empire.

In the time of Catherine in the Empire, a major uprising happened under the leadership

Emelyan Pugacheva - as a result of further reassurance and challenge the peasants.

Fistened for Catherine's reign of Paul I lasted not long - only five years. Paul introduced a cruel wandering discipline in the army. Core punishments were returned for the nobles. All the nobles were required to serve in the army. However, in contrast to Catherine, Paul improved the position of the peasants. Bornbishchina was limited to three days a week. The bread natural tax from the peasants was canceled. It was forbidden for the sale of peasants with Earth. It was forbidden to share peasant families when selling. Faceless of the recently happening the Great French Revolution, Paul introduced censorship and banned the import of foreign books.

Paul unexpectedly died in 1801 from the apoplexic strike.

His successor, Emperor Alexander I (years of government 1801 - 1825) - During his stay on the throne, he held a victorious Patriotic War against Napoleonic France in 1812. During the reign of Alexander, the Russian Empire included Georgian lands - Megrelia and the Imereti kingdom.

Also during the reign of Alexander the First, a successful war was held with the Ottoman Empire (1806-1812), which ended with the accession of part of the Persia (the territory of modern Azerbaijan).

As a result of the next Russian-Swedish war (1806 - 1809), Russia entered the territory of all Finland.

The emperor unexpectedly died of abdominal typhus in Taganrog in 1825.

One of the most despotic emperors of the Russian Empire is rising to the throne - Nikolai First (years of government 1825 - 1855).

On the first day of the reign of Nicholas in St. Petersburg there was an uprising of the Decembrists. The uprising ended for them weepingly - artillery was applied. The leaders of the uprising were planted to the Petropavlovsk fortress in St. Petersburg and soon executed.

In 1826, the Russian army has to protect their distant borders from the troops of the Persian Shaha unexpectedly invaded in the Transcaucasus. Russian-Persian war lasted two years. At the end of the war, Persia was selected by Armenia.

In 1830, during the reign of Nicholas, the first uprising against Russian autocracy was held on the territory of Poland and Lithuania. In 1831, the uprising was suppressed by Russian regular troops.

Under Nicolae the first was built the first railway from St. Petersburg to the royal village. And by the end of the period of his reign, the construction of the railway line Petersburg- Moscow was completed.

In the time of Nicholas, the first Russian empire led another war with the Ottoman Empire. The war ended in the preservation of the Crimea as part of Russia, but the entire military fleet of Russia under the contract from the peninsula was removed.

The next emperor - Alexander II (the years of the Board of 1855 - 1881) in 1861 completely canceled the serfdom. At the same time, the king was held the Caucasian war against the detachments of Chechen horses under the leadership of Shamil, the Polish uprising of 1864 was suppressed. Turkestan (modern Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and Turkmenistan was joined.

At the same time, the emperor America was sold to Alaska (1867).

Another war with the Ottoman Empire (1877 - 1878 ended with the liberation of Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro from the Ottoman yoke.

Alexander the second is the only Russian emperor who deceased with a violent unnatural death. In him, a member of the Folk Volya organization Ignatius Grinevian was thrown a bomb during his walk along the Ekaterininsky Channel embankment in St. Petersburg. The emperor died on the same day.

Alexander III becomes a penultimate Russian emperor (the years of the Board 1881 - 1894).

At the same time, the Tsar began the industrialization of Russia. Throughout the European part of the empire were built railways. Wide distribution received telegraph. The telephone connection was introduced. In major cities (Moscow, Petersburg) electrified was carried out. Radio has appeared.

At the same time, the emperor Russia did not led any wars.

The last Russian emperor - Nikolai second (years of government 1894 - 1917) - accepted the throne into a difficult time for the empire.

In 1905-1906, the Russian Empire had to fight with Japan, who captured the Far Eastern port of Port Arthur.

At the same time, 1905 there was an armed uprising of the working class in the largest cities of the empire, which seriously undermined the foundations of autocracy. The work of Social Democrats (future communists) headed by Vladimir Ulyanov-Lenin was unfolded.

After the 1905 revolution, the royal power was seriously limited and transferred to the place of urban thought.

The First World War began in 1914 put the cross on the further existence of the Russian Empire. Nikolai was not ready for such a protracted and exhaust war. The Russian army suffered a number of crushing defeats from the troops of Kaiserovskaya Germany. It accelerated the collapse of the empire. In the troops, cases of deserters from the front were frequent. In the rear cities flourished the ladder.

The inability of the king to cope with the difficulties of the war and inside Russia provoked the effect of Domino, at which in two or three months a huge and once the powerful Russian empire was on the verge of decay. In addition, revolutionary sentiment in Petrograd and Moscow strengthened.

In February 1917, a temporary government came to power in Petrograd, setting up a palace coup and depriving Nicholas of the second real power. The last emperor was invited to get out of Petrograd from his family than Nikolai immediately and took advantage.

March 3, 1917 at the Pskov station in the carriage of his imperial train Nikolai second officially ran away from the throne, lowered the powers of the Russian emperor.

The Russian empire quietly and peacefully stopped his existence, giving way to the future empire of socialism - the USSR.