What are the voiced consonants in the word to. Consonant sounds

Possession oral speech very important for the social life and development of the individual. Much attention in the study of the native (or foreign) language is paid to colloquial speech - correct pronunciation phonemes. There are many words that differ only separate sounds... Therefore, special attention is paid to the functioning of the organs of speech and sound production.

Sound production

Sound production occurs as a result of mental and speech activity person. The vocal apparatus consists of the diaphragm, larynx, epiglottis, pharynx, vocal cords, nasal cavity and mouth, uvula, palate (soft and hard), alveoli, teeth, tongue, lips.

The tongue with the lower lip is actively involved in sound production. The teeth, palate, and upper lip remain passive.

The production of sounds (phonemes) includes:

respiration - breathing,
phonation - the use of the larynx and vocal folds to create phonemes,
articulation is a job for sound production.

Noisy (deaf) Russian

There are exactly 33 letters in Russian, and there are much more sounds - 42. There are 6 vowel phonemes consisting of a pure voice. The remaining 36 sounds are consonants.

In the creation of 16 consonant phonemes, only noise is involved, which is formed as a result of overcoming the exhaled air stream of certain obstacles, which are interacting speech organs.

[k,], [n,], [s,], [t,], [f,], [x,], [h,], [u,], [k], [n], [s ], [t], [f], [x], [c], [w] - voiceless consonants.

To learn how to determine which consonants are deaf, you need to know their main features: in what way and in what place they are formed, how the vocal folds are involved in their production, is there palatalization in pronunciation.

The formation of noisy consonants

During the production of voiceless consonant phonemes, the interaction of various organs of the speech apparatus occurs. They can close with each other or form a gap.

Deaf consonants are born when the exhaled person overcomes these obstacles. Depending on the type of obstacles, deaf phonemes are divided into:

occlusive explosive [k, n, t, k, n, t];
occlusive slit (affricates) [c, h,];
slotted (fricative) [s, f, x, w, s, f, x, w].

Depending on the places where barriers are formed, deaf phonemes are distinguished:

labial [n, n];
labiodental [f, f];
front-lingual dental [s, s, t, t, ts];
anterior-lingual palatine-dental [h, w, w];
posterior lingual posterior palatine [k, x, k, x].

Palatalization and Velarization

Noisy phonemes are classified according to the degree of tension in the middle of the language. When, in the process of sound production, the anterior and middle regions of the tongue rise to the hard palate, a palatalized consonant (soft) dull sound is born. Variable (hard) phonemes are produced by raising the root of the tongue to the posterior region of the soft palate.

6 soft and 6 hard noisy deaf phonemes make up pairs, the rest have no pairs.

Paired voiceless consonants - [k, - k], [n, - n], [s, - s], [t, - t], [f, - f], [x, - x]; [c, h, w, sch,] - voiceless unpaired consonants.

Articulation

The combination of all the work of individual organs of the speech apparatus involved in pronouncing phonemes is called articulation.

To make speech understandable, you need to be able to clearly pronounce sounds, words, sentences. This requires training your speech apparatus, practice the pronunciation of phonemes.

Having understood how deaf consonants are formed, how to pronounce them correctly, a child or an adult will master speech much faster.

Sounds [k - k, x - x,]

Lower the end of the tongue, slightly move it away from the incisors of the lower jaw. Open your mouth. Raise the back of the tongue so that it touches the border zone of the raised soft and hard palate. By means of a sharp exhalation, the air overcomes the obstacle - [k].

Press the end of the tongue against the lower front teeth. Bring the middle and back of the tongue closer to the middle-back region of the hard palate. Exhale - [k,].

In the production of phonemes [x - x,], the speech organs are arranged in a similar way. Only between them there is not a bow, but a gap.

Sounds [n - n,]

Close your lips, leave your tongue free to lie, move the tip slightly away from the lower incisors. Exhalation. An air stream breaks through the lips - [p].

The lips are positioned the same way. Press the end of the tongue against the incisors of the lower jaw. Raise the middle of the tongue to the hard palate. A sharp push of air overcomes the lip barrier - [n,].

Sounds [s - s,]

Stretch your lips, close your teeth almost. Touch the front teeth of the lower jaw with the end of the tongue. Bend the tongue, lifting the middle back to the palate. Its lateral edges are pressed against the upper chewing teeth. The air flow follows a groove in the middle of the tongue. Overcomes the gap between the alveolar arch and the anterior dorsum of the tongue - [c].

The phoneme [s,] is pronounced similarly. Only the middle of the tongue rises higher, and the front one bends more (the groove disappears).

Sounds [t - t,]

Open your lips. Put the end of the tongue against the incisors of the upper jaw, forming a bow. A jet of exhaled air forcefully breaks through the barrier - [t].

The position of the lips is the same. Press the tip of your tongue against the lower incisors. With the front of the tongue, touch the upper alveolar arch, creating a bow. Under the pressure of the air jet, the obstacle is overcome - [t,].

Sounds [f - f,]

Pull the lower lip in slightly and press the upper incisors to it. Raise the back of the tongue to the back of the soft palate. On exhalation, the air passes through the flat gap formed by the lip and teeth - [f].

Lips and teeth in the same position. Move the tip of the tongue to the lower incisors. Raise the middle part of the tongue to the palate. The air stream penetrates through the labiodental cleft - [f,].

Sound [c]

Sound is produced in two stages:

Stretch slightly tight lips. Press the end of the tongue against the front lower teeth. Raise the front of the tongue, closing with the hard palate (just behind the alveolar arch).
The air flow enters the oral cavity. Bend the tongue a little - raise the middle part, lower the back, press the lateral edges to the chewing teeth. The bow turns into a gap and the air comes out - [c].

Sound [h,]

Phoneme formation consists of two phases:

Round and push lips slightly. With the end and front of the tongue, press against the hard palate and alveolar arch, creating a barrier.
Push the air out: at the place of the bow between the tongue and the palate, a gap will turn out. At the same time it is necessary to raise the middle of the tongue - [h,].

Sound [w]

Pull out slightly rounded lips. Raise the end of the tongue to the formation of a narrow passage with the palate and alveolar arch (1st slit). Lowering the middle of the tongue, raise its back (2nd slit). Press the edges to the chewing teeth, forming a bowl. Exhale smoothly - [w].

Sound [u,]

Pull the lips slightly and round. Raise the end of the tongue to the alveolar arch, without pressing, so that a lumen remains. Raise the tongue to the hard palate (except for the front part), press the edges against the molars of the upper jaw. Exhale slowly. The central part of the tongue goes down, creating a groove through which the air flow passes. The language is straining - [u,].

In a speech stream, deaf consonants are adjacent to other phonemes.If a vowel follows a noisy phoneme, then the lips assume a position for articulating the latter.

Comparison of noisy deaf and voiced phonemes

Voiced are phonemes, in the formation of which both voice and noise are involved (the latter prevails). Some voiced ones have paired sounds from among the deaf.

Paired voiceless consonants and voiced sounds: [k - g], [k, - g,], [p - b], [p, - b,], [t - d], [t, - d,], [ s - s], [s, - s,], [f - s], [f, - s,], [w - w].

Voiced and voiceless unpaired consonants:

[y, l, m, n, p, l, m, n, p] - voiced (sonorous);
[x, h, n, x, c] - noisy deaf.

Lettering noisy phonemes

Writing correctly is just as important as speaking. Mastery written speech is fraught with even greater difficulties, since some sounds on paper can be written in different letters or letter combinations.

Deaf consonants when writing are conveyed by similar letters if they are in strong positions.

By deafness-voicedness: before a vowel, [v - v,], other noisy (applicable to paired deaf!).

By hardness-softness: before a vowel, [b, m, g, k, n, x, b, m, g, k, n, x,] - for sounds [s, s, t, t,], at the end the words.

In other cases, to determine correct letter(or a combination of letters) for a voiceless consonant phoneme, certain rules of the Russian language must be applied. And sometimes you just need to memorize the correct spelling of words (vocabulary).

Russian spelling and punctuation rules. Complete academic reference book Lopatin Vladimir Vladimirovich

Voiceless and voiced consonants

Section 79. General rule. Paired voiceless consonants p, f, t, s(and corresponding soft ones), k, w at the end of a word and before voiceless consonants can be transmitted respectively by letters P or b, f or in, t or d, from or s, to or r, w or f ... Paired voiced consonants can be transmitted by the same letters b, c, d, h(and corresponding soft ones), g, f before paired voiced consonants (except in). To correctly write a consonant letter in these cases, you need to choose another form of the same word or another word, where in the same significant part of the word (the same root, prefix, suffix) the consonant being checked is before a vowel or before consonants p, l, m, n, v(and corresponding soft ones), as well as before j(in the letter - before the dividing b and b , see § 27-28). Examples:

Consonants in roots and suffixes:

1) at the end of a word: doo b (cf. oak, oak), deep P (stupid, stupid), gra b (rob), sy p (pour), but from (noses), in s (carts), th d (of the year), cro t (mole), wife t (married), hand in (sleeves), cro you (blood, blood), shtra f (fines, fine, free kick), wash to (get wet, wet, wet), blue to (bruises), mo r (may, could), small w (baby, baby), mont f (assembly, assembly), draw live (shiver, shiver); Wed frost h (frost, frost, freeze) and frost sit (drizzle, drizzle);

2) before consonants:

a) before the deaf: doo b ki(cf. oaks, oak), shake P ka (rags, rag, rag, rags), ku P tsa (merchant), about in tsa (sheep), lo in cue (dexterous), hand in chick (sleeves), shka f chick (cabinets), nor s cue (low), mi from ka (bowls), Wah sit ka (Vasya), Ku h ka (Kuzya, Kuzma), ka d ka (tub), me t cue (tags), to r ti (claw), lo to ti (elbow), be r state (run, runaway), lo f ka (spoons, spoon), the room w ka (little room), wings w to (wings); Wed alternately f ku (interspersed) and alternately w ku (mix), su P chick (soups) and su b chick (subject);

b) before paired bells (except in): young be ba (thresh), pile db ba (weddings, bridal; do not check with a word woo), ho db ba (to walk), about sit ba (ask), re h ba (cut), ox w ba (magic), bo f ba (swear), vra f Yes (hostile), f gu (burned, burned), f to give (wait).

Exceptions: in words perforated and open written from , although there are verbs to open(Xia), to open(Xia) and to open(Xia), unfold(Xia). In words abstraction, reaction, correction written to (although abstract, react, correct), in a word transcription written P (although transcribe); in these cases, the writing reflects the alternation of consonants in the source language (Latin). On relations of the type prognosis - prognostic, diagnosis - diagnostics see § 81, item 2, Note 1.

Note. In some words, the letter r sound is transmitted x: God (god, gods), lightweight, lighter (easy), soft, softer (soft, soft). The words soft, softer, soften etc. should not be checked with words like pulp, soften, soften.

Consonants in prefixes (before a voiceless or paired voiced consonant, except in): in walk, in to beat(cf. get in, get in), on the d prick (cut, tear), about b hew, oh b fry (cut off, chop off, go round), about t talk about t call, oh t advise (wean), by d throw, by d quit, by d send (bring, send), from do, from cheat (be able, able, dump), Pre d carpathian (Urals).

Note. About the spelling of prefixes ending in s , see § 82.

Section 80. The spelling of unverifiable consonants in roots is defined in dictionary order, e.g .: but b sep, and b salty, no to DotA P teka, and P Sida, and from best, and f Ghanaians, in friend, in to Hall, in torah, r de, zi r zag, cosmona in t, oh b shy, oh P about f set, ryu to zak, from bruya, then r Yes, f torus, ugh t bol, uh to substitutions.

Consonants in the following prefixes, suffixes, and endings are unverifiable.

Prefixes. Letter to prefixed the ex- and extra-: ex-champion, ex-president, extraterritorial, extraordinary, extra-class... Letter from prefixed dis-: disqualification, discomfort, imbalance, disharmony, imbalance; Wed, however, disassociation, disjunction, where before the vowel and before j pronounced and written s .

Suffixes. Letter in spelled in participle and gerunds suffixes ? lice(ui), ? lice,? in: taking away, reading, taking, taking, reading; letter f - in the adverb suffix ? wait: twice, once, four times; letter d before c - in numbers ending in ? twelve,? twelve: twenty, thirty, eleven, sixteen.

Endings. Letter in the genus is written at the end of the forms. n. pl. h. nouns type houses, cities, chairs; letter t - at the end of the forms of the 3rd person unit. and many others. h. verbs: knows, sleeps, writes, draws, walks, grumbles; letters shh - at the end of the form of the 2nd person unit. h. present - bud. time: you know, write, walk, give.

§ 81. Words with combinations of consonants sc, st, zg, zd. In these combinations, the first consonant is usually untestable. When writing words containing these very common groups of consonants, you need to be guided by the following patterns of letter combinations.

1. In the Russian language there are no bases ending in letter combinations sg, sd , but there are only basics on zg, zd (b ); are written: brain (brain), clank, squeal, small fry; blackbird, much, nail, nest, star, train, passage etc. At the beginning of the roots are written zg, zd: no zgi (can not see), here, health, building; an exception: muffin, butter.

2. At the end of the bases, letter combinations prevail ck, st (b ); are written: start (launch), search, risk, longing, gloss, arabesque, Bryansk, Kursk, adjectives with the suffix ? sc- (royal, seaside, factory); tail, leaf, cross, bush, place, meanwhile, simple, clean, revenge, envy, hatred, words with suffixes ? ist (guitarist, football player), ? awn (courage, greed), ? ist(th) (hilly, intermittent), ? ast(th) (big-eyed, toothy). The same combination st - in suffixes ? st(about) (wealth, witchcraft, cossacks), ? estn(th) (feminine), ? stva(be) (spite, stay awake), in the prefix fast- (postmodernism, post-Soviet), at the end ? Art (give, get bored).

At the beginning of the foundations and roots of the combination of letters zk, zt absent, but written ck, st e.g .: scrape, creak, cheekbone, wall, groan, step, country.

Note 1. Letter combination st as part of the stems of nouns and adjectives, it is also written in those words where in place st in other related words there is a combination gm e.g .: sarcastic(cf. sarcasm), spastic, spasticity (spasm), atavistic (atavism), aphoristic, aphoristic (aphorism), snobbish (snobbery), Bolshevik (Bolshevism), enthusiast (enthusiasm); in a few words (foreign language borrowings) combination st matches consonant in cognate words s: predictive, prognostic (forecast), diagnostic, diagnostics, diagnostician (diagnosis), paraphrastic (paraphrase), peripheral (paraphrase).

Note 2. Letter combination zt occurs only at the junction of the root with the infinitive suffix of the verb: climb, gnaw, crawl, carry; letter combination zk - only at the junction of the root and suffix ?to- e.g .: close, nasty, grease, cart, dragonfly... In all these cases, the consonant s verified by general rule Section 79.

Section 82. Prefixes ending in s / s. Prefixes without-, vz-, voz-, from-, bottom-, times- (rose-), through- (over-) are written according to a special rule: before the letters that convey voiceless consonants ( k, p, s, t, f, x, c, h, w, u), they contain the letter from , and in other cases - the letter s e.g .: useless, plow, take advantage, bite, dry out, calculate, subvert, trample, pack up, commonplace, pricing, stir, splitting, painting, striping; but: talentless, weak-willed, tasteless, trouble-free, take a nap, excite, beat, wear out, bring down, cut, search, through the grain, excessive.

Note. In a compound attachment under- a letter is written from: slyly, surreptitiously, underneath.

From the book Big Soviet Encyclopedia(GL) of the author TSB

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (DR) of the author TSB

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (GB) of the author TSB

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (IM) of the author TSB

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (LA) of the author TSB

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (HA) of the author TSB

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (SO) of the author TSB

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (FA) of the author TSB

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (FR) of the author TSB

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (EC) of the author TSB

From the book Modern Russian Language. Practical guide the author Guseva Tamara Ivanovna

From the book Spelling and Styling Reference the author Rosenthal Ditmar Elyashevich

From the book Spelling Reference, Pronunciation, literary editing the author Rosenthal Ditmar Elyashevich

From the author's book

2.15. Voiced and voiceless consonants Consonants differ not only in hardness / softness, but also in voiced / voiceless. When pronounced, the final voiced consonants are deafened: oak - du [p], bay - zali [f], stack - hundred [k]. However, the replacement when pronouncing a voiced consonant [г]

From the author's book

§ 8. Voiced and voiceless consonants 1. To check the spelling of a dubious consonant, you need to change the form of the word or choose a related word so that the checked consonant is followed by a vowel sound or one of the consonants l, m, n, p. For example: grease - grease, thresh -

From the author's book

There is a lot of trouble with letters, that's how they are people.

Sounds change without asking, and pretend to be different.

How much trouble these letters and sounds give children! Learn the letters, and then also remember when and what sound they mean! And the sounds of these oh-oh-oh how many. How to remember everything voiced and voiceless consonants?

Everything turns out to be very simple, if you set up the child correctly.

I already wrote about it. But consonants are not only hard and soft, but also voiced - deaf. And they bring so much trouble in the form of mistakes to children! How to teach a child to identify correctly?

Just memorizing voiced and voiceless consonants is a losing proposition. Even if the child remembers, it will be very difficult for him to apply this knowledge. But if the child understands how voiced and dull sounds are obtained, learns to hear them and identify them by signs, then it will be easy for him to remember.

Let's first figure it out ourselves with voiced and voiceless consonants.

In Russian, consonants are divided into voiced and voiceless, depending on the participation of the voice in the pronunciation of the sound. How to determine this? Make a separate consonant and put your hand to your throat. If a vocal cords vibrate, then it is a ringing sound. If not, then deaf. Check with your child and say the sounds B - P, M or X. Did you notice?

Voicing or deafness can be defined differently. Cover your ears with your palms and pronounce a consonant sound. Heard a voice or a noise? If a voice is heard, then the sound is ringing, if the noise is deaf.

And so you can easily and simply define voicedness or voicelessness of a consonant... This method is very good at first. But if the child continues to do this, it will take a lot of time. The child will not have time to complete the work in the lesson. Therefore, it is necessary for the child to remember voiced and voiceless consonants.

And here we need to remember that the brain can perceive information in different ways - through hearing, sight or sensation. This means that in order for the child to remember information, it is necessary to influence all the systems of the child.

Determining the voicedness and voicelessness of consonants by ear, we have already included hearing in the work. By putting our hand to the throat, we connected the sensations. Now you need to connect your vision. To do this, you need to make a plate or drawing, where voiced and voiceless consonants are designated with some symbols.

Voiced and voiceless consonants are paired and unpaired. This means that when drawing up such a scheme or tablet, it is necessary to place paired consonants side by side. Any symbols can be used that remind the child that the sound is voiced or dull. So in this scheme, voiced consonants are indicated by a bell, and deaf ones - by headphones.

Draw a similar sign with your child. Let him independently arrange the letters near the desired symbol, and you only control and direct the child's actions. Remember that a person will only remember well what he did on his own.

Play the resettlement of letters on floors or houses with the desired symbol several times and the child will perfectly remember voiced and voiceless consonants. Hang this sign in a prominent place and periodically return to it, ask the child to tell, show, name some sounds.

So, playing, repeating the already familiar properties of sounds and letters, you will help your child learn the basics of the Russian language without difficulty, memorize voiced and voiceless consonants.

Have questions? Write in the comments to get an answer.

In the meantime, get a dose of positive and watch a wonderful cartoon. Let's learn from this cheerful monkey to find good in everything.

What sounds are called consonants?
What does a consonant sound consist of?
What are consonant sounds?
How many consonants and consonant sounds are in the Russian alphabet?
Which consonants are always hard and which are always soft?
What letters indicate the softness of a consonant sound?

Sounds, during the pronunciation of which the air meets an obstacle in the mouth, are called consonant sounds... A consonant consists of noise and voice, or only noise.

Consonants are divided into voiced and deaf... The voiced ones consist of noise and voice, the deaf ones only of noise.

Sounds consist only of noise: [k], [p], [s], [t], [f], [x], [c], [h], [w], [u]. These are voiceless consonants.

Many consonants form pairs by voicingdeafness: [b] — [n], [in] — [f], [g] — [k], [d] — [t], [h] — [s], [f] — [w].

To memorize voiced consonants, you can learn the phrase: “ LEO AND TOAD HAVE MANY FRIENDS».
See all phrases for memorizing voiced and voiceless consonants.

Voiceless consonants are easy to remember by the phrase: “ STEPKA, DO YOU WANT SCHETS?— Fu!».

Consonant sounds are indicated by letters:

B,IN,D,D,F,Z,Th,TO,L,M,H,P,R,FROM,T,F,X,C,H,Sh,U.

In total, the Russian language has 21 consonant letters.

Consonant sounds are also hard and soft.

Hard and soft sounds differ in the position of the tongue when pronouncing. When pronouncing soft consonants, the middle back of the tongue is raised to the hard palate.

Most consonants form hard-soft pairs:

The following hard and soft consonants do not form pairs in terms of hardness-softness:

Solid	[f]	[w]	[c]
Soft	[h❜]	[uch❜]	[th❜]

Table "Consonant sounds: paired and unpaired, voiced and deaf, hard and soft" (grades 1-4)

Note: in primary school hard consonants are indicated in blue, soft consonants in green, vowels in red.

Hardness consonants are indicated in writing with vowels BUT , ABOUT , Have , S , E .

Softness a consonant sound is indicated in writing with vowels E, E, I, Y, I and also the letter B(soft sign).

Compare: nose[nose] - carried[n❜os], angle[corner] - coal[úgal❜].

Unpaired ringing sounds[d❜], [l], [l❜], [m], [m❜] [n], [n❜] [p], [p❜] are called sonorous, which translated from Latin means "sonorous".

The sounds [w], [w], [h❜], [u] are called hissing... They got this name because their pronunciation is similar to hiss.

Sounds [w], [w] are unpaired solid hissing sounds.
The sounds [ч❜] and [ш] are unpaired soft hissing sounds.

The sounds [c], [c❜], [h], [z❜], [c] are called whistling.

Consonant can not be percussive or unstressed.

In Russian, there are more consonant sounds (36) than consonant letters (21), since one letter can denote paired solid and soft sounds: for example, the letter L (el) denotes the sounds [л] and [л❜].

Attention! A consonant can form a syllable only with

In Russian, voiceless and voiced consonants are separated. The rules for writing letters denoting them begin to be studied already in the first grade. But even after graduating from school, many still cannot write words without errors, where voiceless and voiced consonants are encountered. This is sad.

Why do you need to correctly write voiceless and voiced consonants in Russian

Some people are superficial about the culture of writing. They justify their ignorance in this area with such a common phrase: "What's the difference, how it is written, it is still clear what it is about!"

In fact, mistakes in spelling of words indicate a low level of personality culture. You cannot consider yourself a developed person, not knowing how to write correctly in your native language.

There is one more fact that testifies in favor of the rule of error-free spelling. After all, voiceless and voiced consonants are sometimes found in words that are oral in speech are homophones. That is, they sound the same, but they are written differently. Incorrect use of the letter in them is fraught with the loss or change of the meaning of the context.

For example, the words "pond" - "twig", "cat" - "code", "horn" - "rock" are just included in this list.

Shameful loss

A funny episode from life can be told to schoolchildren in the Russian language lesson. It should be based on the fact that several guys did not know how to correctly write letters in words for voiced and voiceless consonants.

And it happened during the school team game "Treasure Hunters". In her rules it was noted that you need to move along the route indicated in the notes. Moreover, the place where the next letter was hidden was not indicated exactly. The note only contained a hint of him.

The teams received their first letters with the following text: "Road, meadow, stone." One group of children immediately ran towards the lawn, found a stone there, under which a letter was hidden. The second, having confused the words-homophones "meadow" and "bow", ran to the garden bed. But, naturally, they did not find any stone among the bright green rows.

You can change the story in such a way as if an illiterate scribe composed the notes. It was he who, giving instructions to the members of his team, used "bow" instead of the word "meadow". Not knowing how to spell paired voiced and voiceless consonants, the "literate" misled the guys. As a result, the competition was disrupted.

The rule of writing dubious paired consonants for deafness-voiced consonants

In fact, checking which letter should be written in a particular case is quite simple. Paired voiced and voiceless consonants raise doubts about writing only when they are at the end of a word or there is another voiceless consonant behind them. If one of these cases takes place, you need to choose a single root or change the form of the word so that the dubious consonant is followed by a vowel sound. You can also use the option where the checked letter is followed by a voiced consonant.

A mug is a mug, snow is snow, bread is bread; carving - carved, sweat - sweaty.

Didactic game "Connect the checked word with the checking word"

To get more done during class, you can play a game in which skills are consolidated without writing down. Its condition will be a task in which children are only asked to connect test words with the tested traits. It takes less time for this, and the work done will be extremely effective.

The game will become more interesting if it is carried out in the form of a competition. For this, three variants of tasks are made, where two columns are used. One contains test words. In the other, you need to add those in which voiced and voiceless consonants are in a dubious position. Examples of words might be like this.

First column: bread, ponds, snow, onion, meadows, twig... Second column: onions, bread, meadow, twig, snow, pond.

To complicate the task, you can include in the column with test words those that are not suitable for verification, that is, they are not of the same root with those in the spelling of which there are doubts: snacks, servant, octopus.

Voice-deafness consonant table

All consonants are divided according to several parameters. During the phonetic parsing of a word at school, characteristics such as softness-hardness, voicedness or deafness are indicated. For example, the sound [n] is a consonant, solid, voiced. And the sound [n] differs from it in only one characteristic: it is not voiced, but deaf. The difference between the sounds [p] and [p '] lies only in softness and hardness.

Based on these characteristics, a table is compiled, thanks to which it is possible to determine whether the sound has a pair of soft-hardness. After all, some consonants are only soft or only hard.

Also, voiced and voiceless consonants are distinguished. The table presented here shows that some sounds do not have a pair for this feature. For example, these are

y, l, m, n, p;
x, c, h, sch.

Moreover, the sounds of the first row are voiced, and the sounds of the second are deaf. The rest of the consonants are paired. It is they that make it difficult to write, since a deaf sound is often heard where the letter denoting a voiced consonant is written.

Only paired consonants - voiced and voiceless - require checks. The table reflects this point. For example, the sound "b", falling into the final position or facing another voiceless consonant, itself "stuns", turning into "p". That is, the word "hornbeam" (wood species) is pronounced and heard as [grap].

The table shows that these sounds are paired in voicing-deafness. The same can be called "v" - "f", "g" - "k", "d" - "t", "w" - "w" and "z" - "s". Although to the pair "g" - "k" you can add the sound "x", which often sounds in a stunned position in place of "g": soft - soft[m'ahk'iy], light - light[l'ohk'iy].

Didactic game-lotto "Doubtful consonants"

So that classes in which the spelling of voiced and voiceless consonants are studied do not turn into a tedious routine, they should be diversified. For teachers and parents, you can prepare special small cards for didactic games with pictures and words in which there are dubious consonant sounds. Doubtful consonants can be replaced with dots or asterisks.

In addition, larger cards should be made, in which only letters will stand, denoting consonants that are paired in voicing-voicelessness. Cards with pictures are laid out on the table.

At the signal of the leader, the players take them from the table and cover the letters on the large card with them, which are missed in their opinion. Whoever closes all the windows before others and without mistakes is considered the winner.

Extracurricular activities in the Russian language

Winning options for developing interest in this field of science are evenings, competitions, KVNs. They are held during after hours For everyone.

It is very important to create a captivating scenario for such an event. Particular attention should be paid to developing assignments that are both useful and fun. These activities can be conducted with students of all ages.

Interesting tasks can also be those that contain an element of literary creativity. For example, it is useful to suggest to the guys:

Make a story about how the sounds "t" and "d" quarreled;

Come up with as many cognate words for the word "horn" as possible in one minute;

Write a short quatrain with rhymes: meadow-onion, twig-pond.

Alternating consonants in Russian

Sometimes, contrary to the laws of spelling, some letters in words are replaced by others. For example, "spirit" and "soul". Historically (etymologically) they are of the same root, but they have different letters at the root - "x" and "w". The same process of alternating consonants is observed in the words "burden" and "wear". But in the latter case the sound "sh" alternates with the consonant "s".

However, it should be noted that this is not an alternation of voiced and voiceless consonants that make up a pair. This is a special type of replacement of one sound with another, which occurred in ancient times, at the dawn of the formation of the Russian language.

Such consonant sounds alternate:

h - f - g (example: friends - to be friends - friend);
t - h (example: fly - fly);
c - h - k (example: face - personal - face);
s - w - x (examples: forester - goblin, arable land - to plow);
w - d - railway (example: leader - driver - driving);
h - st (example: fantasy - fantastic);
u - ck (example: polished - gloss);
u - st (example: paved - to pave).

Often, alternation is called the appearance in verbs of the sound "l", which is in this case beautiful name El epenteticum. Examples can be the pairs of words "love - love", "feed - feed", "buy - buy", "graph - graph", "catch - catch", "ruin - ruin".

The Russian language is so rich, the processes taking place in it are so diverse that if the teacher tries to find exciting options for work in the classroom, both in the classroom and outside the classroom, then many teenagers will plunge into the world of knowledge and discoveries, will be really interested in this school subject.