Among other rules of Russian pronunciation, which quite often cause difficulties, the following can be distinguished.

1. Pronunciation of non-pronoun what and derived from it.

The literary norm is pronunciation [ сто]. Pronunciation [ cho] is considered to be dialective and spurant; [ what] - is characteristic of speech of Petersburgers, but it also applies to extravatient. Also pronounced most derivatives from this pronoun - something that is something to .

An exception constitutes an indefinite pronoun with the prefix in which he sounds [h] - something.

2. Pronunciation of combination - In the middle of the word.

Most words with this phrase sounds the same as written (with consonants [h]): finite, valid .

However, in a number of words pronounced [sh] in place h. This is the so-called Staromoshkovskaya pronunciation. It was distributed in the XIX and in the first half of the 20th century. And now in the speech of indigenous Muscovites, you can see a fairly stable tradition to combine pronunciation. cN how to [SN] (for example, often pronounce: extras[Ш]naya Group). But this pronunciation is not regulatory, although it is not such rough mistakelike pronunciation [h] in pronoun what.

Currently, the number of words in which pronunciation persists [W] in the literary language, rapidly declining. It remains mandatory in words:

finance[Ш]but, narogen[Ш]but, zoch[Ш]but, zoch[Ш]boughy[Ш]nanish, nothing[Ш]laundry[Ш]naya, Melch[Ш]nickname, melting[Ш]neh, squorter[Ш]nick, squorter[Ш]nitsa, squorter[Ш]noah, jeich[Ш]nitsie, Deliche[Ш]nick.

In some words, pronunciation [W] is the main literary option, and the pronunciation [h] is permissible:

bakery, dweller, triple.

Options C. [Ш] and [H] Equally in words:

copeful, decent.

At the noun maid, attachment brownthe main option pronunciation is the option with [h], whereas pronunciation [W] is permissible, but is regarded as outdated. The same can be said about the words calachny, Calachnik . Mostly [Sh] pronounced in saying: with cloth swollen in Kalach [Ш]row.

3. Unnecessary skipping sounds in certain words. Quite often in the surprise, there is an unjustified passing of vowels and consonants, and sometimes whole combinations of sounds.

note On the pronunciation of words in which it is quite unreasonably lost dedicated vowel: combine.zones, wireaboutka, perandputi, one.m, ISHandaS, surnameandi.

In the surroundings, the pronunciation of nouns is often found. bullete.ny, Belaboutk, Val.e.t. In indirect cases without vowels [o] and [e]. For many Russian words, the fluency of vowels in indirect cases is characterized ( day - day, hammer - hammer ). But these nouns foreign and this pattern do not obey. We must pronounce:

no Bullete.nya, Hospital Bullet e.neither; Two Beren.aboutka, beautiful beat aboutki, no shafte.ta, reset the shafte.you.

note Also for the pronunciation of words in which the selected vowels, consonants and combinations of sounds are quite often lowered: aPOplexical, time perconductinskip, kog.yes, compost.i look trollj.bus, Ankolo.t.ka, drewaboutr and etc.

As noted, in colloquial speech (with an incomplete, non-oratorical type of pronunciation), "swallowing" of individual sounds is allowed, but in the official situation, in the spectrum type of pronunciation it is unacceptable.

4. Unjustified inserting vowels and consonant sounds in words.
No less often, an unjustified insertion of vowels and consonant sounds is observed in the surprise.

Superfront h can pronounce between selected letters in words:

unpregerelfuNTA, INTSiDent, ZappaaT.in, ConstaT.i do, compromising eT.iT, P.iDjacques;

superfront l - between the highlighted letters in the word blessvenie;

excess vowels - in words:

chargerzhbudaceiy, Ovsevaceiy, Ru.blb, Zhura.vLb, PodgornsNi.

A lot of erroneous insertions of vowels are observed in borrowed, old Slavonic and book words:

jentLин (wrong - jENT.e.lion), pEpCpicture (wrong - pere.spectrity).

Quite often in speech there is an unjustified insertion of consonants t in words beforesOchkacf.aM, consonant d in the word nRaU. In the surprise, the unjustified insertion of the consonant to in adjective aboutsLeasy (covered with mucus).

The reason for the unjustified insertion of the vowel, the consonant can be incorrectly understood etymology (origin) of the word or difficult to pronounce the combination of sounds. For example, for the Russian language, a large set of consonants is uncharacterically - this can lead to an erroneous insertion of vowel sound. On the other hand, for the Russian language uncharacterically so-called gaping, that is, the location in a number of several vowel sounds. Therefore, a consonant sound can be inserted in the borrowed words between two vowels.

Wed: kidinabout Instead of literary - gladand about.

Sometimes the unjustified insertion of sound is associated with the wrong word-forming structure, with incorrect convergence of this word with other words close to the value.

For example, noun grapefruitoften pronounce with excessive consonants k in a finite syllable, incorrectly bringing it closer with a generic concept fRUtot.. Similar reasons are erroneous insertion of consonants. b in verbs oS.disagree (wrong - aboutshove out), oS.motable(wrong - aboutlook at): In this case, the prefix oh erroneous replaced by the value of the prefix about-. For the same reason, the surprise is often pronounced in the surprise d in the verb poS.cholly(wrong - byd.slip). The same reasons caused by the erroneous pronunciation instead of the noun bottleforms - fromthoseklyanka.

I would like to emphasize that the wrong pronunciation is based on an improper understanding of the word-forming structure. It is not by chance that this can be reflected in the letter. In these words, spelling errors are often made quite often.

5. Unnecessary replacement of one sound to others.
This phenomenon is usually observed in borrowed, books and outdated words, whose etymology is unknown and mistakenly binds to some other word of the Russian language. This, for example, caused pronunciation [s] instead [and] in Greek on the origin of the word inandsok. Nothing to adject tallit has no. Values \u200b\u200bare different: b.d.it is for milk and b.t.it is for construction . The same reasons caused the wrong pronunciation of such borrowed words as pleastosilla(in the spaciousness - pleasartiglas), rengat. (incorrect mn. h. - rengad.s).

Sometimes the replacement and permutation of sounds can be caused by associations that the speaker seem not too "decent".

Wed: erroneous word pronunciation duricleshog as drushog.

In addition, the integral replacement of one sound to others can be caused by the convenience of pronunciation.

For example, very often in the speech of uneducated people is allowed to replace the sound [m] on [N] with a special combination of sounds: tram.wai, Co.m.plive, A.m.bar, I.m.bir, badm.breed, S.m.brero, S.m.on them.bula. Pronunciation tran.waior kon.plitnot only is unacceptable, but also testifies to the very low culture of the speaker. Possible reverse replacement. So, frequency is the erroneous pronunciation - kom.forkainstead of regulatory - kon.forka.

Quite often in speech there is an erroneous replacement of solid consonant on soft (for example, pronunciation clickzyma.instead of regulatory - clickz.ma.), and vice versa, replacing a soft consonant on solid (for example, instead of regulatory - nau.shmo.shob.shnosta - pronunciation - nau.shmo.shob.shnosta).

So, to the discharge of the integrity refers to the pronunciation of the introductory word meaningt. (Mean so it was necessary ) instead of regulatory - meaningt..

Questions are right literary pronunciation Explores special linguistic discipline - Orphoepium (from Greek orthos. - right I. epos. - speech). Orphoepic rules and recommendations have always been the focus of philologists-Russists, as well as representatives of those professions, whose activities are directly related to public speeches to the audience: state and public figures, lecturers, speakers, commentators, journalists, artists, translators, Russian teachers and foreign languages, preachers, lawyers. But in recent years, interest in the problems of the culture of oral speech among the most different layers of society has noticeably increased. This is facilitated by socio-economic changes in our country, democratization of all parties to life. I gained widespread the practice of broadcasting parliamentary debates and hearings, speeches live: public figures, leaders of parties and movements, political observers, specialists in different areas Science and culture.

The possession of the standards of literary pronunciation, the ability to expressively and correctly arrange sounding speech is gradually realized by many as an urgent public necessity.

Historically, the development and formation of Rules of Russian ORFOPII developed in such a way that the basis of the literary pronunciation is the Moscow pronunciation, which later "lay out" some options for St. Petersburg pronunciation.

The retreat from the norms and recommendations of the Russian literary pronunciation is regarded as a sign of insufficient speech and general culture, which reduces the authority of the speaker, spans the attention of the listeners. From the right, adequate perception of public speech distract the regional peculiarities of pronunciation, incorrectly supplied, "reduced" colloquially household intonation, ill-conceived sozing.

The erroneous pronunciation through the radio and television is "replicated" to a huge audience, volunteer or involuntarily absorbed and fixes, blurring the idea of \u200b\u200bthe correctness and purity of speech necessary for each cultural person. In addition, certain negative socio-psychological consequences of the abnormative pronunciation are observed, which tends to spread (especially in a round-the-clock broadcasting). Since in the bulk of the bulk, first of all draws attention to the content side of the information, the sound side of speech is not controlled, but is fixed at the subconscious level. In these cases, everything that contradicts the current tradition of registration of Russian sound speech: Violation of the intonation pattern of phrase and text as a whole, unjustified logical stress, not corresponding to the natural "flow" of speech pause, causes an intuitive feeling of protest from the listener, create a feeling of concern, psychological discomfort.

Work on its own pronunciation, over the increase in sponge culture requires a person of certain knowledge in the field of orthoepia. Since the pronunciation is largely an automated side of speech, then the person himself "hears" is worse than others, controls his pronunciation not enough or does not control it at all, non-criticized in assessing its own pronunciation, painfully perceives comments in this area. Rules and recommendations on ORFOPII, reflected in the benefits, dictionaries and reference books, seem to be unnecessarily categorical, differing from the usual speech practice, and common orthoepic errors, on the contrary, are very harmless.

Therefore, for the successful mastering of the orthoepic norm or deepening knowledge in Russian literary pronunciation, it is necessary in terms of guidelines:

| To learn the basic rules of Russian literary pronunciation;

| Learn to listen to your speech and speech around;

| Listen and study the exemplary literary pronunciation, which are owned by radio speakers and television, artistic words masters;

| Consciously compare your pronunciation with exemplary, analyze your errors and shortcomings;

| Fix them by constant speech training in preparing for public speeches.

The study of the rules and recommendations of the literary pronunciation should begin with distinction and awareness of the two main styles of pronunciation: fullrecommended for public speeches and incomplete (colloquially integral), which is common in everyday life maturity. The full style is characterized primarily by observing the basic requirements of the orthoepic rate, clarity and pronunciation of pronunciation, the right place of verbal and logical stress, moderate pace, the right pause, the neutral intonation pattern of the phrase and speech as a whole. In case of incomplete style of pronunciation, there is an excessive reduction in vowels, the loss of consonants, the fuzziness of the pronouncement of individual sounds and combinations, excessive focusing of words (including service), a combatful pace of speech, unwanted pauses. If in household speech these features of pronunciation are permissible, then in a public speech it is necessary to avoid.

The main feature of the Russian literary pronunciation in the field of vowels is their miscellaneous sound In shock and unstressed syllables with the same writing. In unstressed syllables, vowels are exposed reduction. There are two types of reduction - quantitative (when the longitude and the power of sound decreases) and quality (When the sound itself changes in an unstressed position). Less reduction exposed vowels in the 1st estate syllable, more - in all other syllables. Vowels [A], [o], [uh] undergo in unstressed syllables of both quantitative and high-quality reduction; vowels [and], [s], [y] Do not change in unstressed syllables of its quality, but partially lose the duration.

1. Publications in the 1st estate syllable:

a) after solid consonants in place about and but [but]: in [a] Yes?, H [A] ha?, M [a] squabble?, C [a] dy?, Z [a] Bo? P ; After solid hissing j. and sh in place but and about Also pronounced weakened sound [but]: well [a] Ra?, Well [a] NGLER, W [A] Guy?, sh [a] Fer .

Note 1.. After solid hissing j., sh and after c. Before soft consonants, pronounced sound type [s] With the ghost [e] , denoted conditional [s e. ] : well [s e. ] le? th, to coolant [s e. ] le? nya, f [s e. ] Ke? T in forms multiple number the words horse: lOCK [S. e. ] de? th, horse [s e. ] Dia? m and so on ... in the forms of indirect cases of numerical - Details: twilts [s e. ] Ti?, tridz [s e. ] Ti? etc.; In rare cases [s e. ] pronounced on the spot but In a position before solid consonants: rJ [s e. ]Noah. Well [s e. ] media? n .

Note 2. Unknown [about] pronounced in Soyuah but and what and also allowed in some foreign language words, for example: b [o] and?, B [o] Mo? ND. rococo?. Well [o] re? C .

Note 3. Preservation about In unstressed syllables is a feature of the regional pronunciation, so pronunciation M [o] Square?, P [o] ku? PKA, P [O] E? De, in [o] Zi? T. railway station does not correspond to the norm;

b) after solid hissing well, Sh and c. in place e. Pronounced reduced type [s] With the ghost [e] , denoted conditional [s e. ]: Well [s e. ] on?, sh [s e. ] PTA? T, C [s e. ] Lou? th ;

c) after soft consonants in place of letters i and e. , as well as after soft hissing c. and sh in place but Pronounced weakened sound [and] With the ghost [e] , denoted conditional [and e. ] : m [I. e. ] SNO? Y, P [and e. ] for? ny, m [and e. ] STI?, h [and e. ] Sy?, uh [and e. ] Di? T , as well as in the forms of a plural word area: bad [and e. ] de? th, bad [and e. ] Dia? m etc.;

d) on site i and e. At the beginning, the sound is pronounced [and] With the ghost [e] denoted [and e. ] in combination with the preceding [th]: [yi e. ] ZDA?, [yi e. ] NTA? ry, [yi e. ] Izzo?.

Note. Preservation [but] In the unstressed syllable after soft consonants is a feature of the regional pronunciation, so pronunciation [B'a] for? t, bi? on, h [a] Sousies?, [ya] yats?, [ya] does not correspond to the norm.

2. Vowels in other unstressed sylavas:

a) in the absolute beginning of the word in place of letters but and about Always pronounced weakened sound [a]: [a] RBU? Z: [A] CNO?, [A] Totobi? (A] Tcline? Nie;

b) after solid consonants in unstressed syllables, except for the 1st estate, in place but and about Pronunciation of reduced sound, medium in between [but] and [s] [Kъ]: G [Kъ] LOVA?, K [ъ] Randa? Sh, I? BL [Kъ] to [ъ] ;

c) after soft consonants in unstressed syllables, except for the 1st estate, in place and I and e. pronounced reduced, medium sounding between [and] and [e] , short-term duration denoted conditionally [b]: [p'I] Tacho? K, [l'] Sour? B, you? [N'] Su, h [b] fish? K .

3. Vowel and at the beginning of the root after the console or preposition, ending on solid consonants, pronounced as [s] : From the Institute - and [zy] prestee , with Igor - [sy] grief ; Saving in this position [and] and mitigating the consonant in front of him is the regional pronunciation line and does not correspond to the norm.

4. Impact vowels in place e. and e. . In the pronunciation of words, difficulties arise due to non-dissolution in the printed text of the letters e. and e. , since for their designation only the letter is used e. (except educational literature for younger students and foreign students). This provision leads to distortion not only graphic, but also the phonetic appearance of the word, is the cause of frequent utterance errors. Therefore, it is recommended to remember two rows of words:

a) with the letter e. , in place of which sounds [e]: scam, neglected, bluff, being, ice, head, grenader, fisher, live, invoiced, procession (but godfather ), leskening, non-residual, unworthy, guardianship, settled (settlement), successor, successor, surveillance, modern, jar, barley and etc.;

b) with the letter e. , in place of which sounds [about]: hopeless, Verder, Engraver, Blue (permissible bile ), horseful (permissible bile ), idock, Commwar, Xendz (but xendza. ), menuvras, mercenary, convicted, made, translated, listed, ceremony, pleasant, having fun, brought, brought, scuba, scrupulous, beltented, mixture, Tesh, Strestka (coarse-woven), and etc.

In some pairs of words, different meanings are accompanied by a different sounding of the shock vowel [about] or [e]: Expired (term) - Exterior (Blood), announced (screaming as an announced) - announced (decree), perfect (singing) - perfect (discovery).

1. Consonant [g] in the literary pronunciation of the explosive, instantaneous sound, when stunning is pronounced as [to]: dream [to], Bere [k] . Pronounced in his place "Ukrainian" g. , conventionally denoted [h] , does not correspond to the norm: [H] Ulya? T, SAPO [H] and? . Exception is a word God at the end of which sounds [x] .

2. Instead c. in words of course, boring, scrambled eggs, trifling, birdhouse, bachelorette party, laundry, rag, rag , in women's middleifications ending on - Ichna (Nikitichna, Kuzmichnna, Ilyinichna etc.), as well as in words what is nothing pronounced [Ш] .

3. In words a man, a dedication on site combination lC , in the shape of comparative degree Narachi horse, chleerstorm (and cHLESCH ) On the spot sTEP , as well as in place combinations zh. and sch. pronounced [Shch]: loader, customer, carver, subscriber, sandstone, happy, happiness, account, electronic counting, counter, hosted, count and etc.

4. When you accumulate several consonants in some combinations, one of them is not pronounced:

a) in combination sten. not pronounced [T]: teaching? [C'N '] IR, ve? [c'] Nick, what? [CH], I mean, I mean, I am? [CH], il? [CH] I? RO [CH] ;

b) in combination zdn. not pronounced [D]: By? [zn] Oh, right? [zn] IR, Na? [zn] IR but in the word abyss It is recommended to leave a weak sound. [d] ;

c) in combination stel not pronounced [T]: NAV [s'l '] and? The second, depending on? [s'l'] ivva, co? be [s'l '] ; in words bony and post persists;

d) in combination stel not pronounced [t] ; This forms a double consonant [ss]: maxima? [ss] cue, tour? [ss] cue, racy? [ss] cue .

5. In some words when accumulating consonant sounds sTK, ZDK, NTK, NDK Digging is not allowed [T]: daughter-in-law, ride, agenda, typist, cumbersome, laboratory, student, patient, Ireland, ScotlandBut: Fabric schot [NK] a .

6. Solid consonants before soft consonants can soften:

but) necessarily softensi n. Before soft z. and from: ne? [n's '] ia, prete? [n'z'] yia, river? [n'z '] ia, face? [n'z'] ia ;

b) in combination tV, Dv. can soften t. and d.: thursday, Tver, solid [T'v '] and [TV']; Door, two, move [d'v] and [dv '] ;

c) in combination zV and st. can soften z. and from: beast, ring [s'v '] and [ZV ']; light, candle, witness, holy [s'v] and [SV '] as well as in the word snake [Z'm '] and [zm '] ;

d) n. Before soft t. and d. suitable: ba [n't '] IR, VI [N'T'] IR, ZO [N'T '] IR, VE [N'T'] IL, A [N'T '] Ichny, Ko [N'T '] Extra, Remo [N'T'] IT, Ba [n'd '] IT, and [N'd'], Stipe [N'D '] ya, Zo [N'd'] Iovat, and [N'D '] Ivid, ka [n'd'] Idat, Blo [N'D '].

Some grammatical forms of verbs, nouns, adjectives are characterized by the special rules for the pronunciation of sounds in suffixes and endings.

1. In the verbs with a particle - Xia In an indefinite form and in the third face of the only and multiple number at the end of the end and the particle pronounced [C]: Meet, meet - Meeting? TLI [TCP], notice, will notice - noted? Ti [TCV], noted - notes? [TCP], say goodbye - Farewell? [TCP].

In the shape of insecurity on site combination - tsya Two sound soft sound [T'S''s]: noted - noted? [T'S'i], meet - wind? [T'S'i] .

2. In the endings of the genitive case of the forms of the male and medium kind of adjectives, numerical, pronoun - Oh /-his in place g. pronounced [B]: Big House (Lake) - Big? [V'], Blue Flag (Sea) - SI? Not [VI] . The same rule applies to words today is the se [in] about? of the day, TOTAL - ITO [in] Oh? .

Note. In the surnames ending on - Ago (Shembinago, Zhivago ), is pronounced sound [g] .

3. Graphic cuts, found in the text, for example, initials with the name as well as reductions like l (liter), m (meter), kg (kilogram), ha (hectare), n / me ("mailbox"), etc. (so on), C (page) and etc. reading "decrypt", i.e. "deployed" in full words. Graphic abbreviations exist only in written speech only for spectatic perception, and literally reading them is perceived or as speech error, or as irony, relevant only in special situations.

The combination of the name and patronymic is used in different situations both in writing and oral speech: in the official decrees of awarding, appointments, in orders, lists, for example, on accounting, the composition of production and training groups, in business and private correspondence, in contacting the interlocutor, in the presentation and naming of third parties.

In the formal situation business communication Between people, especially in the work of the teacher, translator, editor, lawyer, businessman, serving state or commercial structures there is a need to address by name and patronymic. Many Russian names and patronymic have pronunciation options that it is advisable to take into account in a particular communication situation. So, when you meet, with the first representation of a person, it is recommended distinct, clear, close to writing pronunciation.

In all other cases, incomplete, rejected forms of pronunciation of names and patientities, which historically developed in the practice of literary oral speech.

1. - Iy (Vasily, Anatoly, Arkady, Grigory, Yuri, Evgeny, Valery, Gennady ), ends on combinations - Evich, - Euna with the preceding dividing b: Vasil evich, Vasil evan; Grigor evich, Grigor evan . When the pronunciation of women's midbitty, these combinations are clearly saved: Vasil evan, Anatol evan, Grigor evan and so on. Men's patrimonies are allowed complete and rejected options: Vasi? [L'jv '] Ich and Vasi [l'ich], anato? [L'jv'] ICH and Anato? [L'ich], Grigo? [P'jv '] ICH and Grigo? [P' HCH] etc.

2. Patronymic formed from male names on - to her and - I. (Alexey, Andrei, Roots, Matvey, Sergey, Nikolay ) ends on combinations - OEVICH, - EEVNA, - AEVICH, - AEVNA: Alekseevich, Alekseevna, Nikolaevich, Nikolaevna . In their pronunciation, the literary standards allows for both complete and clarified options: Alexeyevich and Alex? [And] h, Alex? Evna and Alec [S'E?] VNA; Sergeevich and Serge? [And] h, Sergeevna and Ser [g'?] VNA; Root? Evich and Root? [And] h, Root? Evan and Code [n'e?] VNA; Nikola? Evich and Nikola? [And] h, Nikolaevna and Nikola? [VN] A etc.

3. Men's patrimonies ending on an unstressed combination - Ovich can be pronounced both in full and in the appropriate form: Anto? Novich and Anto? H [s] h, Aleksandrovich and Alex? NDR [s] h , Iva? Novich and Willow? H [s] h etc. In the women's middleings ending on an unstressed combination - Aries , Completely pronunciation is recommended: Alexander aries Boris. aries Kirill aries Victor aries Oleg aries etc.

4. If patronymic begins on and (Ivanovich, Ignatievich, Isaevich ), then in pronouncing with the name ending on a solid consonant, and goes into [s]: Pavel Ivanovich - Paul [s] Vanovich, Alexander Isaevich - Alexander [s] Saevich .

5. Usually not pronounced oV n. and m.: Iva? [N:] on, anto? [N:] A, Efi? [MN] A, Maxi? [MN] A .

6. Not pronounced unknown - ov In women's middleifications from names ending on in: Veaches? [VN] A, Stanisla? [VN] A .

A part of the borrowed vocabulary in the composition of the Russian language has some orthoepic features that are fixed by the literary norm.

1. In some words of foreign language origin on the spot of unstressed about Pronounced sound [Oh]: hell? Libo, Boa?, Bomo? ND, Bonto? N, Kaka? Oh, Ra? Dio, three? O . In addition, it is possible to stylistic oscillation in the text of the high style; Preservation of unknown [about] In foreign language due to the origin of the words - one of the means of attracting attention to them, their means of allocation. Pronunciation of words nocturne, sonnet, poetic, poet, poetry, dossier, veto, credo, foyer et al. With unstressed [about] Optional. Foreign names Maurice Torez, Chopin, Voltaire, Roden, Dodé, Baudelaire, Flaubert, Zola, Onor de Balzac, Sacramento et al. also preserve unstable [about] as an option of literary pronunciation.

In some borrowed words in the literary pronunciation after vowels and at the beginning, the word sounds quite clearly [e]: Duelist, Muzzin, Poetic, Egida, Evolution, Exaltation, Exotic, Equivalent, Eclecticism, Economy, Screen, Expansion, Expert, Experiment, Exhibit, Ecstasy, Extrage, Element, Element, Embargo, Emigrant, Emission, Emir, Energy, Enthusiasm , encyclopedia, epigraph, episode, epilogue, epoch, effect, effective and etc.

2. In oral public speech, certain difficulties arouses pronounced in the borrowed words of solid or soft consonant in front of the letter e. , for example, in words temp, Swimming pool, Museum and so on. In most such cases, a soft consonant is pronounced: academy, Swimming pool, beret, Beige, Brunette, bill, vessel, debut, motto, declamation, declaration, depesh, incident, compliment, competent, correct, museum, patent, pate, Odessa, tenor, term, plywood, sinel; word pace pronounced with solid t. .

In other words before e. Solid consonant is pronounced: adept, Autodfea, Business, Western, Wunderkind, Galife, Dumbbell, Grotesque, Decolt, Delta, Dandy, Derby, De Facto, De Yura, Dispensary, Identical, Board, International, Internet, Karate, Kara, Cafe, Cafe, Codeine, Codene, Computer, Meverage, Cottage, Bracket, Martin, Billionaire, Model, Modern, Morse, Hotel, Parter, Pathetics, Polonaise, Purse, Poets, Summary, Ranking, Renome, Superman other. Some of these words are known with us at least one and a half years, but do not detect trends towards mitigating the consonants.

In borrowed words starting with consoles de , front of vowels des- as well as in the first part complex wordsstarting with S. neo- , with a general tendency to mitigate, fluctuations in the pronunciation of soft and solid are observed d. and n. , eg: devaluation, deideologicalization, demilitarization, depoliticization, destabilization, deformation, disinformation, deodorant, disorganization, neoglobalism, neocolonialism, neoralism, neo-fascism.

Solid pronouncement of consonants before e. Recommended in foreign language own names: Bella, Bizet, Voltaire: Descartes, Dodé, Zhores, Carmen, Mary, Pasteur, Roden, Flaubert, Chopin, Apolliner, Fernander [De?], Carter, Ioneseko, Minja, Vanessa Redgrave, Stallone and etc.

In borrowed words with two (or more) e. Often, one of the consonants is pronounced softly, and the other retains hardness before e.: Straplechet [Reta], ge? Zeisis [gene], relay [Rale], genetics [gene], cafeteria [FETE], Pensna [ne; NE], renome [re; ME], Secretary [CE; re; TE], ethnogenesis [gene] and etc.

In relatively few foreign-speaking words, hesitations are observed in the pronunciation of consonant before e. For example: with the normative pronunciation of solid consonant before e. in words businessman [NE; ME], Annexia [NE] permissible pronunciation with mild consonants; in words dean, complaint the norm is a soft pronunciation, but solid is allowed. [DE] and [TE] ; in a word session Options solid and soft pronunciation are equal. Abnormative is mitigating consonants before e. In the professional speech of representatives of the technical intelligentsia in words laser, computer as well as in the spacious pronunciation of words business, sandwich, intense, interval .

Stylistic oscillations in the pronunciation of solid and soft consonants before e. There are also observed in some foreign language names of their own: Berta, Decameron, Reagan. Major, Kramer, Gregory Pek and etc.

3. Solid [Ш] pronounced in words parachute, brochure . In a word jury Pronounced soft sipping [z '] . Names are also pronounced Julien, Jules .

Verbal emphasis in Russian is characterized by viewing (can stand on any syllable and any part of the word: but? Bones, Nau? Ka, Training? Nei, Bourgeoisi? I etc.) and mobility (in different grammatical forms Words can go from one syllable to another: head?, go? Latch; when? Nyal, accepted?; Lamy, bold? etc.).

Prepositions, unions and particles usually do not have independent stress and adjoin independent parts Speech: for the city? th, wasn't there?, Ot? C would, will the Sadi come? I smi . In some cases, the emphasis goes to the pretext: by? D Mountain, on? Paul, for? night . Thus, independent and service words They have one verbal emphasis, making a single phonetic word on the sound.

Note. Small number service Parts Speech have weak emphasis, do not change the quality of the "shock" vowel. These are unions but, as if, for sure, then ... then , some prepositions that do not violate semantic communications with adverbs ( along, on the contrary, except, next to, between etc.), particle well .

Sophisticated words, as well as words with consoles anti, inter-, about-, counter-, super-, super-, ex- et al. can have but basic, self (or secondary) Emphasis, conventionally indicated by the gravis sign ( ‘ ). But among the complex words, there are many and monosular: write? Need, self? Tie, car? on, hostels? Tie etc. Side accent Usually, in order, it happens first (closer to the beginning of the word), and basic - Second (closer to the end of the word): cLA? Twispress? Nei, ko? Truca? ka, oh? Kozhe? Me, about? Forganiza? ration, Straw? Yottari? D, aircraft-building? Nei, in? Donepronza? Yellow, GOBB? Will? y, me? Zhrispublic? NSK, SU? Pepper? LCA, vi? Tse-Preside? NT, E? KS-Champion and etc.

Right choice stress points in the word has great importance In work on the culture of oral speech. Below are examples in which the erroneous emphasis is most common. It can be like separate wordsSo and some grammatical forms of words:

1) Names are nominal:

aGE? NT, Agrono? Mia, Alphabi? T, APO? Cryf, Apostre? F, ARA? ST, Asymmetry? I, Balova? T (Sia), Ba? Renman, Beso? Cashkovoy , Bravo? Rhenna, Bryana? Nei, Valo? E, Valo? M Vali? T, Reloyspeck? Denia, Top? Nice, ve? Crashya, Ge? Nezis, citizens. Nice, grotto? Syk, soil? E, Dala? Y-La? Ma, Defi? C, dioprat? I, diopter? I, dispensary? r, up? GMAT, DRE? VKO, spirituality? K, blinds?, Zhero?, dependent? DOKO, DO? Menia, is it? SC, and? Heaven, Iconopes? Mets, Corolot?, ISCH? Rook, rolled? g, ka? Tarsis, Route? K, Paddow? I, Kobu? K, Kolo? SS, Call? PS, Koky? Sh, Kra ? Shing, cream? ny, ku? Khona, Ma? Rketting, masterfully?, Messi? I, Mimicry? I, many hours? E, garbageauxo? d, scan? Rhenium, property? Life, notarem? (eye), not? Necksky, unworn, non-Odda? NNO, unsuscript? E (relations), nefelno? D, newborn, ensure, ensure, disaster? Thread, facilitating? T, rims? T, Education? Nurse, single-handed, Opto? New, Osse? Compare, oh? Tzyv (on the manuscript), review? B. (deputy), extinguish? Tolate, says? STI, PA? Mint, Pi? Htta, Plateau?, repeated, underwo? Speed, anticipation? Tit, come? Diet, acquire? Nie, acceleration? Robbing, sanitation? I, CROS ? in, focused?, Cre? Dream, Stoles? T, Stori? Tus, Story? T, Stori? Tsay, Tabo?, Tamo? Linsk, Tamo? Lagnaya, Bidding?, Dale? Maspiana, Totem ? So, deeie? T, Ukraine? Nevsky, mind? Nice, simplifying, faxing? Mile, Fair? Ria, Feno? Men (phenomenon), hVO? I, Chlo? Pove, stroke? Thai, price? I, Christians? N, Chassis?, Racking? (EXPE? RT, Langua? I (norm), pago? Vaya (sausage).

In many words, fluctuations are observed in staging: equal options - ji? Nasy and jeans?, zai? Ndvychev and zainyev? Loy, comba? Yner and combine, metallurgy and metallurgy, propolis and propolis, the loop? and the loop, roger? Nitsa and harboring? ka, rust and rust, sa? Zhen. and soot? ny, cottage cheese and cottage cheese, fa? Nza. and fanza? ; With regulatory stress and? Vgustovsky Permissible augusto? , P. beresta Permissible beresta? , P. shell Permissible shell , P. wary Permissible nethero? Head ; With regulatory stress industry - outdoor industry , P. smelled? - outdoor lit? Tystlia , P. ra? Course - outdoor cancer? PC ;

2) Own names:

Aygi?, E? VOO, AZE? F, Ah? Be, Ko? Be, ate? N slices? N, enter? R, PE? RES de Cue? Ling, stele? Entbeck, SE? Langer, Rua? ? Mundsen, Balmo? NT, Voronzo? Va-yes? Skova, Caps? Central Asian, CE? RGY RA? Donezhsky, Seraphi? M Saro? Wyste, Salvado? R Dali?, Ieremi, Picasso?, Zosa? Ma Alexy? Y, Ignas? Tiy Loyo? La, Protopo? П AVVAKA? M, Julia? What? Vim, Sokolo? In Mikito? In, sa? Yudis, Ana? Mel, Balashi? Ha, led? Stews, ki? Zh, Ra? Domerezh, Mountain on? Native, Stavropo? Lianland, Ganno? Ver, Che? Ti-Mine? and, the Apoca? Lipsis, Kali? Gula, Molo, Hall, ka? Rho-Hall, Comedy? France? H Metro? Litez-oh? Feather, Myanmar?, Niatra? Gua, Peru?, Quabe? K, SI? DAY, Massach? Sets, Missa? Ri, Form? C, Sri Lanka?.

In some names of their own, permissible variation stress: New? Ton (But traditionally: Newto? N. ), Re? Mbrandt. (But traditionally: Rembra? NDT. ), Lee? Nud Created (But traditionally: Linko? Flax ), DE? View ko? Popperfield (But traditionally: Davi? D Copperfi? Ice ).

Note. In cases where one name, its own refers to two (or more) persons, subjects, concepts, it is necessary to clarify the specific meaning of this word and using encyclopedic dictionaries, find out the correct stress. For example, Ba? Shington George, First US PresidentBut traditionally Washington - the capital of the USA, Macbee? T. - the character tragedy of the same name Shakespeare, but in the title of Leskov's story "Lady Ma? Kbet Mtsenchy County ".

Mobility of Russian stress, i.e. transfer it from one syllable to another in various grammatical forms of the Unified phonetic words, causes a number of difficulties in the pronunciation of these forms.

1. Shifting on, for, under, by, from, without It is possible if there is no explanatory words in the sentence after the nouns:

1) in combination with the pretext per

"On the other side, rear" , eg: w.yti for? river, for? Mountain; Lay for? cheek, for? an ear; lay hands for? back, for? head;

"during" to do? year, for? day, for? night, for? winter; to pay for? year, for? day etc.;

2) in combination with the pretext on the (with a vinitive case) in meaning:

"In the direction, on top of what , eg: fall (sit down, lie) on? Paul, climb on? Mount, something got on? Hand, on? nose, load cargo on? back, wear something on? head, on? legs, on? hands;

"Indication of points of contact with support" , eg: lie on? back, fall on? back, on? hands on? Head, stand on? legs, on? hands on? head;

"Calculated for the specified term" (with time units), for example: stock (stretch, enough) on? year, on? day, on? night, on? Winter, take a loan on? year etc.;

"NOTE MEASURES DIFFERENCE" , eg: on the? year older, on? day earlier, on? Head above etc.;

3) in combination with the pretext by (with a denational case) - with the meaning of this pretext "On the surface, within" (about movement), for example: walk on? floor, software Field, software yard, walk by? Forest, fly by? Sky, swim by? Sea, crumble on? floor, software Forest.

With other values \u200b\u200bof these predictions of the transfer of strokes may not occur, for example:

but) to accept anything for go? ru, for re? ku, for but? Gu, for zi? Mu, they appreciate him? Love, for Ru? Ki, reward for go? Lov, I fear for in? Losa, for go? Love, for but? Guy;

b) pay attention to the ru? ki, on but? Guy, on but? s, on the software? L, for de? Ny, despite but? Whose, on zi? Mu, tax on ze? ml;

in) longing for MO? RU, according to not? Will, judge the courtyard?, on Le? Su, did everyone get along the software? Liu.

Stress transfer usually does not happen If in the phrase behind the nouns, an explanatory word or words (subordinate to him or related writing connections), eg:

but) for re? Ku Ural, for go? D and two months, for th? D \u200b\u200bof tense work, for de? Ny his duty, keeps behind Ru? Ku Comrade, took over the Ple? Chi Father;

b) on th? Ru Yaman-Tau, drove the cargo on the sleep? Well, the porter, put on a hat on go? Summary of a neighbor, older on go? D and two months;

in) in the yard? Hotels, over a dream? GU and Ice of the Gulf of Finland, according to Mo? Ryu Laptev.

2. Emphasis in the forms of adjectives.

1) the emphasis goes to the end in brief form female: gro? Mise, loud?, Gro? MKO, GRO? MKI, GRO? MCH; before? lgiy, debt?, up to? lgo, up? Licks, up? bad? th, bad?, Po? Ho, Po? Hee; you? Pretty, rods?, you? Like, how? LCA; right (no full form), rights?, right? in, right? You;

2) the emphasis goes to the end in a brief form of a female genus and to the suffix of a comparative degree: sLA? VOMA, SLA? WEST, SLAG? Tse? flax, tse? flax, solid?, tse? flane, tse? flax, solid? e; Sums? tat, Sy? Ten, satisfy?, Socins? Certificate, Soly by? Svetny, by? walls, post?, by? Slytno, by? Stne, post? E; Yu? Yu, Yun, Yuna?, Yu? But, Yu? U, Yun? E;

3) The emphasis moves to the ending in the brief form of the female genus and the plural (as an equal version), as well as to the suffix of a comparative degree: be? bottom, be? den, poor?, Be? bottom, be? The bottom?, poor? E; BLE? DY, BLE? Dan, pale?, Ble? Dno, Ble? The bottom?, pale? E; Wa? Just, va? Women, important?, Va? Light, va? Just?, Important? E; ve? rynny, ve? Ren, right?, ve? Rno, ve? Pins?, Verne? E; free (free) , in? Len, Volina?, in? flane, in? flax?, Volnya? E, Straw? Yaya, Straw? Yen, Slock?, Straw? YoNo, Straw? Yah?, Salna

4) movable stress accompanied by alternating e. and e.: far, distale, far away?, far? and fallen, far? and distille, yes? cheap, cheese, cheese?, cheezhevo, cheezov, bare? Vla; Hard, tough, tough?, Hard, rust, harsh; light, lung, easy?, Easy?, Easy?, Le? GCH; Dark, choseman, dark?, dark?, Dark?, dark? E; Clear, squirrel, ketch? and tidka, clearly, clever, clear .

3. Difficulties in staging in the form of verb (uncertain form, personal forms, communion, verbalism):

1) verbs ending on - ie With an emphasis in an indefinite form on the last syllable: bombardova? T, scorer? Yu, Bombardiro? Band; Gravirov? T, Graviru? Yu, Graviro? Band Grimirova? T, Grimirur? Yu, Grimiro? Boot; Premovarova? T, premium? Yu, Premir? Band Shape? T, form? Yu, formed? Band costumes? th, costume? Banner, booking? T (armor), booking? yu, booking? Book; Gofrirova? T, Corrugary? Yu, Corrugiro? Bar Grinders? T, Grindier? Yu, group? Band Swabirov? T, seal? Yu, seal? Band;

2) verbs with root call for: called?, rank? Lo, called?, rank? But, ranch? name? L, called?, Name? Lo, name? Lee, on? Snown, on? Svan, on? Zvana, on? Zvano, on? Went; Walked? l, called?, Was the vowiness? Lo, a videos? Lee, when? called, when? Wenting, when? Zvana, when? Come;

3) verbs with root rub: schulel, sodulel, stern, otter? In And permissible squeezed, satellite ; The same stagnation scheme in the forms of verbs liner? T ;

4) verbs replace? T, Outper: for? Per, locked?, for? Perso, for? Pear, for? Person, replace? In And permissible for? Persh, for? Perth, for? Pert, locked?, for? Perto, for? Perth; Oh? Tper, Outflowed?, Oh? Tperlo, Oh? Topley, oh? Toper, Outper And permissible outfit?, oh? Top, oh? Topt, Outflowed?, Oh? Tchero, Oh? Tcher . The same stroke scheme in the verb die , except for the form dead where the emphasis falls on the root vowels;

5) verbs remove, busy? Н, obstructed, accepted, entrepreneurial, revealing? Н, having transferred? and verb to begin : from nyal, removed?, Released? Lo, removed? Is it removed? in (Shi), removed? Type, removed, removed?, Removed? That, removed? You; Washing? Nyal, took?, for? Nalo, for? Nyali, busy? Lighch, busy? in, for? Nty, for? Nat, is busy?, for? Nyato, for? Nits; Similar accent circuit in the forms of verbs to accept and hAVE? T.; It is obvious? T, by? Nyal, understood?, by? Nyalo, by? Nyali, understanding? Lisovy, obvious? in, by? Nyatnaya, by? Nat, understood?, by? Nyato, by? Nits; Taken? T, Oh? tall And permissible from? l, took away?, Oh? And permissible taken? Lo, oh? tile And permissible taken? Is it, who is revealed, from, from, about? in, oh? Tits, oh? tnat, taken away?, Oh?, Oh? Having transferred? th, ne? Renal And permissible having transferred? l, took over?, ne? Rennyalo And permissible having transferred? Lo, ne? Renyali And permissible having transferred? Lee, having transferred? Lighners, having transferred? in, ne? Rengy, ne? Renat, take care?, P? Renyato, ne? Renata; launched, on? Chal, start?, on? Chalo, on? Chali, launched? Lisch, launched? in, on? Chat, on? Chat, started?, on? Chato, on? chats;

6) verbs loss, arrival?: uBU? Du, Ubu? Die, Ubu? Children, Ubu? De, Ubu? Dithu, Ubu? Dut, u? Was the loss?, Uh? was, y? in ; The same stroke scheme in the forms of verb profit? T. ;

7) verbs with root to give (are you? Give, Passage, Pass? T, Sell? T ); in the verb are you? Give In all forms, the emphasis falls on the prefix; pBC, PBC? M, PBC? Ш, PBC? Art, publishers? m, publishers? Those, publishing? T, Passage? L, Missed?, Pass? Lo, Pall? Lee , and? Builded, and? Zanda, published? And permissible and?zdan, and? Zdano, and? Zdans ; Similar accent scheme in the forms of verb selling? T. ; pstudent? T, PRESENT? M, PERFORMANCE? SH, PRESENT? ST, DESCRIVE? M, DISABLE? TEVELS And permissible transferred? L, passed?, ne? Redual And permissible pass? Lo, ne? And permissible transferred? Lee, translated? Lisovy, pass? In, ne? Redan, ne? Redan, transferred? And permissible ne? dran, ne? rugged, ne? RESIDENTS, REST? Msya, RESIDENTS SEED, REST? STSY, RESOUT? Msya, surrender? Tales, surrender? I passed? Lya, passed? Smiling And permissible pass? .

Study of the basic rules of Russian literary pronunciation, the analysis of "difficult cases" of staging in words and grammatical forms, attentive, thoughtful attitude to the sounding side of the speech are the necessary prerequisites for independent work Over the increase in culture of oral speech. But learned orphoepic information only partly provide successful training Public speaking, the ability to pronounce (or read) a complete volumetric text of communication, report, speech, report, etc. proposed below guidelines Can be taken into account in the process of pre-work of the speaker on the text of the speech.

1. Powering - division sound phrase For smaller speech segments (speech tacts, or syntagma) - one of the most important features of the sounding speech. Another feature is the presence of pauses that naturally occur at the borders of speech clocks and individual phrases.

Speech tact or syntagmais the minimum unit of content. The proposal in the sounding speech is perceived by the listener and translates from one language to another by individual speech thates. Various division of the phrase to speech tacts can interpret the meaning of the proposal in different ways, for example: "Find you can't pardon" in which two pauses are possible: 1) Penalize / can't pardon ; 2) Execute you can not pardon . Or: 1) Need to learn / work / and relax ; 2) Need to learn to work / and relax .

2. Proper spanning, i.e., the correct membership of the text on phonetic phrases, and phrases - on speech tacts - the first stage in the preparation of text to sound. Although the sound cut between pauses (syntagma) can be of different durations, the average value is usually seven syllables. But speech tact (syntagma) has a relatively completed meaning and defined syntactic design. For example: On the banks of the Moscow River, / opposite the southern port of the capital, / grew up the modern residential area. // Pause dismembering this simple offer to separate phrases. Another example: In order to share speech on the tact, / need stops, / or, in other words, / logical pauses. // This complex offer is shaped into simple (pause after the word so you ), simple - on phrases. Thus, thoughtful cavity helps the logical analysis of individual proposals, complex syntactic integers (see ch. XLIX), total text.

3. In Russian, the orientation on punctuation signs can serve the basis of the correct text pausing. So, B. simple offer with separate involved, inaccessible, comparative turns, introductory and plug-in suggestions, circulation of punctuation marks that allocate these syntax constructionsare signals for a pause. For example: On the south-western outskirts of the capital of the United States / - Washington, / where the highway number 95, / leading from the city to South, / crosses two bridges of the Muddy River Potomac, / opposite Arlington Cemetery, / It is a building of grayish reinforced concrete. //

Note. Pause may be absent with isolated single introductory words and single verbalias: The adoption of a new law, of course, is necessary; Leaving, quench the light.

4. Powering in cases of absence of punctuation marks:

1) between the group of the subject and group of the facid: Car trip in America / similar to traveling across the ocean // (I. Ilf, E. Petrov);

2) After circumstantial words, usually with the value of the place, time, reasons, as well as after the additions that are standing at the beginning of the offer: In one of autumn nights 1969 / The editorial office of the newspaper "Pravda" / About "One-story America" \u200b\u200bcame the conversation at the meeting of young satirits // (Shatunovsky, Strelnikov);

3) before the union and If at three or more homogeneous members, it combines the last two: Occasionally / We met scattered throughout the steppe prairie farm, / with a mandatory red barrier, / silage tower /and mightily centenary tree in front of the porch of a house (Shatunovsky, Strelnikov).

5. Psychological pause In addition to logical and possible, when the speaker wants to especially allocate any word, attract the attention of students to him. In the second case, we can talk about the ability to "keep a pause", which are owned by actors and experienced speakers.

Below is a prepared text with pre-marking pauses. Red oblique lines (/) (In the texts, a continuous oblique line) indicate mandatory pauses, blue lines (¦ ) (In the texts there is an intermittent line) - for possible, optional.

For Vysotsky, there are no forbidden, / it is daily, / with the causing courage / wrote and sang about everything, / which is worried. / But it was that freedom, / which is morally, / accurate attitude to the subject line or phenomenon. / Vysotsky | Not just fixes, / transmits, / reflects the drama of life. / He is dramatically and himself, / by nature of his subjectivity, / individuality, / talent. // everything, / what he did, / and everything, it turned out / - This is from loosening, / from not leaving him for anxiety. //

Dramatic, / according to A. S. Pushkin, / related to "passions" and the outpacing of the human soul. "/ in full compliance with this accurate observation! / Vysotsky| at that time, / when the semi-seat was dominated, / one hand , / And pop noise / - on the other, / began to speak and sing a "open voice", / passionately, / obryavno, / sometimes passing to a cry. / So, / how people sing at home, / free, / discovered , / Not constrained by strict rules of the setting. // (V. Tolstoy, in the mirror of creativity).

The expressive sound of the text contributes not only to the right pause, but also the right, natural intonation that meets the requirements of the traditionally established literary norm.

In Russian, two main types of intonation differ: ascending (with raising tone) and downward (with a decrease in tone). Ascending intonation You can also be called intonation of incompleteness, and downward - intonation of completeness.

A special increase in tone, accompanied by a gain of verbal stress, greater intensity of the shock syllable, is called logical stress. It is used for a semantic underscore of any word or phrase in the sentence. There is a certain pattern between intonation methods and punctuation marks, on the one hand, and semantic relationships in the proposal, on the other.

1. Downward intonation (lowering tone), conventionally indicated in the texts icon (in the examples highlighted by bold italics

1) Point: Moscow. 7 october. Today in the museum fine arts Name Pushkin opened an exhibition dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the birth of Marina Tsvetaeva;

2) Dot (If it means the completion of thought): "Petersburg is taken finns... Kolchak took Syzran. Tsaritsyn ... " (Bunin);

3) comma In the non-union and complex proposals with the transfer relationship between parts: "In July evenings and nights no longer screaming quail and kosor do not sing in the forest beats of nightingales, does not smell flowers. Day Tosca forgotten, everything is forgiven, and the steppe easily inhales wide breast…» (Chekhov);

4) point with comma (pause between parts longer than with a comma);

5) colon in the simple sentence: The company is required workers: Slicer, Tokari, Milling; in complex offer: And my request consists in next: take care of our language, our wonderful Russian language… (Turgenev).

2. Rising intonation (raising the tone), conditionally denoted in the texts of the icon (in the examples allocated bold font), required in cases where the following punctuation marks are used:

1) Exclamation mark: ask attention! Please stop debate!;

2) Question mark: What is the feature of the modern stage of development society?;

3) comma:

a) in the row homogeneous members simple supply connected by connecting unions and, yes (in meaning "and" ), Or without unions, is accompanied by the intonation of the same type of listing: The team crashed business, bodry, vigorous. Everyone works with full departure and enthusiasm;

b) in a simple or complex sentence in the presence of opposing ( but, but, however ) dividing ( either ... either, then ... then, not that ... not that et al.), double comparable ( like ... so; Although ..., but; if not ... then et al.) Unions is accompanied by an inhomic, inhomogeneous intonation: ascending intonation is replaced by descending: Mal. shovel, Yes roads. Is not street, but avenue. There is no other choice in the economy: either forceeither ruble ;

c) in a simple sentence at separate members offers: Editorial Thanks readerswho sent their wishes. IN solutionadopted by meeting, the results of work are summed up. Despite difficult meteorovia., transcontinental flight took place;

d) in a simple sentence in the presence of introductory words and appeals, if they are highlighted in speech tact, i.e., accompanied by a pause: Reportedly print, the visit of the Head of Government may not take place;

e) in a complex proposal on the border of simple proposals included in it: To me it seemsthat the translation style will not be disturbed if we are in moderation and with a clock will transfer foreign proverbs russianwhich they comply with content and style, especially in cases where the literal translation is clumsy and chosen (K. Chukovsky);

4) Dash in a simple sentence: A life live - not the field go. On right - sea, left - the mountains; in a complex sentence: Century zhvi. - century lEARCH .

3. Rising intonation (Tone raising) is required in all cases when the pause on the borders of speech clocks (syntagm) occurs in the absence of a punctuation mark:

Often"We can hear statement: / market in pure form / no longer exists nIGHT, / matter in industrial countries.// Cruel delusion.// If not to tell/ Illiteracy|I blindness.// Yes, / State today / everywhere is trying to correct market.// Yes,/monopoly/ Plan Note production, / fight for control over market.// But Naugh market, / not over other!// ... nothing useful from togo, / What is the story economy|Ankaotel O. century, / Modern farm has not lost. // AND, add,/- can not lose.// For the market|i public division labor/not connect.// And the deeper this separation labor, / theme wider, / branched| market.// BUT so, / And its tools: /money, / Price, / Taxes, / Credit/ Currency course.// (N. Shmelev, or power, or ruble).

4. Logical stress (a special increase in tone, accompanied by the intensity of the sound syllable sound, in the texts) conditionally denoted icon (") (in the examples hit the letter allocated bold font), It is allowed only with the meaning of the word and phrase in the phrase:

1) Within one simple proposal, it is recommended to resort to logical stress than once than once, emphasizing the new information, important for this statement, since the meaning of the communication as a whole changes from changing the place of logical stress. For example, offer Pushkin was born in Moscow May have three options for logical emphasis, depending on what to pay attention to: a) Pw.schkin was born in Moscow; b) Pushkin Rodandlya in Moscow; in) Pushkin was born in Moscowe..

The presence of more than one logical stress in the simple proposal is allowed in a number of homogeneous members, if you need to emphasize each of them: Pushkin Chernovik is a precious stagee.nT, in which all stbutdii creative process, preserved his entire ambassadore.treatiness, all graduale.nia;

2) In a coherent text, logical emphasis helps the speaker to clearly allocate the beginning of a new thought, emphasizes the official words, compositive inspection: first, secondly, therefore, so, of course, naturally, in the end etc.;

3) stand out accented class of words, whose logical underscore is typical for public speeches, since with the help of their speaker expresses its attitude to the subject of speech: very, absolutely, absolutely, no, again, again, before, always, annually, usually; There is no, it is impossible, it is not necessary; important, little, a lot etc.;

4) stand out "Support points" text - words calling a speech object; First of all, these are terms, as well as words specifying the meaning of terms, explaining them.

The following is an excerpt from the article N. Shmelev, divided into speech tacts containing intonation markup and logical stress with the orientation on the utmost norms of public speech.

Legend:

(/) Continuous oblique line indicate required pauses, (¦ ) intermittent oblique line - for possible, optional pauses;

- downward intonation (tone decrease);

- ascending intonation (tone raising);

(") - logical stress (a special increase in tone, accompanied by the intensity of the sound of the shock syllable in the texts).

There are several types of sound pronunciation violations:

· Sound maybe skip at all.Then, when you repeat the words, the child instead of sound pronounces unclear vowel or semi-highlist sound, sometimes a little yoted ( shed - s-Ay.or sa oh-Ay.), either skips the sound completely ( sa na). When pronouncing hissing and whistling sounds, this semi-disconnect sound is accompanied by intricate noise. When trying to pronounce the sound, the child will also reproduce a certain vague sound or can not pronounce anything.

· Child instead of one sound pronounces full soundanother sound. For example, instead [R]pronounces sound [l]or [th].It is called replacement.

· The child can replace one sound on defective soundinganother sound. For example, sound [Ш]replaces the incorrectly pronounced sound [from].

· The child can replace solid consonant sound of his soft pair(for example, instead [l]speak [L "]).It is called mitigate.If you find softening some sounds in the child's speech, be sure to check if it does not soften all the consonant sounds that it is possible to soften.

· Child maybe sound is distorted.That is, in his speech, the sound is quite recognizable, but it sounds abnormative for Russian. For example, instead of Russian-speaking [R]child says Gorlovaya [R]or instead of sound [Ш]pronounces similar to [Ш]some noisy hissing sound.

Sound pronunciation [to - g], [F. - in],[t " - d "], [from - z. - c], [Sh - g] and [C. - nm] almost always violated the same way.

Exercises for testing sound suspension:

3 Following your child must repeat the sound several times. in an isolated position(that is, separately - [from]).

3 Following you, he must repeat the words,where this sound is in different positions(At the beginning, in the middle and at the end of the word).

It should be borne in mind that ringing steam sound sounds at the end of the word, and also before the deaf consonants are stunned (that is [F], for example, will sound like [sh];word but j. - as but sh, word but j.ka -as but shkaetc.). Exemplary words To check the pronunciation of each of the sounds are given in the text.

If the child defects an insulated sound - you need to put this sound first, and then consolidate its pronunciation in speech. If the child correctly utters a separate sound, and in words, it defects it defective - you only need to fix the pronunciation of this sound (see p. 151).

Pronunciation verification rules:

· The child is calm withoutpush should repeat the words and sounds behind you (pronounce them without superfluous pressure). With forced pronunciation, the sound can easily distort. For example, if the sound [from]pronounce on the background of too strong exhalation, the sound will be inaccurate, because the tongue under the pressure of the air jet is sprinkled to the teeth and will block the air output from the mouth.

· Carefully listen in isolated pronouncedchild sound. Let him repeat it several times. Sometimes children using the wrong positions of the speech organs, quite well imitate the full sound of some sounds, so that the violation of their pronunciation for the inexperienced hearing can remain unnoticed.
Such sounds of the child must be set, because their erroneous pronunciation will become more visible with age when the general "childishness" of speech disappears. In addition, the wrong pronouncing of some sounds will make it difficult to fully utter others. In the phonetic language system, the sounds of the pronunciation of sounds as it were "fitted" to each other from the point of view of the greatest ease of switching speech organs from sound to sound. That is why the defective pronunciation of any sound often becomes more distinguishable in words when it interacts with other consonant sounds.
Therefore, when doubt, check how the child says the sound in words with concise (when a few sounds go in a row) consonant sounds (for example, for sound [Ш] - ka shtan, Ka shnOT, PUN sh, Mund shtuk). When pronouncing such words, firstly, becomes a more obvious defective pronunciation of sound, and, secondly, between consonants in a stroke (in our case it is [PC],[SN],[NSH],[dShT]) There is some pause needed to transition from one articulation to another, not sprinkable with it.

· Explore the location of the speech organschild and compare it with a normal option (it is brought to the description of the survey of each of the sounds). The position of the language in the mouth is unable to consider through the teeth, so ask the child where he is located, or ask the child to say the sound, leave the language in the same place and open the mouth. Language can shift, but you will understand what about the place he was.

· When you can't hear whether a child is pronounced by a particular sound, check whether it is disturbed while pronouncing this sound speech exhale. Let it pronounce a syllable with this sound with clamped nostrils (see p. 26). If the exhalation is broken, then the sound is pronounced incorrectly.

About what orphoepium is, you can learn from dictionaries and reference books literary language. All the languages \u200b\u200bof the world have certain lexical standards, which are a model of proper use of words.

Science Orphoepium

Orphoepium studies the laws and rules for pronunciation of words. It is very similar to spelling, which considers the laws of proper writing words. The term "Orphoepium" includes two Greek words: orthos - "right", "right", "right" (direction) and EPOS - "Speech", "Conversation". Therefore, to the question of what orphoepium is, you can give a response directly translated from greek: correct pronunciation.

Orphoepia rules

Various deviations from the norms of use and pronunciation interfere with communication, distract the listener from the meaning of speech pronounced and significantly make it difficult to absorb the pronounced text. Compliance with the norms of pronunciation of words is also important as the hold of spelling standards. The correctness of the pronunciation of a lexical unit will tell orphoepium. The rules of this science make it possible to determine how it is necessary to pronounce this or that word, and the area of \u200b\u200bits lexical application. After all, in the world where oral speech It is a means of broad communication, it must be impeccable, in terms of rules of orthoepia.

HISTORY OF RUSSIAN ORFOPII

Russian orphoepium has developed in the middle of the 17th century. Then the rules for the pronunciation of certain words were approved, the norms of building phrases and suggestions were laid. The center of the new literary language was Moscow. On the basis of the Severorussian dialects and southern dialects, a Moscow pronunciation was formed, which was taken as the basis of the lexical norm. The science on how to correctly pronounce this or that word, went from Moscow to remote depths of Russia.

In the early 18th century, the country's political and cultural life center was the new capital of Russia - the city of St. Petersburg. Gradually, the norms of pronunciation changed, among the intelligentsia, it became a clear rule, the spongable pronunciation of words. But among the wide segments of the population, the Moscow pronunciation continued to be considered.

Orphoepium studies such norms of the pronunciation of the Russian language, as an emphasis, the norm of pronunciation of individual sounds and combinations, melodiousness and intonation of spoken speech.

Emphasis

About what orfoepia is, it is possible to consider on the rules of staging in Russian words. The question is not as simple as it may seem. In the French speech in the overwhelming majority of cases, the emphasis is placed on the last syllable. In Russian, the stress is movable, can fall on an arbitrary syllable, change its location depending on the genus and case of this word. For example, a city, but cities, a train, but trains will take, but accepted.

Sometimes the wrong pronunciation was so much in conversation, which requires a lot of effort to eradicate the error. For example, everywhere we hear calling instead of calling, the contract instead of the right agreement. Orphoepium words insists on: directory, necrologist, quarter instead of established incorrect versions of these words.

Sometimes it helps to correct the emphasis. For example, in the mid-50s 20th century, the use of the word "youth" instead of the right "youth" was widespread. Fix the error helped a widely popular song "Anthem Democratic Youth". The song was created by the composer Novikov on the poets of the poet Osanin. In the chorus, the hymn was words: "Young people are singing this song." The common "youth" did not fit into rhythm, nor into the text of this musical work, so the wrong pronunciation of the popular word was supplanted true.

Transcription

The pronounced word can be written using transcription. This is the name of the recording of audible words and sound sounds. In transcription, along with conventional literals, special, for example, the letter [æ] is used, indicates an open shock vowel, something mean between "A" and "E". This sound is not used in Russian speech, but often occurs when studying the languages \u200b\u200bof the German branch.

Currently, to put proper stress in the Word will help special dictionaries.

Pronunciation of individual sounds

Explain what orphoepium is, on the example of the pronunciation of vowels in the words of the Russian language. For example, the norm in Russian is reduction - the weakening of the articulation of vowels in some words. For example, in the word "boxes" only the third sound "O" is clearly heard, and the first is pronounced muffled. As a result, it turns out a sound, resembling at the same time [O], and [a].

If the unstressed [o] stands at the beginning of the word, it is always pronounced as [a]. For example, in the words "fire", "Window", "Points" clearly in the first case [a]. The drummer [o] does not change its meaning: the words "cloud", "island", "very" pronounced with pronounced [o] at the beginning.

Some consonant sounds

IN existing rules Orthoepia is said that the ringing consonants at the end of pronounced words sound like a pair of deaf. For example, the word "oak" is pronounced as [Duz], "Eye" - [voice], "Tooth" - [ZUP] and so on.

The phrases of the consonants "ZZH" and "LJ" are pronounced as double-mild [Zhzh], for example, we write, I will pronounce [Correction], rattling - [grate] and so on.

The exact pronunciation of one or another word can be found from special orphoepic dictionaries.

For example, quite serious work on orthoepia presented Avanesov. Interesting deeply worked out editions of tongue tannichenko, Abramova and others. Orphoepic dictionaries You can easily find on the Internet or in special libraries.

By 4-5 years, the child must correctly pronounce all the sounds - it is necessary for it further development, Right letter and reading. You can help several of our tips:

1. You need to find out exactly what sounds are broken. To do this, offer the child to call pictures or repeat the words you are in which there is a sound you are interested in, for example [C]: Sledge, scales, bus; [S]: hare, goat; [C]: Chicken, cucumber, chicken; [Sh]: hat, mice, reeds; [F]: Giraffe, Ski; [Sh]: Brush, lizard, cloak; [H]: kettle, cloud, ball; [L]: shovel, saw, woodpecker; [P]: Fish, cow, ball.

2. With each sound you need to work separately. Starting from the very "light" sound, then take for others in order of increasing complexity: k, g, x, s, s, c, sh, g, u, h, y, l, r.

3. Work on each sound start with gymnastics for lips and language. Make it in front of the mirror so that the child can not only feel the work of his articulation bodies, but also see it will have a positive effect on the development of it phondeMectic hearingSo, on sound-proof. Each exercise does 10 times, but make sure that the child is not overwhelmed, engaged in desire.

Exercises can be found in any book on speech therapy. Here is some of them.

"Trulling is a smile": lips are pulled out by a trunk, like an elephant, then smile like a frog.
"The blade is a needle": the tongue is wide, then long and narrow.

"Swing": the tip of the tongue is climbing the upper teeth, then lowers behind the lower. The mouth is wide open.
"Hasiki": the tip of the language, like the pendulum of the clock, moves from the right corner of the lips to the left and back at different speeds.
"Painting": "Painting the sky" "tip" language (led only on the front of the sky).

4. First, it is necessary to achieve the pronunciation of one sound, and not entire words. It is best to get the sound by explaining the child where and how to put a language and what "make" lips. K, G, X: Language "lump" to raise to the back of the sky, the tip of the tongue is omitted, the lips are ajar; C, s: the tongue of "groove" at the bottom of the mouth, the lips are smiling, the air goes in the middle of the tongue in the groove; C: The sound is folded from the rapid pronunciation of two sounds - [t] and [s], at the first moment the tip of the tongue rests on the "tubercles" behind the upper teeth, as with the sound [T], then bounces to the [C] position; W, w: Language Talk, make a cup ("so that the driver does not pour out"), we remove the cup for the top teeth, the lips are rounded, stretched forward with the "Hour"; L: the language rests on the base of the upper teeth or in the teeth, it is firmly as "soldiers in the post", does not let the air, which goes on the sides of the language; R: Language is raised to Alveola, finely trembling under the pressure of a strong jet of air, the lips make "grin, like a dog", solid, tense.

5. To achieve a strong directional exhalation, come up with all sorts of games: soap bubbles, allowing bubbles through a cocktail tube into the water, just blow the water in a deep plate, turntables, whistles, drive a "boat", pinch, drove the ball into the gate , cotton lumps between two pencils. In all games, one condition: cheeks should be thin (do not sing).

P is the most difficult sound. Often, it is pronounced in French: the tip of the tongue is downstairs, and the root shakes his root or devour - a small tongue. Fix it hard, but you can. Try the exercises: 1) hitting the tongue in Alveola, uttering "Dr. ..." (both on the drum); The lips are tense, the mouth is open. Then heavily breathe at the tip of the Language "Dr. D-DR-R"; 2) Small papers put on the tip of the tongue, quickly enter the upper teeth and blow away with a strong exhalation; 3) Send "fs" and move at the same time the tongue.

That is, when performing all these exercises, it is necessary to ensure that the tip of the tongue is raised to the reasons of the upper teeth and "trembled." Here your child has a new sound!

6. In the next lesson (and you need to do 15-20 minutes daily) Consider sounds in syllables, such as sho, Shu, Sha, SB, Shi, Osh, Osh, Ash, Esh, Ish or Tra Tro, Dro-Droes, APR -Pr., OCD. When it becomes easy, start repeating words, call pictures with these sounds.

7. Now follow the child to pronounce a mastered sound in its free speech. This automation stage can last long, even a year. Be patient.

8. Fixing in everyday speech one sound, at the same time, proceed to work on the next.

9. It happens that the child perfectly pronounces similar sounds, for example "s" and "f", or "with" and "sh", or "h" and "u", and in their speech interchanges them. It is dangerous for the future letter. There may be the same errors when writing. And not only these letters, the child will be confused, but also other pair of consonants (B - P, D - T, D - T - T), because with such a violation there are not only the sounds that are mixed in speech, but also sound An allevant system as a whole. In order for future mistakes to avoid, you need to consider with a child, what is the difference in the position of the articulation organs during the pronunciation of these sounds, listen to their sound with closed eyes, compare, think with the child, that hear in sound - a mosquito squeak or beetle buzz.

Then - such a game: you call the child a syllable with mixed sounds, and it determines which sound in this syllable. Then - the same with the words. And then pick up and teach correctly to pronounce the cleaning paintings of the type "Drying on the table, bumps on the pine" or:

Chikichi chiki,
Bear rides a wand!
Squirrel on a cart
Clicks nuts.

Or poem A. Barto "We did not notice the beetle."

What else, besides the right sound, should be in the speech of a six-year-old child? It not only summarizes in one word "vegetables" - cabbage, potatoes, beets, but also lists what belongs to, say, to fruits. When listing "Airplanes, cars, trains, tractor", he highlights the plane and explains: "He flies, he has wings"; The six-year-old is already able to explain the differences between, say, the same plane and bird: "She is alive, and he is an iron, he has a motor" (the allocation of the most significant need to learn tirelessly). In the book, Picture, the film, the child highlights the main thing, is able to retell the content, understands who the hero of the work, who acts correctly and why condemns negative characters.

At this age, the child composes fairy tales, stories, understands fiction, fantasy and distinguishes them not only from reality, but also from lying, which condemns. He is able to speak in front of adults with a poem, reading him expressive, passing the mood. He studies the alphabet, makes up the syllables and remembers the writing of several words, highlighting them in the text; printed letters writes some words from three to four letters and their name - of course, allowing the monstrous errors; Understands the storyline of three pictures, constitutes a story, a fairy tale.

If your preschooler has not yet reached something, help him patiently and joyfully. And your work will be rewarded by a hundredfold. This will help with the receptant age of your child.