The meaning of Telugu (language) in the great Soviet encyclopedia, bse. Telugu Countries Telugu Spoken Countries

Telugu, or Telinga, Telungu, Tenugu, Tenungu is the language of the Andhra people living in one of the largest states of India - Andhra Pradesh, in the areas adjacent to the states of Tamil Nadu (Tamil Nadu), Mysore, Karnataka, Orissa , Maharashtra, Chattisgarh in South India. In addition, it is spoken in Sri Lanka, some countries of the South East Asia, Africa and the Middle East, Fiji and Mauritius. There are Telugu diasporas in the USA, Great Britain, Australia, New Zealand, Bahrain, Canada, Ireland, and the United Arab Emirates.

Telugu is included in one of the 22 official languages ​​of India. In 1953, with the formation of the state of Andhra Pradesh, it became its official language. Telugu is spoken in the cities of Bengaluru and Chennai, but the dialects used there differ significantly from the standard Telugu.

Telugu is the third most native speaker in India after Hindi and Bengali. According to various sources, Telugu is spoken by 70 million to 88 million people (according to the 2001 census - 74 million). Judging by these numbers, Telugu is the most widely spoken language from the Dravidian language family of Eurasia. It is included in the list of the 14 most spoken languages ​​in the world.

Similarities with many southern and central Dravidian languages language family caused Telugu researchers to arrange it differently in their variants genealogical classification... According to M. S. Andronov, for example, Telugu forms an independent southeastern branch of the Dravidian languages. In other systematizations, it is included in the South Dravidian branch, in which it forms a special group together with Gonda, Kuvi, Kui, Manda, Pengo and a number of other languages.

Telugu dialects and forms

Two forms of Telugu are known: archaic - "grantkhika" (literally book), and commonly used - "vyavaharika" (literally common), which has been used in literature since the 15th century. There are many dialects in Telugu, the generally accepted classification of which has not been compiled. Dialects such as Vaddar, Chenchu, Savara, Manna-Dora are closely related to the Telugu language.

The main dialect of the common form "vyavaharika" is the dialect of the eastern districts (East Godavari, West Godavari, Krishna, Gunturu). In addition, the dialects of Rayalasim, Telengan and northeastern (districts of Sri Kakulam and Vishakhapatnam) are distinguished. There are also social Telugu dialects that have hardly been studied. However, it should be added that the differences between the dialects are insignificant.

Surprisingly, despite so many people speaking this language, standard Telugu is often called Shuddha Bhaasha (literally "poor language") along with languages ​​such as Tamil, Kannada, Hindi, Bangla, Guyarati, etc.

origin of name

The etymology of the word Telugu is not completely clear. According to one of the versions, the name telugu comes from the word trilinga (in part it can be found in the name Trilinga Desa - literally the country of three reeds). According to one of the Hindi legends, the country of Trilinga Desa (Desam) is located between the three temples of Shiva (Kaleshwaram, Srisailam and Draksharamam) and creates the traditional boundaries of the Telugu region. The people who inhabited this country were also called telaga. The tradition of caste originates precisely from the country of Triling Desam.

In addition to Telugu, names are used: Telunga, Telinga, Telangana, Tenunga. According to K. L. Ranyanam, the word "Telugu" comes from talaing, which is derived from the names of the leaders who conquered the Andhra region. M.R.Shastri believes that the name comes from the word telunga - the combination of the Gondi word telu (lit. white) and the ending plural-unga. According to GJ Somayadzhi, ten means “south” in Proto-Dravidian, and the word itself comes from tenungu meaning “people from the south”. There are other versions of the origin of the name, but they are all controversial.

From the history of the language

Telugu is one of the most ancient languages ​​of India. The oldest Telugu words were found on coins at Kotilingala, in the state of Andhra Pradesh. The first Telugu inscriptions are epitaphs found at Bhattiprolu, in the Guntur district, dating from around 400 BC. NS. In addition, a Telugu inscription of Thambhaya Dhaanam was found on a tomb tablet dating from the 2nd century BC. NS. Some of the oldest Telugu written monuments date back to the late 5th - early 6th century AD. NS. in the inscriptions of the kingdom of Kadamba.

Telugu fiction and poetry began to appear in the 11th century. In the Middle Ages, stylization and complication took place. literary language Telugu. So, in the XIII century, Ketana banned the use of colloquial words in poetic language. In the same period, the separation of the Telugu and Kannada scripts began. Telugu, like many other languages ​​of India, underwent great changes from the Middle Ages to the modern era. So, under the influence of Muslim rule, this language began to be more and more divided into dialects, in particular in the Telangana region.

In the 17th and 18th centuries Telugu was influenced by the Persian and, as the Muslim rule advanced further south with the formation of the state of Hiberabad. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, Telugu was influenced to some extent by British colonization, especially with regard to everyday communication and printing. So, until the 20th century, works were recorded in Telugu of an archaic form, which is significantly different from the modern spelling of the spoken language.

Since 1930, the so-called elite form of Telugu began to spread among the common population through the means mass media... In the second half of the XX century was introduced new standard letters, based precisely on the features of colloquial speech. From that moment on, Telugu of modern standard began to be taught in schools.

Today we can talk about the impact of the globalization process on Telugu, as well as on other languages ​​of India. Many native speakers live outside of India. In modern films, Telugu differs from the language of films filmed during the proclaimed independence of India. Currently, the Indian government has given Telugu the status of the classical language of India, based on its antiquity.

Telugu Literature

Telugu is one of the most ancient languages ​​of India. Telugu literature was formed later than other Dravidian languages, and its development was significantly influenced by Indian Sanskrit literature, since in antiquity many translations of the text from Sanskrit were performed.

The beginning of the Telugu literary tradition is associated with the work of the poets Nannaya Bhatta (XI century), as well as Tikkang, Erapragada (XIII century). These authors translated into Telugu the classical ancient Indian epic Mahabharata, which was called "Andhra Mahabharata". Andhra is the name of the Telugu-speaking people and the country where they live; sometimes the term is used as another name for the Telugu language.

Independent works appeared in the XIV century. The norms of the literary language were formed in the 15th-16th centuries under the influence of Sanskrit and Prakrit - Middle Indian literary languages ​​that inherited Sanskrit. One of the most famous works this period is the poem "Manu-charitra" by the poet Allasani Peddanna (about 1550).

There are quite a few translations from English into Telugu. Thus, the Holy Scriptures were translated several times: the New Testament was published in 1818 in Serampore and Madras, the Book of Genesis - in 1841 in Madras.

As with other older Dravidian languages, the classical literary and spoken versions of Telugu differ greatly. However, already in the poetry of the preachers of the bhakti movement in the XII-XIII centuries, and then in the XV century, it was used colloquial, and in the 19th century a movement arose (the leader of which was the writer G. Apparao), whose goal was to create a new, close to the spoken version of the literary language. In the XX century, the new literary language took a dominant position in fiction and the media.

In 1968, the Telugu Academy was opened, developing the normative grammar of the new literary language ("vyavaharika"); the old bookish language (grantkhika) is preserved only in limited spheres, in particular in poetry.

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Region of residence: Asia

TELUGU, Andhra, a people in India, the main population of the state of Andhra Pradesh, also live in the adjacent areas of the states of Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. The population is 74.5 million people. They speak the Telugu (Gentoo, or Cart) language of the Dravidian family. The majority of Telugu are Vishnu Hindus, some are Sunni Muslims.

The ethnogenetic basis of the Telugu was the Dravidian tribes - Andhra, Kalinga and the Telugu proper (Tenugu). According to epic monuments, around the middle of the 1st millennium BC, Andhra and Kalinga moved from North India to the south, where they mixed with the Telugu and adopted their ethnonym, merging into a single people in the 2nd century BC - 3rd century AD. Telugu created ancient and medieval state formations.

The main occupation is arable farming (red peppers, rice, legumes, cotton, jute and tobacco). Part of the Telugu people are sheep breeders. Crafts are developed - pottery, weaving, ornamentation of fabrics, jewelry and lacquer art.

In the villages, representatives of the higher castes live in large families in brick houses with quadrangular courtyards. In the southern part of the house there are bedrooms, in the east - a prayer room, in the west - a guest room. The rest of the house is occupied by storage rooms. The families of middle-caste peasants and artisans live in adobe one-room houses, sometimes with fence walls, usually with a veranda. Members of the untouchable caste of weavers live in round bamboo or adobe huts.

Men wear a dhoti, over it - a white or colored shirt, a scarf or a towel is thrown over their shoulders (shepherds of sheep - a blanket). On the head is a turban. Telugu Muslims wear lungi, a shirt and a beanie. Women's clothing - a sari, a petticoat, a short sleeveless jacket (choli), the hem of which is tied in a knot at the front. Peasant women are draped in saris as in dhoti. Hair is braided or put in a bun. Cosmetics and jewelry are popular (among the rich - made of gold).

The main food is rice, beans (especially spicy dishes), beans, pumpkin, and sour milk. Season food with mango fruits, lemons, spices. Festive dishes - sweet, beans, etc.

The Telugu retains a caste division, mainly on the basis of professionalism. There are influential agricultural castes, castes of pastoralists, special craft castes, which were considered untouchable before the adoption of the 1950 Constitution, often forced to live on the outskirts or outside the villages. Castes are divided into exogamous clan groups, some traditions of matrilineality are preserved (marriage with the daughter of a mother's brother, among low castes - matrilineal inheritance). Divorce and remarriage of widows is prohibited.

Telugu created rich national literature and folklore, numerous monuments of ancient architecture.

Telugu Muslims live in some urban areas, but they also retain the features of Hinduism, caste division.

The Telugu language, which is part of the southern group of Dravidian languages, is spoken in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh and in the union territory of Punducherri. It ranks third in the number of native speakers in India (75 million people) and 13th in the Ethnologue list of the world's most spoken languages. The etymology of the name "Telugu" is not entirely clear, but according to popular theory, it is derived from the words telu (in Gondi it means "white") and unga (plural suffix) and denotes people with white skin.

During its development Telugu, like other languages ​​of India, has undergone dramatic changes. In particular, in the 14-17 centuries, during the reign of the Muslim Sultan dynasty, a wide layer of borrowings from Arabic and Farsi.

And during the period of British rule (late 19th - early 20th centuries), the Telugu lexicon was replenished with numerous English borrowings. By the 1930s, the literary norm of Telugu (accha telugu - "pure Telugu") was formed, which is now taught in schools and universities. Telugu - one of 22 state languages India and official language Andhra Pradesh State. And in 2008 Telugu was declared one of the classical languages ​​of India, after Sanskrit (in 2005) and Tamil (in 2008).

For Telugu, a peculiar harmony of vowels is typical, when the second vowel in a word is similar in quality to the first vowel. That is, if the second vowel is open (or closed), the first vowel also becomes more open or more closed.

Since Telugu is an agglutinative language, words are often composed of numerous morphemes: for example, the word nuvvostanante ("if you say you will come") consists of individual words nuvvu, vastaanu and ante. For emphasis purposes, duplication is used: paka ("laughter") - pakapaka ("sudden laughter"), gara ("pure") - garagara ("very pure").

The typical word order in a sentence is Subject-Predictable-Complement.

The cases are divided into 4 groups: grammatical (nominative, genitive, indirect, instrumental); place cases (dative, adessive, inessive, local); cases of movement (superesive, allative, divisive, expiratory, elative, illative, sublative, termative); cases of the relationship (beneficiary, causative, comitative, possessive).

Like other Dravidian languages, Telugu distinguishes between inclusive and exclusive forms of the personal pronoun "we" (manamu / memu). When respectfully addressing the interlocutor, pronouns are used both in the second person plural and in the third person. The singular forms of the feminine and neuter pronouns coincide.

Telugu has a lot of borrowings from Sanskrit, there are also borrowings from Farsi and Arabic. IN modern language Diglossia is clearly observed, since the official language is the standard Telugu, which was strongly influenced by Sanskrit. The same variant is being studied in schools and used by Hindu religious institutions. As for the living language, it is presented in the form of many dialects that are common in different regions and social circles.

Telugu words are written from left to right and consist of sequences of simple or complex characters. Writing is syllabic in nature, and since the possible number of syllables is very large, they are conveyed in writing by combinations of basic symbols denoting individual vowels or consonants. A total of 60 characters are used, of which 16 vowels, 41 consonants and 3 vowel modifiers.

History [ | ]

Telugu is an old-written language; its oldest monuments date back to the end of the 6th - beginning of the 7th century A.D. NS. Telugu literature developed later than other Dravidian languages. The beginning of the Telugu literary tradition (earlier monuments of Jain literature of the 9th-11th centuries were destroyed after the establishment of Hinduism in Andhra) was laid by the poets who worked in the 11th (Nannaya Bhatta) and 13th centuries (,); They translated the classic ancient Indian epic Mahabharata into Telugu (the result of this arrangement was called Andhra Mahabharata, where Andhra is the name of the Telugu-speaking people and the country where they live; occasionally this term is also used as another name for the Telugu language itself). Original works appeared in the XIV century, and the norms of the literary language were formed in the XV-XVI centuries under the influence of Sanskrit and Prakrit - Middle Indian literary languages ​​that inherited Sanskrit.

As with other older Dravidian languages, the classical literary and spoken versions of Telugu differ greatly. However, already in the poetry of the preachers of the bhakti movement (in the XII-XIII centuries, and then in the XV century), the spoken language was used, and in the XIX century a movement arose, the leader of which was the writer G. Apparao, whose goal was to create a new literary language close to the spoken language. ... In the 20th century, the new literary language took dominant positions in fiction and the media. The Telugu Academy has been functioning since 1968, developing the normative grammar of the new literary language (Vyavaharika); the old bookish language (“grantkhika”) is preserved only in limited spheres - in particular, in poetry.

The first Telugu grammar Shabdachintamani (Talisman of Words) was compiled by Nannaya Bhatta in the 11th century; the modern stage in the study of Telugu began in the 19th century (grammar by C. P. Brown and other works). In 1832, the encyclopedia Pedda balashiksha was compiled for children, containing basic information about Telugu writing and phonology. In addition to European scholars, Telugu is studied by Indian scholars at the universities of the cities of Hyderabad, Tirupati and Visakhapattanam.

Linguistic information[ | ]

Classification [ | ]

Language structure [ | ]

Structurally, Telugu is close to the “common Dravidian standard”. Phonetically, it is similar to the Kannada language (in ancient times their similarity was even greater). Morphology for Telugu is characterized by the absence of forms female nouns (in the singular, masculine and non-masculine gender are distinguished; in the plural - "epicenom" for the names of persons and the middle one for all other nouns); in this Telugu is similar to the northern Dravidian languages ​​- Kuruh and Malto. Already in ancient Telugu, in comparison with other Dravidian languages, the case system was simplified (four cases against, on average, six). In the pronoun subsystem, as in most Dravidian languages, the inclusive ("we are with you") and exclusive ("we are without you") forms of the 1st person plural are distinguished. numbers. IN indicative mood positive conjugation is opposed by only two species-temporal forms - present-future and simple past; the number of moods (indicative, imperative, potential and conditional), on the contrary, is somewhat higher than in most Dravidian languages. The syntax is typically Dravidian.

Telugu(తెలుగు) is one of the Dravidian languages. Distributed in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh, where it has the status of an official, as well as in Sri Lanka, the countries of Southeast Asia, in some states of Africa and the Middle East, on the islands of Fiji and in Mauritius.

History

Telugu is an old-written language, its oldest monuments date back to the end of the 6th - beginning of the 7th century A.D. NS. Telugu literature developed later than other Dravidian languages. The beginning of the Telugu literary tradition (earlier monuments of Jain literature of the 9th-11th centuries were destroyed after the establishment of Hinduism in Andhra) was laid by the poets who worked in the 11th (Nannaya Bhatta) and 13th centuries (Tikkanga, Erapragada); they transferred the classical ancient Indian epic Mahabharata into Telugu. (The result of this arrangement was called Andhra Mahabharata. Andhra is the name of the Telugu-speaking people and the country where they live; occasionally this term is also used as another name for the Telugu language itself.) Original works appeared in the 14th century, and the norms of literary languages ​​formed in XVI-XVI centuries under the influence of Sanskrit and Prakrit - Middle Indian literary languages ​​that inherited Sanskrit.

As with other older Dravidian languages, the classical literary and spoken versions of Telugu differ greatly. However, already in the poetry of the preachers of the bhakti movement (in the XII-XIII centuries, and then in the XV century), the spoken language was used, and in the XIX century. a movement arose, the leader of which was the writer G. Apparao, whose goal was to create a new literary language close to the spoken language. In the 20th century, the new literary language took dominant positions in fiction and the media. The Telugu Academy has been functioning since 1968, developing the normative grammar of the new literary language (Vyavaharika); the old bookish language (grantkhika) is preserved only in limited spheres, in particular in poetry.

The first Telugu grammar Shabdachintamani (Talisman of Words) was compiled by Nannaya Bhatta in the 11th century; the modern stage in the study of Telugu began in the 19th century (grammar by C. P. Brown and other works). In addition to European specialists, Telugu is actively studied by Indian scientists at the universities of Hyderabad, Tirupati, Visakhapattanam.

Linguistic information

Classification

• Dravidian family
  • Southeast group
    • Telugu

Language structure

Structurally, Telugu is close to the “common Dravidian standard”. Phonetically, it is similar to the Kannada language (in ancient times their similarity was even greater). In morphology, Telugu is characterized by the absence of feminine forms of nouns (in the singular, the masculine and non-masculine gender differ, in the plural - “epicene” for the names of persons and the middle one for all other nouns); in this Telugu is similar to the northern Dravidian languages ​​Kuruh and Malto. Already in ancient Telugu, in comparison with other Dravidian languages, the case system was simplified (four cases against an average of six). In the pronoun subsystem, as in most Dravidian languages, the inclusive ("we are with you") and exclusive ("we are without you") forms of the 1st person pl. numbers. In the indicative mood of positive conjugation, only two species-temporal forms are opposed - present-future and simple past; the number of moods (indicative, imperative, potential and conditional), on the contrary, is somewhat higher than in most Dravidian languages. The syntax is typically Dravidian.

Writing

The Telugu syllabic alphabetical writing is used.

Common expressions

Greetings

1. Hello Namas-kaaram 2. Goodbye Velli-vastaanu 3. How are you? Meeru ela-gunnaru? 4. You are beautiful Meeru chala andam-ga unnaru 5. I'm fine Nenu ba-gunnanu

Acquaintance

1. My name is… Naa peru …… 2. I am from (country name) Nenu… (country name) deshapu vaanni 3. Glad to meet you Mimmalni kalisi-nanduku chala santosham-ga unnadi 4. Sorry I'm late Kshamin- chandi, alasyam ayyin-di

Questions

1. What is your name? Mee peru enti? 2. How do I get there? Akkadiki nenu ela vella-li? 3. How much does it cost? Idi enta? 4. Where can I make a phone call? Phone call ekkada cheyya-vacchu? 5. Can you help me? Naaku sahayam chestara? 6. How do I get to the airport? Nenu airportu-ku ela vellali? 7. Where can I shop? Nenu shopping-ki ekkadiki vellali? 8. Has anyone called me? Naa-kosam eva-raina phone chesara? 9. Could you please take me to the nearest temple / church? Daya-chesi nannu deggara- unna gudiki / churchki tee-suku vellandi? 10. Could you tell me where is a good hotel here? Ikkada unna manchi hotel edo, cheputhara?

Road

1. I need to go to (place name) Nenu ... (place name) ki vellali 2. I am lost Nenu daari tappi-nanu 3. Go left Yedam -vaipuki vellandi 4. Go right Kudi-vaipuki vellandi 5. Opposite Yeduruga 6. Straight Chakkaga munduku

Different situations

1. Sorry Kshaminchandi 2. I want this Idi naaku kaavali 3. I don't want this Naaku idi vaddu 4. Come tomorrow Repu randi 5. Give me a glass of water Naaku oka glass manchi neelu ivvandi 6. I'm hungry Naaku akali vestundi 7. This is good place Ee chotu bagundi 8. Drive slowly Bandi melliga nada-pandi 9. We need Maaku oka tourist guide kaavali 10. This check needs to be cashed Ee chequeni encash chesi dabbulu ivvandi

see also

Links

• Telugu-English online dictionary (english)

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