COSSACK CAMPAIGNS ON THE BLACK AND AZOV SEA IN THE 17TH CENTURY TROUBLES IN RUSSIA AND THE COSSACKS The beginning of the Time of Troubles could not but affect the position of the Cossacks. If Ivan the Terrible was perceived by the Cossacks as the personification of great-power power, capable of punishing and pardoning, then

JOINT TRIPS OF THE DON AND ZAPORIZHIA COSSACKS TO THE COASTS OF TURKEY AND THE CRIMEA

COSSACK CAMPAIGNS IN THE BLACK AND AZOV SEA IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 17TH CENTURY In April 1644, the Cossacks again set up a town on Cherkasy Island on the Don to guard the passages to the upper reaches of the river. By that time, the tsarist government had two big problems: raids

THE YAITSK COSSACKS TRAVELING TO THE VOLGA AND THE CASPIAN IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 17TH CENTURY

PILOT CAMPAIGNING OF THE COSSACKS AFTER THE RAZIN Uprising The defeat of the uprising of Stepan Razin and the public executions of his supporters did not cool the aspirations of the Cossacks for robbery campaigns on the Volga and the Caspian Sea. A few years after the tsarist troops left the Volga region and the situation

COSSACK OPERATIONS ON THE DANUBE In the campaign of 1789, the Black Sea Cossacks participated in the battle of Bendery and in the assault on Gadzhibey, and then in the capture of the fortress of Belgorod and Akkerman. During the siege of Bendery, the Cossack flotilla played a special role. As in former times, the naval detachment

THE FATE OF THE FLEET OF THE BLACK SEA COSSACKS After the end of the Russian-Turkish war, the question arose about the permanent settlement of the Black Sea Cossack army. Before the Black Sea residents had time to settle on the Dniester and the Bug, the government decided to resettle them to a new place of residence - on

THE RETURN OF THE TRANS-DANUBE COSSACKS TO RUSSIA The few Cossacks who lived in Turkish possessions, no doubt, knew about the liberties that their brothers in Russia received. A long stay under the rule of the Turks could not but cause indignation

Appendix 4. SEA CAMPAIGNS OF THE DON AND ZAPORIZHIA COSSACKS ON THE BLACK AND AZOV SEA Year Object of attack Participants Additional information

RELATIONS OF THE COSSACKS TO THE WOUNDED ENEMY In one of the cavalry raids of General Samsonov towards Senyuchen at the end of June, the dragoons, and if I am not mistaken, the same young non-commissioned officer Volkov, drove the Japanese patrol of the 4th cavalry regiment. The dragoons managed to shoot

INTELLIGENCE OF THE DON COSSACKS October 17 is the day of the miraculous rescue of Their Imperial Majesties from the danger that threatened them during the train crash and the day of the military holiday of the Don army. On this day in Novocherkassk a circle ceremony is performed, old banners are taken out,

ARAID OF THE COSSACKS The correspondent of the "Harbinsky Vestnik" describes one of the valiant deeds of our Cossacks. Night from 9 to 10 November. A small detachment of Cossacks of 130 people near the village. Maturan lined up in reserve order. Cossacks stand on two sides of the quadrangle. Moonlit night. IN

1. The commander of the Admiral Zozulya RRC V.I. Kazakov On April 18, 1977, the Admiral Zozulya RRC under the command of Captain 3rd Rank V.I. Kazakov was sent to the Central Atlantic for military service after completing participation in the Sever-77 KSHU and air defense exercises

Lesson No. 18 "The era of the Cossack heroic campaigns" Predicting the results. Three step exercise. Step one: "Program your result": in the table "My score for the lesson" 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 color the score that you would like to get for the lesson. 1st step 2nd step 3rd step "Tree of knowledge" "Dnieper "Cossack" Cossack "Zaporizhzhya" Cossack "Cossack" rapids "republic" foreman "Sich" Kleynody "Using key words and phrases for 5 minutes. make up and write down two questions that, if possible, you could ask Dmitry Vishnevetsky. Pick up adjectives that would characterize Today's era will help the emergence of the lesson of the Cossacks in Ukraine. you will understand why, on the one hand, difficult, and on the other, heroic, those times remained in the memory of the people. explain why the beginning of the 17th century. call the “epoch of heroic campaigns” show on the map the territory of the Crimean Khanate, Kafu, Khotin characterize the activities of Hetman P. Konashevich Sagaidachny draw up chronological tasks of the concept: “seagull”, “Zaporizhzhya Sich”, “Dnieper rapids”, “Zaporozhye Host”, “galeys-penal servitude ”, “slave trade”, “kobzari”, “dumas”, “hetman” 1. Turkish-Tatar attacks on Ukraine and their consequences From the end of the 13th century. The Mongols who lived in the Golden Horde choose Crimea as their place of permanent residence. Over time, they mixed with the nomadic Polovtsians, and the Crimean Tatar people formed. In 1449, the Crimean Khanate appeared - a state independent of the Golden Horde. Bakhchisarai became the capital. The power of the khan was controlled by the Turkish sultan. The Crimean Tatars were skilled warriors. Tatars often raided Ukrainian lands. The Ukrainians were taken prisoner. Many captives ended up in the slave markets of Turkey and the Crimean Khanate. The largest of the slave markets of that time was Kafa (Feodosia). Captured Cossacks and young peasants became rowers on Turkish ships (galleys). Janissaries were brought up from boys. Girls and women became concubines and Turkish Tatar harems. Insert the missing words into the diagram “Consequences of the Turkish-Tatar attacks on Ukraine” Ukrainian cities and villages .... Turkish-Tatar aggression (attacks or raids) UKRAINE Ukrainian economy ... Ukrainian population fell on men fell on ... Women, girls fell on ... on ... boys were given away ... Whoever resisted, that .... Using the text of the textbook p.98 and using the formula studied in the last lesson, explain the concepts of "Janissaries", "galleys-penal servitude" FORMULA to form a definition of the concepts Word - what? (who?) - why? (reasons) – when? (time) - where? (place) Burn beyond the river of fire, There the Tatars are full of deeds. Our village was set on fire, our wealth was plundered, the old woman was hacked to death, and the pretty girl was taken into captivity. And in the valley the tambourines are buzzing, Bo at the dawn of people lead: Kolo shi lasso in’єtsya, I’m on the legs of the lansyug b’єtsya. And I, vigilante, with children I follow the forest, with stitches. Let youma out of the water... Axis-axis of a seagull above me. (Ukrainian folk songs and thoughts. - K., 1992. - S. 35-36) About the bitter fate of the slaves, lyre players and kobzars composed and sang songs and thoughts - wandering singers who sang, sometimes created thoughts, folk songs, accompanying them with the game on clergy, kobza, bandura. Starting from the end of the 16th century, the Cossacks constantly attacked the possessions of Turkey and the Crimean Khanate. In response to the Tatar invasions, the Cossacks destroyed the Tatar nomadic camps. The Cossacks went on sea campaigns against the Turks and Tatars in order to take military booty, to free their brothers and other compatriots from captivity. These campaigns kept the Ottoman Empire in constant tension, weakened its military forces, undermined the power of the empire, and prevented plans of aggression against other states. The Cossacks in these campaigns were tempered, gained military experience and the highest skill, solidarity. The most successful campaigns were at the beginning of the 17th century. This period in the history of the Cossacks was called "the era of heroic campaigns." 3. Features of the organization of the Cossack army, tactics in military campaigns. Cossack infantry - the main branch of the Cossack army. Unlike the infantry of the European armies of that time, which performed military tasks only with the support of the cavalry, the Cossacks acted on their own. During the battle, the Cossack infantry was built in three lines. Only the first rank fired, the second served, and the third loaded the guns. During especially fierce battles, a different military organization was used. For example, the Cossack army could mix with the enemy army. The Cossacks called such a battle "galas". The most original and popular among the Cossacks was the order of battle, which was called the "camp". The camp was used by the Cossack army on the march, in defense and on the offensive. Cossack order of battle The camp was built from carts, fastened with chains in several rows and lined up with a rectangle, crescent, oval. Advancing on the enemy, the infantry went beyond the camp, but in case of danger, returned to the protective ring. Contemporaries called the camp a "moving fortress", since the Cossacks, under the cover of wagons, could overcome hundreds of kilometers across the bare steppe. The constant threat of enemy attacks forced the Cossacks to take care of intelligence. In the Zaporizhzhya army there was a guard service and patrol. Cossack reconnaissance guard units were located in earthen or wooden fortifications on the borders of Ukrainian lands. To monitor the area, the Cossacks used ancient mounds or poured their own, and also built signal beacons. The Cossacks preferred light guns, which increased the possibility of maneuver during the battle. For the assault, the Cossacks used different shelters. For example, walk-towns are special devices made of wooden shields on wheels or skids with loopholes (holes) for rifles and cannons. Among the weapons, the Cossacks singled out guns, spears and sabers. The Cossack fleet consisted of light, extremely maneuverable boats - seagulls. Cossack seagull ships were long - about 20 m, wide - 34 m, high - 2.5 m. The ship had two rudders - bow and stern, thanks to which it could change course by 180 degrees at any time. On the seagull there were 50-70 Cossacks, each taking with him two guns and a saber. The crew of the seagull was also armed with small guns. The boats moved either on oars or under sail, which made it possible to make the best use of the weather conditions. They could moor to any shore, unlike the bulky Turkish galleys. Cossack sea boats kept well on the water, because bundles of dry reeds were attached to their sides. Heading "It's interesting!" In Cossack times, in our region, Cossack gulls were hollowed out from centuries-old Samara lindens and oaks - one of them was found in the Samara River on the Samarsky farm (Podlesnoye village) and exhibited in the Pavlograd Museum of Local History. Through Samara and Volcha, the Cossacks went to the Black Sea. It was longer than along the Dnieper, more laborious - a long stretch had to be dragged by boats to the sources of Kalmius on skating rinks, but it was safer. 4. Hetman Peter Konashevich-Sagaydachny He came from a noble family. He studied at the Ostroh Academy. He was strong-willed, powerful and unshakable in his decisions. He supported the Orthodox Church. Together with his Cossack army, he joined the Kiev Orthodox Brotherhood. Donated money for the development of education in Ukraine. Sagaidachny got his nickname from the word "sagaidak" (a quiver for arrows), as he knew how to shoot well from a bow. It was under him that strict discipline was established in the Cossack army, and it became a real army. Capture of Kafa by Sahaydachny in 1616 The campaign of 1616 was the most memorable. There were 2,000 Cossacks with Sahaidachny then. The Cossack flotilla moved along the Crimean coast, and Sagaidachny stood looking at the shore - and not a word. We reached Kafa. And there the hetman ordered all the Cossacks to change into Turkish clothes, go to the galleys (a little earlier in the battle, the Cossacks captured 11 galleys and a hundred small ships) and enter the harbor. Sahaidachny is ahead, behind him is the army - and past the Turkish ships - in a straight line to the pier. Turkish ships, which were in the harbor, were between the Cossack galleys. The Turks were not ready for defense. Several galleys immediately caught fire ... The Turks scream, yell, the cannons rattle, and the Cossacks climb onto the Turkish ships by oars, by ropes with hooks, by ladders. All the Turkish ships that were then in the harbor, the Cossacks either burned or sank, and then rushed into the city, because it was the largest slave market in the Crimea. The fourteen thousand strong outpost of Kafa could not do anything. Having freed several thousand prisoners, the Cossacks burned Kafa and safely returned home. Khotyn war in 1621. Hetman sought to fight against the Turks by all means. The Cossacks under his command came to the aid of Poland, which was at war with Turkey. Campaign of Osman II 150 thousand. army against the Polish army in 1621. One of the decisive battles of this war took place near the fortress city of Khotyn in 1621. It was the Cossacks of Peter Sahaidachny who played a significant role in the victory of the Polish side. Thanks to the Cossacks, the Turkish troops, having lost the battle of Khotyn, did not move deep into Europe, but made peace with Poland. Consider a map. Mark the location of the Battle of Khotyn on your outline map. Answer the questions: 1. In what state were the Zaporozhian lands during the period of the heroic campaigns of the Cossacks? 2. Which Turkish-Tatar fortresses did the Cossacks go to? 3. How is the Khotyn fortress located in relation to the Zaporozhye lands, near which in 1621 a battle took place between the troops of the Ottoman Empire and the Commonwealth? 4. In vassal dependence, which state was the Crimean Khanate? textbook s. 93. 5. Where, in relation to Zaporozhye lands, is Kafa located? Choose the sentences that talk about P. Konashevich-Sagaydachny. Make up a story about this historical figure from them. 1. He had the glory of a naval commander. 2. He led a victorious campaign against the Turkish fortress, where the largest slave market in the Crimea was located. 3. He built the first Zaporozhian Sich on the Dnieper. 4. Organized the Cossack army and turned it into a regular, well-trained and armed force. 5. Thanks to his talented leadership, a victory was won over the Turkish army near Khotyn in 1621. 6. He founded the Ostroh Academy. Homework Preparation for the implementation of the historical project "Chronicle of the National Liberation War of the Ukrainian people in 1648 - 1657." Fifth graders are grouped into 6 groups. Each group is assigned a curator from the eighth grade, who helps and advises the fifth graders. Each group gets a homework assignment. Group 1: prepare a historical newspaper dedicated to B. Khmelnytsky (headings: “face of history” (a story about the hetman), a crossword puzzle about the hetman, an interview with the hetman). Group 2: map-scheme of the victorious battles of 1648 with their brief description. Group 3: drawings and a story about the siege of Lviv. Group 4: Battle of Zbarazh, Zborovsky peace treaty. Illustrations of events on the plan; brief description of events. Group 5: Battle of Berestets, Treaty of Bila Tserkva. The feat of 300 Cossacks. Plan-scheme with illustrations, a brief account of the events of the battle. Group 6: Treaty of Pereyaslav, Vilna Muscovite-Polish truce. Map-scheme showing how the Muscovite state and Poland divided the Ukrainian lands among themselves. Brief story.

The tsarist government highly appreciated the role of the Cossacks in the liberation war. In June 1614, the embassy of Ivan Opukhtin brought a salary to the Don. For the first time, the sovereign banner was presented to the Don Cossacks. Priests were also sent from Moscow. And the first chapel on the Don was built in Cherkasy town.

The Ukrainian Cossacks have also improved their ties with the state. In general, they also split up. Some of them wandered around Rus' during the Time of Troubles. But the other part of the Cossacks still attacked the Turks and Tatars. In 1605 they took and ravaged Varna, in 1608 - Perekop and Ochakov. An outstanding head of the Cossacks came to the fore in these enterprises Pyotr Konashevich-Sagaydachny. In 1612, his squadron took Kafa, freeing thousands of slaves. With the next raid, 2 thousand Cossacks captured Sinop. Sahaidachny was a zealous champion of Orthodoxy and Cossack liberties. But he believed that all rights could be earned by valiant service to Poland: the king and pans would appreciate it, and, well, they would make concessions. The Cossacks also responded to the call of the king to oppose Russia. Detachments of Sagaidachny defeated Bolkhov, Przemysl, Kozelsk. But the inhabitants of Kaluga, who came to the aid of 2.5 thousand Donets, repulsed the Cossacks. They retreated to the Belaya fortress, where they were besieged, and Sagaidachny barely escaped with a few people, the rest were captured.

Unfortunately, under Mikhail Fedorovich, a weak government was formed. His relatives, the stupid Saltykovs, were in charge. The war was waged with "spread fingers", they began to gather not one, but two armies, Cherkassky against the Poles and Trubetskoy against the Swedes. But they turned out to be few in number, Cherkakssky could not take Smolensk, and Trubetskoy - Novgorod. Friendship with the Cossacks also quickly clouded. The government started a "parsing" of the villages so that the "old" Cossacks remained in them, and the "new" ones who had stuck in the Time of Troubles had to be removed. True, it was envisaged to do this "of good will", according to the consideration and "petition" of the Cossacks themselves. And the former serfs and serfs were given a choice - to return to the former owner or go to another. But they have already taken root in the villages, became related in battles. And the Cossacks sharply opposed, declaring: “There is no extradition from the Don!” When trying to "parse" the detachments began to leave the service on the Don. Or they acted independently, roamed along the Oka and entered into agreements with local residents - they allocated supplies, and the Cossacks defended them from the Tatars and Poles.

In addition, Moscow tried to conclude an alliance with Turkey against Poland, for which it demanded that the Don peoples be at peace with Azov and Crimea. But they didn't stop attacking! In 1615, when the royal embassy to the sultan was passing through Azov, after another raid, captured Cossacks and the ataman were brought there. Matvey Listvennikov. On the square they were subjected to inhuman torments, they were cut with belts from their backs. The Cossacks were not used to forgiving such things. They laid siege to Azov. They could not take it, but they went to sea and burned Sinop. And the Cossacks added that their squadron appeared already near Istanbul, “fumigated it with musket smoke”, robbed villas in the vicinity. The Sultan sent a fleet to the Cossacks, but he was defeated near the mouth of the Danube, capturing several ships and capturing the Kapudan Pasha (admiral). The Turks were furious, the vizier blamed the Russian ambassadors. They justified themselves that the Cossacks were “free people”, they were not subjects of the tsar. However, the Turks knew that these same ambassadors had brought salaries to the Don, they were convicted of deceit, and the signing of the union treaty fell through.

But they did without the Turks. The Swedish king Gustav II Adolf broke his teeth, trying to take Pskov (several Cossack villages also participated in the heroic defense). And the guerrilla war showed the king that it would not be easy to keep the Novgorod land. And he agreed to make peace, satisfied that he again selected the areas adjacent to the Gulf of Finland. He was very pleased with this and exclaimed: “The sea has been taken away from the Russians!” The Poles did not want to put up, they launched another offensive. However, Poland was already running out of steam. Only 10-15 thousand people were gathered into the army under the command of Prince Vladislav. It reached Mozhaisk and found itself in a difficult situation, surrounded by Russian troops from several sides. Saved the prince Sagaidachny. Hetman Zolkiewski held talks with him. He promised to increase the register of Cossacks to 12 thousand, to restore the rights of the Orthodox Church in Ukraine. And Sahaidachny, having gathered 20 thousand Cossacks, invaded Russia, burned Livny, Yelets. The tsarist government began to shuffle forces, and the Poles and Ukrainians, taking advantage of this, broke through to Moscow from both sides. They failed to take it, the assault was repulsed. And only after that, in 1618, Poland agreed to conclude a truce for 14 years. On very difficult conditions - Smolensk, Chernihiv, Severshchina went to the Commonwealth.

Nevertheless, exhausted Rus' finally found peace. And the father of Tsar Filaret returned from captivity. He was appointed patriarch, but at the same time took the title of sovereign and became the de facto ruler under his son. And it was he who became the restorer of Rus' after the Time of Troubles. He dispersed temporary workers and crooks from the government, carried out a number of important reforms. Under him, relations between Moscow and the Don were also streamlined. The size of the annual salary of the army was determined: 7 thousand quarters of flour, 500 buckets of wine, 260 pounds of gunpowder, 150 pounds of lead, 17,142 rubles. money and another 1169 rubles. 60 kop. “to budars” (barges that transported all this). Filaret (and not Peter I) organized a shipyard in Voronezh for the construction of budars. And from the Don to Moscow, every winter, a “winter village” from the ataman and hundreds of distinguished Cossacks began to be sent, bringing “replies” about military affairs. If it was necessary to resolve some urgent issues, "light villages" of 5-10 Cossacks were sent. But at the same time, the Don retained full autonomy, the Cossacks were not considered subjects of Russia, and they were accepted in the Foreign Order (which was in charge of serving foreigners).

And in Poland, Sahaidachny, for his services to the king, was indeed able to set himself up independently. The elective post of hetman was restored, which was occupied by Sahaidachny. When Patriarch Feofan of Jerusalem was passing through Ukraine to Moscow, the hetman persuaded him to consecrate him to the rank of Metropolitan of Kyiv Joseph Boretsky. Thus, the structure of the Orthodox Church was restored (but for this Feofan imposed a ban on the Cossacks - never again go to war against Russia). Sahaidachny founded the Fraternal Monastery in Kyiv, a school for the training of clergy. It seemed that the Cossack liberties had also returned. The peasant left for a year or two in Zaporozhye, and returned in the rank of "Cossack". He started a farm on the lands given to the magnates, but considered himself free. However, these "liberties" were illusory, endured them for the time being. Yes, and the Poles did not recognize the Orthodox hierarchs as “legitimate”, they continued the persecution of the church, the seizure of churches and property.

Well, the affairs of the Don Cossacks soon came into conflict with the policy of Filaret. The Patriarch quite rightly considered Poland the main enemy of Russia. She never recognized Mikhail Fedorovich as tsar, retained this title for Vladislav. The plans for the conversion of Russians to the union did not disappear either - Filaret knew about them perfectly, during his stay in captivity the Jesuits worked on him in every possible way. This means that a new fight was inevitable, the stake in which was the very existence of Russia and Russians as a people. And Türkiye looked like an ally against Poland. But the sea campaigns of the Don people were gaining momentum. And they began to act together with the Cossacks. It turned out - with a potential adversary. After the Troubles, the Monastic Town became the center of the Don Cossacks (named after the Monastic tract - there were no monasteries here). Here the military circle gathered, choosing the chieftain and approving plans for the next year. They built and pitched boats. Among the Cossacks, they were called "gulls", but the design on the Dnieper and Don was the same.

Boats 15–20 m long were made from hollowed out trees, the sides were built up with boards. For maneuverability, they had 2 rudders, front and rear, and to increase unsinkability and protection from bullets, they were tied with cane bundles along the sides. The crew was 40–70 Cossacks. 4–6 light falconet cannons were installed on the ships, each Cossack took 2–3 guns. With a fair wind, the mast with a direct sail was raised. But more often they rowed and reached Asia Minor in 35–40 hours. Sinop, Trebizond, Varna, Kafa burned again. The Turks arranged warning systems along the banks, sent squadrons to the mouths of the Don and Dnieper. But nothing helped. The swift Cossack fleets were ahead of the alarms. And the Turkish sailors were deceived, they broke through home by other rivers - they often used the path through the Mius, from where they were dragged into the tributaries of the Don and Dnieper.

They also attacked ships on the high seas. The boats were low, and the Cossacks noticed the ships of the Turks before they discovered them themselves. Followed the enemy at a distance, keeping to the side of the sun. And when it came in, they silently rowed to the side, removed the watchmen and broke into the ship. In naval battles, the Cossacks skillfully maneuvered, avoiding gun fire. We tried to get close, to get into the dead zone. They cleared the enemy deck with a shower of well-aimed bullets and rushed to board. They brought in huge booty. But they also died in large numbers. In battles, storms, at the hands of executioners. When in the next battle the Cossacks battered the Turkish fleet, destroying 20 galleys, the enemies managed to capture 17 boats with wounded crews. The prisoners were subjected to demonstration executions in Istanbul. Some were laid on the ground and trampled on by elephants, others were tied to galleys rowing in different directions and torn to pieces, others were buried alive.

Turkey at that time was preparing for a new war with Poland, offering Moscow an alliance. Russia was not yet ready to fight. But she didn't want to miss the chance. And Filaret decided to support the Sultan “unofficially”, and at the same time redirect the Don people in the right direction. He ordered them to take the side of the Turks. But the patriarch was wrong. The army flatly refused, saying that if Russia fights, then it will fight under the command of the tsar’s governors, and it never happened to serve under the command of “our wicked in the custom of the Don Cossacks.”

In 1620, the Ottoman hordes moved against the Poles and defeated them near Tetsora, and in 1621, a hundred thousandth army approached the Khotyn fortress. Under the banner of Prince Vladislav, who led the Polish army, only 30 thousand soldiers were gathered. Panic reigned in the Commonwealth. And Sigismund committed a new stupidity, declared Orthodox priests to be Turkish spies and began arrests. The Cossacks were indignant, they did not want to defend such a power. Saved Poland again Sagaidachny. He appeared in Zaporozhye, killed the ataman wart, who did not want to go under Khotyn, called the Cossacks from everywhere, gaining 40 thousand. And he brought Vladislav to the rescue. Having received an unexpected blow, the Turks were defeated and retreated. But Sagaidachny himself soon realized that he was mistaken. As soon as the threat disappeared, the pans became insolent. Despite the fact that Vladislav, who was not deprived of knightly honor, spoke in defense of the rights of the Cossacks at the Seimas, the gentry refused to recognize these rights. And then Sagaidachny secretly sent messengers ... to Moscow. He became the first of the hetmans who proposed an alliance and the transfer of Ukraine to the citizenship of the king. But in Rus' they did not believe him, they remembered well the campaigns against our country, and the embassy was not accepted.

Addressed to Moscow and the Sultan. He demanded to appease the Donets. He even declared that he was ready to take them on his own and resettle them in Anatolia, let them "hunt" against the enemies of the Porte. Filaret replied that the tsar himself was capable of pacifying the Cossacks. But only the Port turned out to be too unreliable "ally". After Khotin, she made peace with Poland, and if so, the Crimean Khan followed the Yasyr in the other direction, to Rus'. In 1622, the Tatars broke through the border defenses, devastating the Epifansky, Danilovsky, Odoevsky, Belevsky, Dedilovsky counties. The Cossacks answered. Ataman Awl with a detachment of 700 Dons, he landed near Istanbul, "fought in the Tsaregrad district of villages and villages", although on the way back he was caught up by the Turkish squadron and killed 400 people. Kodria, Trebizond were devastated, the Cossacks approached Kerch and Azov. As a result, it was established that way - Moscow demanded from Istanbul to appease the Crimeans, which the Turks could not and did not want to do. And when Istanbul demanded to pacify the Cossacks, in Moscow they answered: “Thieves live on the Don and they don’t listen to the sovereign.” However, at the same time, salaries were regularly sent to the Don, including ammunition.

In Ukraine, Sagaidachny died - he received a wound near Khotyn, fell ill and, having taken the monastic vows, went to another world. And all the promises made to him were immediately forgotten. In 1625, the Cossacks sent delegates to the Sejm with a request to legally ensure the rights of the Orthodox, and attached a long list of iniquities and insults. To which they received a rude refusal - the very appeal of the "claps" to the Sejm was considered unforgivable insolence. And an uprising broke out under the leadership of Zhmaila. On the initiative of the Kyiv Metropolitan Job Boretsky, the Cossacks sent an embassy to the king. They confessed for everything that they had done in the Time of Troubles, asked for help and "acceptance of Little Russia and the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks as patronage." Apologies for the past accepted. The king "released the guilt and ordered not to remember it in the future."

But on the issue of citizenship, Russia declined. She still couldn't fight. Yes, and there was no confidence in the unanimous support of the Ukrainians, the answer was: “Now the Tsar’s Majesty cannot do that at all,” because “that thought has not yet been established in you yourself, and there is still no strengthening between you yet.” However, while the ambassadors were traveling to Moscow, everything was already over in Ukraine. Troops were sent to the rebels. The Cossacks were besieged in a fortified camp near Kurakovsky Lake and forced to sign the Kurakovsky Treaty. Under its terms, the rebels received an amnesty, but all the privileges that Sagaidachny managed to achieve were cancelled. The register was again reduced to 6 thousand, the Cossacks were forbidden to go to sea. They were also forbidden to “live in the panorama estates” - either leave, or turn into a serf.

At the same time, the Cossacks began to receive sensitive blows from the Turks. The new Sultan Murad IV began to build up the fleet, appointed capable sailors to command. In 1625, the Cossacks launched a massive raid, sacking Trebizond and 250 coastal villages. 50 galleys were sent against them. 300 boats rushed to attack the Turks. But strong winds and rough seas gave an advantage to large ships, they won, sinking many Cossack boats. And in the next raid, the Ottoman fleet destroyed another 20 Zaporizhzhya gulls with teams. Murad also renewed the project of an anti-Polish alliance with Russia. Its Greek ambassador Thomas Kantakuzin traveled back and forth between Istanbul and Moscow. He kissed the cross on behalf of the Sultan, "what should he be in friendship with Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich ... stand for one against enemies." The Sultan took the obligation to prohibit "the Crimean Tsar and the Nogais and the people of Azov from going to war on Moscow lands." In 1627 the agreement was concluded. And severe orders went to the Don to stop the raids. Filaret threatened: “Or do you imagine that we, the great sovereign, cannot cope with you?”

Another problem was "theft" on the Volga. There was no talk of any lofty goals here. But the main trade route from Persia to Russia passed along the Volga, the production was rich and easy: silk, spices, Indian jewelry. And the "thieves' Cossacks" roamed with might and main, attacking the merchants. The government undertook special expeditions, clearing the Volga from these gangs. But they took refuge on the Don, and the Don people, being tempted, sometimes joined them. The king turned to the Army, demanding to stop these outrages. And the circle called by the ataman Rodilov, agreed that such robbery is an unworthy business. They sentenced: “From now on and forever, so that no one from the Don goes to the Volga to steal; and if anyone shows up on the Don, he will be executed by death.

However, sea trips were different. Here, too, they went "for zipuns", but as part of the struggle against the enslavers of Christians. In 1628, the tsarist ambassadors Yakovlev and Evdokimov arrived in the Don to reconcile the Cossacks with the Crimeans and Azov. The Don people, in general, did not refuse, but declared: “Let’s make peace, we won’t take Turkish cities and villages, if there is no enthusiasm from the Azov people, if the Azov people stop going to the sovereign Ukrainians, destroy the sovereign cities, our fathers and mothers, brothers and sisters, wives and children will not be taken and sold in full. If the Azov people pull up, then God and the sovereign are free, but we will not endure ... ”But this condition was impossible to fulfill, because the Sultan did not curb his subjects either. And in the same year, the Cossacks attacked the Crimea, burned Karasu and Minkup. In 1629 they came to Istanbul. Part of the Cossack squadron was operating at the entrance to the harbor, and 12 boats broke into the Bosphorus. They were pinned down by 14 Turkish galleys. Then the Cossacks landed on the shore, closed themselves in the Greek monastery and fired back. Their comrades, hearing the noise of battle, approached in 50 canoes, boarded and burned 2 galleys, landed and rescued the besieged. Then they left, taking away a lot of booty.

The Turkish ambassador Kantakuzin came to Moscow with a whole bunch of complaints. He also added on his own, conveying in the appropriate vein the pictures that he saw on the Don. Filaret was angry. 60 Cossacks who accompanied the embassy were arrested and sent into exile.

Ambassador Savinov was to go to Istanbul together with Kantakuzin, he was ordered to announce to the Cossacks that until they corrected themselves, they would not receive a salary. And in order to intimidate the Don, they sent the governor Karamyshev with a detachment of 700 archers with ambassadors. And they did it in vain. And yes, it was a bad choice. Karamyshev was the one who in 1612 almost surrendered Volokolamsk to the Poles and was removed from command by the Cossacks. Now he was burning with the desire to wipe his nose with him, everywhere he made noise that the Cossacks and chieftains would be "executed and hanged." That he, they say, will unite with the Tatars and, together with them, will reason with the Don. The result was disastrous. The Cossacks were indignant at the arrest of their comrades in Moscow. And then Karamyshev added anger with his antics. He was dragged to the circle, chopped up and drowned. True, the ambassadors were not touched, they were escorted to Azov, they did not even take a large amount of money that Karamyshev was carrying. But the government's response was harsh. The village located in Moscow, ataman Vasiliev and 70 Cossacks, imprisoned, some were executed. They stopped sending salaries.

The earliest date of the sea campaign of the Cossacks is dated in the annals of 1492. It was a raid on Tyagin. By the way, in the same year Columbus first reached the islands of Central America, so this date is symbolic, despite the fact that it accidentally reached historians who assumed that the Cossacks had been undertaking such voyages at least since the middle of the 15th century.

According to a French engineer at the Polish court Guillaume Levasseur de Beauplan(possibly a relative of the governor of Tortuga Francois Le Wasser) the Cossacks made ships, which they called "seagulls", 60 feet long and 12 feet wide, and 12 feet high. These ships did not have a keel, and their sides were boards knocked down with overlapping nails. Along the sides were fastened stacks of dry reeds as thick as a barrel, tied with linden bast. The reeds also ensured unsinkability, since there was no deck, and in a storm the waves splashed over the side. And thanks to the reeds, the ship kept afloat like a cork. These ships had bulkheads and benches for rowers, two rudders, one at the stern, the other at the bow. There were 10-15 pairs of oars on each side. A mast with one straight sail, which was raised only with a fair wind. From the point of view of European shipbuilders, the ships of the Cossacks were primitive, but they fully met the goals and objectives of the Cossacks. They needed a light, mobile, unsinkable fleet for every campaign. And the "seagulls" perfectly met all these requirements, so they did not need any Western European ships. “And why do we stink? Hiba, and so the Turk is not beaten? But it is also known that by the end of the 17th century, the Cossacks began to build completely different ships, whose sailing equipment was similar to a schooner. They called such ships "oak". "Oak" had a length of up to 20 meters, a deck and two masts. However, it is precisely the "gulls" that the Cossacks owe their fame as sea robbers and the fact that they felt like the masters of the Black Sea.

The campaigns of the Cossacks to Tavan in 1502 and 1504, and then to Belgorod-Dnestrovsky in 1516 and in 1574 remained in history. On Ochakov in 1523, 1527, 1528, 1538, 1541, 1545, 1547, 1548, 1551, 1556. In 1560, the Cossacks burned Kafa, and in 1575 they managed to plunder the three largest Turkish ports: the vicinity of Istanbul, Sinop and Trabzon. The following year, Kiliya, Varna and Silistra were ravaged. With fire and saber, the Cossacks marched along the entire Black Sea coast in 1586, 1590, 1593, 1595 and 1599. It turns out that according to historical documents, the Cossacks made at least 25 major sea raids, each of which involved an average of about a thousand Cossacks. Now they were no longer afraid to take battle with the Turkish fleet. In May 1602, at the mouth of the Dnieper, they captured several galleys from the Turks, on which they went to sea with an escort of 30 "gulls". Near Kiliya, they captured another battle galley and several transport ships, in the Dnieper estuary they attacked the squadron of Admiral Gasan-aga, captured his galley and another ship sailing from Kafa. And then they returned home with glory and booty.

In 1606, the Cossacks attacked Kiliya and Belgorod, simultaneously defeating the Turkish squadron at sea, and boarding 10 galleys. In the same year, the Cossacks took the fortress of Varna, which in the 17th century was considered as impregnable as Ishmael in the next century.

In the same year, a remarkable Cossack naval commander and hetman of the Zaporizhzhya army appeared on the stage. Petro Sahaydachny who personally led the campaign against Kafu. The following year, he won a brilliant victory over the Turkish fleet at Ochakov, and in 1609, 16 Cossack gulls terrified Ishmael, Kiliya, Akkerman, and another detachment attacked Kafa. By 1613, the Cossacks had ravaged almost the entire southern coast of Crimea, so their activities spread to Asia Minor. If earlier they made only short-term raids on Turkish territory, then 1614 can be considered the beginning of a widespread invasion of Turkey from the sea. That year, 40 gulls ravaged Sinop, bursting into the city, destroying even the garrison of the old castle, and leaving set fire to the city, shipyards and blew up the arsenal. The following year, the Cossack fleet appeared on the horizon of Istanbul itself. Not afraid of the 240,000th garrison of the Turkish capital, and the 6,000th elite guard of the Sultan himself, a detachment of Cossacks ravaged the ports of Mizevna and Archioka. The Sultan was hunting on the outskirts of Istanbul that day, and he was very interested in the columns of smoke rising over the city. Arriving at the palace, he was surprised to learn that they were Cossacks. Then, in a rage, the sultan ordered his admiral Kapudan Pasha catch up and take revenge on the raiders, which he did to his misfortune: at the mouth of the Danube, the Cossacks defeated the entire Turkish squadron and captured the admiral himself.

In 1616, Hetman Sahaydachny, with two thousand Cossacks, won a brilliant naval victory in the Dnieper estuary, defeating the 14,000-strong Turkish army on 116 ships, which was part of the squadron. Ali Pasha. The Cossacks sank, burned and captured 15 galleys and more than 100 auxiliary vessels.

In the autumn of the same year, Hetman Sahaidachny approached Sinop with his flotilla. Then he unexpectedly attacked the port of Miner, where he destroyed 26 Turkish ships. Admiral Tsikoli Pasha with six galleys he rushed in pursuit, but, having caught up, was utterly defeated and lost half of his ships. And when the admiral Ibrahim Pasha approached Ochakov with his squadron to watch for the Cossacks returning to the Sich, they, having learned about this, turned around and attacked Sinop, which was left unprotected, and then Sagaydochny's squadron invaded the Bosphorus. For this disgrace, the Sultan hanged his Grand Vizier Nasir Pasha.

In 1617 the Hetman's Cossacks Dmytro Barabasha approached Istanbul, and their sails were visible from the windows of the palace of the Turkish Sultan. They again defeated the Turkish squadron, sinking it together with the commander in chief. After that, the sultan, in complete desperation, asked for help from the king of the Commonwealth. Sigismund III complaining about the wrongdoings of his subjects. But the king had more important things to do, so he only threatened the Cossacks that he would leave them without monetary allowance, and sent an embassy to the Sich to reason with the violent heads not to offend the Turk.

However, already in 1620, more than 300 gulls with a crew of 15 thousand people went on a sea voyage. This huge floating army almost took the capital of the Ottoman Empire the following summer, since only three galleys guarded the approaches to the Bosphorus. Nobody wanted to fight the Cossacks, who had already begun to plunder the outskirts of Istanbul. Upon learning of this, the brave admiral Halil Pasha, whose squadron was based in Chilia, rushed to the defense of the capital. However, his galleys were lured into shallow water and 20 of them were burned. The remnants of the Turkish fleet took refuge in the harbor of Istanbul in fear.

The brilliant Cossack victories at sea do not mean at all that the Turks were cowardly and inept seafarers. It happened that their squadrons also beat the Cossacks, and those captured were betrayed by a cruel public execution, trampled on by elephants, torn to pieces, buried and burned alive.

In the winter of 1623-24, the Sich was again preparing for a campaign. And in the spring, when leaving the Dnieper estuary, the Cossacks met with a squadron of Turks from 25 galleys and 300 small ships, equal in size to the Cossacks. The naval battle went on for several hours, but the Cossacks nevertheless broke into the sea. In the same year, a flotilla of 150 gulls set out on a campaign. In June 1624, a flotilla of 102 seagulls appeared again under the walls of Istanbul.

In the summer of 1625, the Cossack flotilla reached a colossal size - 350 gulls. If we consider that each of them had 50 Cossacks, then we get more than 17 thousand sabers. By modern standards, this is almost two divisions, staffed according to wartime states! Countless fleet for that time. However, managing such a huge fleet was not easy. The Turks directed against him all their Black Sea forces (43 galleys) under the command of Admiral Rejeb Pasha. A huge battle took place at the mouth of the Danube and ended with the victory of the Turkish squadron. According to the Turks, 786 prisoners were captured and 172 seagulls were sunk. French ambassador de Cesi described the success of the Turkish fleet: "If not for the north wind that rose and helped the pasha, the Cossacks would have defeated his fleet."

So, for 10 years (from 1614 to 1624), a squadron of Zaporizhzhya Cossacks smashed the Turkish fleet in naval battles at least 5 times, killing Turkish admirals twice, attacking the capital of Turkey three times. Here it should be noted that the "regular fleet" of the king Peter the Great did not achieve any results at all in the Black Sea. And the victories of the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks there were so loud that the French king gave an order to his ambassador in Warsaw de Bregy to hire their fleet for the war with Spain. And you can imagine, the Zaporozhye squadron on seagulls with 2400 Cossacks, left the Dnieper to the Black Sea, passed the Bosphorus and the Sea of ​​Marmara, through the Aegean and Mediterranean Seas, through the Strait of Gibraltar, rounded the Iberian Peninsula and reached Dunkirk to participate in its siege, fighting with the Spanish fleet and the famous Dunkirks. This information was discovered by the Russian historian A. V. Polovtsev in 1899 in the correspondence of the prince Condé icardinal Mazarin (1646).

Three years later, the Sultan of Turkey, unable to resist the raids of the Dnieper Cossacks, decided to conclude a peace treaty with Zaporozhye. In 1649, the treaty was signed and the Cossacks were given access to all the ports of the Black Sea for trade, and at the same time they were made responsible for calm on the trade routes. The Sultan preferred to have the Dnieper Cossacks as friends rather than as enemies. And, as the chronicle testifies, after 1650 the activity of the Cossacks at sea began to decline sharply, since it was less troublesome to trade with them than to fight. In addition, at that time the liberation war against the Poles (1648-1654) began under the leadership of the hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky, whose ally was the vassal of the Turkish Sultan, the Crimean Khan. The Cossacks were completely occupied with the robbery of the gentry's estates and did not think about large sea campaigns. Only in 1660 the hetman Ivan Sirko attacked Ochakov, in 1663 the Cossacks gave battle to the Turkish fleet, and in 1667, breaking through the Sivash to the Crimea, they burned the capital of the Crimean Khanate, forcing the Khan himself to flee by ship to Turkey.

In 1680, the Turkish sultan decided to reason with the Cossacks by sending them a letter demanding an end to the disgrace at sea. The Cossacks pretty much laughed at this message, and wrote an answer, the process of composing which is captured on the famous canvas Ilya Repin. In the 90s of the XVII century, the campaigns of the Cossacks almost stopped. True, in 1690 the Cossacks managed to seize the treasury of the Crimean Khan and sink two Turkish ships, but none of them even thought of going to Istanbul.

Despite the new century and the new millennium, the image of the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks continues to be presented in the old fashioned way, as nomadic pastoralists, as a bunch of some fugitive serfs from Rus', which is completely wrong. Most modern historians agree that the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks were a special people, formed from the descendants of professional warriors. Yes, their environment was constantly replenished with newcomers, but they adopted the ancient laws and customs of the ancient Cossacks. This makes them related to the filibusters, who obeyed the laws of the Coastal Brotherhood. All Zaporizhzhya Sich were not field, but coastal fortresses, and the main force was the fleet and marines. In 1940 and 1951, archaeologists found in these places the remains of forges and smelters, where equipment for ships was made: anchors, staples, fastenings for ships, but no horseshoes, stirrups, or harness ornaments were found. The Cossacks were primarily sailors who developed a special type of shipbuilding suitable for both coastal navigation and the high seas. They came up with a special tactic of conducting a sea battle - a "hornet swarm" - when small ships surround and attack large ones, suppressing the resistance of their crew with continuous rifle fire from close range, followed by capture in a boarding battle. The filibusters operating at the same time in the West Indies adhered to the same tactics. So we can safely say that the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks were no less skillful and courageous naval commanders and sailors, and also won no less high-profile victories than their counterparts in sea robbery, the French, British and Dutch in the Spanish seas.

Literature:

Grushevsky V. "History of Ukraine", St. Petersburg, 1860.

Smirnov A. "Marine history of the Cossacks", Moscow, 2006.

Subtelny O. "History of Ukraine", Kyiv 1994.

Chernikov I. I. "History of river fleets."

Shumov S., Andreev A. "History of the Zaporozhian Sich". Kyiv-Moscow, 1910.

Evarnitsky D. I. "Zaporozhye in the remains of antiquity." SPb., 1888.

Evarnitsky D. I. "History of the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks." Vol. 1-3, Kyiv, 1990. Evarnitsky D. I. "How the Cossacks of Muslims won." SPb., 1902.