Project on the theme of the Crimean Khanate. Presentation History of Crimea presentation for a history lesson (grade 8) on the topic

On the way from Sevastopol to Bakhchisaray

Bakhchisarai is a small town between Simferopol and Sevastopol. Capital of the Crimean Khanate. The name of the city is translated from the Crimean Tatar as "garden-palace".

The legend about the origin of Bakhchisarai
One day the son of Khan Mengli Giray went hunting. He descended from the fortress into the valley. Immediately behind the fortress walls, dense forests full of game began to appear. It was a good day for hunting, many foxes, hares and even three wild goats were hunted by hounds and greyhounds. The khan's son wanted to be alone. He sent his servants with booty to the fortress, he himself climbed into the thicket, jumped off his horse and sat on a stump near the river Churuk-Su. The tops of the trees, gilded by the setting Sun, were reflected in the jets of water. Only the sound of the river running over the stones broke the silence. Suddenly, a rustle was heard on the other side of the Churuk-Su. A snake quickly crawled out of the coastal bush. She was pursued by another. A deadly fight ensued. Wrapping around one another, the snakes tore pieces of each other's bodies with sharp teeth. The fight went on for a long time. One snake, all bitten, exhausted, stopped resisting and lowered its head lifelessly. And from the thicket, through the thick grass, the third snake hurried to the battlefield. She attacked the winner and a new bloody battle began. Rings of snake bodies flickered in the grass, illuminated by the sun, it was impossible to keep track of where one was, where the other. In the heat of the fight, the snakes crawled away from the shore and hid behind a wall of bushes. From there came an angry hiss and crackling of branches. The Khan's son did not take his eyes off the defeated snake. He thought about his father, about his kind. They are now like this half-dead snake. Here are the same bitten ones who ran away to the fortress, sit in it, trembling for life. Somewhere there is a battle, and who will win in it: the Golden Horde - the Turks or the Turks - the Golden Horde? And he and his father, Mengli-Giray, can no longer rise like this snake ... Some time has passed. The young khan noticed that the snake began to move, trying to raise its head. With difficulty, she succeeded. She slowly crawled towards the water. Having strained the rest of her strength, she approached the river and plunged into it. Wriggling faster and faster, the half-dead became flexible in her movements. When she crawled ashore, there were not even traces of wounds left on her. Then the snake again plunged into the water, quickly swam across the river and, not far from the astonished man, disappeared into the bushes. The son of Mengli Giray rejoiced. This is a lucky sign! They are destined to rise! They still live, like this snake... He jumped on his horse and rushed to the fortress. He told his father what he saw by the river. They began to wait for news from the battlefield. And the long-awaited news came: the Ottoman Porte defeated the Horde Khan Ahmed, who once exterminated all the soldiers of Giray, and drove himself into a fortress on a steep rock. At the place where two snakes clashed in a deadly battle, the old khan ordered to build a palace. This is how Bakhchisaray arose. The khan ordered to carve two snakes that had intertwined in the battle on the palace coat of arms.

This small town has a rich history, the surroundings of the city are just a treasure for archaeologists due to the numerous monuments of different eras.
Neanderthal sites discovered in Staroselye. There are sites of Cro-Magnons about 40 thousand years old - Kachinsky canopy, Suren, etc. The monuments of the Copper-Stone Age (III millennium BC) include menhirs and anthropomorphic steles, rock paintings of Tash-Air. At the end of the last era, Taurians lived in the mountains, and in the steppe there were several Scythian settlements that were part of the late Scythian state. Under the onslaught of the Sarmatians, Goths, and then the Huns, it weakens and finally ceases to exist in the 3rd century AD. The Scythian population gradually leaves their settlements in the steppe and goes to the mountainous Taurica, merging with the Taurians. They settle in the local mountains and some are ready with the Sarmatians (Alans). The Romans were here too. Their small fortress on the site of the Late Scythian fortification Alma-Kermen (village Zavetnoe) appears in the 2nd century. But she did not last long.

During the V-VI centuries. there are large settlements and fortresses. Now they are known under the general name "cave cities", because the ground buildings have largely collapsed, but the auxiliary premises carved into the rocks (defensive, religious, household) have been preserved. These fortified cities were built by local residents during the period of existence of a real threat of invasions of nomads (Huns, Turks) and served to protect and shelter the population from these raids. Byzantium was also interested in the construction of "cave cities", the sphere of political interests of which included southwestern Taurica.
A little later (VIII-IX centuries), icon worshipers who fled from Byzantium founded a number of cave monasteries here. During this period, almost the entire area was captured by the Khazars.
By the 11th century, the influence of Byzantium was again restored here. By this time, a single ethnic community had already formed from the descendants of different peoples in southwestern Taurica, adopting the Greek language, the Orthodox Christian faith, and adopting Byzantine culture. They were called Crimean Greeks. Separate Christian principalities began to gain strength here. The largest of them were the Principality of Theodoro with its center in Mangup and the Principality of Kyrk-Or with its center in Chufut-Kale.
In the 13th century, the Tatars began to settle in Taurica, and from the beginning of the 14th century, they gradually seized land in the southwestern part of Crimea. The first Tatar settlement in the southwest of the peninsula was Eski-Yurt (the area of ​​the current railway station in Bakhchisarai).
By the middle of the 15th century, when the Golden Horde was significantly weakened, the Crimean Khanate was formed, the first khan of which was Hadji-Devlet-Girey, the grandson of Tokhtamysh. He became the founder of the Girey dynasty, which ruled the Crimea for the next 350 years. At the beginning of the 16th century, Bakhchisarai became the capital of the Khanate. Here, in addition to the Khan's palace, mosques, durbe (mausoleums) of noble Tatars, residential buildings and other buildings were erected. The city became not only the administrative, but also the cultural and economic center of the khanate. Up to 25 thousand people lived in it. In addition to the Tatars, Greeks, Karaites, and Armenians lived here.
After the annexation of the Crimea to Russia, Bakhchisaray loses its significance and becomes a provincial town of the Simferopol district. During the Great Patriotic War, the forests of the southwestern Crimea became one of the centers of the partisan movement on the peninsula. After the liberation of Crimea, all Crimean Tatars were evicted to the eastern regions of the country. On the night of May 18, 1944, the deportation began, which was completed in two days. On June 15, 1944, the fate of the Crimean Tatars was shared by the Crimean Greeks, Bulgarians and Armenians. Many villages in the Bakhchisarai region were depopulated. Only in the nineties of the last century, the Crimean Tatars began to return to Bakhchisaray, giving the city a certain oriental flavor.
Now Bakhchisaray is a small town with oriental flavor, narrow crooked streets, many Tatar cafes with ottomans and sofas. Crimean Tatars, Russians, Karaites, Armenians live in the city. Muslim ezans are heard, and Russian flags are flying over the houses.
The main historical monument and tourist attraction of Bakhchisaray is the palace of the Crimean khans - Khansaray. The fountain of tears in the Khan's palace is glorified in A. S. Pushkin's romantic poem "The Fountain of Bakhchisarai" (1822). There are many mosques in the city, among them Tahtali-Jami can be distinguished. The Holy Assumption Monastery and the medieval fortress Chufut-Kale are also located near the city.

The most delicious plov I've ever eaten

"Crimean War" - Inkerman battle Battle of Balaklava. Causes of the Crimean War. What facts made the biggest impression on you? Kornilov Nakhimov Istomin Totleben Pirogov. Heroes. Crimean War 1853-1856. November 1, 1855 Russian troops took Kars in Transcaucasia. Aggravation of political and economic contradictions in the Middle East and the Balkans between.

"History of the Crimean War" - 1. Contradictions between European countries. Recruiting army formation system. 2. Russia's desire to gain a foothold in the Balkans. France. November 18, 1853. Support for Austria as a thank you for participating in the suppression of the revolution in 1848. Crimean War 1853-1856 Conclusion. Monument to Peter Koshka.

"Crimean War of 1853" - Terms of the Paris Peace Treaty. In 1863–1877 actually headed the military engineering department. Stage 2. In the besieged Sevastopol. Stage 1. Occasion. Russia and Türkiye cannot have a navy and fortifications on the Black Sea. Konstantinovsky battery of Sevastopol. View of Sevastopol. Kornilov Vladimir Alekseevich (1806–1854).

"Crimean Mountains" - Crimean mountains. Karst affects the state of water resources. The Crimean foothill forest-steppe region covers the Outer and Inner ridges. Summer is hot and dry. The soils are sod-calcareous on the slopes, chernozem on flat intermountain areas. The amount of precipitation is only 300-600 mm per year, more in autumn and winter.

"Kazakh Khanate" - Kazakh Khanate. Reasons for the formation of the Kazakh Khanate. Tauke Khan. Catherine II approved Abylai Khan of the Middle Zhuz. During his lifetime, he was canonized as a saint, he was called "aruakh" He was buried in Turkestan. Abylai Khan. Khans of the Kazakh Khanate. Mohammed Khaidar Dulati relates the time of the formation of the Kazakh Khanate to 1465-1466. The original territory of the Kazakh Khanate is Western Semirechye, the valleys of the Chu and Talas rivers.

"Crimean Eastern War" - Napoleon III. Course of events. Crimean War (Eastern) 1853-1856. The Sultan's refusal to return the keys to the Orthodox Church. P.S. Nakhimov. Bright personalities. Lesson plan. Peace of Paris (March 1856). Results of the war. The desire of Nicholas I to defeat Turkey and achieve access to the Black Sea. Technical and economic backwardness of Russia Support for Turkey by other countries.

Crimean Khanate - the state of the Crimean Tatars, which existed from 1441 to 1783

The state religion is Islam, and the Nogai tribes had remnants of shamanism

Founder of the Crimean Khanate Haji Geray1441-1466

“Lords of two continents” is part of the title of the Crimean khans, which fully sounds like “khakan of two seas and sultan of two continents”.

Coat of arms of the Gerai dynasty

Capital Kyrk-Er (1441 - 1490s)

Salachik (1490s - 1532)

Bakhchisarai (1532-1783)

Qırım Yurtu - قريم يورتى

independent state

(until 1478; from 1774)

Vassal of the Ottoman Empire

(from 1478 to 1774)

language(s) Crimean Tatar

Ottoman (in the XVII-XVIII centuries)

Religion - Islam

State structure

Throughout history, the Geraev dynasty ruled the Crimean Khanate.

There were "small" and "large" sofas, which played a very important role in the life of the state.

• the heads of the most powerful clans, the Karachi, made up the Divan (Council) of the Khan, which was the highest state body of the Crimean Khanate, where issues of domestic and foreign policy were resolved. The sofa was also the highest court. The congress of the khan's vassals could be complete or incomplete, and this did not matter for its eligibility. But the absence of important princes and, above all, the tribal aristocracy (karach-beys) could paralyze the implementation of the decisions of the Divan.
• without the Council (Divan), the khans could not do anything, the Russian ambassadors also reported about this: "... a khan without a yurt cannot do any great deed, which is necessary between states, can not do." The princes not only influenced the decisions of the khan, but also the elections of the khans, and even repeatedly overthrew them.

Kalga(Crimea) qalga , قالغا ‎ ; qalgay, قالغاى ‎) is the title of the second most important person after the khan in the hierarchy of the Crimean Khanate. The position of Kalga was established in 1486 by the Khan of Crimea. Each khan, upon accession to the throne, appointed a kalga - almost always from among his brothers, sons or nephews. Since the position of kalga was occupied only by princes from the khan's family, who were called sultans in the Crimea, the name "kalga-sultan" was often used in relation to the kalgas. The residence of kalga was the city of Akmesdzhide (now Simferopol) Kalga-sultan - the first person after the khan, the governor of the state. In the event of the death of the khan, the reins of government rightfully passed to him until the arrival of a successor. If the khan did not want or could not take part in the campaign, then the kalga took command of the troops. He had his own vizier, his own divan-efendi, his own qadi, his court consisted of a number of officials equal to the court of the khan. The divan of the kalga was subordinate to all decisions on the crimes of its district, but the right to sentence the death belonged to the khan. Kalga was a participant in the meetings of the Khan's Divan.

• The mufti is the head of the Muslim clergy of Crimea, the interpreter of laws, who has the right to remove judges - qadis, if they judged incorrectly.
• Kaymakans - governors of the regions of the khanate. Or-bey - head of the Or-Kapy (Perekop) fortress. Most often, this position was occupied by members of the khan's family, or a member of the Shirin family. He guarded the borders and watched the Nogai hordes outside the Crimea.

A more modest position was occupied orbey And seraskirs. These officials, unlike the kalgi-sultan, were appointed by the khan himself. One of the most important persons in the hierarchy of the Crimean Khanate was mufti Crimea, or kadiesker. He lived in Bakhchisarai, was the head of the clergy and the interpreter of the law in all controversial or important cases. He could depose the Cadians if they judged incorrectly.

Kyrk-Er fortress

When a state independent of the Horde was formed in the Crimea, the capital was moved to the fortified mountain fortress Kyrk-Er,

• Back in the 17th and even in the 18th century, the Tatars were divided into tribes, divided into clans. At the head of the clans were the beys - the former Tatar nobility, who concentrated in their hands huge masses of cattle and pastures captured or granted to them by the khans. Large yurts - destinies (beyliks) of these clans, which became their patrimonial possessions, turned into small feudal principalities, almost independent of the khan, with their own administration and court, with their own militia.

• A step lower on the social ladder were the vassals of the beys and khans - the murzas (Tatar nobility). A special group was the Muslim clergy. Among the dependent part of the population, one can single out ulus Tatars, dependent local population, and slave slaves stood at the lowest level.

• princes from this family occupied a leading position not only in the Crimea, but also in other Tatar uluses. At the same time, despite being scattered over individual Tatar kingdoms, a certain connection, a certain unity, remained between the entire Shirinsky family. But the main nest, from where the family of these princes spread, was the Crimea.
• Shirinov's possessions in the Crimea stretched from Perekop to Kerch. Solkhat - Old Crimea - was the center of Shirinov's possessions.
• As a military force, the Shirinskys were one thing, they acted under a common banner. The independent Shirin princes, both under Mengli Giray and under his successors, often took a hostile position towards the khan. “And from Shirin, sir, the tsar does not live smoothly,” the Moscow ambassador wrote in 1491.
• “And from Shirina, he had great strife,” added the Moscow ambassadors a century later. Such enmity with the Shirinskys, apparently, was one of the reasons that forced the Crimean khans to move their capital from Solkhat to Kyrk-Or.

• The Mansurovs' possessions covered the Evpatoria steppes

Yashlavsky

a special position in the young state was occupied by the ancient and illustrious family of Yashlav. This clan differed in many ways from other noble families in its privileged position and special status. The fact is that in the lands of the Yashlav clan there was the city of Kyrk-Er. It was him in the XV century that the first Crimean Khan Hadji Giray chose the second capital of the young independent Crimean Tatar state. The tradition was continued by his descendants, having founded here in the Yashlavsky beylyk in the valley a new capital - Bakhchisarai.

The reason was the devotion, which the Yashlav beys repeatedly proved to the Girays. Therefore, surrounded by patrimonial lands and subjects of this kind, the first Crimean khans felt safe.

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Slides captions:

History of the Crimean Peninsula Class hour

Ancient inhabitants of Crimea were Cimmerians. These warlike tribes left the Crimea in the 4th - 3rd centuries BC due to no less aggressive Scythians and got lost in the vast expanses of the Asian steppes. 0 Cimmerians remind ancient toponyms: Cimmerian walls, Cimmerian Bosporus, Cimmeric...

The ancient inhabitants of the Crimean Taurus led a pastoral and agricultural lifestyle, were engaged in hunting, fishing, and collecting mollusks. They lived in caves or huts, and in case of an enemy attack, they arranged fortified shelters. Archaeologists have discovered Taurus fortifications on the mountains Uch-Bash, Koshka, Ayu-Dag, Kastel, on Cape Ai-Todor, as well as numerous burials in the so-called stone boxes - dolmens. They consisted of four flat slabs placed on edge, the fifth one covered the dolmen from above.

Ancient inhabitants of Crimea From about the middle of the 1st to the beginning of the 4th century AD, the sphere of interests of the Roman Empire included the entire Black Sea region and Taurica as well. Chersonese became a stronghold of the Romans in Taurica. In the 1st century, Roman legionnaires built the Kharaks fortress on Cape Ai-Todor, laid roads connecting it with Chersonesos, where the garrison was located, and a Roman squadron was stationed in the Chersonese harbor.

Invasion of the Huns In 370, hordes of the Huns attacked the lands of Taurida. Under their blows, the Scythian state and the Bosporan kingdom perished, Naples, Panticapaeum, Chersonesus and many cities and villages lay in ruins. And the Huns rushed further, to Europe, where they caused the death of the great Roman Empire.

Crimea is a part of Byzantium In the 4th century, after the division of the Roman Empire into Western and Eastern (Byzantine), the southern part of Taurica also entered the sphere of interests of the latter. Chersonesos (it became known as Kherson) becomes the main base of the Byzantines on the peninsula. Christianity came to Crimea from the Byzantine Empire.

Khazars in Crimea At the end of the 6th century, a new wave of conquerors appeared in the Crimea - these are the Khazars, whose descendants are considered to be the Karaites. They occupied the entire peninsula, with the exception of Cherson (as Chersonese is called in Byzantine documents).

Slavs in Crimea In the 9th century, a new force, the Slavs, actively intervened in the course of Crimean history. At the same time, the decline of the Khazar state takes place, which was finally defeated in the 60s of the 10th century by the Kyiv prince Svyatoslav Igorevich. In 988-989 Kiev Prince Vladimir took Kherson (Korsun), where he accepted the Christian faith.

Tatars in the Crimea During the XIII century, the Golden Horde (Tatar-Mongols) invaded Taurica several times, plundering its cities. Then they began to settle on the territory of the peninsula. In the middle of the 13th century, they captured Solkhat, which became the center of the Crimean yurt of the Golden Horde and was called Kyrym (like the entire peninsula later).

Genoese in the Crimea In the XIII century (1270), first the Venetians and then the Genoese penetrated the southern coast. Having forced out competitors, the Genoese create a number of fortifications-factories on the coast.

The Turks in the Crimea The Turks put an end to the Genoese rule in the Crimea. Having captured the city of Theodoro after a six-month siege, they ravaged it, killed the inhabitants or took them into slavery. The Crimean Khan became a vassal of the Turkish Sultan.

Crimea and Moscow Principality The Crimean Khanate became the conductor of Turkey's aggressive policy towards the Muscovite state. The constant raids of the Tatars on the southern lands of Ukraine, Russia, Lithuania and Poland forced them to resist.

Russia and the Crimea Russia, seeking to secure its southern borders and gain access to the Black Sea, fought more than once with Turkey. In the war of 1768-1774. the Turkish army and navy were defeated, the Crimean Khanate gained independence. Kerch with the Yoni-Kale fortress, the fortresses of Azov and Kin-burn passed to Russia in the Crimea, Russian merchant ships could freely navigate the Black Sea.

Annexation of Crimea to Russia In 1783, after the Russian-Turkish war (1768-1774), Crimea was annexed to the Russian Empire. This contributed to the strengthening of Russia, its southern borders ensured the safety of transport routes on the Black Sea. In order to revive the peninsula, Prince G. Potemkin, appointed governor of Taurida, began to resettle serfs and retired soldiers from neighboring areas.

Sevastopol and Simferopol The works of the Most Serene Prince were not in vain, the Crimean economy began to develop rapidly, orchards, vineyards, tobacco plantations were planted on the South Bank and in the mountainous part. On the shores of an excellent natural harbor, the city of Sevastopol is being laid as the base of the Black Sea Fleet. Near the small town of Ak-Mechet, Simferopol is being built, which has become the center of the Taurida province.

Crimean War 1853-1856 The Crimean Peninsula was the main theater of operations in the Eastern (Crimean) War of 1853-1856, one of the bloodiest wars of the 19th century. During the war, Crimea suffered enormous damage. Sevastopol lay in ruins, Kerch and Evpatoria were destroyed. Industrial enterprises suffered, roads were broken, villages were impoverished.

After the Crimean War, the destroyed was restored for a long time and with difficulty. But after the abolition of serfdom, the economy of the peninsula developed at an accelerating pace. In the 70-80s. a railway was laid from Lozovaya station. Kerch, Sevastopol, Feodosia, Simferopol became significant industrial centers of the province. Agriculture also developed. Crimea has become the main supplier of fruits and grapes in the country.

The population of Crimea According to the 1897 census, in the Tauride province, of which five of the eight counties were in Crimea, lived: Ukrainians - 611,121 people, Russians - 404,463, Tatars - 187,943, Germans - 78,305, Jews - 55,418, Bulgarians - 41,260, Greeks - 18,048, Poles - 10,112, Belarusians - 9726, Armenians - 8938, Karaites - 8911, there were also Moldavians, Turks, Krymchaks, Czechs, Gypsies.

Crimea - a new resort At the end of the nineteenth century. Following the royal family, the court nobility rushed to the Crimea to develop new lands. The energetic construction of palaces, dachas, and villas began; on the coast, like mushrooms, hotels, boarding houses with resorts, restaurants, casinos grew. The fertile South Coast became a resort for the elite, however, like other resorts in Russia.

Crimea in the 20th century The years of the civil war are one of the bloodiest periods in the history of Crimea. The struggle for power of "local significance" was replaced by battles between the white and red armies. The Crimean peninsula passed from hand to hand, and each time terror flared up with renewed vigor... It was not for nothing that Crimea at that time was called the All-Russian cemetery by the people.

Crimea in the 20th century In May 1921, at the plenum of the Central Committee of the RCP(b), it was decided: "Separate the Crimean peninsula into a separate Crimean Autonomous Republic." The Crimean ASSR existed for more than twenty years, until June 1945. After the liberation of the Crimea from the fascist invaders in the spring of 1944, the restoration of its economy began: industrial enterprises, sanatoriums, rest houses, and agriculture. The black page in the history of Crimea was the expulsion of many peoples. The fate befell the Tatars, Greeks, Armenians.

Crimea in the 20th century On February 19, 1954, a decree was issued on the transfer of the Crimean region to Ukraine. Today, many believe that Khrushchev, on behalf of Russia, gave Ukraine a royal gift. Nevertheless, the decree was signed by the chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR Voroshilov, and Khrushchev's signature in the documents relating to the transfer of Crimea to Ukraine is not at all.

Crimea in the 20th-21st century 1991 - "putsch" in Moscow and M. Gorbachev's arrest at his dacha in Foros. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Crimea becomes an Autonomous Republic within Ukraine, and Big Yalta becomes the summer political capital of Ukraine and the countries of the Black Sea region. March 16, 2014 - a referendum on the annexation of Crimea to the Russian Federation.

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Text content of presentation slides: Crimea through the eyes of artists. Presentation for the course "Krymovedenie" Grade 6 Crimea, by its nature and beauty, has always attracted people of art. These were artists and poets, directors, actors, musicians. Everyone went to the Crimea for rest and for inspiration. The landscapes of the peninsula delighted them all. Today's post is about the artists whose paintings are somehow connected with this amazing place. The art of the peninsula was formed under the influence of many cultures, but at the same time autonomously and a little closed. Scythians, Taurians, Cimmerians, Genoese, Tatars, Armenians, Slavs - all the peoples inhabiting Crimea brought the best with them and wove it into the common carpet of arts and crafts, architecture, and later the art of fine art. in XX. Most of the teachers of the Imperial Academy of Arts and the Moscow Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture worked in the Crimea. The museums of Moscow and St. Petersburg, and later in the Crimean museums, collected sketches, still lifes, landscape and staffage paintings, ethnographic drawings of the best representatives of the domestic fine arts: F. Vasiliev, I. Krachkovsky, A. Meshchersky, A. Bogolyubov, I. Levitan , A. Kuindzhi, I. Shishkin, K. Korovin, V. Serov, V. Surikov, V. Polenov, P. Konchalovsky and others. Mikhail Matveevich Ivanov (1748-1823) At the end of the 18th century, the Russian artist Mikhail Matveevich Ivanov was the first to pave the way to Old Crimea. In January 1780, he, then already an academician of painting, was sent to the governor of the southern provinces of Russia, Prince Potemkin, to depict "cities and sights of the newly annexed lands", as well as those areas for which Russia was still fighting. Ivanov was enrolled in Potemkin's headquarters and even received the rank of prime minister. In 1783 Ivanov painted views of the Old Crimea. Ten watercolors by this artist, dedicated to the Old Crimea and its environs, are now kept in the Russian Museum in St. Petersburg. Ivan Konstantinovich Aivazovsky (1817-1900). As a boy, Ivan Aivazovsky fell in love with the seas of the Crimean coast. His stormy, romantic imagination painted night storms, endless expanses of water and the struggle of people with the raging elements. These vivid images were reflected in the work of his entire life. Aivazovsky became the only artist of the Russian school who devoted all his extraordinary talent to seascape painting. During his long life, Ivan Konstantinovich Aivazovsky created about 6 thousand works. Carlo Bossoli (1815-1884) Is it any wonder that the romantic Taurida turned out to be so attractive to artists who conveyed to us visual images that are consonant, and sometimes more vivid than literary descriptions. A worthy place in the brilliant galaxy of famous names is occupied by the Italian Carlo Bossoli (1815-1884). His work, permeated with the light and festive atmosphere of the South, allows you to see the Crimea through the eyes of the famous contemporaries of the artist, to feel like a pioneer of the land of Taurida covered with legends. Bogaevsky Konstantin Fedorovich (1871-1943) - painter and graphic artist, known as a master of "fantastic landscape". He was born and lived almost all his life in Feodosia. He flatly refused to study with Aivazovsky, because. he was attracted not by sea views, but by the history of ancient Cimmeria. In 1891 he entered the Academy of Arts and studied in the studio of the landscape painter Arkhip Kuindzhi, whom he also did not imitate. Voloshin (Kiriyenko-Voloshin) Maximilian Alexandrovich (1877 - 1932), poet, critic, essayist, artist. Born on May 16 (28 n.s.) in Kyiv. He begins to study at the Moscow gymnasium, and finishes the gymnasium course in Feodosia. In 1927, an exhibition of Voloshin's landscapes was held, organized by the State Academy of Artistic Sciences (with a printed catalog), which was Voloshin's last appearance on the public stage. Kuprin Alexander Vasilyevich (1880-1960) Born in Borisoglebsk (Voronezh province) on March 10 (22), 1880 in the family of a teacher at a district school. He studied at the Voronezh evening drawing classes. Then he studied at the School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture (1906-1910). The theme of the Crimean peninsula is firmly embedded in the work of Kuprin A.V. (1880-1960). The artist visited many cities of the coastal Crimea, painted the streets of Bakhchisaray, mountains, historical monuments. His first work is considered "Deer Mountain". Vasily Ivanovich Surikov (1848-1916). Born January 12, 1848 in Krasnoyarsk. School teacher N.V. Grebnev gave him his first painting lessons. To receive a full-fledged art education, Surikov leaves for St. Petersburg. There, in 1869, he entered the Academy of Arts. The blessed Crimea became for Vasily Ivanovich a divine discovery, unquenchable delight and ... a "swan song". He captured it with the colors of joy and left it to posterity. He discovered the ancient land of Taurida in 1907. Konstantin Alekseevich Korovin (1861-1939). Konstantin Alekseevich Korovin was born on November 23, 1861. At the age of fourteen, he entered the architectural department of the Moscow School of Painting. Konstantin Korovin loved the Crimea, and Gurzuf loved the Crimea the most. Vasily Dmitrievich Polenov (1844-1927). Born in 1844 on June 1 in St. Petersburg. This is a Russian artist, master of historical, landscape and genre painting, teacher. In September 1887, V.D. Polenov wrote to his wife from Yalta: “The more I walk around the outskirts of Yalta, the more I appreciate Levitan's sketches. Neither Aivazovsky, nor Lagorio, nor Shishkin, nor Myasoedov gave such truthful and characteristic images of the Crimea as Levitan did. Polenov V.D. was called the “Knight of Beauty”. contemporaries. Isaac Ilyich Levitan (1860-1900). He was born on August 30, 1860 in the small Lithuanian town of Kibarty, Kovno province. In the spring of 1886, Levitan went to the Crimea to relax and improve his precarious health. He visited Yalta, Massandra, Alupka, Simeiz, Bakhchisarai. The sultry Crimean nature struck Levitan, he enthusiastically wrote to his friend Anton Chekhov from Yalta: “How nice it is here! Imagine now bright greenery, blue sky, and what a sky! That's where the eternal beauty! Vasnetsov Apollinary Mikhailovich (1856 - 1933) Apollinary Mikhailovich Vasnetsov - landscape painter, theater designer. Born in the village of Ryabovo, Vyatka province, in the family of a priest. He studied painting with V.M. Vasnetsov, his elder brother. In 1885-1886, Apollinary Mikhailovich undertook a trip to Russia. He visited Ukraine and Crimea. Serov Valentin Alexandrovich (1865-1911) Born in the family of a composer and pianist. Portraitist. Studied with I.E. Repin, then entered the Academy of Arts. In 1880, Ilya Repin traveled to the Crimea in order to collect material for the monumental canvas "Cossacks". Shadrin Alexander Petrovich. Shadrin Alexander Petrovich was born on April 19, 1942 in the village of Karaidel, Bashkortostan, Russia. V. Surikov, where he received his first serious skills in drawing and painting. Service in the Navy in 1961-1965 brought him to Sevastopol, with which the artist linked his future fate.