10th grade

"Unfortunate misunderstanding",
or Interjections

Lesson objectives: to awaken students' interest in interjections, to teach the appropriate use of interjections in speech, to form an attentive and thoughtful attitude to the ongoing linguistic processes, the ability to analyze linguistic phenomena.

DURING THE CLASSES

Introductory speech of the teacher.

Interjections are the least studied class of words in modern Russian. Academician L.V. Shcherba called the interjection "an unclear and vague category," "an annoying misunderstanding," referring to the confusion of views on this part of speech. In the history of the study of interjections, two opposing concepts can be distinguished. The first concept is associated with the name of M.V. Lomonosov. It was she who laid the foundation for the scientific interpretation of interjections. A.Kh. Vostokov, F.I. Buslaev, A.A. Shakhmatov, V.V. Vinogradov. These scientists consider interjections as words, recognize these words. part of speech, study their structure, functions in speech, history of education. Academician V.V. Vinogradov. He believed that the study of interjections is important in terms of studying the syntax of living oral speech... The originality of V.V. Vinogradov saw that they serve as a subjective means of expressing emotions, feelings and functionally converge with different classes of words, occupying parts of speech in the system special place: this is not a significant, and not an official part of speech.

N.I. Grech, D.N. Kudryavsky, D.N. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky, A.M. Peshkovsky are supporters of the opposite concept, who do not consider interjections as words and exclude them from the composition of parts of speech.

V school course In the Russian language, interjections are considered as a special part of speech.

Updating basic knowledge.

- What is the name of the section of grammar in which words are studied as parts of speech? (Morphology.)

- What does the concept mean parts of speech? (Parts of speech are the main lexical and grammatical categories, according to which the words of the language are distributed based on certain characteristics.)

- What are these signs? (First, it is semantic feature(the generalized meaning of an object, action, state, attribute, etc.); Secondly, morphological signs(morphological categories of the word); third, syntactic features (syntactic functions of a word).)

- What two groups are the parts of speech divided into? (Parts of speech are divided into independent (significant) and service parts.)

- What part of speech occupies a special place, not referring to independent parts of speech or service? (This is an interjection. Interjections do not name objects, signs, or actions, and do not serve to connect words. They convey our feelings.)

Study of the topic of the lesson.

- So, what is an interjection? (An interjection is a part of speech that includes sound complexes that serve to express feelings and volitional impulses. Interjections are on the periphery of the grammatical and lexical systems of the language and differ significantly from both independent and official parts of speech in their semantic, morphological and syntactic features.)

- How do you understand the expression sound complexes? (Interjection is a class of grammatically unchangeable words and phrases, which is why the concept uses the expression sound complexes.)

- So, interjections have no nominative meaning. However, academician V.V. Vinogradov noted that interjections "have a semantic content consciously understood by the collective." How do you understand the words of V.V. Vinogradov? (This means that each interjection expresses certain feelings and emotions, which, with the support of intonation, facial expressions and gestures, are understandable to both the speaker and the listener. For example, an interjection fi expresses contempt, disgust (Fi, what a disgusting!) interjection Ugh expresses reproach, annoyance, contempt, disgust (Fu, tired!) interjection huh expresses disbelief, ridicule (Hey, how tired you are!).)

– Right. The attachment to one or another interjection of a certain content is convincingly expressed in the poem by M. Tsvetaeva "Rumor":

More than organ and louder than a tambourine
Rumor - and one for all:
Oh - when it's hard and oh - when it's wonderful
But it is not given - eh!

And what is the difference between interjections and service parts of speech? (Unlike conjunctions, interjections do not perform the function of connecting members of a sentence or parts complex sentence... Unlike prepositions, they do not express the dependence of one word on another. Unlike particles, they do not add additional semantic shades to words or sentences.)

– What are the morphological and syntactic features of interjections. (From the point of view of morphological interjections are lexical units that do not have forms of inflection. syntactic feature interjections is that they do not relate to other words in the sentence, but can act as independent proposals... As part of a sentence, interjections are always kept apart, which is emphasized by placing a comma or exclamation mark in the letter.)

– Analyze the following two groups of interjections: ah, eh, oh, ha; priests, that's it, however. What do you think: what is the difference between them? (The first group of interjections is non-derivative lexemes, and the second is derivative, i.e. formed on the basis of other parts of speech.)

– Give a linguistic comment to the following examples:

1) Oh oh oh; Oh well;
2) wow, ege-ge;
3) oh-ho-ho;
4) so hot, come on, come on.

1) Repetitions are an important grammatical means of forming interjections.

2) The replay may not be complete.

3) In the first part of the interjection, there may be a permutation of the vowel and consonant.

4) Individual interjections are able to connect with the pronoun ty, plural ending imperative mood those, with an adverb particle -ka.)

- What phonetic features of interjections are indicated by the following examples: yeah, wow, kysh, kys-kys, um, shh, whoo. (In interjections yeah, wow pronounced alien literary language [ ] fricative. In interjections shoo, kys-kys there is a combination alien to the Russian language ky. In interjections um, shh there are no vowels. In the interjection Whoa there is a combination of three consonants.)

- Although interjections occupy a separate position in the language system, they retain a connection with other elements of this system. How is it shown? Give examples. (Interjections may arise on the basis of significant and service words... And on the basis of interjections, significant words: gasp, akane, ahoy, nuke, nuke etc.)

- According to semantics, scientists distinguish two categories of interjections. Try to divide the interjections given below into two groups and establish a certain pattern: bis, oh, oh, damn, bah, oh, wow, down, bravo, brr, march, let's go, ugh, hurray, father, hello, my God, shh, fi, away. (Interjections oh, oh, oh, wow, ay, ugh, priests, god, fi, damn, bravo, hurray, brr, ba express various emotions, both positive and negative, serve to reveal a person's attitude to reality, to the speech of the interlocutor.

Interjections encore, down with march, let's go, hello, shh, away express different types and shades of motivation for action.)

- Right. Interjections related to the first group are emotional interjections, to the second group, these are incentive interjections. Incentive interjections have other names: imperative, imperative. Try comparing two emotional interjections: Oh and ba. (Interjection ba unambiguous, but the interjection Oh ambiguous. Depending on the situation of speech and intonation, the interjection Oh can express a complex range of feelings: pain, fear, surprise, admiration, regret, warning, grief, joy. Interjection ba expresses surprise.)

- Determine to which category the following interjections belong: full, well, go ahead, march. (These are incentive interjections.)

Try to guess if the same interjection can express both emotion and motivation. Try to include an interjection in various speech situations. Well.(Yes maybe. Well, get out of here! Well, flowers! In the first example, the interjection expresses motivation, in the second - surprise, admiration.)

- Some linguistic scholars distinguish well-known sound complexes as a special category of interjections - etiquette: hello, goodbye, thanks, goodbye, good night, happy holidays, good health, all the best and others. The main argument of these scientists: these sound complexes convey the corresponding content in the most general, undivided form. Let's try to challenge this point of view. Let's start by thinking whether these expressions have the semantics inherent in interjections. (These sound complexes do not express feelings and motives, which means that they do not have semantics inherent in interjections.

The main feature of interjections is the absence of a nominative meaning. Expressions like see you, all the best, good night, good morning retain the direct nominative values ​​of their components.

Expressions goodbye (those), sorry (those), sorry (those), hello (those) are imperative verbs. Only in special cases, such as the word Hello expresses surprise, dissatisfaction:

“I’m not going to the cinema today.

- Hello, you promised.

Let's take the word sorry). This word can express protest, disagreement: Should I go to the store again? No, I'm sorry.)

- Well done! And now I will name a few verbal complexes. You have certainly heard them: Lord my God, mother queen of heaven, please tell me ... What do they express? (Feelings and emotions.)

- Scientists note their structural dismemberment, phraseology, semantic integrity. Try this series of examples to continue. (My priests, my God, the devil knows what, that's how, it's an empty matter, that's a miracle, you fucking disappear, pray tell me, that's a pound, etc.)

- Make sentences including these examples.

Prove that interjections serve the purpose of saving linguistic resources. (For example, you did not expect to see, meet in some place your acquaintance. Surprise about this can be expressed by the sentences: And are you here? How did you get here? After all, you were not going to come here. Whom do I see ?! but with one interjection: Bah!

You can call to silence, you can calm down with the sentences: Hush please, I can't hear anything but with one interjection: Shh!)

The practical part of the lesson.

Exercise 1. Vocabulary dictation-crossword on the theme "Feelings". The teacher reads the lexical meaning of the word, the students write down the word corresponding to the given lexical meaning.

Highest satisfaction, delight. - Delight.

Feeling of strong indignation, indignation. - Anger.

The impression of something unexpected and strange, incomprehensible. - Astonishment.

A state of doubt, hesitation due to the inability to understand what the matter is. - Perplexity.

Feelings of irritation, displeasure due to failure, resentment. - A shame.

Feelings of frustration caused by the well-being, success of another. - Envy.

Feeling of joy from pleasant sensations, experiences, thoughts. - Pleasure.

Strong objection to anything. - Protest.

Expression of disapproval, condemnation. - Reproach.

Assignment 2 ... Insert suitable interjections into the table opposite the indicated values. Pupils were handed out sheets of paper with a table in which the second and fourth columns are not filled. Interjections for selection: ehma, chur, u, uh, uh, ooh, sha, choo, uh, uh, hy, tsyts, eh. Come up with examples of the use of interjections in speech.

Upon completion of the work, the table will look like this.

Task 3. Determine the part of speech belonging to the selected words. Justify the answer.

1) AND I will not give a penny. 2) AND, full! 3) There are hopes and he became cheerful again.

1) Write with a pen a not with a pencil. 2) A, got caught! 3) Let's go for a walk, a?

Task 4. Into the offer Hurt! try to insert various interjections.

(Oh, it hurts! Oh, it hurts! Ooh, it hurts! Oh, it hurts! Oh, it hurts!)

Task 5. Make a linguistic commentary on the following examples: fullness, well, you, let's go to the river, march to the room.

Many incentive interjections are close to the forms of the imperative mood, this proximity is confirmed by the fact that interjections can acquire an indicator plural -those(completeness). Interjections can connect with a particle -ka(take that), able to manage in other words (well you, let's go to the river, march to the room).

Task 6. Remember proverbs that include interjections.

Chur alone - not to give to anyone.

Ay-ay, the month of May, it is warm, but cold.

Ah, ah, but there is nothing to help.

Oh, what a longing! I would not let go of a piece, I would have eaten everything and sang songs.

Oh-ho-ho-ho-honyushki, Afonyushka's life is bad.

Task 7. Determine what syntactic functions are performed by interjections in the following sentences. Comment on your answer.

2) If the guy in the mountains is not Oh, if immediately limp and down, a step stepped onto the glacier and wilted ... (V. Vysotsky)

3) All these hee hee, ha ha, singing, cowardly talk is an abomination! (A. Tolstoy)

4) He could not be silent, could not smile condescendingly or get rid of his nasty "A!"- he had to say something. (Yu.Kazakov)

5) What went to the people - ah-ah! (D. Furmanov)

Answer. Interjection is syntactically unrelated to other elements of the sentence. But in these examples, interjections appear in the function various members suggestions. Examples 1, 2 - predicate, example 3 - subject, example 4 - addition, example 5 - circumstance. If an interjection acts as a subject and an object (examples 3, 4), then it gets the ability to have a definition with it.

Task 8. Linguists distinguish three groups of interjections among emotional ones:

a) interjections expressing satisfaction - approval, pleasure, joy, admiration, etc., a positive assessment of the facts of reality;

b) interjections expressing dissatisfaction - reproach, censure, protest, annoyance, anger, anger, etc., a negative assessment of the facts of reality;

c) interjections expressing surprise, bewilderment, fear, doubt, etc.

Try to give as many examples as possible for each group of interjections.

a) Aha !, ah !, ah !, bravo !, oh !, hurray! etc.;

b) ah !, ah !, here's another !, brr !, ugh !, ugh !, eh! etc.;

v) bah !, priests !, mothers !, well, well, like cranberries !, just think !, alas !, hmm! etc.

The same interjections, depending on the expression of emotions, are included in different groups. These are the interjections ah !, ah !, ah! and etc.

Find interjections in the following sentences and identify them as belonging to one group or another.

1) Someone, overtaking, said over her ear: "Oh yes eyes!". (A. Tolstoy)

2) Oh, turn them back! Groaned the nervous lady. - Fu, how stupid you are! (A. Kuprin)

3) Fathers! - the thin one was amazed. - Misha! Childhood friend! (A. Chekhov)

4) Pantelei Prokofievich busily examined the dark-haired head sticking out of the pile of diapers, and, not without pride, certified: “Our bloods ... Ek-hm. Look you! ". (M.Sholokhov)

5) - That's it! - Romashov widened his eyes and sat down slightly. (A. Kuprin)

Sentences 1, 4 - interjections ay, ek-hm express satisfaction (admiration, pleasure) - it means that they belong to the first group.

Sentence 2 - interjections ah uh express dissatisfaction (annoyance, anger, anger) - therefore, they belong to the second group.

Sentences 3, 5 - interjections priests, like this express surprise and bewilderment, therefore they belong to the third group.

Task 9. Read the interjections: ay !, hey !, scatter !, hello !, hey !, hop !, get out !, but !, guard !, shh !, well !, chick !, chu !, shh! What are these interjections? Try to group them. What do you think: is it possible?

Incentives (imperative). These interjections can be combined into two groups: interjections expressing a command, an order, a call to some action, etc. (come on !, scatter !, hop !, get out !, but !, shh !, well !, huh !, chu !, shh!), and interjections expressing a call to respond, serving as a means of attracting attention, etc. (ay !, hello !, guard !, hey!).

Determine what the interjections mean in the following sentences.

1) - Don't play! - the foremen waved to the musicians. - Shh ... Yegor Nilych is sleeping. (A. Chekhov)

2) - Help! Cut! He shouted. (A. Chekhov)

3) Guys! It's warm, let's go swimming. (Sun. Ivanov)

4) - Hey! - shouted, waved Grigoriev. The cart turned into bread on a field road and soon pulled up. (V.Ketlinskaya)

5) - Well, - I said, - lay out what you need? (K. Paustovsky)

In examples 2, 4, interjections express a call to respond, serve as a means to attract attention. In examples 1, 3, 5, interjections express a call to any action.

Task 10. Compare the following examples: Well, ball! Well, Famusov! He knew how to name the guests.(A. Griboyedov). Rewrite! Quickly, well!(Sun. Ivanov)

Answer. In the first example, the interjection Well! is emotional, in the second - motivating.

Answer. Interjections are widely used in colloquial and artistic speech... They serve as a means of conveying various feelings of a person, his relationship to the facts of reality. In addition, in the works fiction they enhance the emotionality of the statement. Often interjections, as it were, absorb the meaning of several words, which increases the laconicism of the phrase, for example: Let it fail, nothing will come of it - nothing. If it succeeds - Wow! (D. Furmanov) The use of interjections conveys the features of lively speech, rich in emotions, gives the text liveliness, ease, expression. Interjections play important role in the character description.

Assignment 12. All of you have read the comedy of A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit". What do you think: why is Repetilov's speech full of interjections?

Repetilov, as follows from his own words, is only capable of "making noise." His empty enthusiasm naturally translates into exclamations interspersed with interjections. (Oh! Meet him; Oh! Wonderful!; ... Ah! Skalozub, my soul ...)

Remember the famous Ellochka Shchukina from the novel "The Twelve Chairs" by I. Ilf and E. Petrov. How many interjections does her vocabulary include? What does this indicate?

Answer. Ellochka easily got along with thirty words, of which three interjections (ho-ho !, think about it !, wow!)... This testifies to the linguistic and mental wretchedness of the character.

Task 13. Comment on the punctuation marks. Pupils receive a table consisting of two columns. The first column contains examples. The second column is empty. In the second column, students write down a comment.

Gestures and facial expressions are often inseparable from interjections. So, sighing heavily, people say "wow, well ... what have I done?", Thereby adding more meaning when expressing a certain feeling. And sometimes, without the support of gestures or facial expressions, it is very difficult to understand what was said by just the intonation of the voice: was it a "message" (resentment or anger) or just a joking saying (friendly greeting).

In linguistics, interjections, in contrast to spontaneous shouts, are conventional means, that is, those that a person must know in advance if he wants to use them. Nevertheless, interjections are still on the periphery of the actual linguistic signs. For example, like no other linguistic signs, interjections are associated with gestures. So, the Russian interjection "On!" only makes sense when accompanied by a gesture, and in some West African languages ​​there is an interjection that is spoken simultaneously with a welcome hug.

see also

Notes (edit)

Links

• Russian grammar. Academy of Sciences of the USSR.
• I. A. Sharonov. Back to interjections.
• E. V. Sereda. Classification of interjections based on the expression of modality.
• E. V. Sereda. Finish to business paragraph: Interjections in youth colloquial speech.
• E. V. Sereda. Etiquette interjections.
• E. V. Sereda. Unsolved problems in the study of interjections.
• E. V. Sereda. Punctuation marks for interjections and interjections.
• E. V. Sereda. Morphology of the modern Russian language. The place of interjections in the system of parts of speech.
• I. A. Sharonov. Distinguishing between emotional interjections and modal particles.

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Interjection is a special part of speech that expresses, but does not name, various feelings and motives. Interjections are not included in either independent or official parts of speech.
Examples of interjections: ay, ah, oh, well, ay-ay, alas.

Interjections can express various feelings and moods: delight, joy, surprise, fear, etc. Examples: ah, ah, ba, oh, oh, eh, alas, hurray, fu, fi, ugh, etc. Interjections can express various motives: a desire to expel, stop a conversation, induce speech, action, etc. Examples: yon, shh, tsyts, well, well, well, hey, bris, etc. Interjections are widely used in a colloquial style. V works of art interjections are usually found in dialogues. Do not confuse interjections with onomatopoeic words (meow, knock-knock, ha-ha-ha, ding-ding, etc.).

Morphological signs

Interjections are derivative and non-derivative. Derivatives formed from independent parts speech: Come on! Sorry! Fathers! Horror! and others. Compare: Fathers! Oh my God! (interjection) - Fathers in the service (noun). Non-derivative interjections - a, e, y, ah, eh, well, alas, fu, etc.

Interjections do not change.

Examples of interjections

Ah, my head is on fire, all my blood is in excitement (A. Griboyedov).
Ay, guys, sing, just build the harp (M. Lermontov).
Bah! All familiar faces (A. Griboyedov).
Alas, he is not looking for happiness and does not run from happiness (M. Lermontov).

Well, master, - shouted the driver, - trouble: a blizzard! (A. Pushkin).
Hey, coachman, look: what's that blackening there? (A. Pushkin).
Well, well, Savelich! Completely, let's make up, it's our fault (A. Pushkin).
And there, there: this is a cloud (A. Pushkin).

Syntactic role

Interjections are not members of sentences. However, sometimes interjections are used in the meaning of other parts of speech - they take a specific lexical meaning and become a member of the proposal:
Oh yes honey! (A. Pushkin) - the word "ay yes" in the meaning of the definition.
Here came "ay!" in the distance (N. Nekrasov) - the word "ay" in the meaning of the subject.

Morphological parsing

For part of speech, interjection morphological analysis not done.

Interjection- a special part of speech that expresses, but does not name, various feelings, moods and motivations. Interjections are neither independent nor service units speech. Interjections are a feature of the colloquial style; in works of art they are used in dialogues.

Interjection groups by value

Interjections are non-derivative (uh uh uh uh uh etc.) and derivatives derived from independent parts of speech ( Give it up! Fathers! Horror! Guard! and etc.).

Interjections do not change and are not members of the offer ... But sometimes the interjection is used in the meaning of an independent part of speech. In this case, the interjection takes on a specific lexical meaning and becomes a member of the sentence. Here "ay" was distributed in the distance (N. Nekrasov) - "ay" is equal in meaning to the noun "cry", it is a subject. Tatyana ah! and he roars ... (A. Pushkin) - the interjection "ah" is used in the meaning of the verb "gasp", it is a predicate.

You need to distinguish!

It should be distinguished from interjections onomatopoeic words... They convey various sounds of animate and inanimate nature: human ( hee hee, ha ha ), animals ( meow meow, crow ), items ( tick-tock, ding-ding, clap, boom boom ). Unlike interjections, onomatopoeic words do not express emotions, feelings, motives. Onomatopoeic words usually consist of one syllable (bul, woof, kap) or repeated syllables (bul-bul, woof-woof, kap-kap - are written with a hyphen).

From onomatopoeic words, words of other parts of speech are formed: meow, meow, gurgle, gurgle, giggle, giggle, etc. In a sentence, onomatopoeic words, like interjections, can be used in the meaning of independent parts of speech and be members of a sentence. The whole capital shuddered, and the girl hee hee hee da ha ha ha (A. Pushkin) - "hee-hee-hee" and "ha-ha-ha" are equal in meaning to the verbs "laughed, laughed", are predicates.