Languages \u200b\u200bof East Asia: Iranian languages, Malaysian-Polynesian family. Languages \u200b\u200band language families Basic families of languages \u200b\u200bof South East Asia

The typology of the order of significant elements in the languages \u200b\u200bof East Asian Lapidar style and the standard content of most inscriptions on the assignment bones also predetermined a limited set of grammatical tools with which they were written. This set

Indo-European languages.The first language family established by the comparative historical method was the so-called "Indo-European". After the opening of Sanskrit, many European scientists - Danish, German, Italian, French, Russians, have been studying the details of the kinship of various externally similar languages \u200b\u200bof Europe and Asia, the method that was proposed by William Jones. German specialists called this large grouping of the Languages \u200b\u200bof "Indoberman" and often continue to call it and to this day (in other countries this term is not used).

Separate language groups, or branches, included in the Indo-European family from the very beginning, is indian, or indoary; iranian; greekrepresented by the dialects of the Greek alone (in the history of which the ancient Greek and Novogreic periods differ); italywhich included latin language, numerous descendants of which form modern romaneskaya group; celtic; germanic; baltiyskaya; slavyanskaya; as well as insulated Indo-European languages \u200b\u200b- armenian and albanian. There are generally accepted rapprochement between these groups, allowing to talk about such groups such as Balto-Slavic and Indo-Iranian languages.

At the end of the 19th - early 20 century. An inscriptions in languages \u200b\u200bwere discovered and decrypt hetto-Luvian, or Anatolian Group, including in the Hett language, spilled light on the earliest stage of the history of Indo-European languages \u200b\u200b(monuments of 18-13 V. BC). Attracting materials of the Hett and other Hetto-Luvian languages \u200b\u200bstimulated a significant revision of systematizing statements on the structure of the Indo-European primacy, and some scientists even began to use the term "Indo-Hett" to designate the stage preceding the department of the Hetto-Luvian branch, and the term "Indo-European" propose to maintain One or more later stages.

Indo-European also belongs to toroic A group that includes two dead languages \u200b\u200bon which they spoke in Xinjiang in 5-8 centuries. AD (Texts in these languages \u200b\u200bwere found at the end of the 19th century); illyrian group (two dead languages, actually Illyrian and Messapsky); A number of other isolated dead languages \u200b\u200bcommon in the I thousand BC. in the Balkans - phrygian, thracian, venetian and ancaseAsedonian (the latter was under strong Greek influence); pelasgsky Language of the corporal population Ancient Greece. Without a doubt, there were other Indo-European languages, and possibly groups of languages \u200b\u200bdisappeared without a trace.

According to the total number of languages \u200b\u200bin it, the Indo-European family is inferior to many other language families, but the geographical prevalence and the number of speakers are not equal (even without taking into account those hundreds of millions of people almost all over the world, which enjoy English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian , Hindi, to a lesser extent by German and Novoperside as the second)

Altai languagesusually considered macros, moreover, hypothetical, although there are many arguments in favor of its recognition. It includes three major linguistic groups, traditionally called families, although according to standard criteria, the degree of proximity of languages \u200b\u200binside each of them is characteristic of groups or maximum branches: this turkic (about 30 languages, but with dead languages \u200b\u200band local species, the status of which as languages \u200b\u200bis not always indisputable - more than 50; the largest - Turkish, Azerbaijani, Uzbek, Kazakh, Uigur, Tatar; The total number of speaking Turkic languages \u200b\u200bis about 120 million. human); mongolian (the most famous - modern Mongolian, or Halha, Buryat, Kalmyk; the total number of speaking about 6.8 million people) and tunguso Manchursky (Manchur, Evenki, Nanayan and a number of others; the total number of speaking about 180 thousand people; all these languages \u200b\u200bare under threat of extinction as a result of the transition of their carriers into Russian or Chinese, and in the case of not so small manchuric people - about 4, 5 million people - such a transition has almost ended). Recently, almost generally recognized belonging to the number of Altai (on the rights of individual branches) of such major languages \u200b\u200bas korean(over 70 million people) and japanese(about 125 million people). With their accounting, the total number of speakers in Altai languages \u200b\u200bis superior to 320 million people.

The center of the Turkic range is Central Asia, from where they have been spreading during historical migrations, on the one hand, to South Russia, the Caucasus and Malaya Asia, and on the other - to the northeast, to the eastern Siberia, right up to Yakutia. Mongolian languages, despite the relative small number, are distributed in extensive territory from northeast China to the south-east of European Russia; Most of their carriers live in Mongolia, an autonomous area of \u200b\u200bInner Mongolia in the PRC and in Buryatia. Tungus-Manchurian languages \u200b\u200bare common in the north of the PRC, in Mongolia and in the vast territories of Central and Eastern Siberia.

Many of the Altai peoples have a long literary tradition, however, with the exception of the Japanese, Azerbaijani and partly of Uigur literature, this tradition was not linguistically continuous. Book culture of earlier time was based on languages \u200b\u200bnot identified with modern Altai languages \u200b\u200bas their preceding stages; for turkic languages This is Staroanatolian-Turkic, Turks, Chagatai (the question of the continuity of the Ancientugurian and modern Uygur remains the subject of discussions); For Mongolian - Old Mongolian; Significant not survived literature was on the dead Chuzhsensky language and the Manychurian extinct; In Korea, up to the end of the 19th century. As written, the Korean Linds of the Ancient Chinese literary language.

The relatively historical study of Altai languages \u200b\u200bbegan in 19th. Nevertheless, the generally accepted reconstruction of the Altai Pri-language does not exist, one of the reasons is the intensive contacts of the Altai languages \u200b\u200band numerous mutual borrowing, which make it difficult to apply standard comparative methods

Sino-Tibetan languages.To this language family, also called the Chinese-Tibetan, the world's largest in the number of speakers on it as in the native chinese language that together with dungansky forms in its composition a separate branch; Other languages, a number of about 200 to 300 or more, are combined into a Tibeto-Burmese branch, the internal device of which is interpreted by various researchers in different ways. With the greatest confidence in its composition, Lolo-Burmanskaya groups stand out (the largest language - burmese), Bodo Garo, Cookie Chin (the largest language - maithey, or maniplery in the east of India), Tibetan (the largest language - tibetanfragmented on highly different dialects), Gourung and several groups of the so-called "Himalayan" languages \u200b\u200b(the largest - nevari. in Nepal). The total number of speakers in the languages \u200b\u200bof the Tibeto-Burmese branch is over 60 million people, in Chinese - more than 1 billion, and at his expense, the Sino-Tibetan family ranks second in the world according to the number of speakers after Indo-European. Chinese, Tibetan and Burmese languages \u200b\u200bhave long written traditions (from the second half of the II thousand BC, 6th century. N.E. and 12 V. AD, respectively) and great cultural significance, however most Sino-Tibetan Languages \u200b\u200bremain safe. According to numerous monuments, found and decrypted in the 20th century, the dead is known. tangutsky The language of the SI-XI (10-13 centuries); There are monuments dead Language drink (6-12 centuries, Burma).

Sino-Tibetan languages \u200b\u200bare inherent in such a structural characteristic as the use of tone (high-altitude) differences for distinguishing between the usual morpheme; There is no or almost absent word or in general, any use of affixes; Syntax relies on the phrase phrase phrase and the order of words. Some of the Chinese and Tibeto-Burmese languages \u200b\u200bwere subjected to a large-scale study, but reconstruction, similar to the one that was made for Indo-European languages, was carried out only to a small extent.

For quite a long time with Sino-Tibetan languages, specifically with Chinese, brought the Thai languages \u200b\u200band languages \u200b\u200bof Miao-Yao, uniting them into a special syntic branch, opposed Tibeto-Burmanskaya. At present, this hypothesis has almost no supporters left, however, the popularity of Sino-Caucasian hypothesis S.A.Starostina is becoming popular.

Chinese letter (Kit. Trad. 漢字, Ex. 汉字, Pinhin hànzì., Pall. hanitz) Already several thousand years is the only generally accepted way to recording Chinese. The signs of Chinese letters are also widely used in the Japanese and Korean letter (there they are called Kanji and Khahanchi, respectively). Until 1945, the Chinese letter was also used to record the Vietnamese language (Khan YOU).

In the context of internationalization, written in Chinese, called CJK. (eng. Chinese, Japanese, Korean) or CJKV. (With the addition of English. Vietnamese.).

The age of Chinese writing is constantly specified. Recently discovered inscriptions on turtle shells, resembling ancient Chinese hieroglyphs, refer to VI thousand to N. er., What is more ancient than the Sumerian writing.

Chinese writing is usually called the hieroglyphic or ideographic. It is radically different from the alphabetical fact that each sign is attributed to some meaning (not only phonetic), and the number of signs is very large (tens of thousands).

Mongolian writing - Various in origin and the writing system that have been used at different times used to record the Mongolian language.

Starting from the XIII century, about 10 letters systems were used to record Mongolian languages. Some of these systems were subsequently adapted for other languages.

The oldest of the Mongolian writing systems is an old-rombing letter (classical Mongolian letter) - turned out to be the most successful of them, and after a number of modifications continues to be actively used to date, primarily in the PRC.

The attention of the great powers caused to life, starting from the middle of the XIX century, a number of projects on the basis of Latin and Cyrillic writing. In 1940, as a result of rapprochement with Soviet Union, Mongolia moved to Cyrillic, which is currently

it remains the main system of writing in the country, although the projects of the transition to Latin are considered.

Hangyl - Korean phonderatic letter. A characteristic feature of Hangaily is that letters are combined into groups, approximately corresponding to the syllables.

The Literature Division in foreign languages \u200b\u200bof the Ivanovo Regional Library for Children and Junior The Foreign Language project continues to publish thematic recommendatory literature lists from its fund. We bring to your attention the publication, dedicated to languages South and Southeast Asia.

Southern and Southeast Asia is a large geographical and historical region, where multilingualism is the norm of life, and is the cause of rather amazing linguistic convergences (the process of rapprochement or convergence). Penetrating into South Asia, Indo-European languages \u200b\u200bmet there with Dravidian and Austro-Asia languages. Some Language Families of Southeast Asia mixed under the influence of China's culture.

In this recommendation list, detailed information about Burmese, Vietnamese, Thai, about Sanskrit, about Hindi, and a list of references stored in the library fund is also presented. Unfortunately, the department has an insufficient number of books and electronic media relating to this topic, but we hope to fill this gap in the future.

The list will be useful to those who want to learn languages \u200b\u200bor improve their knowledge. We are waiting for you in the Literature Department in foreign languages!

General

South Asia is a large geographical and historical region in Asia, which is located on the Industan Peninsula and the islands adjacent to it. Today, the following states are located on the territory of South Asia: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, as well as island states in the Indian Ocean: Sri Lanka and Maldives.

Southeast Asia is a region in Asia, which is geographically located on the Indochina Peninsula and the Islands of the Malay Archipelago. It is washed by the waters of the Pacific and Indian Oceans and includes the territories of the following modern states: Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia, Singapore and Philippines.

Languages \u200b\u200bcommon in the territory of South and Southeast Asia reflect ancient history These regions indicate a large population density. Despite the fact that many language families are presented here, these languages \u200b\u200bdo not differ so much among themselves, as it should be expected, in many respects due to the presence of general traits formed as a result of contacts between carriers, which continue now, not one generation.

South Asia languages \u200b\u200bhave the SOV word order in the sentence (i.e., "subject to - the supplement is a legend") and retroflexive consonant sounds, that is, the sounds formed by lifting and bending the tip of the tongue back for the solid sky.

Languages \u200b\u200bof Southeast Asia belong to the languages \u200b\u200bof an insulating type, in them, grammatical concepts are expressed in certain words that cannot be split into smaller semantic units. There are few flexions in these languages \u200b\u200b(word-importing parts), many nominal classifiers, and to distinguish words is used tone.

For common features, due to the territorial proximity of these languages, it becomes unclear what genetic relationships between these languages, which sometimes remain unexplored.

Languages \u200b\u200bof South Asia

On the territory of South Asia, two linguistic families are dominant - Indoran and Dravidian. In addition, many smaller language groups speakers are common here, speaking Tibeto-Burmese languages \u200b\u200band in Mundah languages.

Indoiran languages:

Iranian: Persian (Farsi), Pashto (Pashto), Belujsky (Bulchi), Kurdish, Ossetian, Tajik.

Indian (Indoary): Hindi / Urdu, Punjabi, Sindhi, Gujarati, Marathi, Bihari, Bengili, Sinhalean, Nepali.

Dravidian languages:

1. Telugu, Malayalam, Kannada, Tamil, Gondi.

Indian and Dravidian

The languages \u200b\u200bof the Indoran branch of the Indo-European language family occupy most of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, as well as common on Sri Lanka and in Himalayas, Nepal in the kingdom.

In India and Pakistan, Indian languages \u200b\u200bcame into contact with the Dravidian, of which they took such characteristic features as retroflexive consonants and strictly final verb position in the proposal. In turn, Dravidian languages \u200b\u200bborrowed from the Indian dictionary. In Tamil, there are many borrowing from Sanskrit, for example, the word "padam" ("feet"), the relatives of the Latin Word "Pedal".

The main languages \u200b\u200bof the Indian Group, which are spoken in India is Hindi, Urdu, Panjabi, Sindhi, Bengali, Gujarati, Marathi, Bihari and Assami. Hindi and Urdu, the official languages \u200b\u200bof India and Pakistan, are actually dialects of one language and have a common colloquial form - Hindustani, which Gandhi promoted as a force uniting the nation.

However, some Hindus were against the imposition of Hindi / Hindustani, therefore, in the role of "Lingua Frank" (language used as a means of inter-ethnic communication in a particular field) continued to perform English.

India in which there is approximately two hundred authon languages, conducts a teaching policy, in accordance with which children teach in schools along with Hindi and English their native language.

Despite the fact that Urdu is the official language of Pakistan, a large number of Pakistanis speaks in other Indian languages, such as Panjabi and Sindhi, or in Iranian languages \u200b\u200b- Belujsky (Bulchi) and Pashto. Burusski, isolated language, common in caracorums in the north-west of Pakistan, has no genetic kinship with any of the well-known languages \u200b\u200bof the world.

In the Kingdom of Nepal, located in the Himalayas, the main languages \u200b\u200bare considered to be Nepalese (Nepali), belonging to the Indian branch, and Nevarovsky (Nevari), belonging to the Tibeto-Burmese branch, while in the neighboring Bhutan as "Lingva Frank" speaks Dzong-Ke (or otherwise born), which is a type of Tibetan language.

Bangladesh dominates Bengali - one of the main Indian languages.

The southern and eastern part of India occupy Dravidian languages. However, based on the fact that one isolated Dravidian language, Brahue, is found in Pakistan, it can be assumed that before the Indo-European language expansion, they were distributed in the territory of the entire region. These are the languages \u200b\u200bof agglutinative type, in them a lot of consonants, and the number of case forms can reach eight.

The main Dravidian languages \u200b\u200bare Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil and Telugu. Each of them has its ancient literary tradition and is considered an official language in one or several states of India.

In Sri Lanka, the Sinhalean language of the Indian Group coexists with the Dravidian Tamil language, although not without some difficulties.

It should be noted that the invention of writing and alphabet of legends is attributed to the goddess of Sarasvati.

The languages \u200b\u200bof the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family prevail in South Asia. In the south they speak in Dravidian languages, while in the northeast there are zones of distribution of Austro-Asian and Sino-Tibetan languages.

Most of the inhabitants of India speak two or three languages, and Hindi and English are studying at school. The map shows the zones of distribution of the main languages \u200b\u200bof each language group.

Hindi

Hindi (Indo-European Group of Indo-European Language Family) is one of the official languages \u200b\u200bof India. Only in this country more than 400 million people are expressed on it, and if we take the native speakers around the world, then it is about 600 million people. Hindi is common in Pakistan, Fiji, Mauritius, in Indonesia, Malaysia, Caribbean Islands. Representatives of the Indian diaspora are spoken in European countries, as well as in Canada and the United States of America.

Hindi absorbs two concepts:

modern literary language Hindi, who is state language India;

a collective term for related languages, the number of which by different estimates ranges from 17 to 23 languages.

Hindi in facts and numbers

In 2009, in the number of Notebooks, Hindi ranked third after Chinese and Arabic.

In Hindi, 55 letters: 44 letters and 4 ligatures contain the alphabet of Devanagari, another 7 additional letters are found only in borrowed words. The characteristic feature of the letter of Devanagari is the top (basic) horizontal trait to which "hanging" down the letters are attached.

Hindi is a direct descendant of Sanskrit or, more precisely, conversational dialects that have formed the basis of Sanskrit. However, for a two-year-bearer story from Sanskrita to Hindi, the language system has been subjected to significant simplification.

The ancient Indian episodes are "Vedas" - we began to be known thanks to Translation from Hindi. Vedas are considered the most ancient monument of literature in the world.

Hindi languages \u200b\u200bbegan to fold in the X century. Each of them passed its way of development. Some became literary, others remained only to colloquial. The modern literary language of Hindi was formed in the XIX century. Today it is the language of the media, cinema, state office work, international agreements, etc.

In India there are 845 languages \u200b\u200band dialects, Hindi acts as a binder. He is understood everywhere, in which the considerable merit of radio, television and cinema, as well as the system of initial and incomplete secondary education, where Hindi acts as a mandatory language.

The peculiarity of the literary Hindi is that it is neither regional nor home (family) language. In the regions and in families they speak their native languages, so the company's educated layers have to take into armaments the so-called three-story formula: native language plus literary Hindi and English.

In varying degrees, all students and graduates of higher educational institutions have been owned to one degree or another. In the debt of the service or the nature of the work, the English owns almost all civil servants of the first and second class, businessmen, senior officers and generals of the Armed Forces, representatives of some "free" professions: doctors, lawyers, teachers of higher educational institutions, leading actors and musicians who are touring for within India, international class athletes and some other categories of Indians.

According to the Constitution, adopted in 1950, the English should have been given to Hindi's place in the function of the only state language by 1965. However, reality has made its own adjustments, and English as an additional official language was left in India indefinitely. Positions are strengthened. Suffice to say that the number periodic publications In English, he is several times superior to all other languages \u200b\u200bof India, excluding Hindi.

Currently, in modern India, there is a tendency to lexical and partially grammatical mutual influence of Hindi and English. In this regard, appeared linguistic terms - Hinglysh (mixing Hindi and English in the speech of people) and "Indlis" (use in speech and literature of Indian and English languages). Hinglysh is new stage Borrowing English with the mutual influence of popular cultures. In fact, this is the merger of two state languages \u200b\u200bof India - Hindi and English.

Such words like "Pajama", "Khaki", "Shampoo", "Jungle", which for us sounded habitual, came to Russian from Hindi.

According to the Constitution, Fiji, Hindi, together with English and Fijian, is the official language.

India wants to promote Hindi's language as a seventh official language in the UN.

Languages \u200b\u200bbenefits of South Asia

Ulsiferov, O.G. Lingufonic course of the Hindi language / Oleg Georgievich Ulsiferov. - ed. 3rd, copy. and add. - L.: MGIMO University, 2007. - 164 p.

The present publication of the Hindi Lingon Course is the third, fully recycled publication. The main purpose of the benefit is to teach students of senior courses of linguistic universities to understand the fullness of the announcement and author's speech in Hindi.

In addition, the author of the Lingopon Course puts itself the task of instilling the skills of consistent and educational simultaneous translation from both the Hindi language and the language of Hindi. For these purposes, the Russian part of the course contains fragments from the speeches of officials, as well as the announcer and the author's texts from several radio stations (training is mainly built on the material of the ether). Another task of the course is to secure the main provisions of Hindi grammar on the basis oral speech.

The manual consists of eight practically identically built lessons, sound from 70 to 90 minutes, equipped with a reference material, including, in addition to general dictionaries, personal names and geographical names, which makes it easy to decipher texts.

Special attention in the publication is paid to the transfers of exercises from the Russian language, which in the Lingopon exchange rate is relatively many. Their goal is to introduce students with the Russian conversational language of the radioxthext, many words and expressions of which are not yet fixed by the dictionarys of the Russian language, as well as in the Russian-Hindi dictionary. This is a completely new Plast of Russian vocabulary, located in an unstable position. But since he enters into our daily use, he needs to know and be able to translate. These exercises have a particularly detailed dictionary.

The tutorial is intended for students of language specialties and everyone who is interested in Hindi.

Ulsiferov, O.G. Hindi language: Tutorial for beginners / Oleg Georgievich Ultra. - M.: AST-Press, 2008. - 320 s. : IL. + CD. - (Language without borders).

The tutorial of the new generation is addressed to those who have not studied the Hindi language earlier and wants to master them quickly and independently. His goal is to teach a person who is completely unfamiliar with the Hindi language, to understand the information and reference materials in this language, especially those that are published on the Internet, as well as to practically master the minimal communication skills in Hindi needed when visiting India or work in this country.

Tutorial includes lessons on phonetics, vocabulary and grammar, exercises of varying degrees of complexity with "keys", Pourochnye dictionaries, Hindi-Russian and Russian-Hindi dictionaries, as well as registration.

In the manual, the grammar of the modern literary language of Hindi is explained in a new way. The main emphasis here is made on the principle of optimal adequacy of the grammatical material, but in general its volume can satisfy the practical needs of a person in any form of communication: in writing and oral.

Essentially, the tutorial sets out the whole major grammar, which allows almost very beginning to read the original texts.

Each lesson is a reference material that includes not only new words to texts and dialogues, but also the names of the names of their own, as well as the names of Indian animals and plants.

For the first time in the practice of Tutorials of Hindi, new words are given with the stress icon, which is especially important for the development of the proper pronunciation.

The publication is equipped with an audio approve on the CD, on which the exercises and texts are recorded, voiced by the speaker-carrier of Hindi.

The book has color illustrations to country-friendly materials. Appendix I presents samples of newspaper articles. Appendix II shows how to write letters to Hindi. Annex III contains the main positions of grammar, presented in the form of tables, as well as additional dialogues and words. Annex IV is a register.

The entire lexic of the tutorial is repeated in Hindi-Russian and Russian-Hindi dictionaries. At the end of the benefit are the most important geographical names.

The manual is equipped with a signpost of grammatical terms, allowing you to quickly find the necessary grammatical information. Tutorial lessons and all his applications introduce us to various sides of Indian life.

Tutorial contains a sufficient number of words characterizing the household realities of modern India. Along with this, a certain place is given to the country's policies and economy.

Affordable and step-by-step presentation of the material, explanations in Russian, an effective self-control system make benefits indispensable for children, and for adults - for those who have never studied languages \u200b\u200bor thinks that he has no ability to them.

Having passed the entire course, readers will be able to communicate in Hindi in typical situations and not fall into an awkward position due to the ignorance of Indian customs and the norms of language behavior. Having learned the entire material proposed in the tutorial, you can almost freely read with a dictionary of any reference and information text and competently speak on a good literary Hindi, who are owned by the educated layers of Indian society.

Russian-Hindi Phrasebook / Sost. Ekaterina Aleksandrovna Kostina. - St. Petersburg. : Caro, 2007. - 224 p.

The official languages \u200b\u200bof India are Hindi and English. In 1992, fifteen official regional languages \u200b\u200bwere listed in the Constitution of India, and in 2003 they included seven more.

North Indian languages \u200b\u200bhave an Indo-European basis, and four southern Indian languages \u200b\u200bbelong to the Dravidian group.

Hindi language belongs to the number of Indoary languages. According to the Indian reference book "Manoram" in 2004, he ranked second in the world in the number of media, yielding only Chinese. Speaking about Hindi, it is necessary to take into account that this name is used in two values: in a broad sense (as a set of dialects of the Central Region of Northern India) and as a state and literary language. The latter began to form in only the XIX century, but most of the artistic, journalistic literature, official documents are published in this language.

One of the features of the conversational form of modern Hindi is the heterogeneity of vocabulary. Sanskrit, Arab, Persian and English words are wary in their grammatical structures. Despite the fact that in the country, the movements "For cleansing" Hindi from Anglicisms were repeatedly carried out in the consciousness of the carriers themselves testifies to the "education" of the speaker and therefore it is inevitable, especially when communicating with foreigners. This fact explains a large number of English words in the phrases given in this phrasebook. So, even those who have never specially studied English, the word "HOSPITAL" ("hospital") will be clearer more cumbersome Indian words, which is read as "Chikitsaley".

A learning method used in this edition successfully helps learn to communicate in a foreign language environment in standard situations.

Phrasebook contains brief information about the history of India, its national holidays, state device And much more, that it is so important to know the traveler.

This book is addressed to those who want to master the colloquial speech on Hindi and have a general idea of \u200b\u200bthis language.

Sanskrit

Sanskrit (translated "processed, perfect") - an ancient literary language of India and one of the most ancient languages \u200b\u200bof the Indo-European family. The age of the earliest writing monuments in this language comes to 3.5 thousand years (middle II thousand BC). In antiquity and in the Middle Ages, a huge reservoir of art and scientific literature, significantly exceeding literature in the ancient Greek and Latin language.

Sanskrit was originally a language of everyday human communication, but gradually acquired another function. People ordinary life Began to speak in highly modified languages, because for a long time, eyelids around the century surrounding the streets of the streets changed. But Sanskrit, being the language of literary texts, remained unchanged. And gradually he turned around at the same thing, in which Latin turned into in Europe.

Despite the fact that at present Sanskrit is used only as a cult of cult, it is one of the official languages \u200b\u200bof India.

Sanskrit in facts and figures

The oldest literary monument in Sanskrit - "Rigveda" hymns) (about 2000-1000 BC). They were part of the collection of so-called "Vedas" - ancient religious texts of India. "Veda" - the word, according to the value that coincides with the Russian "lead", that is, literally translates as "knowledge." It refers to religious knowledge, knowledge of deities. XII century BC e. - This is the estimated time to start the addition of the texts of the "Ved". For at least the seven hundred years, and maybe more, they remained unspecified, passed to hersally, that is, they were remembered by priests.

Sanskrit is often referred to as the Praevik, from which many modern languages \u200b\u200bwere formed: most European, including Russian. However, Sanskrit is just one of the branches of Indo-European languages, and the real Prazyk of Indo-Europeans in a true form in any written documents has been preserved. Moreover, this preyask is several thousand years old in time than any oldest writing monument that we have.

Sanskrit has many undoubted similarities with the ancient languages \u200b\u200bof Europe - Latin and Greek. This discovery marked the development of comparative historical linguistics.

Sanskrit is used as a language of culture and language of religion (Hindu). Moreover, answering the question "Your native language?", About 500 people living in modern India said: "Native language is Sanskrit." These were people from a religious Hindu medium.

In different parts of India, there were different letters systems, the most famous of them is called "Devanagari". This is a complex word: the first part of the "Virgo" means "God", the second part of Nagar means "city", plus "-y" - suffix relative adjective, that is, the literal translation of this word is "(something) Divine City."

Row modern languages India, above all, Hindi, use Devanagari, other languages \u200b\u200b- other form of writing. Thus, now Devanagari is not used in all languages \u200b\u200bof India, but this is the first system. In Europe, everyone who comes into contact with Sanskrit is familiar with Devanagari.

In Sanskrit there are eight cases, three numbers and three kinds.

Sanskrit is a language supported artificially. This is the language of unusually sophisticated literature with a huge number of branches and schools, each of which was very proud of its inventions in the field of typing. As a result, the words in Sanskrit have many values, in some cases their number reaches thirty. The need to express exquisitely leads to the fact that in a good classic Sanskrit nobody nobody calls a cow, but will call it some "militant", "milk-eyed", and so on.

The famous Arabic philologist of the XI century Al Biruni wrote that Sanskrit - "This is a language rich in words and endings, which indicates different names the same subject and one name different items".

In Sanskrit, there are a lot of words similar to Russian words: "Mother" on Sanskrit - "Matar", "Brother" - "Bhratar", "Snow" - "Snush", "Mother" - "Shchushchra", "Nose" - "Us "," Brow "-" Bhruva ", etc. This similarity does not mean that Russian is as ancient as Sanskrit, or what he occurred from Sanskrit, because the same lists of words can be made practically for all languages \u200b\u200bof the Indo-European family.

Sanskrit, Dictionaries, Directories

Kochergin, V.A. Sanskritisko Russian dictionary: about 30,000 words: with the application of the "Grammatical Essay of Sanskrit" A.A. Zaliznyaka / Vera Aleksandrovna Kochergin; Ed. IN AND. Kalyanov. - 3rd ed. - M.: Academic Project; Alma Mater, 2005. - 944 p. - (Gaudeamus).

This dictionary contains about 30 thousand Sanskrit words with international transliteration based on Latin graphics, grammatical forms of speech parts are given. The publication reflects the most important vocabulary of epic and classic Sanskrit.

Sanskrit-Russian dictionary covers the vocabulary of texts, which are most often addressed when studying the language, history and literature of ancient India.

The dictionary does not contain the Words of the Vedica, Jain Sanskrit and Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit (language branches).

The publication is attached by the grammatical essay. A.A. The starring needed to work with the dictionary. It contains general On grammar, phonetics and graphics, phonology, morphology, morphology, word formation, syntax information, emphasis in Vediy, vocabulary Sanskrit and much more.

The dictionary includes grammatical terms, difficult-recognizable epic forms, difficult words, as well as additional values \u200b\u200bto the words already available in the dictionary.

The Sanskrit-Russian Dictionary is designed primarily for students studying Sanskrit, as well as for lingules working in the field of general and comparative historical Indo-European linguistics, for literary criticism and indolog historians.

Matveyev, S.A. Textbook on Sanskrit / Sergey Aleksandrovich Matveyev. - M.: Amrita-Rus, 2012. - 480 p.

IN Ancient India The desire to reveal the truth was so inclusive that residents ancient civilization appealed to Sanskrit. This is the language of sacred books, on which all things have their own correct designation; The divine language in which residents of the paradise worlds say, which means the one who studies Sanskrit is approaching the gods. Sanskrit is a unique linguistic code, each letter has a universal, cosmic meaning. It contains the richest philosophical and psychological terminology among world languages. On Sanskrit writes "Vedas", the most ancient cultic poetry, as well as the EPOS "Mahabharat" and "Ramayana".

The presented allowance proposes an introductory course of Sanskrit and writing, which is used to record it - Devanagari. The letters of Devanagari can be understood as the main symbols of the categories of the Universe, the main numbers and categories for the designation of chakras, energy centers located on the human body, as well as as aspects of the names of the deities.

The basics of grammar and registers are given with numerous illustrations of the deities of Hindu and Buddhist pantheons with a detailed description. Special attention in the textbook is given to the mystical side ancient language, mantras, sacred compliances and affirmations (short phrases, self-pressure formulas).

Edition of the application is completed: mottos in Sanskrit, thematic dictionary, Sanskrit-Russian dictionary. The textbook is recommended to everyone who is interested in Sanskrit and studies Indian culture.

Languages \u200b\u200bof Southeast Asia

The mainland countries of Southeast Asia form various linguistic ranges: most languages \u200b\u200bhave SOV words of words in the proposal (subject to the supplement - the legend) and belong to an insulating type of languages \u200b\u200bin which most of the words consist of one single syllable. Such languages \u200b\u200bare known that the tone is used to distinguish words, that is, the height of the syllable pronunciation, on which the meaning of the word depends: in the Mandarin Instant, the word "zhu" (high tone) means "pig", "zhu" (descending and upward tone ) So "Vladyka". Traditionally, the tones are divided into register, which are high, low or medium, and contour (descending or ascending, descending-ascending or rising-downward). Under the tone, you can also imply a certain voice timbre, as in the case of "creamy sounds" in Burmese and "Punching" in the Language of Hmong.

Culture of China and India, along with their religions - Confucianism and Buddhism, have a significant impact on the languages \u200b\u200bof the countries of Southeast Asia. Borrowing from the Chinese can be found in most languages \u200b\u200bof this region, and words from Sanskrit - in Thai (Siamese) and Khmer. Chinese writing is now or used before many languages \u200b\u200bnot belonging to the Sino-Tibetan language family, in particular, Vietnamese, Japanese and Korean. And the letter system arising in India underlies Thai and Tibetan writing.

Austo-Asian languages \u200b\u200binclude:

Mundari, Mundari, Santali.

Mon-Khmer, Khmer, Vietnamese, Monster, Khma, Semyg-Sakai (Aslian).

Languages \u200b\u200bof mainland Southeast Asia belong to the four different groups: Tibeto-Burmese, Thai-Kadai, Mont-Khmer and Hmong Mieenskaya (Miao-Yao languages). Despite its numerous, the languages \u200b\u200bof this region belong to one type, which was a consequence of a long neighborhood, and there was practically a tone.

In Laos, they speak the languages \u200b\u200bof all four groups, on plateales and in the mountains there are usually different languagesFor example, Hmong is distributed only in highland areas.

Mon-Khmer

Mont-Khmer Languages, as well as the Munda Languages, common in the northeastern part of India, belong to the Auscroyazia language family. The large territorial dispersion of these languages \u200b\u200bmay indicate that once they occupied the extensive zone in the Southeast Asian continent, but were divided due to the progress of the south of the peoples speaking in Thai.

Thai languages \u200b\u200bare called the language family to which Thai (or other Siamese) belongs. The most famous representatives of this family are Vietnamese and Khmer languages, which are also spoken in Cambodia.

The monk language is the language of the ancient civilization that existed in Thailand is currently found in the south of Myanmar (former Burma), in the northeastern part of Thailand and along the border between China and Vietnam. At the Aslian languages \u200b\u200b(Semyng-Sakai languages) they speak in the inner areas of the Malacca Peninsula (Malaysia).

Despite the fact that in its type, these languages \u200b\u200bare similar to Chinese and neighboring Thai-Kadai languages, the presence in mon-Khmer tones is not obligatory: apparently, in Vietnamese, the tone developed relatively early under the influence of Chinese and / or Thai languages. In many Mon-Khmer, the timbre differs rather than the tone - separate vowel sounds are pronounced low, "squeaky" voice.

Thai-Kadai Languages

Thai-kadai refers:

Tong Thai: Dong Shui; Thai: Thai (Siamese), Lao, Shansky, Zhuang.

Kadai: Lee, Bee, Lakkia.

The languages \u200b\u200bof the Thai-Kadai Group have a common vocabulary, as well as a similar phonetic system with southern Chinese dialects. However, this is not the result of their genetic kinship, but due to borrowing and switching from one language to another. In this language seven The official languages \u200b\u200bof the two countries - Thailand (Thai) and Laos (Lao) have entered.
Thai languages \u200b\u200bpresumably arose in the south-west of China, and they still say many national minorities living in this area.

Most media has a Zhuhan language with its own writing based on Latin graphics: about 13 million people (1982). Zhuang has its own autonomous area in Guangxi Province.

Dong-Shui languages \u200b\u200bcommon in the Chinese provinces of Hunan and Guizhou are stronger from Thai and Lao Languages \u200b\u200bthan Zhuang.

Languages \u200b\u200bLee and BE are the original languages \u200b\u200babout. Hainan, although subsequently there were peoples speaking Chinese and on Yao.

The Shan language is one of the small languages \u200b\u200bof Eastern Myanmar - also belongs to the Thai language family.

Previously, Thai-Kadai languages \u200b\u200bwere ranked at the Sino-Tibetan language family, as they have a lot of general words and a phonetic system similar to the southern Chinese dialects, in particular, with the Cantonese dialect.

Now these similarities are customary to be considered as a result of numerous borrowing and language switching, during which carriers of Thai-Kadai languages \u200b\u200bmoved to Chinese, carrying the features of a foreign language to their native language.

All languages \u200b\u200bof the Thai-Kadai family are tone: in the classic Thai language five tones, in Lao - six, and in Kamo-Shui languages \u200b\u200bthe number of tones reaching fifteen. All languages \u200b\u200bbelong to SVO type, but in contrast to Chinese, the definitions are standing after the name. Thai writing based on the Indian letter, which was used to record texts in Sanskrit, has special badges to indicate tones.

Burmese (Myanmar) language

Burmese (Myanmar) Language - official language Myanmar (until 1989, the state was called the Burmese Union or Abbreviated Burma). On Burmese like on native language, They say 32 million people, and for 10 million people, it is second language (mainly representatives of ethnic minorities in Burma and neighboring countries).

Burmese belongs to the Tibeto-Burmese language family, which, in turn, is part of the Chinese-Tibetan (Sino-Tibetan) family of languages.

Burmese in facts and figures

In Burmese, Digliament is clearly traced, i.e. His literary and spoken options are very different from each other. Literary language is extremely conservative.

In the mid-1960s, the group of Burmese writers began an active struggle for refusing to eat a classic literary language, but it is still widely used in the literature, official correspondence, on radio and television.

In colloquial language different levels courtesy. For example, personal pronouns of the first and second person ("NGA" - "I, we", "Nang" - "You, You") are used only when communicating with close people of the same or younger age. And when contacting senior, teachers or strangers are used by the archaic forms of a third party. There is I. special forms The pronouns that apply only when contacting Buddhist monks: "BHUN" (from the word "PHUN" - "Monk"), "Chara Dau" ("Royal Teacher") and "Ahrang Bhura" ("Your Lightness").

Burmese is a tonal, in it - four tones (low, high, closed, creaking), playing sense-distinctive role. Thus, the word "Ka", uttered by a low tone, means "shake", high - "to patter", closed - "pull", and the creaky - "pay".

The first monuments of Burmese writing date back to the XI century. Burmese letter is Abuhid, in which each letter is a combination of a consonant phonam with a vowel [A] or [E]. The tone and modification of the vowels are indicated on the letter by diacritical signs.

In Burmese, a slider is used, in the alphabet of thirty-three letters, each represents the syllable. The words are folded from individual letters or from letters in combination with various symbols representing vowels and tones.

Burmese in the letter does not necessarily look like a sequence of letters written from left to right; The symbols for the designation of vowels can be located anywhere regarding the letter transmitting the initial consonant: on the left, above, under or right. Spaces separated phrases or expressions from each other, not words.

The overwhelming majority of the words of the Burmese language are single-housing, and multi-line words are, as a rule, borrowing from other languages \u200b\u200b(felling, English, Mont, Chinese, Sanskrit and Hindi). Borrowing from stealing is usually associated with religion, politics, science and art. British borrowing predominantly represent scientific and technical terms. Borrowing from the Ment language belong to the flora, fauna, clothing, art, architecture and music.

The Burmese government has repeatedly tried to limit the use of borrowing from Western languages, especially from English. Instead, they were recommended to use phrases with Burmese roots. So, the word "television", which is the literal transliteration of English "Television", followed by the Burmese phrase "see the picture, hear the sound".

In Burmese, there are no adjectives, the verbs are used instead with the value "to be (by whom than)."

In Burmese, various particles are actively used - untranshable words that join the main word as a suffix or console and designate the level of respect, degree of courtesy, grammatical time or inclination. In total, there are 449 such particles in Burmese.

Burmese dictionaries

Burmese-Russian Dictionary. - M.: Russian, 1976. - 784 p.

This Burmese-Russian Dictionary is a unique publication in our country. About 70 nationalities and tribes, mostly belonging to Tibeto-Burmese (Burmese, Karen, Karen, Kachin, Kaya, Naga, and others), and Thai (Schans and others), lives in Burma (Other State Name - Myanmar). To the Monkhmer family of languages \u200b\u200b(Mona, Palaun and VA). In the area of \u200b\u200bthe Iravadi Delta, about 500 thousand immigrants from India and Pakistan live on the sea coast and in large cities (mainly Tamils, Telugu and Bengali) and 400 thousand Chinese.

Myanmar's state language - Burmese. It is a native language for more than 20 million Burmesers and a means of communication of the entire 30 million population of a multinational country. In Burmese, teaching in schools and other educational institutions Countries, textbooks, artistic and socio-political literature, newspapers, magazines are published, broadcasting.

In Burma in the conditions of English colonial domination (1886-1948) and for one and a half decades of independence (state independence of the country was officially proclaimed on January 4, 1948) English was a state language. Therefore, a lot of words from English entered Burmese (first of all it concerns scientific and technical terminology).

The dictionary is designed for persons studying Burmese, students, teachers and translators, linguists-orientalists, and can also serve as a benefit for Burmese who study Russian.

The publication includes about 29 thousand words and reflects the vocabulary of the modern Burmese literary language, social and political, as well as special overall terminology from the field of science, technology, agriculture, medicine, art and sports. Archaisms are included in the dictionary in limited quantities, they are needed to understand the works of Burmese literature, as some of them are often found in modern Burmese.

At the end of the dictionary exist useful applications: brief information about calendar and chores, list geographical names, most common cuts, a list of measures and scales, monetary units, a list of festive, significant and memorial Dat., List of orders, honorary titles and medals, list of scientific degrees, a list of countable words, numeral and brief essay of the grammar of the Burmese language.

Vietnamese language

Vietnamese belongs to the Vietnaya-Myonegskaya branch of the Auscorezia family of languages \u200b\u200band is the state language of Vietnam. It is spoken by more than 80 million people living in Vietnam, Cambodia, Australia, France, USA, Canada, Germany, Thailand and Laos.

Vietnamese in facts and figures

Until the end of the XIX century. Vietnamese functioned as a language of domestic communication and fictionAnd as an official language used classic Chinese.

The formation of the literary Vietnamese began at the end of the XVII century. In the second half of the XIX century, the formation of the literary Vietnamese language accelerated the French colonization of the country: at this time, much attention was paid to the development of the Vietnamese language in order to weaken the positions of Chinese and culture.

At the heart of the modern literary Vietnamese language lies the Khanysky language of the Northern Dialect.

Vietnamese is the only one in East Asia, which is used by the Latin alphabet. All other countries of this region: Japan, Korea or China use their alphabet. Before the beginning of the twentieth century, Chinese writing was used in Vietnam. In 1910, Latin-based writing was introduced - "COOK-NGA".

In the language of Central Vietnam Sedanga contains the maximum number of vowels - fifty-five. In Vietnamese, there are eight pronouns for the first person in the singular, while we are bypass in one word "I". The use of these pronouns depends on the floor and the social position of the speaking man and his interlocutor. In addition, in the everyday speech, Vietnamese are much more commonly called themselves or an interlocutor terms of kinship, which are at least twenty. Their use is also associated with a large number of subtleties depending on gender, age and social status, and incorrect use can be perceived as an insult.

The name of Russia is not in all languages \u200b\u200bcomes from the root of "Ros-" or "Rus-". For example, the Chinese refer to our Country of Elos and can cut to simply e, and the Vietnamese is the same hieroglyph read as NGA, and called Russia just like that.

The most common name in Vietnam is "Zhuan". In 7 out of 10 Vietnamese, Zhuan is either a name, or last name. And the most common last name is Nguyen (Nguyen). Approximately 40% of the population has such surname.

In the vocabulary composition of the Vietnamese language, except for the original vocabulary, there is a huge amount of Chinese borrowing (60%), as well as borrowings from Thai languages, from French, Russian, English and other languages.

Dictionaries and phrasebooks

Aleshina, I.E. Russian-Vietnamese training dictionary: about 5,000 words / Idalia Evseevna; specialist. ed. Nguyen van Thak. - 3rd ed., Stereotype. - M.: Russian, 1989. - 504 p.

The dictionary contains about five thousand most commonly used words of the modern Russian literary language necessary for the development of oral speech skills, to understand the texts of the average difficulty.

The vocabulary presented in the publication is necessary for communication in the official situation and in everyday life, to understand the broadcasts on radio, television. You will be available for the texts of the average difficulty when reading newspapers, magazines and fiction. The dictionary provides the most common phrases. IN academic purposes Words are equipped with a deployed grammatical characteristic.

The publication is intended for a wide range of Vietnamese readers studying Russian on an advanced stage. The dictionary can also be useful to everyone who is fond of studying the Vietnamese language.

Sokolov, A.A. Vietnamese-Russian phrasebook / Anatoly Alekseevich Sokolov, Vladimir Ivanovich Zotov; Ed. Bui Hien. - 5th ed., Stereotype. - M.: Russian, 1988. - 222 p.

Compact Russian-Vietnamese phrasebook contains typical models of phrases and expressions. The circle of illuminated topics - very wide (for example: acquaintance, household service, health care, customs formalities, as well as everyday communication).

The publication provides practical transcription, transmitting the sounds of the Vietnamese language to the means of Russian graphics for the convenience of this language.

The phrasebook is intended for Russian citizens, with different goals of visiting Vietnam and do not speak Vietnamese.

Russian-Vietnamese phrasebook / Sost. E.V. Buttercup. - St. Petersburg. : Karo, 2005. - 124 p.

You have a trip to Vietnam, and you speak only Russian? You will be helped by a phrasebook of the "Karo" publishing house, in which all the necessary expressions in Russian and Vietnamese are collected.

In order to simplify the task as much as possible, its transcription is given to each word translated from the Vietnamese. In the preparation of the phrase, Russian transcription was used. Despite the fact that it cannot reflect all the peculiarities of the Vietnamese language, a successful attempt made by a phrase job. summary The main aspects of Vietnamese phonetics.

The phrasebook has a common and very useful information about the country in Russian: address of the embassy, \u200b\u200bConsulates of Vietnam in Russia and Russia in Vietnam, information about the climate, the work of shops and institutions, a memo to the safety traveler and many other important things.

This phrasebook is intended for people who do not speak Vietnamese. He will be able to assist when communicating with Vietnamese at the elementary level. The small size of the phrasebook allows you to put it in your pocket.

Formanovskaya, N.I. Eating Russian speech etiquette: for speaking in Vietnamese / Natalia Ivanovna Formanovskaya. - M.: Russian; Hanoi: Enlightenment, 1987. - 216 p.

The author of the book - Formanovskaya Natalya Ivanovna - Doctor of Philology, Graduate of Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov. Since 1976, it works in State Institute Russian language. A.S. Pushkin. From 1977 to 1998 - Head of the Department of Modern Russian. Currently, Professor of the Department of General and Russian Linguistics. The area of \u200b\u200bits scientific interests includes: speech culture, linguocultureology, problems of speech behavior and speech etiquette and MN. Dr.

The book is addressed to those who own the Vietnamese language and studies Russian. It gives sustainable expressions of the Vietnamese language used in communication situations: greeting, farewell, apology, gratitude, congratulations, wish, request, invitation, sympathy, approval and much more.

The publication will be useful to everyone who studies Vietnamese and improves their knowledge in the field of art of communication.

Thai language

Thai - official language of the Kingdom of Thailand. Until 1939, Thailand was called Siam, and Thai tongue, respectively, called the Siame language.

The population of Thailand is 67 million people (according to 2010). Ethnic Thais make up about 80% of the population of all Thailand. Thus, Thai language is native about 46 million people. At the same time, Thai language in Thailand is the main language of education and all state structures, therefore, as a non-standard language, they own almost all representatives of the ethnic minorities of Thailand. Accordingly, the total number of speaking in Thai (including those who enjoys them as non-tongue) is more than 60 million people.

Thai belongs to the Thai-Kadai language family, which is quite extensive, and has 6 language groups and at least 30 separate languages. Only two languages \u200b\u200bof this language family have state status and are known to the general public: Thai language in Thailand and Laos language in Thailand and Laos. Both of these languages \u200b\u200bare also closely, and their carriers can understand each other's speech on certain limits.

Thai language in facts and numbers

Thai language is not related to the Chinese language (Sino-Tibetan family), nor the Burmese language (Sino-Tibetan family), nor Vietnamese language (Austro-Azia family), nor khmer language (Austro-Insian Family), nor Malay (Austronesian Family), nor Languages \u200b\u200bof India (Indo-European Family).

Modern Thai has five major dialects: Central (Bangkok), Northeast, North, South and Royal. The central dialect, which is spoken in the capital of Thailand Bangkok and in the Valley of the Chaopraya River, underlies the nationwide literary Thai language (the so-called "standard Thai"). It employs in schools, as well as television and broadcasting on most channels. A special place is occupied by the royal dialect, in which the subjects turn to the Persons of the Royal Family.

Thai has its own unique writing. Thai alphabet consists of 44 consonant letters, 4 consonants outside the alphabet and 28 vowel forms. The vowels in Thai letter are noteworthy not with the help of letters, but with the help of special vowel signs that are not included in the alphabet.

Thai alphabet in the Guinness Book of Records is registered as the second largest in the world, it is inferior only to Khmer.

In Thai, with a letter, consonants are written from left to right. Public signs, unlike consonant letters, are a kind of "modifiers" of consonants, and can be put on the right, on the left, from above or from the bottom from the support consonant. Without consonant letters, vowels are not used. In addition, there are still four tone designations. In Thai letter there are no punctuation marks and gaps between words in the proposal, no capital letters. Thus, neither the names of their own nor the beginning of the proposal are not particularly allocated.

In Thai, there is no word "hunger". There is also no separate name of rice: "Rice" and "food" is one word.

The official name of Bangkok contains 147 letters and listed in the Guinness Book of Records. It is literally translated as "the city of Angels, the Great City, the city - the eternal treasure, the impregnable city of God Indra, the majestic capital of the world, gifted by nine precious stones, a happy city, a full abundance of the grandiose royal palace, reminding the Divine Resident, where reincarnated God is renovated Indy and built by Vishnukar. " Pronounce this on Thai for only Tharata, and then not any. In everyday speech, Thai use the abbreviated name Krun TKHEP.

According to Thais, depending on their status and social status, a person has to consume a certain set of personal pronouns. They are much larger than in European languages, and they are all used in everyday communication. Without risk, you can use the words "POM" ("I" only for a man), "dichan" ("I" only for a woman) and "Khun" ("You" for both sexes). When we appeal to a person on english language, how we call it, depends on the floor of the interlocutor - "sir" or "ma'am" (in Russian - "Mr." or "Mrs."). Thai appeal depends on the most speaking: a man should always say "Kraap", and the woman is "Kah", regardless of the floor of the interlocutor. These two words have great importance For Thais, because they indicate good manners and politeness.

Tutorials, dictionaries and phrasebooks for the study of the Thai language

Thai: three in one: grammar, phrasebook, dictionary / comp. Martin Luteriokhan. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2005. - 256 p.

This book will help you master the elementary words and phrases in Thai. Grammar is presented in a simple, accessible language and is given in the amount necessary for mastering the skills of the correct construction of phrases.

The author of this book traveled a lot and independently studied the language while in the country, so he knows well how and what people say on the street. People in most cases are much easier and more affordable than the language of literature or television.

You are in front of you a modern type of phrasebook-dictionary, which contains information on the grammar of the Thai language, conversational phrases on the current topics, useful advice Tourist, small Russian-Thai and Thai-Russian dictionaries. In someone else's country it is very important to understand the facial expressions, the language of gestures and the rules of behavior, without this it is difficult to get in touch with people. This is how special attention is paid to the book.

The publication is intended for tourists, as well as for anyone interested in Thai or begins to study it.

Thai phrasebook and dictionary. - M.: Living, 2004. - 224 p. - (Berlitz).

"Speak without difficulty - travel with pleasure!" "It is this motto that opens this phrasebook-dictionary.

The publication is intended for those who do not know the Thai language and who can read and write in Thai, but does not own oral speech skills. The phrasebook can be useful and when studying the Thai language. Diverse conversational themes Compleced Russian-Thai and Thai-Russian dictionaries, as well as the basics of grammar of the Thai language.

The publication is intended to those who decided to go to Exotic Thailand and want to learn to speak Thai. Beautifully decorated book with lots useful information For travelers and just interested in Thailand.

Sino-Tibetan

The languages \u200b\u200bof this family are distributed in China and most of Southeast Asia. The number of media of these languages \u200b\u200bexceeds 1 billion - more than any other language family, with the exception of Indo-European.

The authors of this publication have not specifically included in the list of materials about Chinese, which has already been devoted to the material earlier - "Window to Asia": a recommendatory list of references in Chinese "(material is presented on our website).

Electronic publications

In the Foundation of the Literature Department in foreign languages, there is a training program on electronic carrier, which can be used in the study of Vietnamese, Thai and Hindi languages.

35 languages \u200b\u200bof the world [electronic resource]. - Sergiev Posad: Russobit Publishing, 2007. - 1 DVD.

"35 languages \u200b\u200bof the world" is a universal training course, oriented towards erudites and travelers. Lessons are characterized by a large number of expressions studied and phrases, the presence of a speech recognition system, detailed country-friendly information.

Internet resources