Samuel Richardson Biography. early life

Samuel Richardson - English Writer, the Investigator "sensitive" literature XVIII and early XIX. explosive - Born August 19, 1689 In the village of McWorth of the English county of Derbishira in the family of Samuel and Elizabeth Richardson and was one of the nine children. Information about where Richardson was specifically born is not entirely reliable, since the writer himself constantly hid it.

Senior Richardson, according to the description of the younger, was a "very honest person originating from the middle class family from the province of Surrey, but in which for many generations there was a huge number of children, and modest possessions were divided into parts, so that he and his brothers had to do trade, and sisters issued married merchants. " His mother, according to Richardson, was also an excellent woman, although not aristocratic blood, whose father and mother died even when she was a baby, with a difference in half an hour, during the plague of 1665 in London. "

What his father was engaged in, there was a fencing of the craft of the joiner (the type of carpentry, but Richardson explained that "then it was something other than now"). Describing the case of his father, Richardson argued that "he was a great drawer and disassembled in architecture," and the adoptive son of Samuel Richardson suggested the younger Richardson to become a chamber and export a red tree while he works on Aldersgate Street. The possibilities and position of his father attracted the attention of James Scott to him, the first duke of Monmut. But, according to Richardson, it was to the detriment of Richardson younge, as the uprising in Monmute was suppressed and ended with the death of Scott in 1685. After the death of Scott, Richardson the older had to leave his job and return to a modest life in Derbyshire.

Richardson's family was not constantly cut off from London, in the end, they still returned to Richardson younger to study in high School Christ's Hospital.

When his writer's abilities received public confession, he began to help others write letters. In particular, at the age of 13, he often helped familiar girls to respond to love letters that they received. And although it helped the development of his abilities, in 1753. He asked the Dutch Minister of Stone not to make hasty conclusions from his early activity: "You believe, Sir that my secretary in young ladies in the Father's district gave me the ground to create images of my three works. But it gave me somewhat more, rather in such a gentle age than the question, I must say, my research over time let me explore the female heart. "

He continued to explain that he did not fully felt a feminine essence, until he began to write "Clarissa", and these letters were just a modest beginning.

Initially, Richardson-Sr. wanted his son to become a priest, but he could not afford the education that Richardson Jr. was worthy, so he allowed him to choose his profession himself. Samuel stopped in printed matter. At the age of seventeen in 1706.Richardson was given to the apprenticeship for John Wilde as a printer for a period of seven years.

Working on Walda, he met a very secured person who became interested in the literary talent of Richardson, and they began correspondence. When he died a few years later, Richardson lost his patron, because of what he had to postpone the intention to start his own writing career. He decided to completely devote himself to the apprenticeship and retired to the position of the compiler and editor of the press, produced in the typographic store. In 1713. Richardson left Wilde and became an "inspector and editor of the printing house" this meant that Richardson managed to open a personal typographical store.

November 23, 1721 Richardson married March Wald, the daughter of his former employer, exclusively for financial considerations, although Richardson argued that there was a fervorless feeling between him. Soon he transported her to his typographic store, which at the same time served him by the house.

Richardson's case especially bloomed when he took the first students: Thomas Govier, George Mitchell and Joseph Chechley. Later to them will join William Prince (May 2, 1727), Samuel Jolie (September 5, 1727), Bethel Velington (September 2, 1729) and Chalhed Garland (May 5, 1730). The first major orders appeared at Richardson in June 1723.When he began to print the two-week edition of The True Briton for the Duke of Worton Philip Worton. It was the Jacobin political pamphlet, the Yaros criticized the government, he was soon closed for "regular slander". However, the name Richardson was not mentioned on the publication, and he managed to avoid adverse effects, although it is not excluded that Richardson was involved in writing them. In 1724. Richardson began his friends with Thomas Genet, Henry Woodfalom and Artur Oncelo, the last of which a little later became the Speaker of the House of Commons.

During ten years, marriage from Richardson was born five sons and one daughter, three sons were named after Father Samuel, but they all died literally a few years after birth. Wife, Martha, died January 25, 1731. of the year, almost immediately after the death of their fourth child - the son of William. Their youngest Son Samuel lived a year after the death of the mother, but he died and died in 1732.. After that, Richardson decided to move forward; He married Elizabeth Lick, and they moved to another house. However, Elizabeth and his daughter were not the only ones who lived in it, as Richardson allowed her disciples to settle with them. With the second wife he also had six children (5 girls and a boy). Four daughters: Mary, Martha, Anna and Sarah - reached the age of majority and even survived the Father. Son, also Samuel, was born in 1739. And soon died.

In 1733. Richardson, with the filing of Oncelou, offered a contract with the House of Commons for the publication "Journals of the House." Twenty-six volumes quickly corrected Richardson's case. Later in 1733. He wrote the "Directory of Apprentices", punishing young people to follow his example and be diligent and selfless. The work was aimed at creating an ideal assistant. " Richardson hired five more guys. To the thirtieth years of the eighteenth century, his state was 7 people, since the first three finished the apprenticeship by 1728.And two more died soon after they came to Richardson. The loss of Ringa, his nephew, destroyed the last hope that anyone inherits his printing house.

The first Roman Richardson "Pamela" came out in 1740. Under the extensive title: "Pamela, or rewarded virtue, a series of letters of a beautiful maiden to parents, to edify young men and girls, etc." ("Pamela; OR, Virtue Rewarded", continued 1741 ). Pamela caused a whole storm of imitation and parodies, including the Filding Shamela.

After him followed "Clarissa, or the story of a young lady" concluding the most important questions Privacy and showing, especially disasters that can be a consequence of misbehavior of both parents and children in relation to marriage "(" Clarissa; Or, The History of A Young Lady: Comprehending The Most Important Concerns of Private Life; and Particularly SHEWING THE DISTRESSES THAT MAY ATTEND THE MISCONDUCT BOT OF PARENTS AND CHILDREN, IN RELATION TO MARRIAGE " 1747-1748 ) and "History of Sir Charles Grandison" ("The History of Sir Charles Grandison", 1754 ).

In view of the stretching of his novels, abbreviated editions of Clarissa ( 1868 ) Dallas, Grandison - Professor Sensburi ( 1895 ). Richardson's Works Collected Published in London in 1783 and 1811. The Russian language translated: "English letters, or the history of Kavalera Grandsson" (St. Petersburg, 1793-1794 ), "The memorable life of the Maiden Clarissa Garlov" (St. Petersburg, 1791-1792 ), "Indians" (Moscow, 1806 ), "Pamela, or awarded virtue" (St. Petersburg, 1787 ; Another translation 1796 ), "Clarissa or the story of a young lady" ("Library for reading", 1848 , h. 87-89) in retelling A.V. Druzhinin.

The famous, ancestor of the so-called "sensitive". Samuel was born in 1689 in the village of McWorth County Derbshire. He was one of the nine children in the family. From youth, the boy showed ability to literature, constantly entertained his friends with various stories and wrote a lot of diverse letters. Becoming a little older, he began to help write letters to another; In particular, in 13 years he often happened to help familiar ladies, respond to love letters. Richardon-Sr. dreamed of seeing his son with a priest, but, being unable to provide him with a worthy education, provided Samuel freedom of choice.

He chose a printe business, and in 1706, at the age of 17, was given to John Wilde to the apprenticeship as a seven-year printed post. In 1713, Richardson, leaving Wyilde, opened his own typographic store. In 1721 Samuel married the daughter of the former chief, March Wilde. They lived in marriage for 10 years, during this time they had five sons and daughter, but all the children died for several years after birth.

Martha herself died in 1731, a little later than the death of their fourth son. Richardson married again on a woman named Elizabeth Lik, who gave him six children - five girls and a boy. Four daughters not only reached the age of majority, but also survived their own father, but the only son died, like his predecessors. In 1733, Richardson wrote a "Directory of Apprentices", which contained many advice for young people aimed at creating a perfect assistant. " At the same time, the death of Richardson's nephew, Ryachen, killed the last hope that Samuel will have an heir. Then Richardson created three of his famous novels, thanks to which his name is also known and so on. In 1740, the novel "Pamela" was published, more precisely, the novel under the title "Pamela or Renewal Virtue, a series of letters of a wonderful maiden to parents, in the edification of young men and girls, etc." In 1747-1748, Roman "Clarissa, or the story of a young lady, who enters the most important questions of private life and showing, especially disasters, which can be a consequence of misattable behavior, both parents and children in relation to marriage," And in 1754 - "History of Sir Charles Grandison".

Richardson's novels are not particularly dynamic, the author pays significant attention to the moral assessment of the actions of heroes, the analysis of their feelings, the extensive analysis of what happened to them. In Pelale, the main heroine is a virtuous servant, in Clarissa, the unfortunate fate of the heroine, seduced by the secular lion, Robert Lovelas, whose name has become the name of the nominal one. Hero "Charles Grandison" is the perfect gentleman, smart, beautiful, virtuous, not dividing the mesh morality and beliefs.

Samuel Richardson (Engl Samuel Richardson; August 19, 1689, Derbyshire - July 4, 1761, Parsons Green) - English writer, ancestor of "sensitive" literature XVIII and early XIX centuries. Fame he brought him three epistolary novels: "Pamela, or awarded virtue" (1740), "Clarissa, or the history of the young lady" (1748) and "History of Sir Charles Grandison" (1753). In addition to his writer career, Richardson was an authoritative typographic and publisher and released about 500 different works, numerous newspapers and magazines.

During his typographical activity, Richardson had to experience the death of his wife and their five sons and eventually marry again. Although the second wife gave birth to him four daughters who lived to mature years, he never had a heir who could continue his business. Despite the fact that the typographic store gradually leaving the past, his heritage became undeniable when at the age of 51, he wrote his first novel and immediately became one of the most popular and punishable writers of that time.

He rotated in the medium of the most advanced British of the XVIII century, including Samuel Johnson and Sarah Fielding. Although he was familiar with the majority of London Literary Society, he was a rival Henry Fielding, and they began a literary worker in their works.

Samuel Richardson (Engl Samuel Richardson; August 19, 1689, Derbyshire - July 4, 1761, Parsons Green) - English writer, ancestor of "sensitive" literature XVIII and early XIX centuries.

Richardson was born in the family of Samuel and Elizabeth Richardson and was one of nine children. His father was a joiner, and a good designer, understood in architecture.

Take care time: this is a fabric from which life is worn.

Richardson Chemuel

Young Richardson studied at Christ's Hospital school. As a child, Richardson was famous for the ability to write letters, and, on his own confession, already at the age of 13 helped the neighboring girls to conduct correspondence with fans.

At the age of 17, he entered the student in the printing house, and in 1719 he opened his own business. In 1721, Richardson married the daughter of his former owner, Marthe Wilde. For ten years, the marriage from Richardson was born six children, but only one daughter survived.

After the death of Martha In 1731, Richardson married Elizabeth Lik; From their six children, four daughters lived to adulthood.

Typographic business flourished, but Richardson never had a heir who could inherit the case: His nephew Thomas Verrende also died young. In his printing house, Richardson issued more than 500 books.

Only aged 50, Richardson appealed to literature. He led an extensive correspondence with women of different classes, differing in a deep understanding of female psychology, which affected his novels.

Friends - Charles Rivington and John Osborne - asked him to write a few letters for the Writing Scriptures scheduled for the publication ": Richardson was instructed to write letters that" would warn beautiful girls... about the dangers who may threate their virtues. "

Richardson decided to write a book that would teach people to "think and flow in everyday and extraordinary cases." Richardson's goal was primarily moral; In a letter to one of the friends, he says he hopes to "distract young people from passionate on fabulous and wonderful in poetry and arouse interest in what contributes to the development of morality and religion." Richardson's novels were conceived and written in an episristolar genre.

The first Roman Richardson "Pamela" was released in 1740 under the extensive title: "Pamela or Renewal Virtue, a series of letters of a beautiful maiden to parents, to edify young men and girls, etc." ("Pamela; Or, Virtue Rewarded", continued 1741). "Pamela" caused a whole storm of imitation and parodies, including "Shamela" filing.

Clarissa, or the story of the Young Lady, which encloses the most important issues of private life and showing, especially disasters, which can be due to improper behavior both parents and children in relation to marriage "(" Clarissa; Or, The History of A Young Lady: Comprehending The Most Important Concerns of Private Life; And Particularly Sheewing The Distresses That May Attend The Misconduct Both Of Parents and Children, in Relation to Marriage ", 1747-1748) and" History of Sir Charles Grandison "(" The History of Sir Charles Grandison », 1754).

Richardson's novels are not replete with action. In eight parts of Clarissa, eleventh months are described; In the "Grandsson", the action is constantly interrupted, so that the author had the opportunity to give a spare analysis of what is happening, he returns back, once again describes events, comments on them.

Three Richardson's novels consistently describe the life of the lowest, medium and top class of society. Pamela - the heroine of the first novel - the maid, who resistant opposes the attempts of the young owner to seduce her, and later comes to marry him. Contemporaries rightly reproached Richardson for the practical character of the virtues of his heroine.

Richardson's best novel - Clarissa or "History of Young Lady"; He is not so stretched as "Grandon". The heroine, edited by the secular lion Robert Lovelas, dies in suffering. For a virtuous girl who has become a victim of family ambitions, passions and deception, Clarissa friends are joined. One of them performs last will The deceased, the other, Colonel Morden, kills the offender on the duel.

The novel caused an ambiguous reaction of the public, many readers demanded alterations of the ending and a happy junction. Richardson believed that this would be an excuse for the immoral behavior of the main character. The main historical value of the novel lies in the Richardson anti-mode created by Richardson, a typical seducer whose name still remains nominal.

As a counterweight lifestyle, "Charles Grandison" was written. The readers reproached Richardson in the fact that, creating ideal female types, he slandered men: In response, he created an image of an ideal gentleman. Grandison is clever, beautiful, virtue, he is alien to the Meshchang Moral. Grandison saves the Young Provincial Harriet Bayron, which he kidnapped like Sir Hargreyv Polilixfen.

Harriet falls in love with his savior, but Grandison is connected by the promise to marry the Italian aristocratry Clementina Della Prett. In the end, Clementine decides that he does not want to marry the Protestant, and Grandison returns to Harriet.

The main feature of Richardson's novels, which made them popular, and Richardson himself founder new school novelists - "Sensitivity". The story of Lovelas and his victims had a huge success in England and caused a way to imitate in literature, as well as many parodies, the most famous of which "History of Joseph Andrews and his friend Abraham Adams" ("The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews and His Friend MR . Adams », 1742) Henry Filding) and Grandison Der Zweite, Oder Geschichte Des Herrn Von N ***, 1760-1762) German Writer Museus.

Outside of England, Richardson's sentimentality also became a slogan of a wide literary flow. Richardson's imitators are Goldoni in two comedies ("Pamela Nubile" and "Pamela Maritata"), Viland in the tragedy "Clementine Von Paretta", Francois de Nufshato in the Comedy "Pamela Ou La Vertu Recompensee" and others. Richardson's influence is noticeable in the "New Eloise" Rousseau, in the "nun" Didro, in the compositions of J. F. Marmontel and Bernarden de Saint Pierre (about Russian imitation of Richardson, see Sentimentalism and Russian literature).