GIA - 2013 Physics (thermal phenomena) Prepared by the teacher of physics MAOU secondary school № 12 Gelendzhik Petrosyan OR.

Correct answer: 3

Correct answer: 2

Correct answer: 2

Correct answer: 231

Correct answer: 4 Thermal equilibrium. Internal energy. Work and heat transfer.

8.Correct answer 3 9.Correct answer 2

Correct answer: 122

Correct answer: 3

Correct answer: 1 Amount of heat. Specific heat.

4. Answer: 31.5 5. Answer: 52.44

6. Answer: 2.5 7. Answer: 2400

8. Answer: 21 9. Answer: 2

The figure shows the heating curve of a crystalline substance of mass m at a constant heat transfer power to it. Match the sections of curves and formulas for calculating the amount of heat supplied to the substance in the section (c - specific heat, - specific heat of fusion, r - specific heat of vaporization). Answer 132 Melting and crystallization. Evaporation and condensation. Boiling liquid. Air humidity.

Answer: 118 Answer: 1360

11. Answer: 5150 J. The consumed amount of heat is the sum of the amount of heat required to heat up to the melting point and the amount of heat spent on melting half of the mass of the initial lead 12. Answer: 38000 J. The consumed amount of heat is the sum of the amount of heat required for melting the initial mass of ice and the amount of heat spent on heating the entire mass of water from 0 to 100C. 13. Answer: ≈2.4 MJ. The amount of heat spent on heating is the sum of the amount of heat required to heat water from 20 to 100C, the amount of heat spent on heating aluminum of a given mass from 20 to 100C. In addition, one must take into account that more heat will be needed, because not all of it goes to heating the water.

The law of conservation of energy Correct answer is 2

Correct answer: 213

Correct answer is 4

Correct answer 3

Correct answer is 2

Helpful Tips For Implementation examination work in physics, 3 hours (180 minutes) are allotted. The work consists of 3 parts, including 27 tasks. Part 1 contains 19 tasks (1 - 19). For each of the first 18 tasks, four possible answers are given, of which only one is correct. When completing these tasks in part 1, circle the number of the selected answer in the examination paper. If you have circled the wrong number, cross out that circled number with a cross, and then circle the number of the new answer. The answer to task 19 of part 1 is recorded on a separate sheet. Part 2 contains 4 tasks with a short answer (20 - 23). When completing the tasks of part 2, the answer is recorded in the examination paper in the place designated for this. If you write down an incorrect answer, cross it out and write a new one next to it. Part 3 contains 4 tasks (24 - 27), to which a detailed answer should be given. The answers to the tasks of part 3 are recorded on a separate sheet. Task 24 is experimental and requires the use of laboratory equipment. It is allowed to use a non-programmable calculator for calculations. When completing assignments, the use of a draft is allowed. Please note that the entries in the draft will not be taken into account when evaluating the work. We advise you to complete the tasks in the order in which they are given. To save time, skip a task that cannot be completed right away and move on to the next. If, after completing all the work, you have time left, you can return to the missed tasks.

The main changes in GIA 2013 in physics are as follows: The total number of tasks has been increased to 27 Maximum primary score - 40 points Added a task with a choice of answer - for thermal phenomena Added a task with a short answer - for understanding and analyzing experimental data Added a task with a detailed answer - on the application of information from the text of the physical content

The maximum score is 40 points. Below is a scale for converting the primary score for the performance of the examination work into a mark on a five-point scale. Minimum score GIA in physics for admission to specialized classes - 30 points. 2 3 4 5 0 - 8 9 - 18 19 - 29 30 - 40 Conversion primary points to the mark of the GIA in physics

Physics. New complete reference to prepare for the exam. Purysheva N.S.

2nd ed., Rev. and add. - M .: 2016 - 288 p.

This handbook contains all the theoretical material on the physics course required to pass the main state exam in grade 9. It includes all the elements of the content, verified by control and measuring materials, and helps to summarize and systematize the knowledge and skills for the basic school course. Theoretical material set out in a concise, accessible form. Each section is accompanied by examples of test items. Practical tasks correspond OGE format... At the end of the manual you will find the answers to the tests. The manual is addressed to schoolchildren and teachers.

Format: pdf

The size: 6.9 MB

Watch, download:drive.google

CONTENT
Foreword 5
MECHANICAL PHENOMENA
Mechanical movement. Trajectory. Way.
Move 7
Uniform straight motion 15
Speed. Acceleration. Equally accelerated straight-line movement 21
Free fall 31
Uniform movement body circumference 36
Weight. Density of substance 40
Force. Add Power 44
Newton's Laws 49
Friction force 55
Strength of elasticity. Body weight 60
The law of universal gravitation. Gravity 66
Body impulse. Momentum conservation law 71
Mechanical work. Power 76
Potential and kinetic energy. Mechanical Energy Conservation Law 82
Simple mechanisms. Efficiency of simple mechanisms 88
Pressure. Atmosphere pressure... Pascal's law. Archimedes' Law 94
Mechanical vibrations and waves 105
THERMAL PHENOMENA
The structure of matter. Models of the structure of gas, liquid and solid 116
Thermal motion of atoms and molecules. Connection between the temperature of a substance and the speed of chaotic movement of particles. Brownian motion. Diffusion.
Thermal equilibrium 125
Internal energy. Work and heat transfer as ways of changing internal energy 133
Types of heat transfer: heat conduction, convection, radiation 138
Quantity of heat. Specific heat 146
The law of conservation of energy in thermal processes.
Energy conversion in heat engines 153
Evaporation and condensation. Boiling liquid 161
Melting and crystallization 169
ELECTROMAGNETIC PHENOMENA
Electrification of tel. Two types of electric charges. Interaction of electric charges. Electric charge conservation law 176
Electric field. The action of an electric field on electric charges. Conductors and dielectrics 182
Constant electric current. Current strength. Voltage. Electrical resistance. Ohm's law for the site
electrical circuit 188
Series and parallel connections of conductors 200
Work and power electric current... Joule-Lenz Law 206
Oersted's experience. Magnetic field of the current. Interaction of magnets. Action magnetic field on a conductor with a current of 210
Electromagnetic induction... Faraday's experiments.
Electromagnetic vibrations and waves 220
The law of rectilinear light propagation. Law
reflections of light. Flat mirror. Refraction of light 229
Light dispersion Lens. The focal length of the lens.
Eye like optical system... Optical instruments 234
QUANTUM PHENOMENA
Radioactivity. Alpha, beta, gamma radiation.
Experiments of Rutherford. Planetary model of the atom 241
The composition of the atomic nucleus. Nuclear reactions 246
References 252
An example of a control and measuring OGE materials(GIA) 255
268 responses

The reference book contains all the theoretical material for the physics course of the basic school and is intended to prepare students in grades 9 for the basic state exam (OGE).
The content of the main sections of the reference book - "Mechanical phenomena", "Thermal phenomena", "Electromagnetic phenomena", "Quantum phenomena", corresponds to the modern codifier of the content elements on the subject, on the basis of which the control and measuring materials (CMMs) of the OGE were compiled.
The theoretical material is presented in a concise and accessible form. Clarity of presentation and clarity teaching material allow you to effectively prepare for the exam.
The practical part of the handbook includes samples test items, which, both in form and in content, fully correspond to the real options offered on the main state exam in physics.

The internal energy of the body depends

1) only on the temperature of this body

2) only from the mass of this body

3) only from the state of aggregation of matter

4) on temperature, body weight and state of aggregation of matter

Solution.

The internal energy of a body is the sum of the kinetic energy of the thermal motion of its atoms and molecules and the potential energy of their interaction with each other. The internal energy of the body increases with heating, since the kinetic energy of the molecules also increases with increasing temperature. However, the internal energy of a body depends not only on its temperature, forces acting on it and the degree of fragmentation. During melting, solidification, condensation and evaporation, that is, when the state of aggregation of a body changes, the potential binding energy between its atoms and molecules also changes, which means that its internal energy also changes. Obviously, the internal energy of a body should be proportional to its volume (hence to its mass) and equal to the sum of the kinetic and potential energy of all molecules and atoms that make up this body. Thus, the internal energy depends on temperature, and on body weight, and on the state of aggregation.

Answer: 4

Source: GIA for Physics. The main wave. Option 1313.

An example of a phenomenon in which mechanical energy turns into internal energy can be

1) boiling water on a gas burner

2) glow of a light bulb filament

3) heating a metal wire in a fire flame

4) damping of oscillations of a thread pendulum in air

Solution.

The internal energy of a body is the sum of the kinetic energy of the thermal motion of its atoms and molecules and the potential energy of their interaction with each other.

Boiling water on a gas burner is an example of the conversion of the energy of a chemical reaction (gas combustion) into the internal energy of water.

The glow of a light bulb's filament is an example of the conversion of electrical energy into radiation energy.

Heating a metal wire in a fire is an example of converting the energy of a chemical reaction (burning fuel) into the internal energy of the wire.

The damping of oscillations of a filament pendulum in air is an example of the transformation of the mechanical energy of the movement of the pendulum into the internal energy of the pendulum.

The correct answer is indicated under the number 4.

Answer: 4

Source: GIA Physics. The main wave. Option 1326.

1) the average distance between alcohol molecules increases

2) the volume of each molecule of alcohol decreases

3) the volume of each molecule of alcohol increases

Alcohol

Solution.

Temperature characterizes the average speed of movement of the molecules of a substance. Accordingly, as the temperature decreases, the molecules, moving more slowly on average, are, on average, at a smaller distance from each other.

The correct answer is indicated under the number 4.

Answer: 4

Source: GIA Physics. The main wave. Far East. Option 1327.

When heating a column of alcohol in a thermometer

1) the average distance between alcohol molecules decreases

2) the average distance between alcohol molecules increases

3) the volume of alcohol molecules increases

4) the volume of alcohol molecules decreases

Solution.

Temperature characterizes the average speed of movement of the molecules of a substance. Accordingly, as the temperature rises, the molecules, moving on average faster, are on average greater distance apart.

The correct answer is indicated under the number 2.

Answer: 2

Source: GIA Physics. The main wave. Far East. Option 1328.

Choose from the proposed pairs of substances the one in which the diffusion rate at the same temperature will be the lowest.

3) vapors of ether and air

Solution.

The diffusion rate is determined by the temperature, the state of aggregation of the substance and the size of the molecules of which this substance is composed. Diffusion in solids occurs more slowly than in liquid or gaseous.

The correct answer is indicated under the number 4.

Answer: 4

Source: GIA Physics. The main wave. Far East. Option 1329.

When heating gas in a hermetically sealed vessel of constant volume

1) the average distance between molecules increases

3) the average distance between molecules decreases

Solution.

When the gas is heated in a hermetically sealed vessel of constant volume, the molecules begin to move faster, i.e., the average modulus of the molecular velocity increases. The average distance between molecules does not increase, since the vessel is of constant volume. Such a process is called isochoric (from other Greek. Iso - constant, choros - place).

The correct answer is indicated under the number 4.

Answer: 4

Source: GIA Physics. The main wave. Option 1331.

When gas is cooled in a hermetically sealed vessel of constant volume

1) the average distance between molecules decreases

2) the average distance between molecules increases

3) the average modulus of the speed of movement of molecules decreases

4) the average modulus of the speed of movement of molecules increases

Solution.

When the gas is cooled in a hermetically sealed vessel of constant volume, the molecules begin to move more slowly, i.e., the average modulus of the molecular speed decreases. The average distance between molecules does not decrease, since the vessel is of constant volume. Such a process is called isochoric (from other Greek. Iso - constant, choros - place).

The correct answer is indicated under the number 3.

Answer: 3

Source: GIA Physics. The main wave. Option 1332.

Which type of heat transfer is (are) carried out without the transfer of matter?

1) radiation and thermal conductivity

2) radiation and convection

3) only thermal conductivity

4) only convection

Solution.

Heat conduction and radiation are carried out without the transfer of matter.

The correct answer is indicated under the number 1.

Answer: 1

Source: GIA Physics. The main wave. Option 1333.

After steam, having a temperature of 120 ° C, was admitted into the water at room temperature, the internal energy

1) both steam and water decreased

2) both steam and water increased

3) the steam has decreased, and the water has increased

4) the steam has increased and the water has decreased

Solution.

Internal energy is proportional to body temperature and potential energy of interaction of body molecules with each other. After letting hot steam into cold water, the temperature of the steam dropped and the temperature of the water increased. Thus, the internal energy of the steam has decreased, and the water has increased.

The correct answer is indicated under the number 3.

Answer: 3

A. Convection.

B. Thermal conductivity.

The correct answer is

2) neither A nor B

3) only A

4) only B

Solution.

Thermal conductivity is carried out without material transfer.

The correct answer is indicated under the number 4.

Answer: 4

In the absence of heat transfer, the gas volume increased. Wherein

1) the gas temperature has decreased, but the internal energy has not changed

2) the gas temperature has not changed, but the internal energy has increased

3) the temperature and internal energy of the gas decreased

4) the temperature and internal energy of the gas increased

Solution.

In an adiabatic process, with an increase in volume, the temperature decreases. Internal energy is proportional to body temperature and potential energy of interaction of body molecules with each other. Consequently, the temperature and internal energy of the gas decreased.

The correct answer is indicated under the number 3.

Answer: 3

What is the state of aggregation of matter if it has its own shape and volume?

1) only in solid

2) only in liquid

3) only in gaseous

4) in solid or liquid

Solution.

In a solid state, a substance has a form and volume, in a liquid - only volume, in a gaseous - neither form nor volume.

The correct answer is indicated under the number 1.

Answer: 1

2) the average modulus of the speed of movement of molecules decreases

4) the average distance between molecules decreases

Solution.

In the isochoric process, when the gas is cooled, the temperature will decrease, that is, the average modulus of the molecular velocity will decrease.

The correct answer is indicated under the number 2.

Answer: 2

The figure shows a graph of the dependence of the temperature of the substance t from the received amount of heat Q during heating. Initially, the substance was in a solid state. What state of aggregation does point A on the graph correspond to?

1) solid state

2) liquid state

3) gaseous state

4) partially solid, partially liquid state

Solution.

Since the substance was originally in a solid state and point A is located at the beginning of the horizontal section corresponding to the melting of the substance, point A corresponds to the solid state of the substance.

The correct answer is indicated under the number 1.

Answer: 1

The four spoons are made from different materials: aluminum, wood, plastic and glass. The highest thermal conductivity is possessed by a spoon made of

1) aluminum

3) plastics

Solution.

The aluminum spoon has the greatest thermal conductivity, since aluminum is metal. The high thermal conductivity of metals is due to the presence of free electrons.

The correct answer is indicated under the number 1.

Answer: 1

Choose from the proposed pairs of substances the one in which the diffusion rate at the same temperature will be the highest.

1) a solution of copper sulfate and water

2) a grain of potassium permanganate (potassium permanganate) and water

3) vapors of ether and air

4) lead and copper plates

Solution.

At the same temperature, the diffusion rate will be the highest for ether and air vapors, since diffusion in gaseous substances proceeds faster than in liquid or solid ones.

The correct answer is indicated under the number 3.

Answer: 3

When cooling gas in a closed vessel

1) the average modulus of the speed of movement of molecules increases

2) the average modulus of the speed of movement of molecules decreases

3) the average distance between molecules increases

4) the average distance between molecules decreases

Solution.

When the gas is cooled in a closed vessel, the gas temperature decreases; therefore, the average modulus of the molecular velocity decreases.

The correct answer is indicated under the number 2.

Answer: 2

The figure shows a graph of the dependence of water temperature on time. Which section of the graph is (are) related to the water cooling process?

1) only HEDGEHOG

2) only DG

3) DG and HEDGEHOG

4) DG, DE and HEDGEHOG

Solution.

The boiling point of water is 100 ° C. Therefore, the liquid state of water corresponds to the sections AB and HEDGEHOG... Water cooling corresponds to the section HEDGEHOG.

The correct answer is indicated under the number 1.

Alexey Borzykh 07.06.2016 14:22

The task, in my opinion, is incorrect. What is meant by water: chemical element H20 in all of it aggregate states or H20 exclusively in liquid state?

1) If H2O is understood in all states, then the correct answer is 4, not 1.

2) If only the liquid state is understood, then the following is incorrect: in the first sentence of the problem it is said that in the figure there is a graph of the dependence of the water temperature; this is not the case, since in the same figure there is not only water, but also steam.

What kind of heat transfer occurs without material transfer?

A. Radiation.

B. Convection.

The correct answer is

1) only A

2) only B

4) neither A nor B

Solution.

Radiation occurs without transfer of matter.

The correct answer is indicated under the number 1.

Answer: 1

Substance in gaseous state

1) has its own shape and volume

2) has its own volume, but does not have its own shape

3) has neither its own form, nor its own volume

4) has its own shape, but does not have its own volume

Solution.

Gas occupies all the space provided to it, whatever form it may be. Therefore, it has neither its own form, nor its own volume.

The correct answer is indicated under the number 3.

Answer: 3

When cooling the column of alcohol in the thermometer

1) the volume of alcohol molecules decreases

2) the volume of alcohol molecules increases

3) the average distance between alcohol molecules decreases

4) the average distance between alcohol molecules increases

Solution.

Alcohol is a liquid, and liquids have the property of changing the volume they occupy when the temperature changes. With a decrease in temperature, the average distance between alcohol molecules will decrease, since the kinetic energy of alcohol molecules will decrease.

The correct answer is indicated under the number 3.

Answer: 3

After the hot part is lowered into cold water, the internal energy

1) both details and water will increase

2) both parts and water will decrease

3) the details will decrease, and the water will increase

4) the details will increase and the water will decrease

Solution.

The internal energy of the body is the total kinetic energy of the movement of the molecules of the body and the potential energy of their interaction. Hot item in cold water will cool down and the water will keep warm. The kinetic energy of molecules depends on temperature, so the energy of the part will decrease, while the energy of water will increase.

The correct answer is indicated under the number 3.

Answer: 3

A tourist lit a fire at a halt in calm weather. Being at some distance from the fire, the tourist feels warmth. In what way does the process of transferring heat from the fire to the tourist mainly take place?

1) by heat conduction

2) by convection

3) by radiation

4) by heat conduction and convection

Solution.

Air does not conduct heat well, therefore heat is not transferred by means of heat transfer. The phenomenon of convection is that the warmer layers of air rise higher, and the cold ones go down. If there is no wind, then the warm air masses do not reach the tourist, but rise upward. Therefore, the transfer of heat is mainly carried out by radiation.

The correct answer is indicated under the number 3.

Answer: 3

What energy changes occur in a piece of ice when it melts?

1) the kinetic energy of a piece of ice increases

2) the internal energy of a piece of ice decreases

3) the internal energy of a piece of ice increases

4) the internal energy of water, of which a piece of ice is composed, increases

Solution.

The internal energy of the body is the total kinetic energy of the movement of the molecules of the body and the potential energy of their interaction. When melting, ice turns into water, while the potential energy of interaction of water molecules increases, therefore, the internal energy of water, which makes up a piece of ice, increases.

The correct answer is indicated under the number 4.

Answer: 4

t two kilograms of some liquid from the amount of heat imparted to it Q.

1) 1600 J / (kg ° C)

2) 3200 J / (kg ° C)

3) 1562.5 J / (kg ° C)

4) 800 J / (kg ° C)

Solution.

The correct answer is indicated under the number 1.

Answer: 1

The figure shows a graph of temperature dependence t four kilograms of some liquid from the amount of heat imparted to it Q.

What is the specific heat of this liquid?

1) 1600 J / (kg ° C)

2) 3200 J / (kg ° C)

3) 1562.5 J / (kg ° C)

4) 800 J / (kg ° C)

Solution.

Specific heat is a value that characterizes the amount of heat required to heat a body weighing 1 kg by 1 degree. Having determined from the graph the amount of heat spent on heating in Joules from 20 ° C to 40 ° C, we find:

The correct answer is indicated under the number 4.

Answer: 4

The ice began to heat up, as a result of which it turned into a liquid state. Liquid water molecules

1) are on average closer to each other than in the solid state

2) are, on average, at the same distances from each other as in the solid state

4) can be both closer to each other and further from each other, in comparison with the solid state

Solution.

The crystalline structure of ice leads to the fact that its density is less than that of water, which means that when it melts, the volume of water will decrease. Consequently, water molecules in a liquid state are, on average, closer to each other than in a solid state.

The correct answer is indicated under the number 1.

Note.

This feature of the structure of ice is due to the complex nature of the exchange interaction between water molecules. In addition to the constantly present interaction forces: the forces of repulsion and attraction between molecules, which act at different distances, there are also hydrogen bonds that change the energetically stable position of the molecules.

Answer: 1

Aluminum and steel spoons of the same mass, which are at room temperature, are lowered into big tank with boiling water. After establishing thermal equilibrium, the amount of heat received by the steel spoon from the water is

1) less heat received by the aluminum spoon

2) more heat received by the aluminum spoon

3) is equal to the amount of heat received by the aluminum spoon

4) can be either more or less than the amount of heat received by the aluminum spoon

Solution.

After the establishment of thermal equilibrium, the temperatures of the spoons will be the same, which means that the temperature increment Δt will also be the same. Received amount of heat Q is defined as the product of body mass, specific heat capacity of a substance and temperature increment:

The quantities m and Δt are the same for both substances, therefore, the lower the heat capacity of a substance, the less heat the corresponding spoon will receive.

Let's compare heat capacities using tabular data for steel and aluminum, respectively:

Since a steel spoon will receive less heat from the water than an aluminum one.

The correct answer is indicated under the number 1.

Answer: 1

An open vessel is filled with water. Which figure correctly depicts the direction of convection flows with the given heating scheme?

Solution.

Convection flows are flows of warm matter. With this heating scheme, convection flows will be directed upward and along the perimeter of the rectangle.

The correct answer is indicated under the number 1.

Answer: 1

Source: Demo version of GIA-2014 in physics.

Brass and lead balls with equal masses and the same temperatures, higher than the temperature of the water, were immersed in identical vessels with equal masses of water at the same temperature. It is known that after the establishment of thermal equilibrium, the water temperature in a vessel with a brass ball increased more than in a vessel with a lead ball. Which metal - brass or lead - has a higher specific heat? Which of the balls transferred the most heat to the water and the vessel?

1) the specific heat capacity of brass is greater, the brass ball transferred a greater amount of heat to the water and the vessel

2) the specific heat capacity of brass is greater, the brass ball transferred less heat to the water and the vessel

3) the specific heat of lead is greater, the lead ball transferred a greater amount of heat to the water and the vessel

4) the specific heat capacity of lead is greater, the lead ball transferred less heat to the water and the vessel

Solution.

Let us determine the heat transferred to the water and the vessel by the lead and brass ball through the change in the temperature of the water.

From the condition we know that, and the other parameters of the systems are equal, it means:. From this inequality, we can conclude that the brass ball transferred a greater amount of heat to the water and vessel than the lead ball.

Since we are considering a change in the temperatures of the balls, here. This means that the specific heat capacity of brass is higher than that of lead.

The correct answer is indicated under the number 1.

Answer: 1

Copper and nickel balls with equal masses and the same temperatures, higher than the water temperature, were immersed in identical vessels with equal masses of water at the same temperature. It is known that after the establishment of thermal equilibrium, the water temperature in a vessel with a nickel ball increased more than in a vessel with a copper ball. Which metal - copper or nickel - has a higher specific heat? Which of the balls transferred the most heat to the water and the vessel?

1) the specific heat capacity of copper is greater, the copper ball transferred a greater amount of heat to the water and the vessel

2) the specific heat capacity of copper is greater, the copper ball transferred less heat to the water and the vessel

3) the specific heat capacity of nickel is higher, the nickel ball transferred a greater amount of heat to the water and the vessel

4) the specific heat capacity of nickel is higher, the nickel ball transferred less heat to the water and the vessel

Solution.

Let us determine the heat transferred by the copper or nickel balls to the water and the vessel through the change in the temperature of the water.

where is the final temperature of water with a copper ball, is the final temperature of water with a nickel ball, is the initial temperature of water.

From the condition, we know that and the other parameters of the systems are equal, which means: From this inequality, we can conclude that the nickel ball transferred a greater amount of heat to the water and the vessel than the copper ball.

Let us compose similar equations for changing the temperatures of the balls and express their specific heat capacities.

where is the initial temperature of the balls.

Since we are considering a change in the temperatures of the balls, here it means that the specific heat capacity of nickel is greater.