Download presentation on the musculoskeletal system. Biology presentation "musculoskeletal system"

REPETITION

EXPLORED MATERIAL

1. Name the components of the nervous system.

brain and spinal cord

2. Complete the sentence: Thanks to the brain, we can ...

move, see, think, hear, speak, keep in memory everything that is perceived

3. What is the brain made of?

from a huge number of nerve cells

4. What is necessary for the normal functioning of the brain?

large amount of oxygen

5. Name the main function of the spinal cord.

the spinal cord is responsible for a variety of human movements

REPETITION

EXPLORED MATERIAL

6. What is the name of the connection of the brain and spinal cord with all human organs.

the brain and spinal cord are connected by nerves to all human organs

7. What do you know about nerves?

nerves resemble threads, which consist of long thin fibers,

those, in turn, consist of nerve cells, i.e. neurons. Each neuron has processes (nerve endings).

8. Complete the sentence: ____ pair of nerves from the spinal cord and ____ pairs of nerves that are connected to the brain are involved in the work of the nervous system.

musculoskeletal

HUMAN SYSTEM

The musculoskeletal system of the human body provides

various movements of arms and legs, head, body.

She is also called

musculoskeletal system .

It includes bones and muscles.

SKELETON - SUPPORT OF THE BODY

Bones form the skeleton- a solid frame (skeleton) of the body. There are more than 200 bones in the body, and it is they that allow you to keep the body and all its organs in a certain position.

1 - skull

2 - chest

3 - bones of the hand

4 - spine

5 - pelvic bone

6 - leg bones

They say that bone is harder than brick, stronger than cast iron.

Despite this, we must protect the skeletal system of our body.

If there is not enough calcium, phosphorus in the bones, then they lose strength, become brittle. In this case, the risk of bone fracture increases.

To prevent this from happening, you need to eat right.

Proper nutrition for strong bones

meat

cottage cheese

milk

fruits

vegetables

Muscles are called

MUSCLES

flexible skeleton

soft frame of the body.

Muscles are attached to bones.

There are about 600 muscles in the human body. and each of them participates in the performance of any movement.

The physical strength of a person depends on the condition of the muscles.

Controls muscle work

nervous system .

Nerves connect muscles

with the brain and spinal cord.

1 - arm muscles

2 - chest muscles

3 - back muscles

4 - gluteus maximus muscles

5 - neck muscles

6 - leg muscles

MUSCLE

Muscles are made up of elastic muscle tissue. They can tense up and relax. Usually, if some muscles contract, then others relax at this time.

Muscle tissue is made up of cells containing thin fibers - myofibrils .

TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE

SMOOTH

striated skeletal

STRIPED CARDIAC

MUSCLE FUNCTIONS

1. The frontalis muscle wrinkles the skin on the forehead.

2. The circular muscle of the eye closes the eyes.

3. The circular muscle of the mouth compresses the lips.

4. The deltoid muscle moves the humerus in different directions.

5. The pectoralis major muscle presses the arm against the body and rotates it.

6. The biceps brachii flexes the arm.

7. The external oblique muscle of the abdomen holds the abdominal organs in place.

8. The quadriceps femoris extends the knee while walking and running.

9, 10. The calf raises the heel and flexes the knee.

The size and shape of the muscles are different. The shape of the human body depends on the muscles and skeleton.

1. The smallest ones are attached to the smallest bones located in the ear.

2. The largest muscles on which you sit are the gluteus maximus muscles, they set the legs in motion.

3. The strongest muscles are chewing, located in the lower part of the cheek.

PRACTICAL WORK #1

1. With a centimeter tape, measure the circumference of the arm above the elbow of a neighbor. Write down the result in a notebook.

2. Strongly bend your arm at the elbow and again measure the circumference of each other's arm in the same place. Write down the result in a notebook.

3. Compare the results obtained in the first and second measurements. Explain the difference in these results.

4. Bend your elbow and then straighten it. Explain which muscles contract (tighten) and which muscles relax.

CONCLUSION:

Briefly speaking

thicker

When contracting, the muscles become ________ and ________, and when relaxed, they become _________ and _________.

longer

thinner

PRACTICAL WORK № 2

Guess what the facial expressions of emoticons are talking about.

resentment

thoughtfulness

sadness

joy

fright

astonishment

When the muscles

are actively working

the body gets hot.

This happens because

that muscle cells

during work

use up a lot of oxygen

nutrients to generate heat.

MUSCLES NEED TO TRAIN

If a person spends a lot of time lying or sitting, does not perform a variety of movements, does not exercise, does not exercise,

then his muscles become flabby and weak.

HOW TO STRENGTHEN YOUR MUSCLES

do morning exercises

exercise

play outdoor games

be active

outdoor recreation

help adults

maintain correct posture

HUMAN POSTURE

Posture is the ability of a person to keep his body in various positions, the usual posture of a naturally standing person.

With the correct posture, the body is straightened, the shoulders are straightened, the stomach is tucked up, the head is raised, the gaze is directed forward.

Correct posture helps muscles and joints, good heart function, and free movement of blood throughout the body.

Correct posture is the key to your health.

TO GENERALIZE

STUDYED MATERIAL

Bones and muscles make up the musculoskeletal system.

They are the backbone of our body
protect internal organs from damage
allow for various movements.

rate my job!

I tried, I succeeded!

Tried

but there were mistakes.

I have

Did not work out,

The presentation on the topic "Human musculoskeletal system" is used when studying the topic in the 8th grade biology course. I also recommend it for repeating the material in preparation for the OGE / USE or for self-study of the material if the student missed classes

Download:

Preview:

To use the preview of presentations, create a Google account (account) and sign in: https://accounts.google.com

Slides captions:

Human musculoskeletal system

Functions of the human musculoskeletal system

The structure of the bone Dense substance Spongy substance Bone canal (contains nerves and blood vessels) Microscopic structure 1 - Bone canal 2 - Cells (osteocytes) 3 - Tubules (contain osteocyte processes) 4 - Bone plates (consist of calcium and protein salts) Cancellous bone is formed bony crossbars that cross in the directions along which the bones experience the greatest tension or compression. This structure of the spongy substance also provides strength and lightness of the bones. The gap (cells) between the crossbars in the spongy substance of the heads of tubular bones is filled with red bone marrow,

Bone growth In length - due to the growth plate, consisting of cartilage, located between the epiphysis and diaphysis In width - due to the periosteum, the cells of which divide on the inner surface and form bone tissue Bone growth begins in the prenatal state and lasts up to 22-25 years renewal of bone tissue in children reaches 30-100% per year and is carried out on 100% of its surface. This is very different from bone remodeling in adults.

Types of bones I- Air (lattice) bone II- Long (tubular bone) III- Flat bone IV- Cancellous bones V- Mixed bones

Joint Injuries to joints and bones Sprain (pain, swelling, sometimes bleeding under the skin) First aid: immobilize the joint (tight bandage, minimize stress), apply ice Dislocation and fracture (pain, swelling, inability to move, change in the configuration of the joint and / or limb ) First aid: immobilize the joint (put a splint, bandage the leg to the other leg or arm to the body, fix the arm with a scarf), give an anesthetic, apply ice, deliver to the traumatologist

Brain section Facial section Skeleton. Scull. Large foramen magnum through which the cranial cavity connects to the spinal canal

Skeleton. Spine, chest, limbs 7 vertebrae 12 vertebrae 5 fused vertebrae 4-5 fused vertebrae processes arch vertebral (spinal) canal body Ribs (12 pairs) bone part Sternum Ribs (cartilaginous part) 5 vertebrae

Arm skeleton and shoulder girdle Leg skeleton and pelvic girdle

Bone growth is regulated by somatotropin, which is synthesized by the pituitary gland. With its congenital deficiency, dwarfism is observed, with an excess - gigantism. If, after the end of the growth period of this hormone, a lot is released, then a condition called acromegaly develops (only in adults). In adults, bone growth in length and its thickening stop, but bone renewal continues throughout life. According to the Book of Records, Sultan Kösen is the tallest living person in the world, reaching a height of 246.5 cm. And the Nepalese Chandra Dangi is the smallest person in the world, his height is only 54.6 cm

Comparison of the human skeleton and the skeleton of great apes A - Features of human anatomy a - a skull with a short front and a large rounded braincase. b - Small jaws, small teeth. c - long fingers, allowing you to accurately capture small objects. d - short loin. e - wide short pelvis. e - legs are longer than arms. g - the foot has an arch, the big toe is parallel to the other fingers and helps to transfer body weight while walking. B - Features of the anatomy of a gorilla a - a skull with an elongated front protruding forward. b - massive jaws with large fangs, large molars. c - short thumb and long other fingers. d - the loin is relatively longer than in humans. e - elongated pelvis. e - legs are shorter than arms. g - set aside the big toe is adapted for grasping The arch of the foot provides shock absorption when moving

Types of muscle tissue

Muscle structure Myocardial fibers are striated, but have jumpers with each other, due to which the nerve impulse propagates through the muscle instantly. Myofibrils (actin and myosin) are randomly arranged (contraction is slow) Skeletal muscle cells under a microscope (cross-striation and nuclei are visible)

Major skeletal muscles

Disorders of the musculoskeletal system Well and evenly developed muscles are a condition for the formation of correct posture. Normal Pathological lordosis Pathological kyphosis Scoliosis Flat feet

Back forward

Attention! The slide preview is for informational purposes only and may not represent the full extent of the presentation. If you are interested in this work, please download the full version.

This methodological development is designed for two lessons.
Topic 1 lesson:"Musculoskeletal system. Skeleton bones.
Topic 2 of the lesson:"The structure of the skeleton".
Teaching is conducted according to the textbook by N.I. Sonin, M.R. Sapin Biology. Human. 8th grade.

Lesson 1

Lesson Objectives: to study the composition and functions of the musculoskeletal system, the chemical composition and properties of bones.

Lesson objectives:

Educational: to form knowledge about the human musculoskeletal system, about the functions, about the structure and properties of bones, their chemical composition, about the types of bone connections, about the features of their growth in length and thickness.
Educational: develop the ability to analyze, compare, draw conclusions, develop logical thinking.
Educational: to cultivate a sense of responsibility for their health, the need to monitor their posture.

Equipment: tables, presentation for the lesson.

Lesson plan:

1. Organizational moment.
2. Explanation of new material.
3. Consolidation and generalization of the material covered.
4. Homework .

DURING THE CLASSES

1. Organizational moment(teacher greeting)

2. Explanation of new material

1 slide

Question for the class:

- Tell me, what helps us to move, jump, run, dance? (Musculoskeletal system)
What is the musculoskeletal system made of? (skeleton and muscles)

Write down the theme of the lesson: "Musculoskeletal system. The structure of bones.

Try to answer the question: what is the function of the skeleton? We formulate the functions of the skeleton with students and write it down in a notebook.

1. Support of the body and skeleton

The supporting function is manifested in the fact that the bones of the skeleton and muscles form a strong frame that determines the position of the internal organs and prevents them from moving.

2. Motor

Carries out the movement of the body and its parts in space.

2. Protective

Skeletal bones protect organs from injury

4. Metabolism

The bones contain the main supply of mineral salts: calcium, phosphorus. They are used by the body as needed, so the skeletal system is directly involved in mineral metabolism. The bones contain red bone marrow, which is involved in the processes of hematopoiesis.

2 slide

Look at the bones on the slide. Try to classify the bones by shape yourself. Based on the answers received in the notebook, we fill in the table:

Bone shape

3 slide

The structure of the tubular bone

- Consider the structure of the tubular bone and name the main parts? (diaphysis- elongated middle part, epiphysis - two thickened ends)

Students draw the bone and label the main parts.

4 slide

– Watch a fragment of the film and try to answer the question: What is the importance of the chemical composition of the cell? (Gives bones strength, firmness and elasticity)
- Due to what substances is this achieved? (Inorganic substances - calcium and phosphorus salts, organic substances - proteins, fats, carbohydrates)
Inorganic substances give bones strength, organic substances - elasticity and resilience.

5 slide

Experience will help to confirm that inorganic substances give strength, and organic substances give elasticity and elasticity.

Demonstration of experience.

When the bone is calcined, organic matter is charred.
Charring is a sure sign that organic matter has been burned. Bone is hard but brittle. Crumbles in hands.
After treating the bone with a solution of hydrochloric acid, it is able to bend in all directions.

- Tell me, whose bones break faster in children or the elderly? And why? (For old people)

- With age, the content of inorganic substances in the bone increases and the content of organic substances decreases.
In children, the bones contain more organic matter. Their bones are more resilient and elastic. With age, the content of salts in the bones increases. In old age, the bones become brittle, due to the fact that their content of inorganic salts significantly exceeds the content of the elastic component.

6 slide

Internal structure of bones

- Look at the pictures on the slides and tell me what internal structure bones have?
The bones are covered with dense connective tissue - the periosteum.
Each bone has a compact (dense) and spongy substance. Their quantitative ratio and distribution depends on the place of the bone in the skeleton and on its function.

- Watch a movie clip.

7 slide

Can bones grow? If so, in what direction?
What causes bone regeneration in fractures?

Students give their guesses.

From the assumptions made, we formulate the correct answer, and write it down in a notebook.

Bones can grow in length and thickness. In length, they grow due to the division of cartilage cells located at its ends. Due to cell division of the inner layer of the periosteum, the bones grow in thickness and overgrow with fractures.

8 slide

How are the bones connected to each other in the skeleton?

Together with the students, we analyze the table and write it in a notebook.

Types of bone connection

9 slide

What provides limb mobility? (Joint)
- Consider the structure of the joint. What features of the structure of the joint provide the relative strength of the connection of bones and their mobility? (Ligaments, articular head and socket, joint fluid, smooth elastic cartilage)

The joint is formed by the ends of the connecting bones, enclosed in the articular bag. The ends of the bones are covered with smooth, elastic cartilage, the presence of which provides elasticity to the joint and facilitates movement. The joint fluid acts as a lubricant. Outside the bag, the joint is reinforced with ligaments. Movement in the joints is carried out by muscles.

- Let's consider the movement in the elbow joint.

10 slide

3. Tasks for fixing the material

- Before you are given images of bones. Determine their shape.

4. Homework

Textbook pp. 100-107, questions 1 to 11

Lesson 2

Lesson Objectives: to study the structure of the human skeleton.

Lesson objectives:

Educational: to form concepts about the human skeleton, about the structural features of the skull, spine, chest, upper and lower limbs.
Educational: development of skills, development of logical thinking, development of skills in working with a textbook
Educational: develop a sense of responsibility for their health

Equipment: tables, presentation, skull structure model.

Lesson plan:

1. Organizational moment.
2. Checking homework
3. Explanation of new material.
4. Consolidation and generalization of the material covered.
5. Homework .

DURING THE CLASSES

1. Organizational moment

2. Checking homework. Frontal survey

Questions for the class:

What are the functions of the musculoskeletal system?
What are the shapes of bones?
What is the internal structure of bones?
What is the chemical composition of bones?
What are the types of bone connections?
Name the parts of the joint?

3. Explanation of new material

11 slide

Recall from the course of zoology the main sections of the skeleton of mammals. Try to name the main parts of the human skeleton by analogy?

We write in a notebook:

Head skeleton
Torso skeleton
limb skeleton

12 slide

The skeleton of the head is the skull. Consider the main sections of the skull. Brain and facial regions. Let's write down in a notebook what bones form the brain and facial parts of the skull.
The cerebral part of the skull: paired - temporal, parietal, and unpaired - occipital, frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid.
Facial skull: paired - zygomatic, maxillary, nasal, lacrimal, unpaired - lower jaw.

Question for the class.

- Answer the question, what is the function of the skull? (Protective function - protects the brain and sensory organs from external damage, supporting - gives support to the muscles of the face).

13 slide

Torso skeleton

The main sections are the chest and spine.
Watch a fragment of the film. And answer the question, what feature in the structure of the spine softens shocks when walking, running, jumping?

14 slide

- We continue to study the structure of the spine and consider what departments the spine consists of.
Cervical (7 vertebrae), thoracic (12 vertebrae), lumbar (5 vertebrae), sacral (5 vertebrae), coccygeal (4-5 vertebrae).

15 slide

Consider the structure of the cervical vertebrae.
1 cervical vertebra - atlas.
2 cervical vertebra - axis.

ATLANT (1st cervical vertebra)

The first cervical vertebra, the atlas, does not have a vertebral body, but consists of anterior and posterior arches. The arches are interconnected by lateral bone thickenings (lateral masses).

AXIS (2nd cervical vertebra)

The second cervical vertebra, the axis, has a bone outgrowth in the anterior part, which is called the odontoid process. The odontoid process is fixed with ligaments in the vertebral foramen of the atlas, representing the axis of rotation of the first cervical vertebra.

16 slide

- What are the divisions of the chest?

Sternum, ribs (12 pairs), costal cartilages).

What are the functions of the chest? (Protective - protects the heart, lungs, large vessels and other organs from damage, serves as an attachment site for the respiratory muscles.)

17 slide

Skeleton of the upper limb.

Class task:

According to the textbook, name the main bones of the upper limb.
Belt of the upper limb and skeleton of the free upper limb.
The girdle of the upper limb is formed by paired bones: the shoulder blades and the clavicles.
The skeleton of the free limb consists of: shoulder, forearm and hand. The forearm is formed by the ulna and radius bones. The hand is formed by the wrist, metacarpus and phalanges of the fingers.

Question to the class.

What joints provide mobility in the upper limb? (Shoulder, elbow).

18 slide

Skeleton of the lower limb.

Class assignment.

According to the textbook, name the main bones of the lower limb.
Belt of the lower limb and skeleton of the free lower limb.
The belt of the lower limb consists of: pelvic bones (iliac, ischial, pubic). The pelvic bones are connected to the sacrum. The pelvic bones together with the sacrum form a ring on which the spinal column rests.
The skeleton of the free lower limb consists of: thigh, lower leg and foot.
The tibia consists of the tibia and fibula. The foot is represented by the tarsus, metatarsus and phalanges of the fingers.
Question for the class.
What joints in the lower limb provide its mobility?
(hip, knee, ankle)

19 slide

4. Tasks for fixing the material

Before you are the limbs of a person - an arm and a leg. Assemble the limbs correctly.

20 slide

Correctly assemble the human skeleton.

5. Homework

Textbook p.108-115, questions 1 to 9. Compose a crossword puzzle

slide 2: bones

Bone tissue is a type of connective tissue. The incredible strength of the bones (the femur can withstand the weight of a car without breaking) is provided by a combination of two types of substances: organic, which give the bones elasticity; inorganic (phosphorus salts of calcium and magnesium), which give bones hardness.

slide 3 experience

Experiments that confirm this: 1) If the bone is calcined on fire, then it will retain its shape, but at the slightest touch it will crumble, since all organic substances have burned down. 2) And if the bone is lowered into a solution of decalcified soda, then it can easily bend, because it lacks all inorganic substances. Decalcified bone

Slide 4: Age-related bone pathology

In childhood, the bones contain more organic matter, so they are easily amenable to curvature. With age, the content of mineral salts in the bones increases and the bones become brittle, prone to fractures. fracture scoliosis

Slide 5: The structure of the bone

From above, the bone is covered with periosteum, which contains a large number of vessels, and ensures the growth of the bone in thickness, as well as fusion in fractures. Under the periosteum is a compact and spongy substance of the bone, forming the bone crossbars (beams). Provide strength to bones. Inside the bones there is a medullary cavity filled with: yellow bone marrow containing adipose tissue; red bone marrow involved in the process of hematopoiesis, i.e. in the formation of erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets.

Slide 6: Types of bones

Tubular (bones of the limbs) Spongy (ribs, sternum) Flat (scapula, bones of the skull, pelvis) Structure of the tubular bone Heads of the bone (epiphyses) Body of the bone (diaphysis) * In childhood, between the epiphyses and the diaphysis, there are layers of cartilaginous tissue - metaphyses; due to them, the growth of the bone in the dyne occurs.

slide 7: human skeleton

Consists of approximately 220 bones. It is divided into 3 large sections: Human skeleton

Slide 8: I. limb skeleton

Upper limb Shoulder girdle of the upper limb: shoulder blade and clavicle. 2) Free upper limb: a) shoulder: humerus b) forearm: radius and ulna c) hand: bones of the wrist, metacarpus and phalanges of the fingers

slide 9: lower limb

Pelvic girdle of the lower limb: the pelvic bone, consisting of the fused ischium, pubis and ilium. 2) Free lower limb: a) thigh: femur b) lower leg: tibia and fibula d) foot: bones of the tarsus, metatarsus and phalanges of the fingers

Slide 10: II. Spine (33-34 vertebrae)

Cervical: 7 vertebrae Thoracic (largest): 12 vertebrae, to which 12 pairs of ribs are attached; together with the sternum, they form the human chest Lumbar: 5 vertebrae Sacral (single bone - sacrum): 5 vertebrae Coccygeal (coccyx): 4-5 vertebrae Has 4 bends: 2 forward - lordosis and 2 back - kyphosis, which gives the spine S - figurative form.

Slide 11: III. Scull

The brain section consists of 6 bones: 2 temporal, 2 parietal, 1 occipital and 1 frontal. The facial section - all other bones (jaws, nasal, zygomatic bones, etc.). Spine + skull = axial skeleton

Slide 12: Joining the bones

Motionless. Through seams. This is how all the bones of the skull are connected, except for the lower jaw, pelvic bones, sacrum and coccyx. Semi-movable. Connection of bones due to cartilaginous elements. This is how the bones of the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine, as well as the ribs with the sternum, are connected. Movable. Through the joints. These are all the bones of the limbs + the lower jaw.

Slide 13: Features of the human skeleton:

S-shaped spine; wide chest due to upright posture; arched foot; pelvis has the shape of a "bowl"; high development of the hand; the thumb is opposed to the rest.

Slide 14: MUSCLE SYSTEM

Human muscle tissue has the same properties and functions as animal muscle tissue. During dynamic work, there is an alternation of load and rest, so muscle fatigue occurs slowly. During static work, all muscle groups are tense, so fatigue occurs faster. Muscles require a lot of energy to work, so muscle tissue is rich in mitochondria. The muscles of the face are called facial muscles, they are attached directly to the skin.

Slide 15: Consequences of hypodynamia (decrease in motor activity)

Decreased metabolic rate, increased adipose tissue, overweight. Weakening of muscles, increased load on the heart, decreased endurance and overall body resistance. Venous stasis in the extremities, circulatory disorders.

The last slide of the presentation: The human musculoskeletal system: INJURIES OF THE LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM

A fracture is a break in the integrity of a bone. In case of fractures of the bones of the extremities, a splint is applied to prevent the displacement of bone fragments. In case of a fracture of the ribs, it is necessary to apply a pressure fixing bandage to the patient's chest while exhaling. If a fracture of the spine is suspected, the victim is transported in the prone position to prevent compression of the spinal cord due to the risk of disability of the victim. A dislocation is a displacement of the articular heads of bones. In case of dislocations and sprains of the ligaments, the joint is fixed with a bandage and ice is applied.