Presentation for the lesson "Rational nature management. Environmental protection"
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Rational use and protection of forests in Russia State budgetary educational institution of the Republic of Khakassia of secondary vocational education "Khakass College of Professional Technologies, Economics and Service" Completed by student: Zakharova L.V. Group KM-21. Head: Mochalovskaya A.P.
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ANTHROPOGENIC IMPACT ON THE FOREST About 10 thousand years ago, before the emergence of agricultural activity, dense forests and other forested areas occupied more than 6 billion hectares of land surface. By the end of the 20th century, their area was reduced by almost 1/3, and now they occupy only a little more than 4 billion hectares. Therefore, they say: forests precede man, deserts accompany him. Over historical time, about 500 million hectares have turned from forests into barren deserts. Forests are being destroyed so quickly that the areas of clearings significantly exceed the areas of planting trees. The concern of the whole world is caused by intensive felling of evergreen tropical forests. Twenty years ago, tropical forests were disappearing at a rate of 21 hectares per minute; now this process has accelerated to 26 hectares per minute.
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If for many centuries the reduction of forest areas did not affect the natural complex of the Earth, then at present the destruction of forests can turn into a catastrophe. This is due to the scale of deforestation. Every year, the area of forests in the world is reduced by 250 thousand km2. If we compare the volumes of timber harvesting across the continents, we can see that tropical forests are being destroyed especially quickly in the developing countries of Africa, Asia, and South America.
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Protection and restoration of forests The main task of forest protection is their rational use and restoration. It is important to increase the productivity of forests, protect them from fires and pests. With proper forest management, cuttings in some areas should be repeated after 80-100 years, when the forest reaches full maturity. Another important forest conservation measure is the control of timber loss. The greatest losses occur during the harvesting of timber. There are many branches and needles left at the cutting sites, which can be used to prepare coniferous flour - the basis of vitamin and protein concentrates for livestock. These wastes are promising for obtaining essential oils.
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Part of the wood is lost during timber rafting. At present, the irrational alloying of logs without combining them into rafts is prohibited on large rivers. Near the enterprises of the woodworking industry, factories for the production of furniture from fibreboard are being built.
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The most important condition for the conservation of forest resources is timely reforestation. Only a third of the forests cut down annually in Russia are restored naturally, the rest require special measures for their renewal. At the same time, on 50% of the area, only measures to promote natural regeneration are sufficient, on the other, sowing and planting trees are necessary. Weak reforestation is often associated with the cessation of self-seeding, the destruction of undergrowth, soil destruction during logging and timber transportation. Clearing them of plant rags, branches, bark, needles remaining after felling has a positive effect on the restoration of forests. In clearings where natural reforestation does not occur, after loosening the soil, seeds are sown or seedlings grown in nurseries are planted. They also restore forests in burnt areas and clearings. In such areas, highly productive specially selected and bred varieties of trees are planted.
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Fighting forest fires Fighting fires is of great importance among forest protection measures. The fire completely or partially destroys the forest biocenosis. A different type of vegetation develops in the forest fires, and the animal population changes completely. Fires cause great damage, destroying plants, game animals, and other forest products: mushrooms, berries, and medicinal plants. The main cause of fires is the careless handling of fire by a person: unextinguished fires, matches, cigarette butts
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Agricultural burnings, fire cleaning of cutting areas, flames and sparks from the exhaust pipes of tractors and motor vehicles, pipes of diesel locomotives are of great danger for the occurrence of fires. 97% of fires are caused by humans. Therefore, among the measures to combat fires, an important place should be occupied by fire propaganda among the population. In the forests, fire-fighting cutting areas, strips, ditches are created, fire-fighting roads are laid, cutting areas are cleaned and sanitary cuttings are carried out. In the forest areas there is a sentinel service to detect fires. When extinguishing forest fires, aviation brigades are used, sometimes military units and the entire population are mobilized to fight fires.
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Protection of economically valuable and rare species of plants The protection of economically valuable and rare plant species consists in a rational, standardized collection that excludes their depletion. Under the direct and indirect influence of man, many plant species have become rare, many are threatened with extinction. Such species are listed in the Red Books. The Red Book of the Russian Federation (1983) contains 533 species (Fig. 4). Among them are the following: water chestnut, lotus, serrated oak, Colchis boxwood, Pitsunda pine, mainland aralia, yew berry, holly, ginseng, zamaniha, many types of orchids. All of them need strict protection, it is forbidden to collect them, cause any other damage (trampling, grazing, etc.). Rice. 4. Rare plant species: on the left - orchis; at the top from left to right - a lady's slipper and Colchian cyclamen; below - chilim, or water chestnut, and its fruit
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The protection of rare plant species is most effective in nature reserves and sanctuaries. Rare plant species are bred in botanical gardens and other scientific institutions. Here, plants preserved for a long time serve as a reserve for their restoration in nature. Listing a species in the Red Book is a signal of a danger that threatens its existence. The Red Book is the most important document containing a description of the current state of rare species, the reasons for their plight and the main measures for saving.
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Household garbage in the forest Left garbage is an indicator of the degree of culture of a person. Abandoned cans and bottles are deadly traps for many insects, they will rust for a very long time (several years). In order to speed up this process, the jars must be burned in a fire, then buried (the burnt tin disintegrates very quickly). The household name for all types of film bags is polyethylene. Indeed, there are films made by polymerization of polyethylene and they are practically harmless to living organisms. But there are also films made of polyvinyl chloride, and it is extremely difficult to distinguish them from polyethylene ones. It is extremely dangerous to burn polyvinyl chloride films - when burning these films, dioxins, hydrogen chloride, cadmium are released (some of these substances are carcinogens, others are caustic). Therefore, do not destroy the "plastic" bags by burning them, but do not scatter them in the forest either. A garbage pit must be dug near the picnic area or campsite; after filling it up or before leaving the parking lot, the pit must be carefully buried.
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Order writing a unique work
North-Eastern Federal University named after M. K. Ammosov
Faculty of Engineering and Technology
Discipline report
General ecology on the topic
"Protection and rational use of plant and animal resources"
Completed: students of the GSH-08 group
Tikhonova Ludmila,
Cherkashina Alla,
Khanin Mikhail
Yakutsk 2010
Introduction.
Today, the consumer attitude to nature, the expenditure of its resources without the implementation of measures to restore them are a thing of the past. The problem of the rational use of natural resources, the protection of nature from the detrimental consequences of human economic activity have acquired great national importance. Society, in the interests of present and future generations, takes the necessary measures for the protection and scientifically based, rational use of the earth and its subsoil, water resources, flora and fauna, for keeping the air and water clean, ensuring the reproduction of natural resources and improving the human environment. Nature protection and rational use of natural resources is a complex problem, and its solution depends both on the consistent implementation of government measures and on the expansion of scientific knowledge.
One of the important tasks of ecology is the protection of forests. More than half of the territory of our Motherland is the lands of the state forest fund. Their total area exceeds 1250 million hectares. The forest is one of the main types of vegetation cover on the Earth, represented by numerous life forms of plants, among which the main role belongs to trees and shrubs, the secondary role belongs to grasses, mosses, lichens, etc. A characteristic feature of the forest, like any vegetation cover, is that that the plants that form the forest grow together, influence each other, are in interaction with the growing environment, constitute a dynamic unity. This understanding of the forest was first given by G. F. Morozov, who pointed out that the forest is a natural phenomenon that includes not only forest vegetation, but also its habitat.
The closest attention has always been paid to the protection and enhancement of green wealth in Russia. All forests and land areas intended for growing timber and for the needs of forestry are the property of our state and form its unified forest fund.
State property, a unified state fund and centralized planned management - this is the basis for the rational use of the multilateral properties of forests in the interests of the entire national economy.
It is difficult to overestimate the role of the forest in maintaining the ecological balance of the entire natural environment.
A forest is not only trees and shrubs, but also a grassy ground cover, animals and birds, fungi and insects, microbes that are in close relationship and interactions. The forest is a complex ecological system, or, as the well-known Soviet academician V.N. Sukachev called it, biogeocenosis is a section of the earth's surface on which vegetation, homogeneous in composition and productivity, a homogeneous complex of animals, microorganisms, homogeneous in physical and chemical properties of the soil, a homogeneous gas and climatic situation is maintained, and a material and ethical exchange, uniform in scale and rhythm, is established between all components of the biogeocenosis.
As can be seen from this definition, the biogeocenosis includes living and inanimate (inert) material bodies. They're called
components of biogeocenosis.
The soil is the basis of plant life and nutrition; seeds germinate in it, seedlings are accelerated and the powerful root system of the tree develops further. The type of soil determines the composition of trees, or, as they say, plantings, and its quality.
The living ground cover in the forest is represented by shade-loving herbs. It is rare, does not form a continuous turf, and this differs from meadow vegetation. Mosses, lichens, horsetails, club mosses, ferns, mushrooms are widely represented in the forest. From early spring to late autumn, herbs bloom in the forest.
The undergrowth - shrubs and small trees - loosens the soil with its roots, contributes to the accumulation of moisture and nutrients in it, enriches the soil with the litter of its leaves. The undergrowth serves as a nesting place for many birds that save the forest from the invasion of harmful insects, such as raspberries, currants, mountain ash, wolf's bast, etc.
Undergrowth - young trees, which over time should replace the main forest stand. The future of each section of the forest is determined by the reliability of its undergrowth.
The forest affects the environment, the microclimate, participates in soil formation, regulates the water regime of the soil and air, reduces radiation, and regulates the fauna and the microworld. The role of the forest in the formation of organic mass is great. The average productivity of the forests of the earth is seven tons of organic matter per hectare per year, plants of agricultural fields - six,
pastures - four.
Forest plantations clean the air basins of cities and villages from dust and harmful gases, smoke and soot, protect residents from noise. Many plants, especially conifers, secrete special substances - phytoncides that kill microbes - pathogens of human and plant diseases. It is known that dust in the air reduces the effect of sunlight and absorbs ultraviolet rays.
Spruce plantations with an area of 1 ha can retain up to 32 tons of dust per year on tree crowns, pine -35, elm - 43, oak -54, beech -68 tons. The dust content in a liter of air on a landscaped street is three times less than on a street without trees. Many tree species absorb sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, fluorine, chlorine, and lead compounds.
Woody vegetation also plays an important role in balancing the balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Trees, figuratively speaking, are a green factory that restores the life-giving power of exhaust air. The productivity of this factory depends on the productivity of the stands. The better forests grow, the more oxygen they release and the faster they absorb carbon dioxide.
Middle-aged forests turn out to be the most productive green factories of the air. Their efficiency also depends on the species composition of the forest. If a hectare of spruce stands is taken as 100% in terms of its ability to absorb carbon dioxide, then larch forest absorbs 120%, pine - 160%, linden - 250%, oak - 450%, and poplar forest plantations - 700%. One hectare of forest absorbs per hour about 8 liters of carbon dioxide, which corresponds to its release during the breathing of 200 people. For example, hardwoods emit up to 2-3 kg of phytoncides per year, conifers - 5, juniper - 30 kg.
In addition, the crowns of deciduous trees absorb more than 25% of the sound energy incident on them. With the right arrangement and selection of trees, they can absorb up to 60% of noise.
For the national economy, it is especially important that the forest is a source of timber. Despite the fact that more and more metal, cement, polymers are used in capital construction, and gas, together with other combustible materials, is displacing such an ancient fuel material as firewood, the demand for wood is increasing every year.
Up to 20 thousand types of products are produced from wood. Through chemical attack and other processing methods, wood becomes a raw material for many industrial and household products and consumer goods. This is primarily sawn timber, plywood, paper, cardboard, fibreboard and chipboard.
But the forests of Russia are rich not only in wood. They provide various food, fruit and berry, medicinal and technical raw materials, honey plants and fodder grasses. Every year people
collect millions of tons of lingonberries, raspberries, blueberries, currants, blueberries, cranberries and other valuable products. Picking mushrooms and berries in our forests is a constant occupation of the population. Statistics say that the average consumption of mushrooms per capita is approximately 6-7 kg. Enterprises, LESHOZES, annually harvest mushrooms, honey, fruits, berries, etc. Tanning products, paints, essential oils and many other types of technical raw materials are produced by the forest. And more medicine. Vitamins are especially valued (viburnum, wild rose, blackcurrant, pine, spruce, etc.). About 40% of all medicines are obtained from forest medicinal plants. In terms of diversity and quantity of such plants, Russian forests rank first in the world. For the manufacture of medicinal preparations, leaves, needles, flowers, fruits and bark of tree species, many types of mushrooms, mosses growing under a green canopy, in glades, edges, and swamps are used.
The flowers of many shrubs and trees provide food for the bees. And in this regard, the flowers of one linden replace a hectare of buckwheat. What is the protective role of the forest? First of all, in protecting the soil from water and wind erosion and protecting land, transport routes and settlements from the harmful effects of climatic and hydrological factors. The most effective method of combating drought and dry winds in the steppe, forest-steppe zones and arid regions are protective forest plantations. They provide favorable conditions for growing crops, protect the soil from blowing and destruction of fertile particles. Green stripes shield plants from strong and drying winds, reduce the evaporation of moisture from the soil and its transpiration by plants. In winter, such strips contribute to the accumulation of snow, an increase in soil moisture and its more rational use. A classic example of field-protective afforestation are the Dokuchaev forest belts in the Stone Steppe. The effect of creating protective plantations exceeds their cost by more than 10 times. Under the influence of forest belts, the yield of grain and root crops increases by 15-20%.
Nature Protection and Prospects for Rational Nature Management.
For harmful substances in the atmosphere, maximum permissible concentrations are legally established that do not cause tangible consequences for humans. In order to prevent air pollution, measures have been developed to ensure the correct combustion of fuel, the transition to gasified central heating, and the installation of treatment facilities at industrial enterprises. In aluminum smelters, installing filters on pipes prevents fluorine from being released into the atmosphere.
In addition to the construction of sewage treatment plants, a search is underway for a technology in which the generation of waste would be minimized. The same goal is served by improving the design of cars, switching to other types of fuel, the combustion of which produces less harmful substances. Cars with an electric motor are being developed for movement within the city. Proper city planning and green enjoyment are of great importance. For example, sulfur dioxide is well absorbed by poplar, linden, maple, horse chestnut.
Domestic and industrial wastewater is subjected to mechanical, physical, chemical and biological treatment. Biological treatment consists in the destruction of dissolved organic substances by microorganisms.
Wastewater treatment does not solve all problems. Therefore, more and more enterprises are switching to a new technology - a closed cycle, in which purified water is again supplied to production. New technological processes can reduce water consumption by dozens of times.
Proper agricultural practices and the implementation of special soil protection measures are of great importance for increasing the productivity of agriculture. For example, the fight against ravines is successfully carried out by planting plants - trees, shrubs, grasses. Plants protect soils from being washed away and slow down the flow of water. A variety of plantings and crops along the ravine contributes to the formation of persistent biocenoses. Birds settle in the thickets, which is of no small importance for pest control. Protective forest plantations in the steppes prevent water and wind erosion of fields.
The development of biological methods of pest control can dramatically reduce the use of pesticides in agriculture.
Currently, 2,000 species of plants, 236 species of mammals, 287 species of birds need protection. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has established a special Red Book, which provides information about endangered species and provides recommendations for their conservation. Many endangered animal species have now regained their numbers. This applies to elk, saiga, white heron, eider.
Preservation of flora and fauna contributes to the organization of reserves and reserves. In addition to protecting rare and endangered species, they serve as a basis for the domestication of wild animals with valuable economic properties. Reserves also serve as centers for the resettlement of animals that have disappeared in the area, or for the purposes of enriching the local fauna. In Russia, the North American muskrat has taken root well, giving valuable fur. In the harsh conditions of the Arctic, the musk ox, brought from Canada and Alaska, successfully breeds. The number of beavers that almost disappeared in our country at the beginning of the century has been restored.
Such examples show that a careful attitude based on a deep knowledge of plant and animal biology not only preserves it, but also gives a significant economic effect.
Each animal species is an indispensable carrier of the genetic fund.
Every year the use of the animal world for recreational purposes is increasing. Previously, sport hunting and fishing served as the main direction of such use. Nowadays, the importance of animals as objects of photo hunting, sightseeing observations is increasing. Millions of people from all over the world visit national parks to admire animals and birds in their natural setting.
The value of animals in nature and human economic activity.
By participating in the circulation of substances in the biosphere, animals play an important role in dynamic equilibrium.
Also for humans, animals serve as a source of food and raw materials: a supplier of leather (snakes, crocodiles, pigs) and furry (white-backed albatross, koala) industries.
Animals also have a negative meaning for humans. Among them there are pathogens (pathogen) and carriers of diseases (rats), a pest of agricultural (bugs) and forest plants (silkworms, moths, caterpillars).
But the division of animals into "useful" and "harmful" is conditional and depends on the number, place, time, and economic activity of people. For example, starlings are useful in spring: they destroy a large number of pests, and, eating grapes in autumn, they cause significant damage to vineyards. Blackbird and field lark are useful in Europe, but in New Zealand, where they were brought, they are agricultural pests. Therefore, when assessing the benefits and harms, it is necessary to take into account the characteristics of nutrition, behavior, numbers, and the role in the spread of natural focal diseases in specific conditions of place and time.
Direct and indirect human impact on animals.
The animal world of our planet has about 2 million species of animals. As a result of human impact, the number of many species has been significantly reduced, and some of them have completely disappeared.
Modern man has existed on Earth for about 40 thousand years. He began to engage in cattle breeding and agriculture only 10 thousand years ago. Therefore, for 30,000 years, hunting was an almost exclusive source of food and clothing. The improvement of tools and methods of hunting was accompanied by the death of a number of animal species.
The development of weapons and vehicles allowed man to penetrate into the most remote corners of the globe. And everywhere the development of new lands was accompanied by the merciless extermination of animals, the death of a number of species. The tarpan, a European steppe horse, was completely destroyed by hunting. Tours, spectacled cormorant, Labrador eider, Bengal hoopoe and many other animals became victims of hunting. As a result of unregulated hunting, dozens of species of animals and birds are on the verge of extinction.
The number of animals is decreasing not only as a result of direct extermination, but also due to the deterioration of environmental conditions in the territories and areas. Anthropogenic changes in landscapes adversely affect the conditions of existence of most animal species. Deforestation, plowing steppes and prairies, draining swamps, regulating runoff, polluting the waters of rivers, lakes and seas - all this, taken together, interferes with the normal life of wild animals, leads to a decrease in their numbers even when hunting is prohibited.
Intensive timber harvesting in many countries has led to changes in forests. Coniferous forests are increasingly replaced by small-leaved ones. At the same time, the composition of their fauna also changes. Not all animals and birds living in coniferous forests can find enough food and places for shelters in secondary birch and aspen forests. For example, squirrels and martens, many species of birds cannot live in them.
The transformation and change in the nature of many rivers and lakes radically changes the conditions for the existence of most river and lake fish, leading to a decrease in their numbers. Huge damage to fish stocks is caused by pollution of water bodies. At the same time, the oxygen content in the water decreases sharply, which leads to massive fish kills.
Dams on rivers have a huge impact on the ecological state of water bodies. They block the spawning path for migratory fish, worsen the condition of spawning grounds, and sharply reduce the flow of nutrients into river deltas and coastal parts of seas and lakes. To prevent the negative impact of dams on the ecosystems of aquatic complexes, a number of engineering and biotechnical measures are being taken (fish passes and fish elevators are being built to ensure the movement of fish for spawning). The most effective way to reproduce the fish stock is to build fish hatcheries and hatcheries.
Man, by his activity, strongly influences the animal world, causing an increase in the number of some species, a decrease in others and the death of others. This impact can be direct or indirect.
Game animals that are hunted for fur (desman, chinchilla, foxes, mink), meat (African donkey), fat (whales, pigs), etc. are directly affected. As a result, their numbers are declining, some species are disappearing.
To combat agricultural pests, a number of species migrate from one area to another. At the same time, it is not uncommon for settlers to become pests themselves. For example, the mongoose, brought to the Antilles to control rodents, began to harm ground-nesting birds and spread rabies among animals.
Also, the direct effects of humans on animals include their death from pesticides, and poisoning with emissions from industrial enterprises.| The most striking example of this impact on animals is whaling (the creation of a harpoon gun and floating bases for processing whales) at the beginning of the century, which led to the disappearance of individual populations of whales, a sharp drop in their total number.
The indirect influence of humans on animals is manifested due to changes in the habitat during deforestation (black stork), plowing of steppes (steppe eagle, bustard and little bustard), drainage of swamps (Far Eastern stork), construction of dams (fish), construction of cities, use of pesticides ( red-legged stork), etc.
Under the influence of economic activity, anthropogenic landscapes with their characteristic fauna arose. Only in settlements in the subarctic and the temperate zone of the northern hemisphere are the house sparrow, city swallow, jackdaw, and house mouse found.
The plowing of steppes and prairies, the reduction of insular forests in the forest-steppe are accompanied by the almost complete disappearance of many steppe animals and birds. In the steppe agrocenoses, saigas, bustards, little bustards, gray partridges, quails, etc. have almost completely disappeared.
The negative impact of humans on animals is increasing, and for many species it is becoming threatening. One species (or subspecies) of vertebrates perishes annually; more than 600 species of birds (bustard, mountain goose, mandarin duck), 120 species of mammals (Amur tiger) are threatened with extinction. For such animals, special measures are required for their conservation.
Protection of rare and endangered animal species.
Animal protection organization.
The organization of fauna protection is built in two main directions - conservation and conservation in the process of use. Both directions are necessary and complement each other.
All conservation measures for the protection of animals are of an exceptional, emergency nature. Most often, the use and protection of fauna, measures for its reproduction have to be combined with the interests of other branches of nature management. The experience of many countries proves that this is quite possible. Thus, with the right organization of land use, agricultural production can be combined with the conservation of many wild animals.
Intensive forestry, timber harvesting, if properly organized, ensures the preservation of habitat conditions in exploited forests for many species of animals and birds. Thus, gradual and selective logging allows not only to restore forests, but also to preserve shelters, nesting and forage grounds for many species of animals.
In recent years, wild animals have become an important part of the "tourism industry". In many countries, the protection and use of wild fauna for recreational purposes in national parks is successfully carried out. Among the national parks with the richest and most well-protected fauna and at the same time with a high level of mass tourism organization are Yellowstone and Yosemite parks in the USA, Kruger and Serengeti in Africa, Camargue in France, Belovezhsky in Poland and many others.
To enrich the fauna in many countries, acclimatization and re-acclimatization of wild animals are carried out on a large scale. Acclimatization is understood as work on the resettlement of animals in new biogeocenoses and their adaptation to new living conditions. Reacclimatization is a system of measures for the restoration of animals destroyed in a particular region. Thanks to acclimatization, it is possible to make wider and more complete use of the bioresources of many natural complexes.
All measures for the protection of animals are quite effective if they are based on careful consideration of landscape and ecological conditions. In any kind of work on the organization of the multiplication and exploitation of wild fauna, one should proceed from the fact that certain species and populations of animals are confined within their boundaries to specific natural territorial and aquatic complexes or their anthropogenic modifications. Many animals move through the seasons over considerable distances, but their migrations are always confined to strictly defined types of landscapes. Therefore, the protection of animals requires solving the problems of protecting natural territorial and aquatic complexes as a whole. The protection of animals is, first of all, the protection of their habitats.
The main task of protecting rare and endangered species is to achieve an increase in their numbers by creating favorable living conditions, which would eliminate the danger of their extinction. This can include the creation of nature reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, national parks, which create favorable conditions for them.
Reserve - a piece of land or water space, within which the entire natural complex is completely withdrawn from economic use and is under state protection (Great Limpopo - South Africa; Aberdersky - Kenya; Belovezhsky - Poland).
The reserve is a territory where certain species of animals and plants are temporarily protected while limiting the use of natural resources (Pripyat - Belarus).
A national park is a territory where landscapes and unique objects of nature are protected. It differs from reserves in the admission of visitors for recreation (Yellowstone - USA; Losiny Ostrov - Russia).
Rare and endangered species of animals (as well as plants) are listed in the Red Books. The inclusion of a species in the Red Book is a signal of the danger that threatens it, of the need to take measures to save it.
Of particular importance is the conservation and restoration of the number of game animals. As you know, the value of game animals lies in the fact that they live off natural food that is inaccessible or unsuitable for domestic animals; they do not need to be specially taken care of. The system of protection of wild animals is formed, on the one hand, from measures to protect the animals themselves from extermination, death from natural disasters, on the other hand, from measures to preserve their habitat. The protection of the animals themselves is carried out by laws on hunting, which provide for a complete ban on hunting for rare species, limiting the timing, norms, places and methods of hunting for commercial species.
The rational use of stocks of game animals does not contradict their protection if it is based on knowledge of their biology. It is possible to achieve a prosperous population of game animals by maintaining a certain ratio of sexes and age groups, by regulating the number of predators. This is the idea of rational use.
Many animals are listed as rescued.
The eucalyptus forests of Queensland, Victoria and New South Wales were once teeming with koalas. But at the end of the last and the beginning of our century, a terrible epidemic exterminated millions of these harmless creatures. Then the fur hunters got down to business: every year Australia exported about 500 thousand koala skins. And in 1924, this profitable trade took on such a scale that already 2 million skins were exported by the eastern states of the continent. But, fortunately, zoologists were able to convince the government in time to take strict measures to protect the koala. Now the koala lives only in a narrow strip along the east coast of Australia.
The other surviving animal is the muskrat. As you know, a valuable fur-bearing animal. A hundred, one hundred and fifty years ago, it was not hunted. The muskrat was not fashionable. At the beginning of the 20th century, unfortunately for herself, she became fashionable, and this almost killed her.
Hunt Galapagos tortoises in the 17th century. Pirates, before others, appreciated their tender meat, stuffing the holds of ships with animals. There was no need to worry about the safety of these stocks. The fact is that turtles can live for more than a year and a half without water and food. Since then, hundreds of thousands of Galapagos giant tortoises have been exterminated, and some of their species have disappeared completely.
At the end of the last century, a monstrous extermination of bison was carried out. Often only because the bison has excellent skins or to cut a small piece of meat from the carcass of a bull for roast or tongue.
When a transcontinental train passed a grazing herd of bison, all the passengers rushed to the windows, climbed out onto the roofs of the cars. All sorts of weapons began firing at the unfortunate animals, which crowded so closely that they could not quickly scatter. The driver deliberately slowed down, and when the train started moving, hundreds of thousands of bull carcasses, left to be eaten by jackals, lay on both sides of the track. Some "amateur-athletes" specifically traveled across the plains to shoot buffalo from the train.
The polar bear also disappears. The main reason for their death is the unprecedented arrival of people to the Arctic. It is believed that approximately five to eight thousand polar bears survived in the vast expanses of our Arctic. About 600 polar bears died annually on the Arctic islands north of America ten years ago, and another 150-300 polar bears died in the space between Greenland and Svalbard. In 1965, the first international conference was held in Alaska, as a result of which a decision was made to ban the hunting of bears with cubs, and the polar bear was declared an "animal of international importance." And a year later, when the first volume of the Red Book was published, the polar bear was included in it as an animal that is in danger of complete destruction. And since 1972, the polar bear has been taken under the protection of the USSR, USA, Canada, Denmark and Norway.
environmental organizations.
WWF - Founded in 1961. - an international public organization that subsidizes the protection and study of endangered and rare species of animals, plants and their habitats.
Conservation groups are at the forefront of the ecotourism movement. The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) is doing important research, including helping to identify ecotourism opportunities in developing countries. In addition, WWF finances many projects related to ecotourism.
Greenpeace - founded in 1971. - an independent international public organization that aims to preserve the environment. Greenpeace opposes nuclear testing and radiation threats, pollution of the environment by industrial waste, protection of the animal world, etc.
In addition, the International Red Book has become widely known.
Red Book of the International Union for Conservation of Nature
Already in 1949, the IUCN began to collect information on rare animals and plants. It took 14 years for the first IUCN Red Data Book (Red Data Book) to appear in 1963. Two volumes were a summary of 211 mammals and 312 birds.
In 1966-71. the second edition was published, which was already much more voluminous, and included information not only about mammals and birds, but also amphibians and reptiles. Like the first, this edition was not intended for wide circulation. Volumes of the 3rd edition of the IUCN Red Book began to appear in 1972, and have already begun to go on sale, its circulation has been significantly increased.
The latest edition, published in 1978-80, includes 226 species and 70 subspecies of mammals, 181 species and 77 subspecies of birds, 77 species and 21 subspecies of reptiles, 35 species and 5 subspecies of amphibians, 168 species and 25 subspecies of fish. Among them, 7 restored species and subspecies of mammals, 4 - birds, 2 species of reptiles.
Since 1981, with the participation of the World Environmental Monitoring Center (WCMC) in Cambridge (Great Britain), publications began to appear, in the title of which the IUCN Red Book was indicated.
Red Book of the USSR
The first list of birds and mammals for the IUCN Red Book prepared by G.P. Dementiev, V.G. Geptner, A.A. Nasimovich, A.G. Bannikov and other zoologists in 1961-64. The first Red Book of the USSR appeared in 1978.
The significance of the Red Book of the USSR in the protection of rare species was primarily in the fact that it became the basis for legislative acts aimed at protecting the animal and plant world. In addition, it is essentially a science-based program of practical measures to save rare species. And, finally, the role of the Red Book is invaluable as a means of educating and promoting a reasonable and careful attitude towards animals and plants in general and rare ones in particular.
The second edition of the Red Book of the USSR was carried out in 1984. It was much more voluminous, the first volume "Animals" included new large sections: a class of fish was added from vertebrates, invertebrates were included for the first time. The Red Book of Plants was the second volume.
The Red Book of Russia
Work continues on the Red Data Book of Russia. The official basis for its creation is now the Law "On the Fauna" (1995) and the Government Decree of 1996. In particular, it declares that the Red Book of the Russian Federation is an official document containing a set of information about rare and endangered species of animals and plants, as well as the necessary measures for their protection and restoration.
Legal protection of animals
The legal basis for the environmental protection activities of the state in this area are the Law of the RSFSR "On the Protection and Use of Wildlife", as well as hunting and fishing legislation.
The main requirements that must be observed when planning and implementing measures that may affect the habitat of animals and the state of the animal world are fixed in Art. 8 of the Law. These requirements include: the need to preserve the species diversity of animals in a state of natural freedom; protection of the Habitat, breeding conditions and migration routes of animals; preservation of the integrity of natural animal communities; scientifically substantiated rational use and reproduction of the animal world; regulation of the number of animals in order to protect public health and prevent damage to the national economy. The last requirement is provided for by Art. 18 of the law, which states that measures to regulate the number of certain species of animals must be carried out in humane ways, excluding harm to other species of animals and ensuring the safety of the Animal Habitat.
Measures for the protection of wildlife are recorded in Art. 21 laws. Some requirements are specified in other articles of the Law. Thus, the requirement to protect the habitat, breeding conditions and migration routes is specified in relation to economic activity, namely: when placing, designing, building settlements, enterprises, structures and other objects, improving existing and introducing new technological processes, introducing into economic circulation virgin lands, wetlands, coastal and shrublands, land reclamation, forest use, geological exploration, mining, determining grazing and driving farm animals, developing tourist routes and organizing places for mass recreation of the population, as well as when placing, the design and construction of railways, highways, pipelines and other transport routes, power transmission and communication lines, canals, dams and other hydraulic structures, measures must be taken to meet this requirement.
In accordance with Art. 24 of the law, enterprises and citizens are obliged to take measures to prevent the death of animals during agricultural, logging and other work, as well as during the operation of vehicles. Without the implementation of such measures, it is prohibited to burn dry vegetation, store materials, raw materials and production waste.
In order to protect the animal world, a stricter regime for the use of animals in reserves, wildlife sanctuaries and other specially protected areas is established. Here, types of use of the animal world and other responsibility incompatible with the goals of conservation are prohibited.
Of great importance is the protection of rare and endangered species of animals. Such animals are listed in the Red Book. Actions that could lead to the death of these animals, a reduction in their numbers or a violation of their habitat are not allowed. In the case when the reproduction of rare and endangered species of animals is impossible in natural conditions, the specially authorized state bodies for the protection and regulation of the use of wildlife must take measures to create the necessary conditions for breeding these species of animals. Their acquisition and removal for breeding in specially created conditions and subsequent release to freedom for research purposes, for the creation and replenishment of zoological collections is allowed with a special permit issued by specially authorized state bodies for the protection and regulation of the use of wildlife.
Fauna as an object of the ecological and legal regime.
The object of use and protection are only wild animals (mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibious fish, as well as mollusks, insects, etc.) living in a state of natural freedom on land, in water, atmosphere, soil, permanently or temporarily inhabiting the territory of the country . Agricultural and other domestic animals, as well as wild animals kept in captivity or semi-captivity for economic, cultural, scientific, aesthetic or other purposes are not such an object. They are property owned by the state, cooperative, public organizations, citizens, and are used and protected in accordance with the legislation relating to state and personal property.
A feature of the animal world is that this object is renewable, but for this it is necessary to comply with certain conditions directly related to the protection of animals. In the event of extermination, violation of the conditions for their existence, certain species of animals may finally disappear, and their renewal will be impossible. And vice versa, maintaining the conditions for the existence of the animal world, regulating the number of animals, taking measures to breed endangered species contribute to their restoration and renewal. The animal world lends itself to transformative human activity: it is possible to domesticate wild animals, cross and breed new species, grow certain species of animals in artificial conditions and resettle them in their natural habitats.
Conclusion
The largest Russian scientist, academician V.I. Vernadsky more than half a century ago noted that the power of human activity can be compared with the geological force of the Earth, which raises mountain ranges, lowers continents, moves continents, etc. Since that time, humanity has gone far ahead, and therefore the power of man has increased a thousand times. Now one enterprise - the Chernobyl nuclear power plant - has caused irreparable harm to a huge region, which is connected by inextricable eco-ties not only with a separate continent, but is also of great importance for life on Earth, changes in planetary processes.
Since the relationship of people to nature exists only through production relations, environmental management is associated in each country with significant socio-economic relations in it. The difference in socio-economic systems, which also determine the difference in environmental and legal regulation of various countries, requires a careful analysis of law enforcement practice.
The growing threat of an ecological catastrophe on a global scale causes an awareness of the urgent need to rationalize environmental management and coordinate efforts in environmental protection within the entire international community.
Recently, irreversible changes have taken place in our country - the USSR collapsed, and allied structures disappeared. The formation of sovereign states with the heaviest ecological legacy should make us think about creating a single ecological space to overcome the ecological crisis. It is in unification that the path to solving all the environmental problems facing the republics is found.
Mankind, in its striving to improve the conditions of existence, is constantly increasing the pace of material production, without thinking about the consequences. For example, modern man has increased the amount of pollutants familiar to nature so much that it does not have time to process them. Moreover, it began to produce such pollution, for the processing of which there are no corresponding species in nature yet, and for some pollution, for example, radioactive, they will never appear. Therefore, the "refusal" of the biosphere to process the fruits of human activity will inevitably act as an ever-growing ultimatum factor in relation to man. Therefore, the future of man as a biological species is predictable: an ecological crisis and a decline in numbers.
Bibliography:
1. I. Akimushkin "Animal World"; "Red Book of Animals"
2. N.A.Gladkov, A.V.Mikheev, V.M.Galushkin "Nature Protection"
3. Ya.S.Rusanov "Hunting and protection of fauna"
4. V.V. Dezhkin "Hunting and conservation"
5. Law of the RSFSR "On the Protection and Use of Wildlife"
6. I. Akimushkin "Animal World"; "Red Book of Animals"
7. General biology. Reference materials. M., Bustard, 1995.
8. General biology. Textbook for secondary specialized educational institutions. S.G. Mamontov, V.B. Zakharov, M., Higher School 2000
Order writing a unique work 1.
The value of plants for humans
The main types of vegetation and their
spreading
Plants play a vital role in nature. Thanks to photosynthesis, they ensure the existence of life on Earth. As producers, plants form organic substances from inorganic substances. Photosynthesis in plants on Earth occurs everywhere, so its total effect is colossal. According to rough estimates, land vegetation annually assimilates 20-30 billion tons of carbon, about the same amount consumes the phytoplankton of the oceans. For 300 years, the plants of our planet absorb as much carbon as the total amount of it contained in the atmosphere and water. At the same time, plants annually form about 177 billion tons of organic matter, and the annual chemical energy of photosynthesis products is 100 times greater than the energy generation by all power plants in the world. All atmospheric oxygen passes through living organisms in about 2000 years, and plants use and decompose all the water of our planet in about 2 million years.
Of all the plant resources of the Earth, forests are the most important in nature and life. They suffered the most from economic activity and became the object of protection earlier than others.
Forests, including those planted by people, occupy an area of about 40 million km2, or about 1/3 of the land surface. The planet has 30% coniferous and 70% deciduous forests. Forests have an impact on all components of the biosphere, play a huge environmental role (Fig. 127).
The forest is used in various sectors of the national economy (Fig. 128). It serves as a source of chemicals obtained during the processing of wood, bark, needles. The forest supplies raw materials for over 20 thousand articles and products.
Rice. 127. The role of the forest in nature
Almost half of the wood produced in the world is used for fuel, and a third goes to the production of building materials. Lack of wood is acutely felt in all industrialized countries. In recent decades, the forests of recreational and sanitary-resort areas have acquired great importance.
Causes and consequences of deforestation. Deforestation began at the dawn of human society and increased as it developed, as the need for timber and other forest products increased rapidly. Over the past 10 thousand years, 2/3 of forests have been reduced on Earth. Therefore, they say: forests precede man, deserts accompany him. Over historical time, about 500 million hectares have turned from forests into barren deserts. Forests are being destroyed so quickly that the areas of clearings significantly exceed the areas of planting trees. To date, about 1/2 of their original area has been reduced in the zone of mixed and broad-leaved forests, in the Mediterranean subtropics - 80%, in the zones of monsoon rains - 90%.
On the Great Chinese and Indo-Gangetic plains, forests have survived only on 5% of their former distribution. Tropical rainforests are being cut down and shrinking at a rate of about 26 hectares per minute, and there are fears that they will disappear in 25 years. The cut areas of the tropical rainforest are not restored, and in their place unproductive shrub formations are formed, and with severe soil erosion, desertification occurs.
In connection with deforestation, the water content of rivers is reduced, lakes dry up, the level of groundwater drops, soil erosion increases, the climate becomes more arid and continental, droughts and dust storms often occur.
Protection and restoration of forests. The main task of forest protection is their rational use and restoration. It is important to increase the productivity of forests, protect them from fires and pests.
With proper forest management, felling in some areas should be repeated after 80-100 years, when the forest reaches full maturity. In many central regions of European Russia, they are forced to return to re-cutting much earlier. Exceeding the felling norms has led to the fact that in many areas the forests have lost their climate-forming and water-regulating value. The proportion of small-leaved forests has increased significantly.
Another important forest conservation measure is the control of timber loss. The greatest losses occur during the harvesting of timber. There are many branches and needles left at the cutting sites, which can be used to prepare coniferous flour - the basis of vitamin and protein concentrates for livestock. These wastes are promising for obtaining essential oils.
Part of the wood is lost during timber rafting. In some years, so many logs are carried into the northern seas by the rivers that in the Scandinavian countries there are special ships for catching them and industries for processing them. At present, the irrational alloying of logs without combining them into rafts is prohibited on large rivers. Near the enterprises of the woodworking industry, factories for the production of furniture from fibreboard are being built.
The most important condition for the conservation of forest resources is timely reforestation. Only a third of the forests cut down annually in Russia are restored naturally, the rest require special measures for their renewal. At the same time, on 50% of the area, only measures to promote natural regeneration are sufficient, on the other, sowing and planting trees are necessary. Weak reforestation is often associated with the cessation of self-seeding, the destruction of undergrowth, soil destruction during logging and timber transportation. Clearing them of plant rags, branches, bark, needles remaining after felling has a positive effect on the restoration of forests.
Drainage reclamation plays an important role in reforestation: planting trees, shrubs and grasses that improve the soil. This contributes to the rapid growth of trees and improves the quality of wood. Forest productivity is increased by sowing perennial lupine between rows of pine, spruce, and oak plantations.
In clearings where natural reforestation does not occur, after loosening the soil, seeds are sown or seedlings grown in nurseries are planted. They also restore forests in burnt areas and clearings. In such areas, highly productive specially selected and bred varieties of trees are planted.
Among forest protection measures, fire fighting is of great importance. The fire completely or partially destroys the forest biocenosis. A different type of vegetation develops in the forest fires, and the animal population changes completely.
Fires cause great damage, destroying plants, game animals, other forest products: mushrooms, berries, medicinal plants. The main cause of fires is the careless handling of fire by a person: unextinguished fires, matches, cigarette butts.
Agricultural burnings, fire cleaning of cutting areas, flames and sparks from the exhaust pipes of tractors and motor vehicles, pipes of diesel locomotives are of great danger for the occurrence of fires. Up to 97% of forest fires are caused by humans. Therefore, among the measures to combat fires, an important place should be occupied by fire propaganda among the population. In the forests, fire-fighting cutting areas, strips, ditches are created, fire-fighting roads are laid, cutting areas are cleaned and sanitary cuttings are carried out. In the forest areas there is a watchdog service to detect fires. When extinguishing forest fires, aviation brigades are used, sometimes military units and the entire population are mobilized to fight fires.
The use of bacteria has become widespread. Entobacterin and dendrobacillin are used as bacterial preparations in our country. The first was created on the basis of bacteria isolated from the caterpillars of the bee moth. It causes the death of many insect pests of the forest. The second is prepared from a spore culture of bacteria obtained from Siberian silkworm caterpillars. It is specifically designed to combat this pest. Both drugs are used in the form of a dry powder.
Methods for using viruses and fungi to control forest pests have not yet been sufficiently developed. To control pests of forest plants, it is useful to attract insectivorous birds. They can regulate the number of insects, preventing their mass reproduction. To attract birds, favorable conditions are created for them: they hang artificial nests, feed them.
Biological pest control methods are cheap, harmless, effective, and last a long time. They should be combined with other methods so that together they represent a unified forest protection system.
Protection of economically valuable and rare plant species. The protection of economically valuable and rare plant species consists in a rational, standardized collection that excludes their depletion. Under the direct and indirect influence of man, many plant species have become rare, many are threatened with extinction. Such species are listed in the Red Books. The Red Book of the Russian Federation (1983) contains 533 species (Fig. 130). Among them are the following: water chestnut, lotus, serrated oak, Colchis boxwood, pitsundekaya pine, mainland aralia, yew berry, holly, ginseng, zamaniha. All of them need strict protection, it is forbidden to collect them, cause any other damage (trampling, grazing, etc.).
The protection of rare plant species is most effective in nature reserves and sanctuaries. So, the lotus is protected in the Astrakhan Reserve, the South Khanka Reserve and on about. Putyatin.
Rare plant species are bred in botanical gardens and other scientific institutions. Here, plants preserved for a long time serve as a reserve for their restoration in nature.
Listing a species in the Red Book is a signal of a danger that threatens its existence. The Red Book is the most important document containing a description of the current state of rare species, the reasons for their plight and the main measures to save them.
Examples and additional information
1. Plants give a person proteins, fats, carbohydrates, mineral salts, vitamins. Almost all the vitamins a person needs, he gets from green plants ready. Man, like other animals, cannot synthesize them in his body. The exception is vitamins A and D, which are synthesized in the human body, but their formation requires the so-called provitamins, which are of plant origin.
2. Tree plantations purify the air of cities and towns from dust, harmful gases, soot, protect residents from noise. Many coniferous trees emit special substances - phytoncides that kill pathogens. One hectare of spruce plantations can retain up to 32 tons of dust per year in crowns, up to 35 tons of dust in pine trees, up to 43 tons of elm, and up to 54 tons of oak. The dust content in the air on a green street is 3 times less than on a street without trees. Beech plantings are the most effective, each hectare of which holds up to 68 tons of dust per year.
3. White acacia during the growing season can absorb 69 g of sulfur dioxide (in terms of 1 kg of dry leaves), common elm - 39, narrow-leaved sucker - 87, black poplar - 157 g. Carbon monoxide is actively absorbed by maple, alder, aspen, spruce .
4. Of the huge number of plant species, man uses only a small part for his needs: only 2.5 thousand out of 500 thousand species of higher plants. Of the world fund of higher plants, 2.5 thousand species are used for medicinal purposes. They are harvested about 20 thousand tons per year. Tanning, essential oil, dyeing and other useful plants are used in industry. Many species are used as ornamental plantings, honey plants. Useful side products of forests should be taken into account: mushrooms, berries, nuts.
5. The concern of the whole world is caused by the intensive felling of evergreen tropical forests. Twenty years ago, tropical forests were disappearing at a rate of 21 hectares per minute; now this process has accelerated to 26 hectares per minute.
6. The forest cover of the area in 5-6% provides protection of fields from dry winds and erosion, 8-10% allows you to get commercial wood, 10-15% - business and construction, 15-25% creates conditions for the development of the local woodworking industry, and with more high forest cover allow the export of timber outside the territory. In many areas, forestry activities are carried out in violation of these standards.
Questions.
1. What is the role and place of plants in circulation substances in nature?
2. Why are forest fires dangerous and what are the measures to combat them?
3. What do you know about the damage caused by insects to the forest, and what are the measures to combat them?
4. Why is the protection of vegetation at the same time the fight against accelerated soil erosion?
5. Why is the prohibitive protection of plant resources irrational and why should they be protected in the process of use?
6. Why is it necessary to conserve rare and endangered plant species and how is this done?
Exercise.
Based on vegetation maps, establish the ratio of the main types of forests in your area, the ratio of natural vegetation to the area of agricultural land, settlements, and extractive industries. Express your opinion on the prospects for further economic development of the region and the preservation of natural vegetation.
Topics for discussions.
1. Discuss what would happen if a person completely cut down all the forests on Earth, replacing them with fields and pastures. What are the reasons for deforestation in Russia?
2. Recall and discuss the history of forest use in your area. During the discussion, establish whether they are used correctly.
3. Is it possible to save forests without reducing timber production?
4. Are there rare valuable plants in the area where you live? Name them. What is their value? Discuss how they are protected and what measures should be taken to preserve them.
5. Discuss why managing mature forests contributes to their conservation and sustainable development.
Chernova N. M., Fundamentals of ecology: Proc. days 10 (11) class. general education textbook institutions / N. M. Chernova, V. M. Galushin, V. M. Konstantinov; Ed. N. M. Chernova. - 6th ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, 2002. - 304 p.
Planning lessons on ecology online, tasks and answers by class, homework on ecology grade 10
Introduction
The basis of territorial nature protection in Russia is the system of specially protected natural areas (SPNA). The status of protected areas is currently determined by the Federal Law "On Specially Protected Natural Territories", adopted by the State Duma on February 15, 1995. According to the Law "Specially Protected Natural Territories - plots of land, water surface and air space above them, where natural complexes and objects are located, which have their environmental, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, recreational and health-improving significance, which are withdrawn by decisions of state authorities in whole or in part from economic use, and for which a special protection regime has been established.
Russia inherited from the USSR a rather complex system of categories of protected areas, which was formed evolutionarily. The Law distinguishes the following categories: state nature reserves, including biosphere ones, national parks, natural parks, state nature reserves, natural monuments, dendrological parks and botanical gardens, medical and recreational areas and resorts.
Among these territories, only nature reserves, national parks, and sanctuaries of federal significance have a federal status (reserves can also be local); other forms of territory protection usually have a local status and are not considered here. In addition, the Law postulates the possibility of creating other categories of protected areas, which is already being implemented. Traditionally, nature reserves are the highest form of protection of natural areas in our country.
The purpose of my essay is: to consider the protection and protection of the plant world. To achieve the goal, we define the following tasks:
- consider environmental pollution,
- describe in detail the protection and protection of the plant world,
- to characterize the regulation of the quality of the natural environment.
Forests play a central role in nature and in human life. Russia is rich in forests. No country has large timber reserves. The total area of forests in Russia today is a significant part of all the forests of the Earth. As an object of nature, forests, in accordance with forest legislation, are large, large tree communities with connected tree crowns. Forests are an important economic resource. Forests also perform a climate-regulating role, produce oxygen, they are called the "lungs of the planet". Small groups of trees, single trees, forest belts do not belong to forests, although they also play a protective role (from wind and water erosion). Other vegetation - trees and shrubs, not classified as forests (for example, fruit plants, medicinal herbs, algae, other aquatic vegetation, berries, mushrooms and other gifts of the forest, steppe feather grasses, cacti, forest belts).
1. The value of plants and forests in human life.
Plants are a source of food and clothing. They serve as medicinal and chemical raw materials, building materials.
The most responsible role in human life is assigned to the forest. It produces 60% of biologically active oxygen. Thanks to photosynthesis, green plants enrich the atmosphere with oxygen and purify the air from excess carbon dioxide. Together with other ecological systems, the forest maintains equilibrium in the oxygen content in the atmosphere. One medium-sized tree in 24 hours restores the amount of oxygen that is necessary for the breathing of three people during the day.
The forest improves the climate of the surface layer of air, softens sharp fluctuations in temperature, accumulates and stores moisture, increases its turnover in nature, traps wind and protects fields from destructive dry winds and dust storms. The forest prevents destructive mountain mudflows, which are a terrible disaster for humans; it protects the soil from flushing and erosion, the formation of ravines.
Over the past 100 forests, the area of forests on earth has halved. About 20 hectares of forest are cut down every minute in the world.
Forests are dying from fires. Now the cause of 80% of forest fires is not a extinguished cigarette butt or an unextinguished fire. No wonder they say: "One tree can make a million matches, and one match - burn a million trees."
Tropical forests are the main "lungs" of our planet. And the rate of their destruction, which carry away - 23 hectares per minute, 5 minutes. trees per day. The jungle covers about 8% of the earth's surface, but contains about half of the planet's living wood. Over the past forty years, half of the jungle has been reduced, now 8 million hectares are being destroyed daily. The total area of forests on planet Earth is 4184 million hectares.
During the existence of man on Earth, 50% of forests were cut down, and in some areas - up to 90% (for example, in England). Deforestation entails soil erosion, planetary changes in climate and atmospheric quality. About 300 thousand plant species have disappeared forever.
To increase the productivity and viability of terrestrial finds, it is necessary: care, drainage of swamps, pest control of trees, scientifically based felling scales, reforestation, and forest reclamation in dry steppes. It is known that it takes 50-100 years to form a layer of chernozem soil of 1 cm. Due to the depletion of soils in the world, there was a clear trend towards a decrease in the gross grain harvest. Every day, as a result of various processes of degradation and alienation, about 7 million hectares of arable land are irretrievably lost, and this is the base for 21 million people, based on the existing norm - 0.3 hectares per 1 person. According to the UN, soil losses due to erosion reach 3 billion tons annually, of which 512 million tons are in the former USSR.
The trees of city alleys, boulevards, squares, gardens and parks improve the air. City air contains an increased amount of carbon dioxide. One hectare of tree plantations absorbs 8 kg of carbon dioxide in one hour, i.e. how much it is emitted during the breath of 200 people.
The leaves of plants constantly evaporate the air, thus they refresh, cool the air and increase its humidity by 20%. On hot days, trees reduce the air temperature by 4 or even 8o.
In large industrial cities, there is a lot of burning and dust in the air, clogging it and obscuring the brightness of sunlight. For a year, on average, up to 400 tons of fire settles per kilometer. And in the summer in the cities, all this cinder and dust settling from the air is retained by the leaves of the trees. Dark gray from dust, they become noticeably bright green only after rain. Therefore, in cities, trees survive only with smooth leaves, from which dust is easily washed off. Trees with rough leaf surfaces usually die. The leaves of the trees seem to filter the air, purifying its chemical and physical composition.
An urgent task is the practical organization of the protection of rare plants. An important role in this is played primarily by the activities of botanists and those who are associated with the disappearance of plant resources. They should monitor the state of rare species and give recommendations for their protection and rational use.
The most complete state form of protection of rare natural objects is the organization of reserves.
An important task for the conservation of natural flora is also the development of recommendations and their practical implementation when collecting valuable medicinal and other plant materials. Any exploitation of wild plants, first of all, should be built taking into account the need to preserve the bases, their use in the future.
An essential measure for the conservation of the plant gene pool is the introduction of wild plants in cultivation. Many valuable dosage forms are now being propagated in nurseries and sown for mass collections; a number of ornamental species have been introduced into the range of landscaping in settlements. Many wild-growing plants of fodder value are used by farms in artificial grass mixtures or kept in culture for breeding purposes. However, this applies only to parts of the plants that need to be preserved.
Forest management work is growing from year to year. To fulfill their grandiose scope, a large number of forest nurseries have been created, and seed forestry enterprises have been organized, in which high-quality seed material is harvested. A lot of work is being done to protect forests from pests and diseases, fire protection, etc.
2. Protection of flora.
* forestry activities to improve the biological stability of forest biocenoses
* restoration of forest ecosystems
* forest pest control, forest fire protection
* organization and monitoring of the state of forests
* regulation of recreational pressures on forest ecosystems
The main goal of forestry activities is to increase the biological stability of forest biocenoses, especially in places of mass recreation, as well as in plantations that are in the stage of oppression. Preference is given to technologies and methods close to the processes of natural development of forest systems.
Flora objects are used:
a) for agricultural purposes (breeding, grazing, haymaking, beekeeping);
b) for commercial purposes (collection and harvesting of woody, food, medicinal, technical plants and their individual parts and products);
c) for social, environmental and aesthetic purposes (recreation, healthcare, landscaping, reclamation, field protection, soil protection);
d) for research and educational purposes.
3. Regulation of the quality of the natural environment
Rationing of the quality of the natural environment is carried out in order to establish the maximum permissible standards for the impact on the environment, guaranteeing the ecological safety of the population and the preservation of the genetic fund, ensuring the rational use and reproduction of natural resources in the conditions of sustainable development of economic activity. The standards for maximum permissible harmful effects, as well as methods for their determination, are approved by specially authorized state bodies of the Russian Federation in the field of environmental protection, sanitary and epidemiological surveillance and are improved as science and technology develop, taking into account international standards. In case of violation of the requirements of environmental quality standards, the release, discharge of harmful substances or other types of impact on the environment may be limited, suspended or terminated by order of the specially authorized state bodies of the Russian Federation in the field of environmental protection, sanitary and epidemiological supervision.
Standards for maximum permissible concentrations of harmful substances, as well as harmful microorganisms and other biological substances polluting the atmospheric air, water, soil, are established to assess the state of the natural environment in the interests of protecting human health, preserving the genetic fund, and protecting the flora and fauna.
Taking into account natural and climatic features, as well as the increased social value of individual territories (reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, national parks, resort and recreational areas), more stringent standards for maximum permissible harmful effects on the environment are established for them.
Standards for maximum permissible emissions and discharges of harmful substances, as well as harmful microorganisms and other biological substances polluting the atmospheric air, water, soil, are established taking into account the production capacity of the facility, data on the presence of a mutagenic effect and other harmful consequences for each source of pollution, in accordance with applicable standards maximum permissible concentrations of harmful substances in the environment.
The standards for maximum permissible emissions and discharges are approved by specially authorized state bodies of the Russian Federation in the field of environmental protection (for chemicals), sanitary and epidemiological surveillance (for microorganisms and biological substances).
These standards are approved by specially authorized state bodies of the Russian Federation in the field of environmental protection, sanitary and epidemiological surveillance.
The maximum allowable norms for the use of mineral fertilizers, plant protection products, growth stimulants and other agrochemicals in agriculture are set in doses that ensure compliance with the standards
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