Methodical guide to the high-speed study of the Egyptian language. Modern approach to encoding signs

This training manual was designed to quickly study the foundations of Egyptian grammar, hieroglyphic vocabulary without a deep study of the principles of building complex grammatical designs, the material itself is designed for beginners and inexperienced users, lovers of ancient culture, writing, Egyptian monuments of writing, spiritual work of the ancient masters, which are worldwide heritage, For children's additional education. What would educational material It turned out to be compact and simple, all complex and cumbersome schemes are not considered in this educational material. The purpose of this tutorial to help beginner and inexperienced lovers Egyptian history He will learn how to make simple translations of simple texts, to approximately represent what the ancient Egyptians wrote on papyrus on the walls of the temples, on obeliski and other historical objects. Theoretically, the hieroglyphic language is not embossed, since the ancient scientists have developed this language for a specific purpose, whatever they can enjoy more peoplespeaking different languages \u200b\u200band dialects. The peculiarity of this language is that it can be used without phonetic perception, that is, without sound accompaniment. The text written in this way can be immediately translated into any other language.

For a serious study of the Egyptian language, you will need more complex training material, if we talk about teaching aids in Russian, then you will need several textbooks, they are actually a bit. The first was written to the textbook on the study of the Egyptian language N. S. Petrovsky Egyptian 1958.

So responds about this tutorial Academician V. Struve: Thus, the book N. S. Petrovsky represents not just a training manual in an independent scientific presentation of the material (and due to its systematic and the completeness, which must satisfy both practical and scientific The desires of wishing to study the Egyptian language), but also a very interesting, prosperous thought, scientific work.

The editor would like to warn the reader that some insufficiency of the illustrative and reference apparatus, expressed in the absence of an index, a limited number of examples, in the absence of indications of the latest source, etc., was caused only by the requirement in the form of first experience to publish a compressed, short course of the Egyptian language. The author and editor are aware of the discussion of a number of problems and the lack of relationship of certain provisions, but hope that this is exactly what is the incentive for further research, in which, in fact, is the meaning of any start.

Academician V. Struve.

November 1957

The author himself writes about his tutorial: despite all the imperfections of this book, the author would like to think that she will to some extent contribute to the interest, which for a long time it feeds our people to the great achievements of the ancient Egyptian people.

This book is very common and find it does not seem to be widden it can be downloaded on the Internet.

A very interesting textbook amounted to M. A. Korostovtsev Egyptian 1961.

unfortunately, the circulation of this book is a very small total of 1,400 copies. Therefore, the book is considered rare, it is possible to find it only in scientific Library.

If you decide to study the Egyptian language yourself, then you will be very useful to the author of the author Ronald Bonevice Hieroglyphs for beginners 2003 Circulation 10,000 copies. The book is a very common author very simple and intelligibly explains the difficult moments in the study of the Egyptian language.

The tutorial of the author also deserves special attention: Alan Gardiner "Egyptian grammar"

This training work can be downloaded on the Internet.

Methodical guide to high-speed study of the Egyptian language

Your mask, wonderful face, will be lit,

invisible Socar, faithful Anubis closes him

He keeps the beautiful face of the righteous

Your right reflection of your left eye,

Waves are now from your eyebrows,

Immortal now on your forehead,

Anubis will be chosen for you for youth,

The mountains will be behind your back

From the invisible, the sokara first Osiris,

You see him there you

It moves to you on the roads beautiful,

Part you are his drowned as a hero you deserve immortality,

Angel Great in the middle of Heliopol will rise to his greatest mountain Mr. Princes Osiris Tsar Nechapherur (Tutankhamon) Honest living sun like.

Education in ancient Egypt had a huge role, without education it is impossible to build monumental structures, temples, pyramids, platinum, channels, and other grandiose structures were built due to sciences that were transmitted from generation to generation, with writing (hieroglyphs), the hieroglyphic letter itself is not when It was not secret knowledge, on the contrary, hieroglyphs wrote everywhere and everywhere. Competent people freed from various taxes and encouraged them in every way to education. In connection with these, the question arises how self-education happened, and which techniques were invented by the ancient Egyptians to study the hieroglyphic language? There is an assumption that the ancient Egyptians have created various textbooks to study the hieroglyphic language, one of these textbooks is depicted in the tomb of Queen Nefertari, if this version will be correct, the frescoes in the tomb of Queen Nefertari are one of the most ancient language learning textbooks, that is, the ABC of the Egyptian language Aged three thousand years.

The word Isis Queen Great Mistress earthly country

Here (this) you, your queen Great Nefertari Honored I give I (Isis)

beautiful from the kingdom of earthly revived!

The word is given light (which) the sun is like
The word is given shiny (God) from the sky

The word is given from the kingdom reborn, the dawn in it floating God rises in the word is given by the flight of the Red Sun

Word is given eternity, life is permanent, well-being
Zenit which houses above
Hathor over the head of ownership of PhiV Mistress Divine Lord

That and queen nefertari

transfer:
That and queen nefertari

Quote: Cleaning vessel with water, Paletka at Tota from Necropolis Osiris

Tsaritsa Great Mrs. Earth's country Nefertari truthful voice!

ABOUT! Foreign creator, teacher! "ABC" see your

I am going to your wisdom, your spirituality.

I have your freshness, your fragrance.

My books are the thoughts of your thoughts.

In the middle of the frog carries my water vessel, carries my palette.

Written accessories Tota, secret in the middle This is our gods, give me.

I, my around twisting my, carry my bundle.

Mummy Osiris "Books" will become speaking!

God, rises, beautiful sun,

Mr. Wonderful of all your craft.

My zenith is done by me! Maate will return fairly yours!

Phenomenon Ramses 1.

Description of the phenomena: the inscription made by Egyptian hieroglyphs. The same text can be read from the left to the right and right on the left, and the spelling will not be broken, and the text will save the general meaning, although on the fact it will be two different texts. Earlier, not in one textbook of the Egyptian language, this option to read the ancient inscriptions is not found.

The stripper Ramses 1 is considered unique, complex in the construction of the construction, during the construction of this object was involved a large number of Workers and engineers, specialists in different fields that performed very complex, hard work. At the design of the tunnel and underground structures, highly qualified engineers were engaged in the design of the tunnel, which carried out very complex scientific research even for our time, the result of their work causes delight and respect even from modern scientists and builders. The result of their work that Ramses 1 was organized is a unique underground structure that stood more than three thousand years, the plaster is in good condition, the inscriptions that the priests left the priests deserve special attention and comprehensive study.

In 2019, I made a translation of the text from the stripper Ramses 1 KV 16 The studied text is a well-preserved fresco, where the dragon's constellation is depicted in a circle of 12 daughters. 12 daughters symbolize 12 hours, in which the dragon constellation is actually located. The inscriptions near the dragon explain that the star clock is conditionally depicted here. In the inscription clock there is an erroneous writing, the inscription is made back in advance. The inscription itself is separated and it is impossible to make such an inscription in error. Such an error immediately rushes into the eyes, I was made to assume that the text was somehow turned out to be a mirror, maybe an inexperienced artist struck the image back on before or happened to another absurdity when applying an image on the walls. Therefore, I translated this text in two ways from Lev to the right and right to lev. As a result, one text was turned out to be the right one, the correct, with the meaning and the second text should have turned out with spelling errors and devoid of any meaning, such as a set of words. Thus, it was possible to determine which way this text is read. In all tutorials, it is clearly spelled out that all texts are read from Toi, where symbolic signs are found from where, but this rule can only act on devoid of inscription errors. After the translation of this one text, two adequate texts appeared in different ways without spelling errors and approximately with the same semantic story that, of course, put me in a dead end. Since it will happen by chance such an effect cannot. It can be assumed that the priests made such a record specifically to demonstrate some skills that they could use when writing various inscriptions. Not in one tutorial, the earlier did not describe a similar effect. It can be assumed that this not a single inscription with a similar property and maybe such an effect occurs often?!

We read the text from Lev right from 1 to 12 columns.

Our constellations are observed, ours, created by everything.
Dragon is ancient Our, houses there she is spinning yours, mine!
I, my, created by us, made by me, protecting me the joy of our,
our starment my tunnels.
Your support will get your heart,
firming hearts Drink your water given to you tunnels.
You will have wise seeds mine!

We read the same text on the right left from 12 to 1 column.

You will go wise seed, my water,
given to you tunnels,
firming Heart Drink Your Support.
my astronomical uniting hearts
tunnels you are my joy,
We created by our, made by me, protects me.
Me, mine, our home, there she is spinning dragon
this ancient Our, creating, our constellation, visible.

Continued on this topic (lessons, rules, tables) I will lay out here.

When decrypting the writings of ancient Egypt, an important role was assigned to inscriptions, knocked out on Rosett Stone. This stone was found on June 15, 1799 by the officer of the French troops P. Bushharom during the construction of the fort near the Arab town of Rosette, located in the western part of the Nile delta. The stone was sent to the Egyptian Institute in Cairo. Since the French fleet was completely destroyed by the English fleet under the command of Admiral Nelson, as a result of which Napoleon's troops were interrupted with France, the French command decided to leave Egypt, conveying those found ancient Egyptian monuments, including Rosett Stone, British. Rosett stone has a height of 114.4 cm, and a width of 72.3 cm. It is a fragment of a high stele. Three inscriptions are knocked out on the front surface of the stone: in the upper part - the hieroglyphic text, in the middle - the demotic text, below - the text in the ancient Greek. Basically, 32 lines of demotic text have been preserved. From the hieroglyphic text, only the last fourteen lines have been preserved, but they are all fourteen on the right side, twelve to the left. Hieroglyphic inscriptions on the stone go to the right left, since the heads of people and animals are looking to the right. T. about., The end of two lines (thirteenth and fourteenth) remained to our time unchanged, which made it possible to decrypt the hieroglyphic writing of Egypt. It can be assumed that the hieroglyphic and demotic texts are written in the same language. It is also assumed that the hieroglyphic text also had 32 lines, as well as demotic, which gives researchers the opportunity to find in the hieroglyphic text of a group of graphs, which are in the lines of text on almost the same distances, which are available between the sludge graph groups in the lines of demotic text. Comparison of these groups of hieroglyphs with demotic text bands would determine the phonetic values \u200b\u200bof the hieroglyphs, as well as clarify the phonetic values \u200b\u200bof the graph of demotic writing. It is still believed that most of the hieroglyphs are ideograms, that is, most of the cultural researchers of ancient Egypt adheres to the opinion that a significant part of the hieroglyphs is not a phonetic.

Demotic writing decryption T. Boshevsky and A. Tenty

In 2005, Macedonian scientists T. Boshevsky and A. Tentov was represented by the International Scientific Community, the work was submitted by the result of studies conducted in the framework of the project "Deciphering the Middle Text of Rosett Stone", which was carried out with the support of the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts. In 2003, starting research, the Macedonian scientists were confident that the language of the average text of the Rosett stone, which they were going to explore, should definitely possess the characteristics of the Slavic language. Macedonian scientists decided that since the Rules of the Old Macedonia for an ancient Egypt for a long time, whose birthplace was ancient Macedonia, then the decryption of demotic writing must be carried out on the basis of Slavic languages \u200b\u200b(http://rosetta-stone.etf.ukim.edu.mk). Their hypothesis has found confirmation in the results of studies to which Macedonian scientists have come. The results of their study was the identification and sound identification of the Syllabic graph of the middle text of the rosett stone, denoting 27 consonants and 5 vowels (see Fig. 1). The language of the middle text of the rosette stone is Slavic.

Fig. 1. Table identified by Boschvsky and awning Sillabic graph

Sillabic signs were written and one over the other. When reading the middle text, it is necessary to read the upper graph first, and then the bottom. However, Macedonian scientists did the opposite, which led to an incorrect understanding of the meaning of the average text of the Rosett stone. In one of the lines of demotic text, you can read: "In what is my God? - Yav and Doby! Jaw what it is. " Macedonian researchers themselves identified the language of the average text of the rosette stone as Praslavyansky. They also came to be convinced: no need to look for the complete identity of three texts, since it is impossible to find it.

Decoration of the hieroglyphic writing of ancient Egypt

Modern science supports the theory that two writing is hieroglyphic and demotic - were used to write a state act on Rosett stone at one - ancient Egyptian language. T. about., When writing medium text and text in the upper part of the rosette stone, one language was used. Macedonian scientists T. Boshevsky and A. Tentov proved that when writing the middle text of the Rosett stone, one of the ancient Slavic languages \u200b\u200bwas used. Consequently, when decrypting the hieroglyphic text, one of the Slavic languages \u200b\u200bshould also be applied.

Apparently, the hieroglyphic text of the Rosett stone also had 32 lines, as well as demotic, which makes it possible to find in the hieroglyphic text of a group of hieroglyphs that are in the rows of hieroglyphic text at the same distances from one group to another as the distances between the graph groups whose phonetic values Do not cause doubts, in the demotic text. The comparison of these groups of hieroglyphs with the lakes of the inscriptions on demotic would allow to determine the phonetic values \u200b\u200bof the hieroglyphs. The decryption was started with a comparison of the end of 32 strings of the middle text (see Fig. 2) with the end of the 14 row of the hieroglyphic text (see Fig. 3). The result of the transliteration of the end of 32 rows of medium text, implemented by T. Boshevsky and A. Tenty, is presented in Fig. 4. The phonetic values \u200b\u200bof many graphs are not quite accurate. Alternatively, the syllable "on" was used.

After comparing these two segments of the inscriptions, it was possible to establish the phonetic values \u200b\u200bof several hieroglyphs. It has been established that the "Nazi" lexeme in the segment of the text on demotic (see Fig. 5) cannot be found in the segment of the hieroglyphic text. Continuing to compare the sections of two texts, I defined the phonetic values \u200b\u200bof several dozen hieroglyphs. In the future, Syllabarium of ancient Egyptian writing was created:

Syllabarium ancient Egyptian writing

Fig. 2. Drawing the end of 32 rows of medium text

Fig. 3. Drawing of the end of the 14 row of hieroglyphic text

Fig. 4. Transliteration of the end of 32 lines of demotic text.

Fig. 5. Lexeme Nazzhoy. Translated into Russian: ours.

It is also established that if there is a sign next to the hieroglyph | , then the vowel sound of the hieroglyph is unwind. Sign | Next to the hieroglyph denoting only a vowel sound, he speaks of stressing on this vowel. If after the hieroglyph denoting the consonant sound with a vowel sound, there is a hieroglyph, denoting a vowel sound, then the vowel sound of the first hieroglyph is not pronounced. The hieroglyphic inscription of Rosett Stone is read right left.

1 line: ... Eli Tzwero Nan e. soap. Tzie Tsana Forewierevone ...

2 Row: ... Smya Tsaia in the Ace Ratz's rank. Not (t) Tsanyatza Batzes, Tsavo Baha ... Nyatsaya Runes and Runn ...

3 Row: Lives Sanace Bazzje C. Viyvi Ntynyavo. Singing, sweating Neiyv. CEMMI C. butnazas TCnyatsevo Tspotz butivo! ECZZHEA NATSZAY CA aboutivo ...

4 Row: ... Current Caie Cystoxy, and Into andin and , qdaba from Avanta Gantse ... Nya Cellaim, Czatsama: Cal ssovo Zhezhevea Neu. Shan Tsaganadse Ts snyatshi ditzyadne. Abovesacem, Abovievi ...

5 Row: ... (Save) Moye Velice Tsanyanoe, R e.tshi ё - rune. Zsarun e.dC Lzje, one hundred CSAAMVO Tsygivtsya May Qia Zhizhavatsya. Nyatsav Tsram Warves! Nytsvyim Funny and Ce Petzmevo Beer ...

6 Row: "Do not be kaaryz yavv, - b buteautical. - Tsa Sizhavnya E EA. " Tab King (Supplies E DC butniasay), Na Bacemia Lick butmu View! (Supplement E) Yu Yaghnya Naja (Supports E) ...

7 Row: The God of Novyy - Tsatin Tsatin. Ocei Nazavo - Tsave. C yimi (not dual, and plural) Bottsy citizen. And Pozienuy Shvyvy, Nidameäevab Betz, sooo, Wari Vybänse (have been violating). Nezimivaria (meaningless) Bai them. Shan Tsakav, Bai them Tsevia Ceszi e.: "E We are the king's sana (Supports e) ..."

8 Row: DSesetsa DzSesya - Tsetska us. The god Novyya is not a TSTI, bo does not taking Oyu, Cytz Sab abouttyva. Isya Zesya Fear? - Bo N. butsaya Tag! "Cezzhai Shan Jeba ... Na Baantivo, one hundred civotsanne, Kama Zhizhva ...

9 Row: MNIT. "Vuvuvita, - Retz e. - Noni Tviye Mostzreno - Pecntsavni Raesa, Warning Tsdna Tssezia. And Tim Tetz TsDNE, Abo Sayaa, the Nyatsnyi Zeacza Nagavi in aboutbBAKov otnomilize ... "

10 Row: "Vna Stoni, E Lavy. Nazhazh Kirey (from here - Cairo - Aut.) TCDA B e.x. C. Avtze Tzepjiei Bayyimienoei. Valtaltsaytsse Tshanyate. Rajennova Reva Dtesbe Cscheim. Bodzavy Yayyo Zehivo. Tsa Schnyatschechen not Beme, Müciynynyy. " And Ye Tsyarszes ...

11 Row: "... Yaveliya". Vyazzhbayimyv Inyoim Bodzeim. Tsezraim, TsE, Bovakhi-Anizzhaza (Bulls-Animals) - Nya Sarea Watsney. Watsevo Nia Tsyliassa Meaews Vyztyava Tsay? Ino, Nizrayim Sa IMM VIMZH. CE Tywai Nyanya Nymyi Vya Raivvo ...

12 Row: Naria E Dzhattsanac) Na Bacemian or Catchean. Vovatschyimivo, Azbayimvia Dza Zinivy. Takes from Zizhiviva Tisch cynicians. Nia CSAIMA Zehiv but. In the Yi Yi b abouttsetsva, Bakh butmia new. Lika Mushavasyne Badzemivo. Tset "Bazzji" - her zwitzmev ...

13 Row: "Be. Na Bacemi Vono Csaacets. Yes, and vius blooming. Zetsei Woni, Zehivitz. Jimova Võvudeti Mouevoniavo, and Tyuba Na Bacemia. " Tsanyatse CE, Ieboyvaca Zehiv. Vyamyva, Shanava, for Nyi C Raimnitsa Tse Nami. ZZKMAZHATSE SH - NN scz Wie - Bach NC ...

14 Row: "Audit on Yanoniai ... Just Abo Diezar Refugeed, Diez Bev. Zezhivimmovac Navonyaevo, for Caetsva Bochminov M yutse, Dzizv sva Tsayea. " Taba, Tsar (Narzayi E DCTC butnAI), NE Badzemivo. Transfer

We now. Sons of believers ...

2. The eyes fell asleep. No veneration of deities. West runes and in runes.

3. And I lives the sun of God with your rays. Thank you, it satisfies the accurates. We ourselves penetrate these praises, saving their souls. If our warriors ...

4. 3000 honors, and we are wonzim, in order to wash away, driven. We proceed, we are not going to you: for the sake of particles we climb. Lives her son! His name will disconnect the generation of Satan, insatiable bids! Both ...

5. We will keep reading it, keep it in the scriptures. The antichrist lies that it has a wonderful enclosing elixir. Besed defeat. Makes drinking my minded beer.

6. - Yes, and there was no one, the reissue. - This is only its healing agent. Your king, who fired her sun, do not see a living person! Your greeted by her Lamb.

7. The gods of new three hundred. Our - binary. With three hundreds of the Gods of the Gods. People worship the demon, the name of the eyes. All tell, tell. Interested in people, talk about your own stranger: "We are the sons of the king, who made her sun ..."

8. This is a worship, this faith is the honor of us. The gods of new not honors, because they are vile. Remember the covenants. Doesn't it be afraid of this, because you read your own? "They are not interested in you. We see that read-read, "they will tell you ...

9. MNIT: "Love, - Recove. - Your deity is only an annoyance for warriors. And we read ours, and that we show dedication. No one dares to alienate our mouncing, taking the gods ... "

10. "She does not moan, breathe. Our ruler runs from behind. So we are sheep behind him, - tell. - Baby crying is trying to learn. Baby, avoiding the torment and death. "

11. ... Her Niva. Already the verb we have other gods. Upper Rome, your gods are bulls and rams, not the kings of the eternal, not the kings. Why did not bow to the Holy Some? And the lower rome with him already.

12. ... the sun, countless Zrimim. Almost, we will thank, we will estimate for this resurrected thousands of sons. Did not rose themselves. We are only gods in it. Strengthen our faith others. Zrimim and also we eremed it. And we, and warriors ... And the deities of others - idols.

13. "We do not see the sun and rays in it. Here are the worships, like saints. We see their image, and we do not see God. " The famous saints, staying in paradise, still help us. God can and our killed ...

14. "Appeared, to remember, the king exile. Here stayed for a long time. The wife, who had a gift over, revived the king. " You, the king, who was blinded by her Sun, do not see.

In fig. 6 We read the inscription: "Tsailet itts but Bolivia. (Left column) Utza us Vanya. Litza NEIM Outshi Abseley. " Translation: "These drugs that are healing. With us they. The way they will promise them. "

Fig. 6. The inscription "Tsailet itts but Bolivia. (New column) Utza us Vanya. Litza NEIM Outshi Abseley. "

So, everything suggests that Egypt's hieroglyphic writing is Slavic syllable writing. A. T. Fomenko and G. V. Nosovsky a few years ago, a hypothesis was formulated, according to which the archaeological and written history of the Ancient Egypt represents only the medieval history of the African Detail of the Great Horde Empire, which established as a result of the colonization of the Slavs and Turks of the territories of Eurasia and Africa . In parallel with the colonization, the mission of the church was carried out, because the "ancient" Egypt was a Christian country. In fig. 7 You see a flaxed shirt with a Christian cross embroidered on it, in which one of the pharaohs was buried. Pharaoh, moreover, wore gloves. Gloves, as we know, is the detail of the clothing that was worn only in middle ages.

Fig. 7. The shirt in which one of the Egyptians was buried, along with a glove.

On the bas-reliefs of Egyptian temples, T-shaped Christian crosses were often depicted (see Fig. 8). T-shaped cross is depicted on the Tsaritsa Elena Voloshanki

Fig. 8. T-shaped cross on the bas-relief in Luxor.

T. about., It can be concluded that A. T. Fomenko and G.V. Nosovsky were right. It is still believed that most of the hieroglyphs are ideograms, that is, the majority of researchers of the cultural culture of Egypt adheres to the opinion that a significant part of the hieroglyphs are not a phonetic, however, the results of the decryption of the hieroglyphic writing of Egypt say that hieroglyphic writing is Slavic syllable letter. You can not see ideograms in hieroglyphs, since in each ideogram, if you wish, you can see a variety of semantic values. Here, for example, a well-deserved Egyptologist Shabas transfers one of the hieroglyphs as "hyena". And no less well-deserved researcher of Egypt Broqs believes that this hieroglyph has the semantic meaning of the "lion". Such scientific research has been conducted for two centuries ...

See: Quirke S. and Andrews C. Rosetta Stone: FACSIMILE Drawing with An Introduction and Translations. - New York, Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers, 1989.

Desroches-Noblecourt Christiane. Life and Death Of A Pharaoh Tutankhamen. - London, Penguin Books, 1963. - P. 270.

Medieval facial sewing. Byzantium, Balkans, Rus. Catalog of the exhibition. XVIII International Congress Byzantinists. Moscow, August 8-15, 1991 - Moscow. Ministry of Culture of the USSR. State Museums of the Moscow Kremlin. 1991. - P. 60.

See: Nosovsky G. V. Russia and Rome. Slavic-Turkic conquest of the world. Egypt / G. V. Nosovsky, A. T. Fomenko. 3rd ed., Act. And add. - M.: Astrel, AST; Polygraphizdat, 2010. - P. 317.

Egyptian hieroglyphs are perhaps one of the most common and popularized options for an ancient letters. Regarding Egyptian hieroglyphs there are many common misconceptions, and sometimes ordinary people simply do not own this topic even in the most superficial way.

Therefore, we consider it quite relevant to tell in brief about the language of Egypt, some trends in development, the esoteric meanings of this language and the semantic elements of the Egyptian culture as a whole.

History of appearance

At the beginning there was a word - this fact is known to many and from this fact is not difficult to conclude a high value of the language. In each individual culture, the languages \u200b\u200bdeveloped in a special way, but for the most part always had the basis of various magical or religious beliefs. They did a tongue not just a way to communicate, but the way of impact on reality.

Such examples are a huge amount, for example, the modern alphabet of Hebrew includes letters, each of which has a secret value. Chinese hieroglyphs possess not only direct, but also metaphorical meaning and often the meaning of the word hidden in the hieroglyph indicates a deep understanding of the world and the wisdom of the people. In fact, almost every language (or group of languages) is very interesting.

From the very beginning it should be noted the characterity of the hieroglyphs for many ancient civilizations. In fact, if you look at the development of not only Egypt, but also Chinese, and Sumero-Akkadsky and written speech in particular, then you can see many similarities.

In particular, the structure of the evolutionary development of these languages \u200b\u200bis practically identical, although in each version there are differences that are determined by the peculiarities of culture and perception.

In general, the hieroglyphs moved about an approximately identical path of development, from the winting image to a more schematic. Thus, at the initial stage in the language where the hieroglyphic recording was used was used only pictures that correspond to the designated subject were used.

For example, the word was really recorded as a schematic representation of a man in profile, and with a word Woman identical. Further, the language (and the written speech in particular) continues to develop and the hieroglyphs appear various additional values \u200b\u200band functions.

For example, if the name is recorded by hieroglyphs, then after the word is added by the hieroglyph "Man" or "Woman" in order for the reader to understand the representative of what sex this name belongs.

How could I write names in Egypt if only pictures were used that mean certain words? There was another direction for the development of a written speech, which was assumed to use a variety of background. Simply put, some hieroglyphs began to match the sounds.

Next, the Egyptian language moved towards the systematization and decrease in the number of hieroglyphs. In order to record long texts, scientists considered more appropriate to apply not a huge number of a wide variety of hieroglyphs, but to use a phonetic letter and various clarifying elements that allow you to understand what sense to read a particular set of hieroglyphs.

Over time, the hieroglyphic letter makes himself up and changing in Egypt to more modern forms of language.

Even in the period of using hieroglyphs there was a so-called ieratic - a special way of entry used for papyrus texts (The hieroglyphs were mainly used for the painting of the walls) something like Egyptian cursor.

In addition to this, a new era is developing a demotic letter, which eventually completely displaces the hieroglyphs. If you look at Egyptian texts made by demotic, then externally, they are almost indistinguishable from the Arabic Vzci or similar writing options.

At the same time, even a schematic demotica has Egyptian hieroglyphs in its own basis. Just with time simplified and became more schematic and easier to write alphabet icons appeared.

Heroglyphs of ancient Egypt with decoding in Russian

After going to Egypt, you can see many souvenir alphabets that local traders sell. In particular, the pyramids and other tourist sites are offered stylized papyrins, which indicate certain hieroglyphs and the corresponding values \u200b\u200bof the letters of the Latin alphabet.

Moreover, sometimes you can see a similar alphabet with translation into Russian And actually examine the way of writing words by hieroglyphs.

Of course, it looks like a bit strange, because whether in Egypt, in Egypt, thought about adapting his own language under Cyrillic or Latin. Nevertheless, the rational meaning in such matches is still there.

After all, in Egyptian language with time indeed fonetic equivalents for some hieroglyphs began to be usedSimply put, a certain part of the hieroglyphs, in addition to the direct value, began to assign and additional purely phonetic.

Thus, it is possible to talk about the existence of the Egyptian alphabet. Although, of course, the source of the Egyptian language did not match the phonetic spectrum of Cyrillic or Latin. The sounds had their own specifics, and some differed from the alphabet usually.

This does not observe something amazing, such examples exist and so far. For example, in the languages \u200b\u200bof the Romanesque group, the sound is practically not used, as if any letter or depthththth is not used to designate such a letter.

So I. some of the sounds of the Egyptian language can be unusual for youAnd some familiar sounds may be absent in this language.

Therefore, such alphabets of correspondences should be considered in a certain sense.. Although as a hobby you can really learn to write words by Egypt hieroglyphs and, moreover, you can understand your writers not only you yourself, but also egyptologists or other people who know how to read hieroglyphs.

The compliance of Russian letters by hieroglyphs can be seen in the picture.

In the Egyptian alphabet, 24 main letters are used. Recall this classification is to a certain extent conditional, since various hieroglyphs can be used for identical letters and sounds. However, there are the most common hieroglyphs that are used as an alphabet.

What do symbols mean?

In addition to hieroglyphs, a variety of Egyptian characters are often more well known. Many words that relate to a religious cult could well be recorded from component parts.. For example, the word Ra could consist of the hieroglyphs of the mouth + bent in the elbow hand, which phonetically gave a combination of sounds P + a.

In addition, there was a separate hieroglyph for a letter, which looked like the hieroglyph "man" but had a special headdress, we are talking about the Hieroglyifa Pharaoh or the king, which would additionally mean the Supreme Divine.

In addition to the specified writing options, there was a religious mystical option that used an eye hieroglyph to designate the RA (something like the all-seeing eye) or the Sun, that is, a symbolic subtext, metaphor was used here. Also, the hieroglyph of the eyes could be marked by the mountains, since there was a common symbol to drown - the eye of the mountain, which was used and as a protective amulet.

Mysticism in Egypt has been developed very significant and each of the characters used has had a powerful charge and a deep meaning. The symbolism of the Egyptian religion is deep and multifaceted. In addition, it should not be forgotten about the development of the purely practical aspect of Egyptian, from which many more modern cults developed in all likelihood.

Egyptian symbolism underlies the set of modern religions. Thus, Egyptian characters should be considered more ancient and in a certain sense the basis for modern mystical symbolism. Therefore, if you want to use powerful characters and amulets, we advise you to draw your own eyes towards Egyptian characters.

Anch. - Probably the most common symbol about which almost everyone knows is a cross in which the upper part is ring-shaped, is a symbol of eternity and is often associated with the breath of life, which the Egyptian deities give elected people moving to the afterlife, should generally interpret As a symbol of eternal life, a favorable sign.

Ba. - It is depicted as a hawk with a human head, symbolizes the soul, but in the Egyptian religion a person attributed to the presence of seven souls, for example, there was a doctrine of ka, which is more like an eternal and individual soul.

Nevertheless, Ba is meaningful symbol, Something like the astral shell, in which the personality can act even after the mummification, as it was believed, Ba may also be contained in the statues that have erected for pharaohs.

Shenu. - it looks like an oval, in fact, it is something like a rope ring that has no completion, neither completion is a protective symbol, the owner's name and the external ring felt the owner of this name from adversity, you can buy an amuleu Shanu with your inscribed name.
Pen Mat. - Looks like a pen symbol and is an attribute of Mat, which is the embodiment of morality, equilibrium and justice, this attribute indicates a commitment to justice and justice.
Udjat - Eye Mountain, is a symbol of healing and protection.
R. - It can be depicted as a circle with a point, or as a circle with symbolic rays, is largely the basis of Egyptian cosmogonia and mythology, represents the Supreme Divine, the source of all goods.

As a rule, such symbols were used not only in writing, but also separately to perform any religious and mystical rites or to create amulets.

How to use signs?

In order to try to engage in Egyptian magic in fact, no long-term surveys and such efforts are required. Many texts are translated and studied and essential part of the written monuments that have reached before the current days are:

gadent books
books of religious cult
books describing spells and perform various rites

In addition, you can use and purely practical elements of the teachings and perform certain. Most of course are increasing for a simple person, but some include only the use of spells and certain characters.

Therefore, if you imagine the meaning of various characters and you can depict such signs, you can easily take advantage of the developments of Egyptian mystics. Recall this tradition is one of the most ancient of the available to contemporaries and has a high potential.

In addition, Egyptian signs are advisable to use for amulets. For example, it is always useful to use such a protective amulet as a shenu with its own name. The remaining signs also have a powerful positive charge and can be used as a personal talisman and for any space, for example, for home or office.

From the most powerful signs it should be noted the feather of Maat, eye Mountain and Anh. These signs have a slightly different meaning, but can also be used in conjunction, as everyone is generally favorable for almost every person, although we are talking about respectful people, since in Egypt, there were significant attention to morality and morality.

Egyptian hieroglyphs whose pictures will be shown below are one of the writing systems used almost 3.5 thousand years ago. In Egypt, it began to be used at the turn of the 4th and 3rd millennium BC. e. This system combined elements of phonetic, silobic and ideographic styles. The hieroglyphs were picturesque images supplemented by phonetic symbols. As a rule, they cut on the stones. However, on papyrus, and on wooden sarcophages, Egyptian hieroglyphs could also be found. Pictures that were used when drawing were similar to the items that they denoted. This significantly facilitated understanding written. Further in the article we will tell about what the hieroglyph indicated one or another.

Mystery of the appearance of signs

The history of the system goes deep into the past. For very long period One of the oldest monuments of the writing of Egypt was Polat Narre. It was believed that on it the earliest signs were depicted. However, German archaeologists in 1998 discovered three hundred clay plates during excavations. Ariperoglyphs were depicted on them. Signs date back to the 33rd century BC. e. It is believed that the very first sentence is inscribed in printing the times of the second dynasty from the tomb in Abydosa Pharaoh Set-Peribisen. It should be said that the images of objects and living beings were originally used as signs. But this system was quite complicated, since it required certain artistic skills. In this regard, after a while, the images were simplified to the necessary contours. Thus, a hieratical letter appeared. This system was used mainly priests. They made inscriptions on tombs and on temples. Demotic (folk) system that appeared slightly later was easier. It consisted of circles, arcs, loss. However, to recognize the initial characters in this letter was problematic.

Improving signs

Initially, Egyptian hieroglyphs were pictographic. That is, words looked in the form of visual drawings. Next, a semantic was created using ideograms. It was possible to write separate abstract concepts. So, for example, the image of the mountains could mean both part of the relief and a mountain, alien country. The image of the Sun indicated the "day" because it shines only during the day. Subsequently, in the development of the entire system of Egyptian writing, ideograms played a significant role. Sound signs began to appear somewhat later. In this system, more attention was paid not so much the meaning of the word as its sound interpretation. How many hieroglyphs in the Egyptian letter? In the days of the new, middle and old kingdom of signs there were approximately 800. With the Greek-Roman government, they had more than 6,000.

Classification

The problem of systematization remains unresolved to this day. Wallis Badj (English philologist and the Egyptologist) was one of the first scientists who cataloged Egyptian hieroglyphs. His classification was based on external signs of signs. After him in 1927, the new list was compiled by Gardiner. His "Egyptian grammar" contained the classification of signs also by external signs. But on his list, the signs were divided into groups that were denoted by Latin letters. Inside categories, sequence numbers were assigned signs. Over time, the classification has been considered generally accepted by Gardiner. The database was replenished with the addition of new signs to the groups defined by him. Many open signs were applied additionally letter values \u200b\u200bafter numbers.

New codification

Simultaneously with the expansion of the list drawn up on the basis of the Gardiner classification, some researchers began to express assumptions about the incorrect distribution of hieroglyphs in groups. In the 80s, a four-volume catalog of signs divided by its meaning was released. This classifier later also began to rethink. As a result, in 2007-2008, a grammar appeared, compiled by Kurt. He adjusted the quadomer of Gardiner and introduced a new division into groups. This work is undoubtedly very informative and useful in transfers. But some researchers have doubts whether a new codification in Egyptology takes place, since it has its own shortcomings and flaws.

Modern approach to encoding signs

How is the translation of Egyptian hieroglyphs? In 1991, when computer technologies have already been sufficiently developed, was proposed for encoding signs different languages Standard Unicode. The latest version contains the main Egyptian hieroglyphs. These signs are in the range: U + 13000 - U + 1342F. Today, various new directories in electronic form continue to appear. Deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphs into Russian is carried out using the Hieroglyphica graphic editor. It should be noted that now new directories continue to appear. Due to a sufficiently large number of characters, they still cannot be fully classified. In addition, from time to time, researchers open new Egyptian hieroglyphs and their meaning or new phonetic designations of existing ones.

Image direction of signs

Most often wrote the Egyptians with horizontal lines, as a rule, to the right left. Rarely it was possible to meet the direction from left to right. In some cases, signs were located vertically. In this case, they always read from top to bottom. Nevertheless, despite the predominant direction of the right left in the writers of the Egyptians, from practical considerations in modern research literature, an inscription was taken from left to right. Signs that depict birds, animals, people have always been turned to the beginning of the line face. The top sign had a championship above the bottom. The Egyptians did not use proposals or words separators, that is, there was no punctuation. Calligraphic signs when writing tried to distribute without spaces and symmetrically, forming rectangles or squares.

Inscription system

Egyptian hieroglyphs can be divided into two large groups. The first include phonograms (sound signs), and to the second - ideograms (semantic signs). The latter were used to designate the word or concept. They, in turn, are divided into 2 types: Determinatives and logograms. The phonograms were used to designate sounds. This group included three types of signs: three-eyed, dual-eyed and single-eyed. It is noteworthy that there is no image among the hieroglyphs in this way, this writing is a consonant system, like Arabic or Jewish. The Egyptians could read the text with all vowels, even if they were not inscribed. Each person knew exactly what sound between what consults it is necessary to put when they uttered a particular word. But the absence of vowel signs is a serious problem for the Egyptologists. Throughout a very long period (almost the last two millennium), the language was considered dead. And today, no one knows how words sounded. Thanks to philological studies, it was possible to establish an approximate phonetics of many words, to understand the meaning of Egyptian hieroglyphs in Russian, Latin, other languages. But this kind of work is today very isolated science.

Phonogram

Single-eyed signs were the Egyptian alphabet. The hieroglyphs in this case were used to designate 1 accurate names of all single-eyed signs unknown. The procedure for their following was developed by egyptologists. Transliteration is carried out with the help of even the corresponding letters or them are necessary, then diacritical signs are used to designate. Double sounds are designed to transfer two consonants. This type of hieroglyphs is quite common. Some of them are polyphonic (several combinations transmit). Three-eyed signs are transmitted, respectively, three consonants. They are also widespread enough in writing. As a rule, the last two types are used with the addition of single-eyed signs that partially either completely reflect their sound.

Ideographic Egyptian hieroglyphs and their meaning

The logograms are symbols that have portrayed what they actually meant. For example, the drawing of the Sun is a day, and the light, and the sun itself, and time.

For a more accurate understanding, the logogram was complemented by a sound sign. Determinatives are ideograms that are designed to designate in the logographic letter of grammatical categories. As a rule, they were placed in the end of words. The determination served to clarify the meaning of the written. At the same time, he did not indicate any words or sounds. Determinatives may have both portable and direct values. For example, the Egyptian hieroglyph "Eye" is not only directly an organ of vision, but also the ability to see, watch. A sign illustrating a papyrus scroll could not only signify the book or the scroll itself, but also to have another abstract, abstract concept.

Use of signs

Decorative and fairly formal character of the hieroglyphs determined their application. In particular, signs were used, as a rule, to draw sacred and monumental texts. In everyday life, to create business and administrative documents, the correspondence was used a simpler seheater system. But she, despite the quite frequent use, could not suppress hieroglyphs. They continued to use in the period of Persian, and during the Greek-Roman governance. But I must say that the IV century there were few people who could use and understand this system.

Scientific research

Antique writers are interested in one of the first hieroglyphs: Diodorus, Strabo, Herodotus. Special authority in the field of study of the signs had Gopollon. All these writers strongly argued that all hieroglyphs are picture letter. In this system, in their opinion, individual signs denoted entire words, but not letters or syllables. Under the influence of this thesis, the 19th century researchers were also a long time. Not trying to scientifically confirm this theory, scientists decipher the hieroglyphs, considering each of them as an element of pictographic. The first who suggested the presence of phonetic signs, was but he could not find the key to their understanding. Decipher Egyptian hieroglyphs managed Jean-Francois Champsolon. The historical merit of this researcher is that he refused the thesis of the ancient writers and chose his own way. As the basis of study, he assumed that Egyptian letters consist not from conceptual, but phonetic elements.

Study of Roset Stone

This archaeological find was a black polished basalt plate. She was completely covered with inscriptions that were made in two languages. Three columns were on the stove. The first two were made by ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs. The third column was drawn up in Greek, and precisely because of its presence, the text on the stone was read. It was the Honorary Address of Priests, directed by Ptolemy Fifth Epiphan about his coronation. In the Greek text, the names of Cleopatra and Ptolemy were present on the stone. They should have been in the Egyptian text. It was known that the names of Pharaohs were in the Cartridges or Oval Frames. That is why champillene did not have difficulty finding names in the Egyptian text - they were clearly distinguished against the background of other signs. Subsequently, comparing columns with the texts, the researcher was increasingly convinced of the validity of the theory about the phonetic basis of characters.

Some rules of drawing

Aesthetic considerations were of particular importance in the technique of writing. On their basis, those or other rules restricting the choice, the direction of the text were created. Symbols could be written both to the right left and vice versa, depending on where it was used. Some signs were written in such a way to be addressed to the reading face. This rule was distributed to many hieroglyphs, but the most obvious such limitation was when the symbols illustrating animals and people were inscribed. If the inscription was located on the portal, then its individual signs appealed to the middle of the door. A part of a person could, thus, to easily read the characters, as text began with hieroglyphs located at a distance closest to it. As a result, no sign "did not show ignorance" and did not turn to anyone. The same principle, in fact, can be observed when a conversation of two people.

conclusions

It should be said that, despite the external simplicity of elements of the writing of the Egyptians, their system of signs was considered quite complicated. Over time, the symbols began to go to the background, and soon they came to replace other ways of graphic expression speech. The Romans and Greeks did not show much interest in Egyptian hieroglyphs. With the adoption of Christianity, the symbol system is completely out of use. By 391, all pagan temples were closed by the Byzantine Emperor Theodosius of the First Great. The last hieroglyphic entry dates back to 394 (this is evidenced by archaeological finds on about. Films).

Rosett stone has a height of 114.4 cm, and a width of 72.3 cm. It is a fragment of a high stele. Three inscriptions are knocked out on the front surface of the stone: in the upper part - the hieroglyphic text, in the middle - the demotic text, below - the text in the ancient Greek. Basically, 32 lines of demotic text have been preserved. From the hieroglyphic text, only the last fourteen lines have been preserved, but they are all fourteen on the right side, twelve to the left. Hieroglyphic inscriptions on the stone go to the right left, since the heads of people and animals are looking to the right. T. about., The end of two lines (thirteenth and fourteenth) remained to our time unchanged, which made it possible to decrypt the hieroglyphic writing of Egypt.
It can be assumed that the hieroglyphic and demotic texts are written in the same language. It is also assumed that the hieroglyphic text also had 32 lines, as well as demotic, which gives researchers the opportunity to find in the hieroglyphic text of a group of graphs, which are in the lines of text on almost the same distances, which are available between the sludge graph groups in the lines of demotic text. Comparison of these groups of hieroglyphs with demotic text bands would determine the phonetic values \u200b\u200bof the hieroglyphs, as well as clarify the phonetic values \u200b\u200bof the graph of demotic writing. It is still believed that most of the hieroglyphs are ideograms, that is, most of the cultural researchers of ancient Egypt adheres to the opinion that a significant part of the hieroglyphs is not a phonetic.

Demotic writing decryption T. Boshevsky and A. Tenty

In 2005, Macedonian scientists T. Boshevsky and A. Tentov was represented by the International Scientific Community, the work was submitted by the result of studies conducted in the framework of the project "Deciphering the Middle Text of Rosett Stone", which was carried out with the support of the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts. In 2003, starting research, the Macedonian scientists were confident that the language of the average text of the Rosett stone, which they were going to explore, should definitely possess the characteristics of the Slavic language. Macedonian scientists decided that since the Rules of the Old Macedonia for an ancient Egypt for a long time, whose birthplace was ancient Macedonia, then the decryption of demotic writing must be carried out on the basis of Slavic languages \u200b\u200b(http://rosetta-stone.etf.ukim.edu.mk).
Their hypothesis has found confirmation in the results of studies to which Macedonian scientists have come. The results of their study was the identification and sound identification of the Syllabic graph of the middle text of the rosett stone, denoting 27 consonants and 5 vowels (see Fig. 1). The language of the middle text of the rosette stone is Slavic.

Fig. 1. Table identified by Boschvsky and awning Sillabic graph

Sillabic signs were written and one over the other. When reading the middle text, it is necessary to read the upper graph first, and then the bottom. However, Macedonian scientists did the opposite, which led to an incorrect understanding of the meaning of the average text of the Rosett stone. In one of the lines of demotic text, you can read: "In what is my God? - Yav and Doby! Jaw what it is. "
Macedonian researchers themselves identified the language of the average text of the rosette stone as Praslavyansky. They also came to be convinced: no need to look for the complete identity of three texts, since it is impossible to find it.

Decoration of the hieroglyphic writing of ancient Egypt

Apparently, the hieroglyphic text of the Rosett stone also had 32 lines, as well as demotic, which makes it possible to find in the hieroglyphic text of a group of hieroglyphs that are in the rows of hieroglyphic text at the same distances from one group to another as the distances between the graph groups whose phonetic values Do not cause doubts, in the demotic text. The comparison of these groups of hieroglyphs with the lakes of the inscriptions on demotic would allow to determine the phonetic values \u200b\u200bof the hieroglyphs.
The decryption was started with a comparison of the end of 32 strings of the middle text (see Fig. 2) with the end of the 14 row of the hieroglyphic text (see Fig. 3).
The result of the transliteration of the end of 32 rows of medium text, implemented by T. Boshevsky and A. Tenty, is presented in Fig. 4. The phonetic values \u200b\u200bof many graphs are not quite accurate. Alternatively, the syllable "on" was used.

After comparing these two segments of the inscriptions, it was possible to establish the phonetic values \u200b\u200bof several hieroglyphs. It has been established that the "Nazi" lexeme in the segment of the text on demotic (see Fig. 5) cannot be found in the segment of the hieroglyphic text.
Continuing to compare the sections of two texts, I defined the phonetic values \u200b\u200bof several dozen hieroglyphs. In the future, Syllabarium of ancient Egyptian writing was created:

Fig. 2. Drawing the end of 32 rows of medium text

It has been established that the sign ||| Indicates a plural. Before him, a member of the sentence has ending-and or -s. In rare cases, this sign is put at the beginning of the word. It is also established that if there is a sign next to the hieroglyph | , then the vowel sound of the hieroglyph is unwind. Sign | Next to the hieroglyph denoting only a vowel sound, he speaks of stressing on this vowel. If after the hieroglyph denoting the consonant sound with a vowel sound, there is a hieroglyph, denoting a vowel sound, then the vowel sound of the first hieroglyph is not pronounced.
The hieroglyphic inscription of Rosett Stone is read right left.
1 line: ... (Page) Iltsyv Rannese We Totsm and Cemen, e two legs fucking ...
2 Row: ... Shedsa to Adtsu and Dzina mini. Not (t) Dtsani Dzcape! TCAME SADTSE C gods ... Nice early We are early, Hell Tsne ... and we ...
3 Row: ... (rays) Lives Sanac Badjj Dzvuimia and Myshnia. Picky, sweating neither yyima. Tzanidsaee, Dtzimnia, Dtznydzayima! EDCHA NADSZHAYA WORD ...
4 Row: ... Captured DzIG DzIG (no ||| - aut.), And we are Wonizim, the dtsdabs of Mohomavtsy, Ganadz ... We are a celimsy Web: We are kalim people. ZZHV TSEN EI. Himya Tsaganj Dznyutshi Dyzzya, in order to Caem Abye ...
5 Row: ... (Sauny) We Jei Velzsez Datamiya, Retha O. Renom. Zsarundian lies to DCs. Dzrezhi dtsoo Mae Dtskhaya Zzhavadzia. Nitsddqjdti I! TCS Nitzvyim Funny, and CE Piege Yo! Clamps ...
6 Row: ... neither bayamy bayama ttsayyai. Tse Zh Ani NE EO. Taba King (Supports E Dzhattsanac), Lika Likzhavaya Badges! (Supplement E) Yayyo Yaghnya Naja (Supplies E) ...
7 Row: ... the gods Novyy - Trey Tsatin. OCA NASA - CVA. DCIM Bo Tilse, Dzimanyim, Appreciation, Vavim, Nadymameama, BOZIMIMY VOI WOMB. Necym of Dzczi, Bai IMM. Yonnie Cycavi, Bai them Spray Tsuzhae: "We are the Sanama Tsar (Such E) ...".
8 Row: Dextschaschi Zesysya us Tsudtsi. By the girlfriend who is not a TSTI, Bo not Dzcii Oyu. Dzu Sabota. Etchi Jesty Boyadzi? - Bo gas! "Cezzhai Yona you ... Badz, one hundred dtsim, Dzimany," - it ...
9 Row: ... MNIT: You are Ts Lovezya, Rutzama, - MNIT. Yeah Batsu: not a pedestal maw either dsavoy ... Bshchya Tsden Czitzzdtsimmy. And we are TEC, Dzzzzzzhadtsa Nicama Nagama Avy Vobba, Nagami Avy Vobba,
10 Row: ... "Caught Nastya, breathing. Nazhazh Kirey (from here - Cairo - Avt.) The shopsade runs. DTCE We are the Avtyma Tsza Dvizim, - Bayima. - Dzitzamya, Scripture, NIC. Rajennova Reva Dzébe Cscheim, - Bodzavu, we Jaid Zwyo. Tsny Nicestschen not be, Mozityinaya. " And Ye Datsya Ruz Sam ...
11 Row: "... Nivai". Byim, Bayim, Bodjyim. Cherezraim, cruviya Boi-Diezhima Zuzzhazi, - Neither Sari E Va Dzane, in Athts. Neither the Ceewoman Tsyusameamameammaammeammaammaammeam. Ino, Nizrayim, Vuzzhaz Self! And on the Nemim Wu Raimvo (ve ...
12 Row: ... Naria e Dztzanaca) Badz nor Catcheani. Vostzbayim Dza, Dza Dzhanetsz Dza, Dza Szizimmy. Neither the CSAMMA is important. Soap yiy burgzds. The gods of Novyma Lika Muzhaymyma. Badge. Zbadtcizh her. And we, and spent ...
13 Row: ... We are a badge on Satzzo. Let's give Death Datsya. Tsimi Tzimi, Zezhiv Tqimma. Jime Mavim Dati, wife. Va Ata Both Fader Dzanitsa we Cybe. Ima Zuzimyun, because Nizariyim Dtsani Mugu Mugue, Totsimmy. CE ZIA Nyo Buggy ...
14 Row: ... Zizhivi, Zhelyo, Nizya ... Mavisa Bo Dzari: The king without a seven. Tzebe, disturbing, Dzannigni. Bo Tsadi Bagmi Novyma - Tsudzi Dtsseioa! Taba, Tsar (Naria E Dzantzanac), Badzts.

Transfer

We honor and appreciate the injury of shooters, to become on your feet ...

2. The very honor of the Father and Son passed. No praise to you. Wear the sun with the gods. We turn and the wounded we early, and the day ...
3. And I lives the sun of God with your rays. Thank you, it satisfies the accurates. We ourselves penetrate these praises, saving their souls. If our warriors ...
4. 3000 honors, and we are wonzim, in order to wash away, driven. We proceed, we are not going to you: for the sake of particles we climb. Lives her son! His name will tear the generation of Satan, in order to with him ...
5. We will keep reading it, keep it in the scriptures. Antichrist lies himself. Chief Syu said this creature. Destroy her! I myself do not give myself to drink this poison, and - here we drink it!
6. They are not a snake, which was said. After all, they do not belong to her. Your king, who fired her sun, zirm live licks! Yours, who fired her lamb.
7. The gods of new three hundred. Our - binary. You honor the border, we read, appreciate, awe, exalted, being God's catches. All tell, tell. Interest people, talk about your strangers: "We are the sons of the king, who made her sun" ...
8. The brainchild is someone else. The gods of new not honors, because they are vile. Remember the covenants. Doesn't it be afraid of this, because you read your own? "They are not interested in you. We see that read-read, "they will tell you ...
9. MNIT: "Love, Rutmen." But I see: I don't have any speech - one more revered ... And we read that, and those we show dedication. So that this family was tormented by the spirits of the Evil, both. Night Darkness ...
10. "She does not moan, breathe. Our ruler runs from behind. So we are sheep behind him, - tell. - And, joking, - NIC. Baby crying is trying to learn. Baby, avoiding the torment and death. " Rus was ...
11. ... Her Niva. Already the verb we have other gods. Upper Rome, your gods are alien spirits, do not kings in the father and son. Nobody hears them in the verb of mouth. About Lower Rome, Horror yourself - You! And in it, in Rome ...
12. ... the sun, countless Zrimim. Almost, we will thank, we will estimate for this resurrected thousands of sons. Did not rose themselves. We are only gods in it. Strengthen our faith others. Zrimim and also we eremed it. And we and warriors ...
13. "... We are visible in the sun. Giving them it. Here are the worships, like saints, already in life. He is velaus to give him his wife. We visible reading these two. But after all, they have consolidated the mind of someone else's, and the men of Lower Rome worship only a penny of her husband. After all, they are not the gods "...
14. Lives, female ... already verbal kings: This king is outside it. You risen, she famous. After all, these gods are new to her alien. You, the king, who was blinded by the sun, Zerim.

In fig. 6 We read the inscription: "TSEN, cycular pain. (New column) TSCE We are Vanya. Litza they walked Abdzili. " Translation: "Son healing sick. With us they. The way they will promise them. "

So, everything suggests that Egypt's hieroglyphic writing is Slavic syllable writing.
A. T. Fomenko and G. V. Nosovsky a few years ago, a hypothesis was formulated, according to which the archaeological and written history of the Ancient Egypt represents only the medieval history of the African Detail of the Great Horde Empire, which established as a result of the colonization of the Slavs and Turks of the territories of Eurasia and Africa .
In parallel with the colonization, the mission of the church was carried out, because the "ancient" Egypt was a Christian country. In fig. 7 You see a flaxed shirt with a Christian cross embroidered on it, in which one of the pharaohs was buried. Pharaoh, moreover, wore gloves. Gloves, as we know, is the detail of the clothing that was worn only in middle ages.

Fig. 7. The shirt in which one of the Egyptians was buried, along with a glove.

On the bas-reliefs of Egyptian temples, T-shaped Christian crosses were often depicted (see Fig. 8). T-shaped cross is depicted on the Tsaritsa Elena Voloshanki

T. about., It can be concluded that A. T. Fomenko and G.V. Nosovsky were right.
It is still believed that most of the hieroglyphs are ideograms, that is, the majority of researchers of the cultural culture of Egypt adheres to the opinion that a significant part of the hieroglyphs are not a phonetic, however, the results of the decryption of the hieroglyphic writing of Egypt say that hieroglyphic writing is Slavic syllable letter. You can not see ideograms in hieroglyphs, since in each ideogram, if you wish, you can see a variety of semantic values. Here, for example, a well-deserved Egyptologist Shabas transfers one of the hieroglyphs as "hyena". And no less well-deserved researcher of Egypt Broqs believes that this hieroglyph has the semantic meaning of the "lion".
Such scientific research has been conducted for two centuries ...

See: Quirke S. and Andrews C. Rosetta Stone: FACSIMILE Drawing with An Introduction and Translations. - New York, Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers, 1989.
Desroches-Noblecourt Christiane. Life and Death Of A Pharaoh Tutankhamen. - London, Penguin Books, 1963. - P. 270.
Medieval facial sewing. Byzantium, Balkans, Rus. Catalog of the exhibition. XVIII International Congress Byzantinists. Moscow, August 8-15, 1991 - Moscow. Ministry of Culture of the USSR. State Museums of the Moscow Kremlin. 1991. - P. 60.
See: Nosovsky G. V. Russia and Rome. Slavic-Turkic conquest of the world. Egypt / G. V. Nosovsky, A. T. Fomenko. 3rd ed., Act. And add. - M.: Astrel, AST; Polygraphizdat, 2010. - P. 317.

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The writing of the ancient Egypt is the most famous hieroglyphic system of the letter.

Deciphering the ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs, implemented in the XIX century Jean-Francois Schampolon, allowed the curtain of the secrets above the history of the ancient Egyptian society.

From Pictographics for consonantism

The system of the ancient Egyptian letter appeared at the end of the IV millennium BC. In the tomb belonging to the XXXIII century BC, scientists in 1998 discovered entire three hundred plates covered by primitive hieroglyphs. This find today is considered the most ancient model of Egyptian writing.

The most first hieroglyphs were just visual images of simple items and concepts: the sun, bull, mountains, etc. Later, the same drawings began to portray the abstract concepts, the spectrum of which was very wide.

heroglyphs of ancient Egypt photo

So, the sign of the sun could mean "day" because the sun shines only during the day; The sign of the mountains indicated an alien state, because it was located outside the mountains. Such a system is called ideography and is a step forward compared to simple drawings.

Even later, the hieroglyphs have undergone another semantic transformation. This time, they began to denote not ideas related to the image, but consonants included in the name of the subject. Some hieroglyphs designated the first consonant in the Word, others - two or three consonants.

It is curious that the development of an ancient Egyptian letter is subject to the same logic as the writing of languages \u200b\u200brelated to the Egyptian - Semitic: only the consonants who are not transmitted between them were not transmitted to the designation. By the same principle, Arabic, Jewish, Ethiopian and Phoenician alphabets were built.

Rules of writing hieroglyphs

As in other areas of art and culture, in writing the Egyptians developed a system of strict canons.

With the linear writing of the hieroglyphs, the stitch was most often from left to right (for comparison - in other semitic languages, words and suggestions are written on the right to left);
Images of people and animals are always turned face to the beginning of the line;
The group of hieroglyphs sought to enter into a square, while at first should be read upper signs, and then the lower;
Detterminatives (signs denoting grammatical categories) were raised after the main hieroglyph or before it, depending on this changed the value written.

Ieratic and demotic letter

Classic hieroglyphs largely played a decorative role. They covered the walls of buildings, sculptures and columns. Also, classic hieroglyphs were used to record the sacred texts on the papyrus. For everyday needs, another writing was required, more simple, and such Egyptians subsequently developed. This is a hearatic letter.

ieratical letter photo

Initially, it was a form of cursor, but then there were features of the use of signs: some were combined into ligatures, others were descended for simplicity. Demotic has later increased from this system - an even more simplified and convenient letter of writing.

Deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphs

As already mentioned, the honor of the mystery of the mystery of the hieroglyphs belongs to Jean-Francois Champolon - the French researcher. This work was not from the lungs. We can say that Champolon is lucky: a rosett stone containing the same text in Egyptian and Greek in his hands fell into his hands; The names of Ptolemy and Cleopatra were in it, according to tradition, circled a cart.

Reading the Greek and Egyptian words in the cartouches and marked the beginning of the decoding of Egyptian hieroglyphs. Egyptian signs in this case denoted consonant sounds (phonetic record). Rosett stone contained the text of the late Hellenistic era.

Rosett stone photo

Later, Champolon discovered the names of the Pharaoh Ramses and Tutamos, written on the same phonetic principle. Due to this it became clear that the phonetic principle was used by the Egyptians long before the conquest of Egypt Greeks.

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There were more than 5,000 ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs. Only about 700-800 was used in writing. The proportions of use are approximately the same as in Chinese writing. But what do we know about this ancient writing?

I will start with the official part of the historical interpretation of this process and that modern story Generally knows about the decryption of the ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs.

Penetration into the history of ancient Egypt for a long time prevented the barrier of Egyptian writing. Scientists have long tried to read Egyptian hieroglyphs. At their disposal there was even an ancient manual "Hieroglyphic", written in II century. n. e. The native of the Upper Egypt of Hapollon, and since the times of Herodota it was known that the Egyptians used three types of letters: hieroglyphic, cheeratical and demotic. However, all attempts with the help of the works of the ancient authors defeat the "Egyptian diploma" remained vain.

In the study of this writing and in the decryption of the hieroglyphs of the most outstanding results reached Jean Francois Champsolon (1790-1832)

Rosett stone - The plate from the Grandiiorita found in 1799 in Egypt near the small town of Rosette (now Rashid), not far from Alexandria, with three identical texts on it, including the texts, including two in the ancient Egyptian language - by the ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs and Egyptian demotic letters, Which is an abbreviated speed of the era of Late Egypt, and one in ancient Greek. The ancient Greek was well known to linguists, and the mapping of three texts served as a starting point for deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphs.

The text of the stone is a thanksgiving inscription, which in 196 BC. e. Egyptian priests addressed Ptolemy V Epifan, the next monarch from the Ptolemyev dynasty. The beginning of the text: "The new king, who received the kingdom from the Father" ... In the Hellenistic period, many similar documents within Greek Okumens spread in the form of bio or trilingual texts, which subsequently served the good service to linguists.

The main obstacle in the decryption was the lack of understanding of the system of Egyptian writing in general, so all private successes did not give any "strategic" result. For example, the Englishman Thomas Jung (1773-1829) managed to establish the sound value of the five hieroglyphic signs of the rosette stone, but it did not bring the science to the decoding of Egyptian writing. This insoluble, as it seemed then, the task was able to resolve only Schampolon.

First of all, Chamumbolon investigated and completely rejected the "hieroglyphic" of Gapollon and all attempts to decrypt on its concept. Gopollon argued that Egyptian hieroglyphs are not sound, but only semantic signs, symbols signs. But Champolon even before the opening of Jung came to the conclusion that there were signs transmitting sounds among the hieroglyphs. Already in 1810, he expressed the opinion that alien names could write such phonetic signs of the Egyptians. And in 1813, Champolon suggested that alphabetic signs were also used to transfer suffixes and prefixes of the Egyptian language.

He explores on Rosett Stone the royal name "Ptolemy" and allocates 7 hieroglyphs in it. Studying a copy of the hieroglyphic inscription on Obelisk, originating from the temple of Isis on the island of File, he reads the name of the Tsarica Cleopatra. As a result, Shampolon determined the sound value of five more hieroglyphs, and after reading the names of other Greco-Macedonian and Roman rulers of Egypt increased the hieroglyphic alphabet to nineteen signs.

He established during his study and made a conclusion that the Egyptians had a half-phase letter system, as they, like some other nations of the East, did not use vowels on letters. And in 1824, Champolon published his main work - "Essay on the hieroglyphic system of the ancient Egyptians." She became the cornerstone of modern Egyptology.

But look at these hieroglyphs and their phonemes:

You do not seem strange that some images are issued for the phonemes? It's not even a syllable letter! Why is it so difficult to portray sounds? You can depict a simple symbol and compare it sound, as it can be traced from other peoples and cultures. But in ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs it is pictures, images.

Translation, decryption, and in my opinion deep delusion or even nonsense of the Egyptologists can see

And from it, you can not make a step towards the egyptologists! After all, all this is based on the authority of the Schamampolon himself!

Look at it. This is a whole semantic row, a generated letter. It is probably possible to even say - it universal Languagewhich can understand any medium of mind. Then the conclusion is reasonable if we still cannot read it. This is just my opinion. And this is doubtful in the method where everything is based on the phonetic comparisons of the hieroglyphs of the beginning of 19V. Changing appeared for a long time. Only now I decided to express it in this article.

It is possible that something technical here is shown here.

Probably only the lazy did not hear about these technical hieroglyphs under the ceiling in one of the Egyptian temples

There are symbols, externally similar to aircrafts, not one of them, probably.

In me, probably, again, the stones will once again fly, that I carry nonsense and has long been translated. Or maybe decinteers tightened the owl to the globe, worked out their bread?

I do not want to fully incline everyone towards the absolute bench and delusions based on the works of Champolon. But it is worth thinking - everything is once again the way Egyptologists say we. After all, Napoleon did not just go to Egypt and it is possible that the rosetic stone is a simple fake. Moreover, the quality and size of the supervises on it does not meet the size of the hieroglyphs of the early kingdoms of the ancient Yellow.