Simplest. Sponge

Sponges are the most primitive multicellular. The primitiveness is expressed in the fact that cell elements do not form real tissues and separate organs. The body of sponges consists of two cellular layers - an outdoor formed by compassioned epithelialcells and internal consisting of collar cells - homeocytes. Between them is a journalist substance - Mesoglya with cellular elements of various kinds.

. A piece of sponge cut to show internal structure - Channel system. The arrows show the direction of water currents:

1 - holes, 2-spopcel, 3-osculums

The sponges have no muscle and, apparently, real nervous cells (in the literature it is reported to the cell sponges, externally similar to nervous.). In this regard, the sponges are animals fixed, almost not reacting to external irritation. They drive through the channel system that permeate their body, water. Water movement is made by collar cells - homeocytes. Together with water in the body of sponges, food particles and oxygen fall; With leaving water from their body, exchange products are output.

Mesogle has various cellular elements: cells that form skeletons - scleroblasts, mobile selfocytes, playing a role in the digestion of sponges, sex cells and some others.

Amemobocytes, known as archeocites, are undifferentiated cells, due to which all cellular elements of sponges may occur.

1 - Body Cage, 2 - Flashing, 3 - Plasma Collar

The sponges are very characteristic of the presence of a skeleton, it has a huge majority of them. In most of the sponges, the skeleton consists of separate small elements - a spikula, varied in the form formed fromlime or silica. Some sponges skeleton consists of organic - Spongugin.

Sizes of sponges range from a few millimeters to 1.5 m.

Very peculiar processes occur in the development of sponges. From the fertilized egg, usually free-laying larvae is formed. Double-layer larvae; With further metamorphosis, the cells of the inner layer are outward and converted into the skin, and the cells of the outer layer - respectively in the homeocytes. In connection with this process, the question of what to consider the sponges for Etoderma and what an entoderma is unclear, and sponges often even oppose all other multicellular entities called EnantiOzoa, i.e. feeding animals.

One of the first marine animals, which people used not as food, but for economic purposes, were sponges. They are mentioned in verses famous poet Antiquity - Homer. The famous ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle is still in IV. BC. Described sponges in his famous Labor "History of Animals". The scientist rightly placed them among animals, not plants.
In Mediterranean countries ancient Mira Toilet lips used the greatest fame. The Greeks called them Spongos, and since then the word Spongia began to denote all the sponges at all.
Strictly speaking, called the "toilet sponge" is understood not a specific appearance of the sponge, but several Mediterranean silknogging species. All these sponges are like rounded pads incorrect form Brownish or yellowish color. Their outer surface is chosen by a variety of recesses and pores. The sponges from the water will soon dry out and become crumpled, light and hard. But it is worth omitting such a sponge into the water, as it is drinking moisture, straightens and, most importantly, soften.
At first, people used toilet sponge only for washing. As you know, during washing people carry out two processes. First, from the skin is removed excess fat substances secreted by saline glands. For this purpose, various fat-rooting substances are used - soap, shampoos. Along with fat, harmful microorganisms and all sorts of dirt attached to the skin are removed.
And secondly, when washing, the skin is cleared from the upper layers of dead cells. It is best that this happens with the help of a washcloths, which were probably one of the first hygiene items. Residents of countries remote from the sea made up of plants from fibers, such as pumpkins core fibers. Especially known in this respect is a pumpkin-lobe with fruits similar to cucumbers.
As for the population of the Mediterranean, the sea sponges were considered the best washcloth from time immemorial to them. For this reason, they were nicknamed toilet. Silicon needles in the body of the sponge during washing perform the role of a peculiar scrub and perfectly cleaned the skin. Sponges were sold in all markets of Mediterranean countries. The most expensive cost soft and tender grades of sponges. They should not contain anything annoying skin - neither fragments of shells or corals, no seaside sand, no other foreign objects.
Over time, the softness of the sponges caused their use not only in the baths. The sponge was put inside the wooden shoes, it was attached as lining under helmets and severe armor of warriors. The ability of the sponge to absorb and pass through itself the liquid was used to make filters for water from it, to collect water from any surfaces, for the manufacture of brushes, etc. Ancient Romans in the campaigns used sponges as peculiar vessels.
The diving behind the sponges was one of the oldest and at the same time dangerous professions. Sponge catchers were beautiful divers. They also mined sponges, and corals, and mollusks, and pearls. Even today, the fishery of sponges continues in many seas off the coast of Europe, Africa, India, Australia, Latin America.
Sponges have excellent regeneration, i.e. The ability to restore your body even from small pieces. Using this property, specialists learned to multiply sponges and create their artificial settlements in shallow water.

Class: Ordinary sponges Squad: Dictyoceratida. Family: Spongiidae. Rod: Spongia. View: Spongia officinalis Latin name Spongia officinalis Linnaeus, 1759.

The extraction of sponges led to a decrease in the number of their population.

Areal

Mediterranean Sea, Caribbean Sea, West Indies.

In culture

The toilet sponge from the time of antiquity was used in hygienic purposes. In addition, in the ancient times, it was considered an ingredient used in witchcraft. The "metamorphosis" Apulela contain a story about the case when the sponge was used in the murder, performed by the abandoned woman (sorcerer) on the soil of revenge. The sponge was used as a means of delaying the actual occurrence of death and, thus, to take suspicion of the true killer.

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Notes

Excerpt characterizing toilet sponge

- And what about the Jews Maria and Joseph?! How is the same Nazareth? ..

- There was never a Jewish of Mary, Isidorea, nor Joseph next to Jesus. There was a leading Mary, who was right before his birth, was here, in Matera, so that he was born here, among the Magi and Witch. But she was late ... Jesus was born a week before, at the dawn, in a small house on the banks of the river. And his birth was accompanied by light Morning Star. Our magicians hurried to him to see it and protect. And his teacher and father came to bow, the wonderful soul of his newborn son. Magi called him to the ground to stop the "plague", which, like a spider, has long been cleaved here for their black chains. And it was the Volkhivi that sent Christ to Jews. But Jesus himself never was Jew. Magi hoped that he would have enough strength to stop the "black" evil, already sprawling on the ground. But Jesus lost, underestimating the "great weaknesses" of a person ... The Earth was not ready for his parish, just as not ready for the arrival of the victims, Isidor. And we are not ready to help her. When the correct time comes - we will open the doors. And, perhaps, the light will enthusiave. But this will not be very long ... You forgive.
I blown up.
- So, what - will you just calmly watch how destroying the best?! .. But it is also your world, north! How can you be so easy to leave him to death? It is easiest - to take and leave. Or just wait. But will you not pursue such a betrayal all your remaining long life? .. Can you die somewhere somewhere without thinking about all the dead?! .. I do not believe in a beautiful future, built on other people's deaths, north! This is scary. The world will never be the same if we won't help him now! I ask you, help me North ...
I was ready to fall on my knees if it could help something. But, I saw that nothing would change from this ... These people lived in their truth, very separate and stranger. I could not understand how they were not ashamed to stay aside, when the best and talented children of the earth were burning with thousands, the procotious gift and dying in the worst flour .... I had sank hands - I could not fight alone. He was right - I had no enough strength.
- How can you take such, the north! .. How can we allow the "black" to capture our beautiful land? .. Does your great teachers do not see what is happening? How after all, to believe in something bright, the north?! ..
"The earth will be still very long and scary to suffer, Isidor ... until he comes to the very edge of death. And always for her only the best. And then the time will come ... And only people themselves can decide whether they have enough strength to stand out. We will indicate the way.
- Are you sure that there will be, to whom to indicate, North? Perhaps those who will remain will be indifferent ...
- Oh, no, Isidor! Man is unusually strong in his survival. You can not even imagine yourself how it is strong! AND real man Never give up ... Even if he remains alone. So it was always. And it will always be so. The power of love and the power of struggle is very strong on Earth, even if people still do not understand. And here there is always someone who will behave the rest. The main thing is that this presenter does not turn out to be "black" ... From my very birth, a person is looking for a goal. And only it depends on it, he will find it himself or will be the one to whom this goal will be given. People must learn to think, Isidor. In the meantime, unfortunately, many suggests what others think for them. And while it continues, the Earth will still lose their best sons and daughters who will pay for the ignorance of all the "slaves." Therefore, I will not help you, Isidor. And none of us will be. It was not yet time for the card to be put by everything. If we die now, fighting for a handful of enlightened, even if they have already come time to know, then after, "know" will already be no one ... I see, did not convince you, "the lips of the North touched a slight smile. - Yes, you would not have been, if I convinced ... But I ask you only about one thing - go, Isidor! This is not your time, and not your world!

Skeleton which has the character of elastic porous felt, is used as a "sponge" for washing, medical and technical purposes. The most valuable T. G. G birthd by Euspongia and Hippospongia. The fishery is developed in the Mediterranean and Red Seas, at the coast of Madagascar, Australia, Philippines, Japan, in Mexican Gulf And in the Caribbean.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia . 1969-1978 .

Watch what is "toilet lips" in other dictionaries:

Large encyclopedic Dictionary

A group of types of horny sponges. For up to 20 cm and more. Skeleton, T. G. consists of a thick porous network of branched and anastomosing fibers from spongugin elastic substance. Used for toilet, honey. and tech. goals. Fishing T. G. ... ...

Large (usually up to 20 50 cm) sponges made of silknogging squad. The skeleton consists of a thick porous network of elastic fibers. Object of fishing in the Mediterranean, Red, Caribbean and other seas. Used for hygienic, medical and technical ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Large (usually up to 20 50 cm) sponges from OTR. Creamwall. The skeleton consists of a thick porous network of elastic fibers. Object of fishing in the Mediterranean, Red, Caribbean, etc. Seas. Used for hygienic., Honey. and tech goals ... Natural science. encyclopedic Dictionary

Type of predominantly sea invertebrates. There are skeletal formations in the form of limestone, silica needles (spikula) or spongugin protein fibers. Bearing, form colonies. Single sponges height from a few millimeters to 3 cm, colony to ... encyclopedic Dictionary

- (Porifera, or Spongia), the type of invertebrates. It is probably taking place from the colonial musculoval flagelon, forming a blind branch at the base of phylogenetic. Tree of multicellular. There were in the Precambrian, the greatest heyday was reached in the Mesozoy. ... ... Biological Encyclopedic Dictionary

- (Porifera) type of invertebrate animals. Includes the only class of Spongia, represented by 4 detachments: lime sponges, six-grade lips (or glass), four-glands and silkinogovogovaya sponges (Fig. 1). The most primitive ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

The most numerous group of sponges. These are predominantly soft elastic forms. The skeleton is formed by uniaxial needles. There is always in one or another number of spongin, with which the needles are glued together in bundles or fibers ... Biological encyclopedia

Class of invertebrate animals like sponges. Two detachments: four-relevant and silkinogovogoy sponges. * * * Ordinary sponges Ordinary sponges, invertebrates class (see invertebrates) animal type of sponges (see sponges). The skeleton is represented by silicon ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

- (Keratosa), a group of silkinogovogovoy sponges, the skeleton to ryy is formed by spongy fibers. High. Colonies up to 1 m. OK. 40 childbirth, let it. On shallow water tropic. and subtropical. seas; all in. and far-earth. Seas of the USSR 5 species. To R. G. are toilet lips ... Biological Encyclopedic Dictionary

Toilet lips, large (length up to 20 cm and more) horn sponges whose skeleton having the character of elastic porous felt is used as a "sponge" for washing, medical and technical purposes. The most valuable T. G. G birthd by Euspongia and Hippospongia. The fishery is developed in the Mediterranean and Red Seas, at the coast of Madagascar, Australia, the Philippines, Japan, in the Gulf of Mexico and in the Caribbean Sea.

Toilet sponge of wintering (Euspongia Zimocca).

Big Soviet Encyclopedia M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978

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