How the definition is highlighted in a sentence. Addition, definition and circumstance in Russian: use and isolation

"War and Peace" is the most ambitious, truly epochal work in school curriculum... It takes many summer evenings to read it, but not all important details remain in the memory. They say that the author himself had difficulty following the course of his thoughts, so he often returned to previous chapters to start writing the next parts without inaccuracies. We offer you the shortest retelling of the famous novel by chapters, so that you do not get confused in motley events and always answer resourcefully in the lesson! Also, take a look at our .

1. Chapter 1. It begins with a secular conversation between Anna Pavlovna Sherer, the maid of honor of the Empress, and Prince Vasily Kuragin. It goes in French and touches on all secular topics (a reference to the emptiness and falsity of light). In addition to organizing a future reception and discussing his guests, we are also talking about the children of the prince. The son of Anatole must be married, and the lady-in-waiting is taken to arrange it. An excellent candidate - Marya Bolkonskaya, rich, but not beautiful girl, which will surely fall under the spell of Anatole (here is her).
2. Chapter 2. At Anna Pavlovna's evening, Helen (a vicious beauty) and Ippolit (her no less lost brother) Kuraginy (here), Liza Bolkonskaya, Abbot Morio and Viscount Mortemar gather at Anna Pavlovna's. Here also appears the clumsy and naive Pierre, the illegitimate son of Count Bezukhov, for whom such evenings are a novelty (he was brought up abroad). At first it seems to a young man that light is a gathering of people close to each other (here it is).
3. Chapter 3. Anna Pavlovna's evening is compared to a spinning workshop where she launches spindles. The author's disdain for light is emphasized. Viscount Mortemar spoke of the death of the Duke of Enghien in the style of a secular anecdote (this speaks of the cynicism of the nobles). Pierre and Abbot Moriot had an argument about politics, and this conversation went beyond the ease of conversation in society. People are stunned by Bezukhov's open and so unusual behavior. The gallant officer Andrei Bolkonsky appears, he ignores everyone except Pierre, he is only friendly with him (here we described him in detail).
4. Chapter 4. Princess Anna Mikhailovna Drubetskaya asks the departing Prince Vasily about her son Boris. The woman is busy about the heir, in every possible way trying to arrange his career. And the conversation continues. Prince Andrew is cold, Pierre is hot, since we are talking about Napoleon. Bezukhov is a Bonapartist, he speaks passionately, which is indecent by public standards. Andrey helps his friend smooth out the awkwardness. It was completely smoothed out by the joker and merry fellow Ippolit Kuragin, telling an anecdote in bad Russian.
5. Chapter 5. The guests are leaving. Pierre is clumsy. Andrey is indifferent. Liza, Andrei's wife, agreed with Anna Pavlovna about the acquaintance of Anatole and Marya. Hippolyte tries to seduce Lisa. Pierre arrives at Bolkonsky's house. Andrew tells him about the dangers of light. Pierre expresses his convictions: you cannot fight against Napoleon, and in general the war is pointless. Bolkonsky partially agrees with him, but he himself goes to war, because he is tired of everything: the high society is hypocritical and boring, his wife no longer evokes the same feelings, and besides, she is expecting a child, which is why quarrels often break out.
6. Chapter 6. Liza comes in, meaningless chatter begins. She also reproaches her husband for leaving and being imprisoned in a village without "friends." Lisa is very dependent on society. When Andrei and Pierre were left alone, Bolkonsky confesses that he regrets his marriage, feels tied up. The prince warns Pierre against carousing with Anatoly Kuragin. He promises not to go. But it goes because it is spineless. At Anatole's revelry, everyone is drunk and watching the dispute: Dolokhov and Stevenson, friends of Kuragin, argued that the first would drink a bottle of rum, sitting on the window with their feet out. Dolokhov won, then everyone went to revel in another place.
7. Chapter 7. The Rostovs have a name day, there are two Natalyas in the house - a mother and a youngest daughter (here). Preparations for the feast and visits brighten up the time of Natalia Sr. They talk about Pierre: the revelry was too large-scale, young people violated public order, and the participants were even expelled from the capital to Moscow. But Pierre still has a great future, because he is the beloved son of a rich man, Count Bezukhov, and will probably become his heir.
8. Chapter 8. For the first time, one of the main characters, Natasha, appears (here we talked about her). She is not very pretty, but cheerful and lively. She speaks to her mother, spreading her good mood... Together with her, Boris Drubetskoy (see Chapter 4), Sonya (distant relative and pupil at home) and Nikolai (brother). Later Boris and Natasha leave.
9. Chapter 9. Nikolai is going to become a hussar. He speaks to Julie's guest, arousing jealousy in Sonya. Nikolai and Sophia love each other, but the family does not encourage their closeness, because the Rostovs are poor, and Sonya has no dowry. Natasha and her talents (singing, dancing) are admired, her mother says that she is raising her in freedom.
10. Chapter 10. Boris and Natasha accidentally see a quarrel and reconciliation between Sonya and Nikolai, accompanied by a kiss. After they leave, Natasha invites Boris to kiss the doll, and then she kisses him herself. They agree on eternal love.
11. Chapter 11. Vera, the eldest daughter of the Rostovs, tells Boris, Natasha, Nikolai and Sonya about their unacceptable behavior. She always speaks intelligently, but no one in the house loves her. Natasha's mother talks with her friend Princess Drubetskaya about the inheritance of the old Count Bezukhov and her son Boris, who is also a relative of the Count. The woman wants to get profit there too.
12. Chapter 12. The Drubetskoys, mother and son, are going to the old Count Bezukhov to bow. Vasily Kuragin, another contender for the inheritance, meets them with displeasure. As well as the sisters-princesses, who live under Bezukhov. All these people are hunters for the count's huge inheritance, everyone sits and waits for him to die as soon as possible and leave money under their care.
13. Chapter 13. Pierre arrives. He unselfishly came to visit the old man. He is greeted with irritation, seeing him as another rival. While Drubetskaya sits at the bedside of the sick count, Boris talks to Pierre, saying that he wishes the old man good health. Pierre liked Boris and decided to make friends with him.
14. Chapter 14. Countess Rostova learns about the sorrows of her friend Anna Mikhailovna. She asks her husband for money for Boris's uniform. Drubetskaya accepts with touching tears. This woman has to begging forever in order to raise her son to his feet. Therefore, she is not afraid of any humiliation.
15. Chapter 15. The Rostovs are talking about the war and military service... Berg, the elder Vera's boyfriend, talks about his career. This is a well-fed and calculating person who always boasts of success. Pierre appears, he is awkward and shy. The guest Marya Dmitrievna arrives and shames Pierre. Then dinner, to which everyone is solemnly going.
16. Chapter 16. At the male end of the table, the conversation about the war is again. They talk about patriotism, that we need to fight. Nikolai Rostov ardently agrees, he will have to go to war. Natasha asks about the future cake.
17. Chapter 17. After eating - cards for men, singing for young people. Sonya is not enough for singing, Natasha follows her. She cries about the future departure of Nikolai, about the obstacles between them, about jealousy of Julie Kuragina, a more suitable party. Natasha reassured her friend. She later sings and dances with Pierre. The dance of Count Rostov and Marya Dmitrievna is an important episode, they danced beautifully.
18. Chapter 18. Old Count Bezukhov loses the last crumbs of health, life leaves him. Prince Vasily Kuragin is already at the ready, the princesses too. Conversations about death, hopelessness and inheritance. Worries everyone if Pierre inherits something. They hope not, especially the princess. Prince Vasily, with the help of Princess Katerina, is going to steal the will in order to forge it if necessary.
19. Chapter 19. Anna Mikhailovna and Pierre come to the dying Count Bezukhov. Drubetskaya leads the young man and speaks sympathetic words. She intends to confront Kuragin and his accomplices, seeing through their dishonest plans.
20. Chapter 20. Pierre, princesses, Anna Mikhailovna and Prince Vasily take part in the communion of Count Bezukhov. Prince Kuragin leaves with the eldest princess. Pierre helps to put his father to bed. He is struck by the sight of imminent death.
21. Chapter Anna Mikhailovna and Princess Katerina are fighting for the portfolio. Taking advantage of the confusion from the appearance of the middle princess, Drubetskaya snatches out the briefcase. Thanks to her, the will was preserved, and Pierre became the heir to the state and received the count's title.
22. Chapter 22. Action in Lysyh Gory, the estate of Prince Nikolai Andreevich Bolkonsky, Andrei's father (here). He is harsh, sometimes cruel and tyrannical with his family. The father is studying geometry with his daughter Marya, but only scares her. She receives a letter from Julie with a religious book. The father also controls the correspondence. Julie writes the news of Moscow (war), her fleeting novel, Pierre's legacy, about the matchmaking being prepared for Princess Bolkonskaya. Marya replies that she likes Pierre (as a person), but she does not know about the future marriage.
23. Chapter 23. Andrey and Liza Bolkonsky arrive. Marya is friendly to her sister-in-law, but Lisa herself is upset. Old prince talks to his son from Bonaparte, whom Andrei supports. The young man wants to imitate him, he also cares about his career.
24. Chapter 24. During dinner, the old prince argues with his son about Bonaparte, expressing an anti-Napoleonic position. They are arguing.
25. Chapter 25. Before leaving, Marya talks with Andrei. She persuades him to be more tolerant of his wife, to humble the “pride of thought” (as a brother can condemn a father) and wear a small icon. With Andrey's blessing, all her kindness is visible in Marya, her radiant eyes make her face beautiful. He admits that he is unhappy in the family. The father also notices this, sympathizing with him, but seeing no way out, however, promises to take care of his wife. Liza herself faints at parting.

Part 2

1. Chapter 1. October 1805. A review of the troops by Commander-in-Chief Kutuzov is expected. Just in case, everyone is preparing for the parade. But it turns out that you have to be in camping equipment... Everyone is nervous. The higher ranks find fault with the lower. Dolokhov, who is not dressed according to his uniform (he is demoted because of his revelry with Pierre and Kuragin), also gets in, but he fights back.
2. Chapter 2. Arriving Kutuzov (here it is) examines the ranks, saying affectionate words to familiar officers and soldiers. Andrei Bolkonsky serves as his adjutant. The demoted Dolokhov is forgiven under the patronage of Kutuzov. The show ends, a good mood is passed on to the soldiers. Songbooks come out and sing. At this time, Dolokhova "recalls" Zherkov from Kutuzov's headquarters and invites him to drink and play cards. The first one refuses. Zherkov is a local jester and the soul of the company, he constantly jokes and laughs at people, annoying some of them. He's also a shameless liar.
3. Chapter 3. Kutuzov talks with the Austrian general, convincing him that the help of the Russian troops is no longer needed (in fact, he protects his people, and does not care about Austria). Then it becomes known that the Austrians are defeated, half of the campaign is lost. Prince Andrew is upset because he is really interested in military events. The rest of the staff only care about themselves, and not about the glory of Russian weapons, therefore they can joke and laugh, which offends Bolkonsky.
4. Chapter 4. Nikolai Rostov is also involved in the campaign. V German village Salzenek is his regiment, and the hero is located in the apartment with the squadron commander Denisov, with whom he made friends. Denisov, having come after losing at cards, complains that, apart from alcoholic gatherings with cards, there is no entertainment, he would rather go into battle. Denisov is generally a straightforward person: without embarrassment of his colleague Telyanin, he says that he does not love him. Soon they come to win. Denisov has nothing to pay with, but he does not borrow from Rostov. Nikolai's wallet disappears. The hero is sure that this is Telyanin. Having caught the thief, Rostov despises him, but does not take the money. But the conversation was with the regimental commander, now Nicholas himself is awaiting sanctions, he threatened the honor of the regiment.
5. Chapter 5. Squadron officers persuade Rostov to apologize to the regimental commander. The honor of the regiment is more important to them, but Nikolai refuses to apologize. Zherkov brings the news of the performance.
6. Chapter 6. The beginning of the campaign was cheerful: the sun was shining, the weather was fine, the officers were looking at the monastery, joking.
7. Chapter 7. Shooting across the bridge, Russian troops are crossing. Crush, impossible to get through. Alienation between hussars and infantry. Denisov clears the way for Nesvitsky from the passing soldiers.
8. Chapter 8. The battle is approaching, everyone feels it, feels the line between life and death. Denisov is commanding excitedly. Rostov rejoices at his first "fight". Denisov asks to attack, but the boss refuses. The battle goes on slowly and lazily. Then they give the order to burn the bridge. There is a revival in Denisov's squadron, many hussars help to burn. The officers looking from the side note that there are too many people, concluding that the colonel just needs to curry favor. Nikolai is at a loss: there is no one to cut, he cannot help burn the bridge - he did not take a bundle of straw. The hero simply turns under his feet, looks at the sky and prays.
9. Chapter 9. The situation at the front is not happy: the Austrian troops separated from the Russians, the strategy of the war has lost its meaning, it remains only to save people as much as possible and unite with fresh troops from Russia. However, on October 28, the French were defeated. Prince Andrew takes an active part in the campaign and feels happy. When the hero goes on an assignment to the Minister of War, he meets the wounded and gives them three gold pieces, cheering them on. The minister does not care about the outcome of the case, his indifference darkens Bolkonsky's joy.
10. Chapter 10. Prince Andrey stops at the diplomat's friend Bilibin. They were of the same society, age and position, which meant a pleasant conversation. They talked about the real campaign, trying to understand why it was unsuccessful. Bilibin believes that Vienna is almost taken, which means that the war is over, and Austria has entered into a secret alliance with France.
11. Chapter 11. Prince Andrey talks with Bilibin's friends. Their conversation is filled with jokes and gossip. There he also meets Ippolit Kuragin. But soon Bolkonsky goes to an audience with the Austrian emperor.
12. Chapter 12. Austrian Emperor Franz asks simple and unnecessary questions just to say something. After Bolkonsky's audience, the courtiers are surrounded and invited to all social events. Returning from the palace, Andrei learns from Bilibin that Vienna was taken without resistance. The hopelessness of the Russian army depresses and pleases Bolkonsky, it is he who will accomplish the feat of her salvation. That is why he is hastily going into the army, despite Bilibin's persuasions.
13. Chapter 13. Prince Andrew makes his way to the army, to meet him with a retreat. On the way, Bolkonsky protects the doctor's wife, who was not allowed to pass; he almost gets into a fight with the officer. This incident made an unpleasant impression on the entire army. Having found the headquarters, Andrei learns that the surrender did not take place, and there is a battle ahead: Bagration's detachment covers the army's retreat, the soldiers will go to their deaths. Bolkonsky asks to go there.
14. Chapter 14. The situation on the fronts is practically hopeless, so Bagration has to be given an almost unrealistic task. The armistice signed earlier helps to buy time, but its conclusion is the mistake of the commander Murat, which soon opened.
15. Chapter 15. Bagration greeted Bolkonsky friendly but skeptical: in his opinion, this is a staff officer who just needs a reward. Andrei went to a detour of the troops. In anticipation of the battle, the officers eat and drink, and the soldiers drag everything from the village. The closer to the enemy, the more order in the ranks became. The most interesting thing is the Russian and French chains, standing side by side. There the soldiers quarrel, Dolokhov, who knows French, is especially good at it.
16. Chapter 16. Before us is a panorama of the future Shengraben battle. Andrei, being at the battery, hears the officers' conversation about death, interrupted by a cannonball.
17. Chapter 17. The battle begins. An auditor comes to see, naively looking at everything. Bagration is focused, confirming orders on the ground and instills confidence in people.
18. Chapter 18. Bagration goes round the troops, with him Bolkonsky. There are some wounded. Heavy losses. Bagration is inspired, he is persuaded to leave the front line, but he refuses. He himself led the soldiers into the attack, shouting: "Hurray!"
19. Chapter 19. They forgot about Tushin's battery. The rest are going to retreat. Nevertheless, the squadron, where Nikolai Rostov serves, goes on the offensive, this is the first real battle of the hero. Nikolai is full of enthusiasm. Rostov rode far ahead, a horse was killed under him, and he was wounded. He was confused, left alone. The French are coming towards. And he runs because he cannot allow him, whom everyone loves, to be killed.
20. Chapter 20. The infantry units were cut off, they are assisted by Timokhin's company, which alone was in line. Dolokhov is also in this company. He performs feats (he took a Frenchman prisoner, stopped the enemy, remained wounded in the ranks), but this is all for show in order to become an officer again. They remembered Tushin's battery only at the end of the battle, then they only sent the order to retreat, which, due to Zherkov's cowardice, was not transmitted in time. The jester and jester Zherkov was afraid to go into the thick of the battle, so he did not give an important order to retreat. At this time, the battery defended itself with its last strength. Tushin, along with the soldiers, aches for everyone, silently calls the cannon "Matveyevna" and begs not to let them down. Then Prince Andrey came and helped load the cannons.
21. Chapter 21. Tushin leaves, on the way seating the wounded hussar on his wagon train and taking care of him. It was Nikolai Rostov. The retreating people reached the camp and settled down by the fires and hearths. Tushin summoned Bagration and began to scold him for leaving two guns. Tushin did not want to let the other boss down, so he did not say that there was no opportunity, he was not covered. But he was rescued by Bolkonsky.

Part 3

1. Chapter 1. Prince Vasily Kuragin turned Pierre Bezukhov as best he could: he arranged for him as a chamberlain, convinced the princesses to write off a bill of exchange for 30 thousand, took him into the world and introduced him to the right people, transported him to Petersburg, closer to him. In St. Petersburg there is no past Pierre's society, because his leisure is occupied by Vasily Kuragin, who wants him to marry his daughter Helene (here is her). Anna Pavlovna Sherer helps him. Pierre feels that between him and Helene everyone recognizes some kind of connection and cannot resist. Anna Pavlovna at the next evening praises her in the presence of Bezukhov. Kuragin herself struggles, but at the same time unobtrusively seduces the hero with her beauty and ability to hold on. Pierre feels that she must be his wife, because she was terribly close and already owned him. Although Pierre realizes that there is something nasty in his relationship with Helene.
2. Chapter 2. Everyone is waiting for an offer from Pierre and trying to help it. He tries to resist the temptation, but he cannot. At the next evening with Anna Pavlovna, he is in the center of attention, next to the seductive Helen, and in his soul awkwardness. After supper they are left alone in the room, hinting to Pierre to propose. But Bezukhov only speaks with the beauty. And then Prince Vasily takes the initiative into his own hands: he runs into the room shouting: "Well, finally" - and congratulates Pierre on his engagement. The hero thinks doomedly: “Now it's too late, it's all over; and I love her too. " A month and a half later they were married.
3. Chapter 3. Nikolai Andreevich Bolkonsky receives a letter from Prince Kuragin, where he announces the imminent arrival with his son Anatole (the alleged groom of Princess Marya). This news does not make the old man happy, especially when he learned that Anatole was predicted to be a bridegroom (and he does not have a high opinion of Prince Vasily). In the morning, the old prince is out of sorts (scolding the courtyards for the snow that was not cleaned for Marya, but cleaned for Kuragin), Princess Marya and her companion Mademoiselle Burienne shunned him at dinner, and Liza did not come out at all. Andrey's wife lived in feeling constant fear and antipathy to her father-in-law, who himself does not love her. Anatole, who has arrived, is mockingly skeptical: an ugly princess, an absurd old man - if it is funny, then you can endure it. Marya, on the other hand, is nervous and afraid at this time, which makes her even uglier. Lisa and Burienne are trying to invent a beautiful outfit for her, but these false efforts play against the princess. When she was finally left alone, Marya began to think about the possibility of family happiness for herself, wanting and not believing in it.
4. Chapter 4. When Marya went out to the guests, she did not even see Anatole: her imagination drew something bright and beautiful, future happiness. Anatole is really attractive to women, but not for his excellent qualities, but for the manner of a contemptuous awareness of his superiority in communication. This also affected Marya. A general conversation ensued about non-existent shared memories. The prince who entered noticed the stupidity of the conversation, the indifference of Anatole and the efforts of Marya. He asks Kuragin Jr., sees his emptiness (he does not even know the regiment in which he is listed). Marya is happy: in her dreams she is married (although the “husband” flirts with her companion).
5. Chapter 5. After supper they all went to bed. But only Anatole fell asleep. Marya dreamed of marriage. Burien was preparing for an affair with Anatole. Lisa grumbles at the maid (in fact, worries about her situation). The old prince is worried about the possible separation from his daughter and wants to prevent this. Anatole and Burienne are looking for a date. The latter confesses her feelings to Marya. And the princess refuses such a desired marriage, deciding for herself that her lot is self-sacrifice for the happiness of others.
6. Chapter 6. For a long time the Rostovs did not hear anything about Nikolai. Finally a letter arrived: he was wounded, but alive, promoted to officer. The count learns about this, not knowing how to tell the countess. Anna Mikhailovna Drubetskaya in conversations tries to bring about this topic. Natasha feels that something is wrong, asks what the matter is. He promises not to tell anyone, but immediately informs Sonya. She cries. And the younger brother Petya is glad that his brother distinguished himself. Natasha confesses to Sonya that she does not remember Boris. Sonya says that her love for Nikolai is forever. Anna Mikhailovna informs the countess, and the family reads the letter, where the son briefly describes the campaign, and also bows to everyone. Then the letter became a relic, and each member of the family wrote an answer to Nikolai.
7. Chapter 7. Nikolai Rostov meets with Boris Drubetskoy, there is a contrast between them at once: the guardsman Boris and the soldier Nikolai. The first gives the second a letter from home. Then they say, as well as Berg, with whom Boris lived. Drubetskoy skillfully carries on the conversation, keeping it pleasant for both. Nikolai talks about the Battle of Shengraben. Andrei Bolkonsky entered, with whom Boris had made friends. The prince reacted contemptuously to Rostov. The same accused all staff of the inaction in the war. This could have caused a duel. Prince Andrew is ready for it, but advises Nikolai not to bring it to this.
8. Chapter 8. The next day, a review of the Russian and Austrian troops is scheduled. All troops are prepared in advance. The Austrian Emperor Franz and the Russian Emperor Alexander I arrived. The latter makes a great impression on Nikolai Rostov. He is simply in love with the sovereign, ready to follow him into fire and water.
9. Chapter 9. Boris visits Andrey. Bolkonsky wants to help his friend in the service - to get a job from General Dolgorukov. At this time, a council of war was going on, at which it was decided to give a battle (although Kutuzov wanted to retreat). Andrei and Boris meet Dolgorukov, who is also in favor of the offensive, so he is happy with the results. The general tells tales about Bonaparte. Dolgorukov promises Drubetskoy protection.
10. Chapter 10. The squadron, where Rostov serves, is in reserve. The fight took place without him. But the emperor comes to them to watch the battle. The squadron is inspired, they agree to die for the king. Especially Nikolai, he would have been glad of such a fate.
11. Chapter 11. Napoleon (here him) sends a diplomat for negotiations. However, this did not help, ahead Battle of Austerlitz... Dolgorukov, who was sent to the French emperor, tells Andrei Bolkonsky that Napoleon is afraid of battle. Bolkonsky has his own plan of attack. And Kutuzov considers the battle lost in advance.
12. Chapter 12. War council passes before the battle. Kutuzov is sleepy and indifferent, then he falls asleep completely. Weyreuter, active and exhausted, he created a difficult disposition. Disputes begin. Kutuzov woke up and finished the council. After the council, Bolkonsky imagines the battle for a long time, how he will win it himself, then he will become the commander-in-chief. This will be his moment of glory, his "Toulon", like Napoleon's.
13. Chapter 13. Rostov before the fight in the flanking chain. The hero regrets that his squadron is in reserve, and is going to ask for action to see the emperor. Bagration arrives, Nikolai asks for the case, he is appointed an orderly.
14. Chapter 14. At five in the morning, the first preparations for the performance begin. Rejection of Russian soldiers and German officers... By nine in the morning, the French are completely ready. They entered from the other side.
15. Chapter 15. Kutuzov gives orders contrary to the disposition, because he does not believe in it. He waits and hesitates. Alexander I rushes him, but Franz is inattentive. Miloradovich drives up to the Russian emperor, he is filled with enthusiasm.
16. Chapter 16. Kutuzov is wounded in the cheek, and the army begins to flee. Bolkonsky takes the banner and leads the soldiers on the offensive. And then he felt pain and began to fall.
17. Chapter 17. Rostov is sent with a message, he is in the first line, then drives past the reserves, then he sees disorder in the rear of the French and confusion.
18. Chapter 18. Nikolai arrives in one village, but there is no longer either Kutuzov or the emperor. He is told that the emperor is wounded. He gallops to the supposed location of the sovereign. He soon finds Alexander. But Nicholas does not dare to drive up: the emperor is too saddened by the situation in battle. Dolokhov with the remnants of the regiment is trying to pull out and save the cannon. He's acting desperate.
19. Chapter 19. The wounded Prince Andrey lies and looks at the sky. The French drive up, including Napoleon. From a close distance, Bonaparte seems so small, ordinary that his charm in the eyes of the prince fades and fades. I was even more asleep when later Napoleon examines the Russian prisoners (Bolkonsky was also brought to them). Andrey regrets the lost family happiness. He is considered hopelessly wounded and is not even taken prisoner.
Interesting? Keep it on your wall!

Secondary members of a sentence are one of the most difficult topics in the Russian language. On the other hand, everything obeys simple rules, which are very easy to understand. What is a definition, addition and circumstance in Russian, how to find them in a sentence and under what conditions are they separated by commas? Let's find out.

A bit of theory

The supplement answers the questions of indirect cases (all except the nominative) and refers to the subject. Most often it is expressed by a noun, phraseological turnover, a combination of a numeral with a noun, an infinitive (looked ( on whom?) on the person who entered; presented ( to whom?) his; I bought ( what?) three books). Additions are direct and indirect. In the first case, they are expressed part of speech v genitive without an excuse (did not read (who, what?) books) or a noun expressing part of the whole in the same case (I will drink ( what?) tea). All other additions are indirect.

The definition denotes a feature of an object and answers the questions "what?", "Whose?" It can be any part of speech, the main thing is descriptive functions. There is a consensus (combined with the defined word in gender, number and case (pen ( which?) blue, forest ( which?) green)) and inconsistent (associated with the main word by meaning or grammatical (heading ( which?) on one side, in the house ( what?) made of wood)).

Circumstance in Russian is the largest secondary term in a sentence. It answers questions of an adverb and can denote a place (went ( where?) home), time (meet ( when?) tomorrow), course of action (say ( how?) loudly), etc. (all the same characteristics as the adverb).

In parsing

The Russian language is amazing: addition, definition, circumstance are not only minor terms, explaining the main ones, but also help to fulfill parsing... If there is a circumstance in the sentence, but there is no predicate that it explains, we can safely talk about an incomplete two-part sentence (I ( where?) home - the verb "I go" / "I went" is missing, therefore it is incomplete). The addition and definition, in turn, clarify the subject, therefore, a sentence in which there is no predicate, but there are these minor members, can also be called ( "Early morning").

But here it is important to remember that the definition-adjective after the noun automatically turns into a predicate, that is, a sentence "Golden autumn" will be a common denomination, and "Golden Autumn"- two-part.

Separate with commas

But let us return to the isolation of such terms as additions and circumstances. The Russian language is designed in such a way that they are rarely separated by commas from the main sentence. Moreover, we can say that add-ons are almost never highlighted.
In turn, includes the Russian language isolated circumstances. In total, three cases can be distinguished when this member of the sentence is separated by commas:

• First, if it is expressed by the adverbial turnover ( "Having traveled two hundred kilometers, we understood everything") or single gerunds ( "After eating, the boy hit the road"). But here it is important to distinguish the usual gerunds from the gerunds, which are more reminiscent of the adverb of the mode of action ( "He read while lying down"), because in this case there will be no segregation.
• Secondly, if the construction "in spite of" (this is something like the SPP of an assignment) can be replaced with the preposition "in spite of", it is not an adverbial turnover ( "Despite all the difficulties, we got there").
• Third, if there is comparative turnovers with the words "how", "if", "like", also similar to the adverbs of the mode of action ( "The clouds, like cotton, floated low above the ground").

The circumstance in Russian is not highlighted:

• If it is expressed by a phraseological unit, which can be replaced with an adverb ( "I ran at breakneck speed", i.e. very quickly).
• When adverbial turns- if they are homogeneous members proposals with a non-isolated circumstance ( "He told everything frankly and not at all embarrassed"). Here everything depends on the meaning: if it is important how the action was performed, that is, it is impossible to separate the predicate from the circumstance without breaking the logical connection, then no isolation is required ( "She sat with her head bowed.").

Conclusion

Separate addition, definition and circumstance in the Russian language is a completely uncomplicated, but very useful and, I must confess, a frequently encountered topic. Understanding the rules will allow you to easily perform tasks of any complexity associated with the allocation of secondary members of sentences with commas.

§1. Isolation. General concept

Segregation- a way of semantic highlighting or clarification. Only minor members of the proposal are isolated. Typically, isolations allow you to present information in more detail and draw attention to it. Compared to ordinary, non-segregated members, the peg-off clauses are more independent.

Segregations are different. Differ standalone definitions, circumstances and additions. The main members of the proposal are not isolated. Examples:

1. Separate definition: A boy who fell asleep in an uncomfortable position right on a suitcase shuddered.
2. An isolated circumstance: Sasha was sitting on the windowsill, fidgeting in place and dangling his legs.
3. Standalone addition: I didn't hear anything other than the ticking of the alarm clock.

Definitions and circumstances are most often isolated. Separate members proposals are highlighted in oral speech intonation, and in writing - punctuation.

§2. Separate definitions

Separate definitions are divided into:

• agreed
• uncoordinated

The child, asleep in my arms, suddenly woke up.

(agreed stand-alone participial definition)

Lyoshka, in an old jacket, was no different from the village children.

(inconsistent standalone definition)

Agreed definition

An agreed stand-alone definition is expressed:

• participle phrase: The child who was sleeping in my arms woke up.
• two or more adjectives or participles: The child, well-fed and content, fell asleep quickly.

Note:

A single consensus definition is also possible if the word being defined is a pronoun, for example:

He was well fed and fell asleep quickly.

Inconsistent definition

An inconsistent isolated definition is most often expressed in nominal phrases and refers to pronouns or proper nouns. Examples:

How did you, with your mind, not understand her intention?

Olga, in her wedding dress, was unusually beautiful.

An inconsistent stand-alone definition is possible both in the position after and in the position before the word being defined.
If inconsistent definition refers to the defined word, expressed by a common noun, then it is isolated only in the position after it:

The guy in the baseball cap was looking around all the time.

Definition structure

The structure of the definition can be different. Differ:

• single definition: agitated girl;
• two or three singular definitions: girl, excited and happy;
• a common definition, expressed by the phrase: a girl, agitated by the news, ...

1. Single definitions are isolated regardless of the position relative to the defined word, only if the defined word is expressed by a pronoun:

She was agitated and could not sleep.

(single stand-alone definition after the definite word expressed by a pronoun)

Agitated, she could not sleep.

(single stand-alone definition before the defined word, pronounced pronoun)

2. Two or three single definitions are isolated if they appear after the word being defined, expressed by a noun:

The girl, excited and happy, could not sleep for a long time.

If the defined word is expressed by a pronoun, then isolation is possible in a position before the defined member:

Excited and happy, she could not sleep for a long time.

(isolation of several single definitions before the defined word - pronoun)

3. A common definition, expressed by a phrase, is isolated if it refers to the word being defined, expressed by a noun, and comes after it:

The girl, agitated by the news, could not sleep for a long time.

(a separate definition, expressed by a participle, comes after the defined word expressed by a noun)

If the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun, then a common definition can be in a position both after and before the word being defined:

Alarmed by the news, she could not sleep for a long time.

She, agitated by the news, could not sleep for a long time.

Separate definitions with additional adverbial meaning

The definitions preceding the defined word are separated if they have additional adverbial meanings.
These can be both widespread and single definitions, standing immediately before the noun being defined, if they have additional adverbial meaning (causal, conditional, concessive, etc.). In such cases, the attributive phrase is easily replaced by the subordinate clause of the reason with the union because, a subordinate clause of a condition with a union if clause of assignment with the union although.
To check for an adverbial meaning, you can use the replacement definitional turnover turnover with the word being: if such a replacement is possible, then the definition is isolated. For example:

Severely ill, the mother could not go to work.

(additional value of reason)

Even when she was ill, the mother went to work.

(additional value of the assignment)

Thus, various factors are important for pegging:

1) what, what part of speech the defined word is expressed,
2) what is the structure of the definition,
3) how the definition is expressed,
4) whether it expresses additional circumstantial meanings.

§3. Standalone applications

Application- this is a special type of definition expressed by a noun in the same case as the noun or pronoun that it defines: jumping dragonfly, beauty maiden... The application can be:

1) single: Bear, fidget, tortured everyone;

2) common: Teddy bear, a terrible fidget, tortured everyone.

An application, both single and widespread, is isolated if it refers to the defined word expressed by a pronoun, regardless of the position: both before and after the defined word:

He, an excellent doctor, helped me a lot.

An excellent doctor, he helped me a lot.

A common application is isolated if it appears after the defined word expressed by a noun:

My brother, an excellent doctor, heals our whole family.

A single uncirculated application is isolated if the word being defined is a noun with explanatory words:

He saw his son, a baby, and immediately smiled.

Any application is isolated if it appears after a proper name:

Bear, the son of a neighbor, a desperate tomboy.

An application, expressed by a proper name, is isolated if it serves to clarify or clarify:

And the neighbor's son, Mishka, a desperate tomboy, started a fire in the attic.

The application is isolated in a position before the defined word - a proper name, if at the same time an additional adverbial meaning is expressed.

An architect from God, Gaudi, could not have conceived an ordinary cathedral.

(why? for what reason?)

App with union how separates if the shade of the cause is expressed:

On the first day, as a beginner, everything turned out worse for me than for others.

Note:

Single attachments after the word being defined, which are not highlighted during pronunciation intonationally, are not isolated, since merge with it:

In the darkness of the entrance, I did not recognize Mishka-neighbor.

Note:

Standalone applications can be punctuated not with a comma, but with a dash, which is placed if the application is especially emphasized by voice and highlighted with a pause.

Soon New Year- a favorite holiday for children.

§4. Standalone add-ons

The additions expressed by nouns with prepositions are separated: except, other than, over, excluding, including, excluding, instead of, along with. Include-exclude or override values ​​are passed to them. For example:

No one, except Ivan, knew the answer to the teacher's question.

"Unified State Exam Navigator": effective preparation online

§6. Separation of comparative turnovers

Comparative turnovers are distinguished:

1) with unions: how, as if, exactly, as if, what, how, rather than and others, if they matter:

• comparisons: The rain poured, as if from a sieve.
• assimilations: Her teeth were like pearls.

2) with the union as well:

Masha, like everyone else, prepared well for the exam.

Comparative turnovers are not isolated, if:

1.are phraseological in nature:

Stuck like a bath leaf. The rain poured down from the bucket.

2.the circumstances of the course of action matter (the comparative turnover answers the question as?, often it can be replaced with an adverb or a noun in the T.p .:

We walk in a circle.

(We walk(how?) as in a circle... You can replace noun. in T.p .: circle)

3) turnover with the union how expresses the meaning "as":

It's not about qualifications: I don't like him as a person.

4) turnover with how is part of a compound nominal predicate or is closely related to the predicate in meaning:

The garden was like a forest.

He wrote about feelings as something very important to him.

§7. Separate qualifying members of the proposal

Clarifying terms refer to the word being specified and answers the same question, for example: where exactly? when exactly? Who exactly? which one? and others. Most often, the clarification is transmitted by isolated circumstances of place and time, but there may be other cases. Clarifying terms can refer to an addition, a definition, or the main members of a proposal. Clarifying terms stand out, standing out in oral speech intonationally, and in writing - with commas, brackets or dashes. Example:

We sat up late into the night.

Below, in the valley in front of us, a stream was rustling.

The qualifying term is usually placed after the qualifying term. They are connected intonationally.

Clarifying terms can be introduced into a complicated sentence:

1) using unions: that is, namely:

I am preparing for the task of the exam C1, that is, to the essay.

2) also words: especially, even, in particular, mainly, for example:

It was clean and beautiful throughout, especially in the living room.

Test of strength

Find out how you understood the contents of this chapter.

Final test

1. Is it true that isolation is a way of semantic separation or refinement?

2. Is it true that only the minor members of the proposal stand apart?

3. What can be the stand-alone definitions?

   • common and uncommon
   • agreed and inconsistent

4. Are isolated definitions always expressed in participle?

5. In what case are the definitions before the defined word isolated?

   • if additional circumstance is expressed
   • if additional circumstance is not expressed

6. Is it correct to think that an application is a special kind of definition, expressed by a noun in the same case as the noun or pronoun that it defines?

7. What prepositions are used in prepositional-case combinations, which are separate additions?

   • oh, in, on, to, before, behind, under, over, before
   • except, other than, over, excluding, including, excluding, instead of, along with

8. Is it necessary to separate the adverbs and adverbs?

9. Is it necessary to isolate the circumstances with the preposition in spite of?

In contact with

One of the most difficult and ambiguous rules of Russian punctuation is, of course, the isolation of additions with derivative (that is, formed from other words) prepositions, because they are sometimes distinguished, and sometimes not separated by commas. It depends on the meaning or location of the addition in the sentence, and each time you have to think again where to put the commas. The question under consideration also belongs to such problematic ones: with the preposition “besides this,” the comma is needed or not.

The word "apart from" is separated by commas

On both sides of the turnover

The preposition "apart from" means "apart from something, over something"; there is one more, homonymous, preposition with the meaning "against". As a rule, for phrases with the preposition "apart from", commas are needed only if it is a preposition with the meaning "except". It must be remembered that in this case, too, it is permissible not to isolate the addition, if the absence of commas does not lead to ambiguity!

• On this day, in addition to the obvious and obvious events of external life, much more happened that was not revealed to the general public.
• All these creatures, in addition to the big-eyed furry animals, a bit like fur-covered frogs, were well known to us.

No comma needed

But the additions with “in addition to” in the meaning of “against, in spite of” are not quite unambiguously distinguished by commas.

• This whole story happened without my participation and even without my will.
• But we must remember that in addition to the desire of the child, one should not send him even to the most interesting and useful circle.

Do you know..

Which option is correct?
(according to statistics from last week, only 44% answered correctly)