Adenosyntrifosphoric acid or briefly ATP. The structure of ATP and biological role

Figure shows two ways. images of the structure of ATP.. Adenosine monophosphate (AMP), adenosine infamiphosphate (ADP) and adenosinerphosphate (ATP) refer to the class of compounds called nucleicide. The NUC-Leotide molecule consists of five-carbon sugar, a nitrogen base and phosphoric acid. In the AMP molecule, Sugar is represented by Ribo-Zoya, and the base is adenine. In the ADF molecule, two phosphate groups, and in the ATP molecule - three.

ATF value

When splitting ATP on ADF And inorganic phosphate (FN) is released by energy:

The reaction comes with water absorption, i.e. it is a hydrolysis (in our article we met many times with this very common type of biochemical reactions). The third phosphate group remains in the cell in the form of inorganic phosphate (FN). The yield of free energy with this reaction is 30.6 kJ per 1 mol ATP.

From ADF. And phosphate can be again synthesized ATP, but for this you need to spend 30.6 kJ of energy per 1 mol of the newly formed ATP.

In this reaction, called condensation reaction, water is highlighted. The addition of phosphate to ADP is called phosphorylation reaction. Both of the above equations can be combined:

Catalyzes this reversible reaction enzyme called ATPHASO.

All cells, as already mentioned, requires energy to fulfill their work and for all cells of any body by the source of this energy. aTF is used. Therefore, ATP is called "universal energy carrier" or "energy currency" of cells. The appropriate analogies are electric batteries. Remember why we do not use them. We can get light with them in one case, the sound in another sound, sometimes a mechanical movement, and sometimes we need electrical energy from them. The convenience of the batteries is that the same energy source - the battery - we can use for a wide variety of goals, depending on where we put it. The same role plays in ATP cells. It supplies energy for such various processes as a muscular reduction, the transfer of nerve impulses, active transport Substances or synthesis of proteins, and for all other types of cellular activity. To do this, it should simply be "connected" to the corresponding part of the cell apparatus.

An analogy can be continued. Batteries are required to first make, and some of them (rechargeable) just as, can be recharged. In the manufacture of batteries in the factory in them should be laid (and thereby spent by the factory) a certain amount of energy. For aTF synthesis Energy is also required; Source it serves oxidation organic substances in the process of breathing. Since, for phosphorylation, the ADP energy is released in the process of oxidation, such phosphorylation is called oxidative. With photosynthesis ATP is formed due to light energy. This process is called photo phosphosphorization (see Section 7.6.2). There are in the cell and the "factory" producing most of the ATP. It is mitochondria; They contain chemical "assembly lines", on which ATP is formed in the process of aerobic breathing. Finally, in the cell there is a recharge of the discharged "batteries": after the ATP, freeing the energy enclosed in it, will turn into ADP and FN, it can be again quickly synthesized from ADF and FN due to the energy obtained during the respiratory process from the oxidation of the new Portions of organic substances.

Number of ATP In the cell at any given moment very small. Therefore, in ATF Only the carrier of energy should be seen, and not her depot. For long-term storage of energy, substances such as fats or glycogen are served. Cells are very sensitive to the level of ATP. Once the speed of its use increases, the speed of the respiratory process supporting this level increases at the same time.

The role of ATP. As a link between cellular breathing and processes, which are visible from the pattern of energy, it looks simple, but it illustrates a very important pattern.

It is possible to say that in general the respiratory function is to atphic.

We summarize the briefly said above.
1. For the synthesis of ATP from ADF and inorganic phosphate, 30.6 kJ of energy per 1 mol ATP is required.
2. ATP is present in all living cells and is therefore universal energy carrier. Other energy carriers are not used. This simplifies the case - the necessary cellular apparatus may be easier and work more efficiently and economically.
3. ATP easily delivers energy into any part of the cell to any energy in need.
4. ATP quickly releases energy. This requires only one reaction - hydrolysis.
5. The reproduction rate of ATP from ADF and inorganic phosphate (respiratory speed) is easily adjustable in accordance with the needs.
6. ATP is synthesized during breathing due to chemical energy released during the oxidation of organic substances such as glucose, and during photosynthesis - due to solar energy. The formation of ATP from ADF and inorganic phosphate is called phosphorization reaction. If the energy for phosphorization supplies oxidation, they speak about oxidative phosphoryliro-vanya (this process flows with breathing), but if light energy is used for phosphorylation, the process is called photophosphorylation (this takes place at photosynthesis).

The most important substance in the cells of living organisms is adenosineryphosphoric acid or adenosynthosphate. If you enter the abbreviation of this name, then we get ATP (eng. ATP). This substance refers to a group of nucleosidththrifosphates and plays a leading role in metabolic processes in living cells, being an indispensable source of energy.

In contact with

Biochemists harvard School Tropical medicine - Yellapragada Subbarao, Karl Loman and Cyrus Fiske. The discovery occurred in 1929 and became the main milestone in the biology of living systems. Later, in 1941, the German biochemist Fritz Lipman found that ATP in cells is the main energy carrier.

The structure of ATP.

This molecule has a systematic name, which is written as follows: 9-β-D-ribofuranosowenine-5'-triphosphate, or 9-β-D-ribofuranosyl-6-amino-purin-5'-triphosphate. What connections are included in aTF.? Chemically, it is a trifosphor adenosine ether - derivative adenine and ribose. This substance is formed by adenine compounds, which is a purine nitrogen base, with 1'-carbon ribose with β-n-glycoside. The α-, β- and γ-phosphoric acid molecules are then connected to the 5'-carbon of ribose.

Thus, the ATP molecule contains compounds such as adenine, ribose and three phosphoric acid residue. ATP is a special compound containing connections in which is released. a large number of Energy. Such links and substances are called macroeergic. During the hydrolysis of these bonds of the ATP molecule, the amount of energy is allocated from 40 to 60 kJ / mol, while this process is accompanied by the cleavage of one or two phosphoric acid residues.

This is how these chemical reactions are written.:

one). ATP + Water → ADF + Phosphoric Acid + Energy;
2). ADP + Water → AMP + Phosphoric Acid + Energy.

Energy released during these reactions is used in further biochemical processes requiring certain energy consumption.

The role of ATP in a living organism. Her functions

What function performs ATP? First of all, energy. As already mentioned above, the main role of adenosynthosphate is the energy supply of biochemical processes in a living organism. Such a role is due to the fact that due to the presence of two high energy RelationsATP acts as a source of energy for many physiological and biochemical processes requiring large energy consumption. Such processes are all synthesis reactions. complex substances in organism. This is, first of all, the active transfer of molecules through cell membranes, including participation in the creation of intermambrane electric potential, and the implementation of muscle contraction.

In addition to the specified, we will list a few more, no less important, ATP functions, such as:

How is ATP in the body formed?

The synthesis of adenosinerphosphoric acid is constantly, since the energy of the body for normal vital activity is always needed. At each specific moment, a very few of this substance is contained - approximately 250 grams, which are a "inviolable stock" on the "black day". During the disease, there is an intense synthesis of this acid, because there is a lot of energy for the operation of immune and excretory systems, as well as the body thermoregulation systems, which is necessary to effectively combat the notch.

What cells ATP is the most? These are cells of muscle and nervous tissues, since they are most intensively going the processes of energy exchange. And this is obvious, because the muscles are involved in the movement requiring the reduction of muscle fibers, and neurons transmit electrical impulses, without which the work of all organism systems is impossible. Therefore, it is so important for the cell to maintain a constant and high level AdenosineRithosphate.

What way in the body can be formed by adenosine trifhosphate molecules? They are formed by the so-called phosphorylation ADF (adenosine indiffusion). This chemical reaction as follows:

ADF + Phosphoric acid + Energy → ATP + water.

The phosphorylation of the ADP occurs with the participation of such catalysts as enzymes and light, and is carried out by one of three ways:

Both oxidative and substrate phosphorylation uses the energy of substances oxidizing in the process of such synthesis.

Output

Adenosine trifosphoric acid - This is the most frequently updated substance in the body. How much does the adenosynthosphate molecule live on average? In the human body, for example, the duration of her life is less than one minute, so one molecule of such a substance is born and decays up to 3,000 times per day. Amazingly, but during the day the human body synthesizes about 40 kg of this substance! So great need for this "domestic energy" for us!

The entire cycle of synthesis and further use of ATP as an energy fuel for the metabolic processes in the body of a living being is the very essence of the energy exchange in this body. Thus, adenosine trifhosphate is a kind of "battery", which ensures the normal vital activity of all cells of the living organism.

In ATP biology, this is the source of energy and the basis of life. ATP - adenosinerphosphate - participates in metabolic processes and regulates biochemical reactions in the body.

What is it?

Understand what ATF is will help chemistry. Chemical formula ATP molecules - C10H16N5O13P3. Remember the full name is easy if you split it into composite parts. AdenosineRithhosphate or adenosineryphosphate acid - nucleotide, consisting of three parts:

adenin - purine nitrogen base;
ribosia - Monosaccharide, relating to penis;
three phosphoric acid residues.

Fig. 1. The structure of the ATP molecule.

More detailed decoding of ATP is presented in the table.

ATP for the first time discovered Harvard biochemists of Subbarao, Loman, Fiske in 1929. In 1941, German Biochemist Fritz Lipman found that ATP is a source of energy of a living organism.

Energy Education

Phosphate groups are interconnected by high-energy connections that are easily destroyed. When hydrolysis (interaction with water) of the phosphate group of phosphate group breaks, releasing a large amount of energy, and ATP is converted into ADP (adenosine-phosphate acid).

Conditionally chemical reaction looks like this:

Synthesis ATF.

ATP is located in the cytoplasm, core, chloroplasts, in mitochondria. The synthesis of ATP in the animal cell occurs in mitochondria, and in vegetable - in mitochondria and chloroplasts.

ATP is formed from ADF and phosphate with considerable energy. Such a process is called phosphorylation:

ADF + H3RO4 + Energy → ATP + H2O

Fig. 3. Education ATP from ADP.

In plant cells, phosphorylation occurs during photosynthesis and is called photo phosphaeling. In animals, the process occurs when breathing is called oxidative phosphorylation.

In animal cells, the synthesis of ATP occurs in the process of catabolism (dissimulation, energy metabolism) during the splitting of proteins, fats, carbohydrates.

Functions

From the definition of ATP it is clear that this molecule is able to give energy. In addition to energy adenosine trifosphoric acid performs other functions:

is the material for the synthesis of nucleic acids;
it is part of enzymes and regulates chemical processes, speeding up or slowing down their flow;
it is a mediator - transmits a signal to synapses (places of contact of two cell membranes).

What did we know?

From the lesson of the biology of the 10th grade, they learned about the structure and functions of ATP - adenosine trifosphoric acid. ATP consists of adenine, ribose and three phosphoric acid residues. In hydrolysis, phosphate communications are destroyed, which releases the energy necessary for the vital activity of organisms.

Test on the topic

Report assessment

Average rating: 4.6. Total ratings obtained: 621.

In any cell of our organism, millions of biochemical reactions flow. They are catalyzed by a variety of enzymes that often require energy costs. Where does the cell take it? This question can be answered if you consider the structure of the ATP molecule - one of the main sources of energy.

ATP - Universal Energy Source

ATP is decoded as adenosine trifhosphate, or adenosineryphosphate acid. The substance is one of the two most important sources of energy in any cell. The structure of ATP I. biological role closely connected. Most biochemical reactions can occur only with the participation of the molecules of the substance, especially this concerns the ATP is rarely directly involved in the reaction: for the flow of any process, the energy concluded precisely in adenosine triphosphate.

The structure of the molecules of the substance is such that the resulting links between phosphate groups carry a huge amount of energy. Therefore, such bonds are also called macroeergic, or macroenergy (macro \u003d much, a large number). The term first introduced the scientist F. Lipman, and he also offered to use the icon ̴ for their designation.

It is very important for the cell to maintain a permanent level of adenosynthosphate content. This is especially characteristic of muscle tissue cells and nerve fibers, because they are most energy dependent and to perform their functions need high content of adenosine trifhosphate.

The structure of the ATP molecule

AdenosineRithosphate consists of three elements: ribose, adenine and residues

Ribose - Carbohydrate, which relates to a group of pentosis. This means that in the composition of ribose 5 carbon atoms, which are enclosed in the cycle. Ribosis is connected to adenine β-n-glycosida in the 1st carbon atom. Also, phosphoric acid residues on the 5th carbon atom are attached to the pentose.

Adenin is a nitrogenous basis. Depending on which a nitrogen base is joined to ribosa, the GTF (Guanozintriffhosphate), TTF (Timiditriphosphate), TTF (citiditriphosphate) and UTIFI (uriditriphosphate) are also isolated. All these substances are similar in structure with adenosinerphosphate and perform approximately the same functions, but they are in the cell far less frequently.

Phosphoric acid residues. Maximum three phosphoric acid remains can be joined to ribosa. If there are two or only one, then, respectively, the substance is called ADP (Diphompat) or AMP (monophosphate). It is between phosphoric residues, macroenergy ties concluded, after the gap of which is released from 40 to 60 kJ of energy. If two ties are broken, 80 stands out, less often - 120 kJ energy. When breaking the connection between the ribose and the phosphate residue, only 13.8 kJ is allocated, therefore, in the trifosphate molecule, only two macro-ergic bonds (p ̴ p ̴ p), and in the ADF molecule - one (P ̴ P).

This is what the features of the structure of ATP. Due to the fact that macroenergetic communication is formed between the residues of phosphoric acid, the structure and functions of ATP are interconnected.

The structure of ATP and the biological role of the molecule. Additional features of adenosinerphosphate

In addition to energy, ATP can perform many other functions in the cell. Along with other nucleotidtriphosphates, trifosphate is involved in the construction of nucleic acids. In this case, ATP, GTF, TTF, CTF and UTF are nitrogen base suppliers. This property is used in processes and transcription.

Also ATP is necessary for the operation of ion channels. For example, Na-k channel pumps 3 sodium molecules from the cell and pumps 2 potassium molecules into the cell. Such ion current is needed to maintain a positive charge on the outer surface of the membrane, and only with the help of adenosine trifhosphate canal can function. The same applies to proton and calcium channels.

ATP is the predecessor of the secondary Messenger CAMF (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) - the CAMF not only transfers the signal received by the cell membrane receptors, but is altogetherteric effector. Alosteric effectors are substances that accelerate or slow down enzyme reactions. Thus, cyclic adenosine trifhosphate inhibits the synthesis of the enzyme, which catalyzes the cleavage of lactose in bacteria cells.

The adenosine trifhosphate molecule itself can also be altogether machinery effector. Moreover, in such processes, ATP antagonist is ADP: if the trifhosphate accelerates the reaction, then the diphosphate slows down, and vice versa. These are the functions and structure of ATP.

How the ATP is formed in the cage

The functions and structure of ATP are as follows that the molecules of the substance are quickly used and destroyed. Therefore, trifosphate synthesis is an important process of energy formation in the cell.

The three most important methods of adenosine trifosphate synthesis are distinguished:

1. Substrate phosphorylation.

2. Oxidative phosphorylation.

3. Photo phosphorylation.

Substrate phosphorylation is based on multiple reactions occurring in cytoplasm cells. These reactions were called glycolysis - an anaerobic stage As a result of 1 glycolysis cycle of 1 glucose molecule, two molecules are synthesized, which are further used to produce energy, and two ATPs are synthesized.

C 6 H 12 O 6 + 2ADF + 2FN -\u003e 2C 3 H 4 O 3 + 2AF + 4N.

Breathing cells

Oxidative phosphorylation is the formation of adenosinerphosphate by transmitting electrons by electron-transport chain of the membrane. As a result of such a transmission, the protons gradient is formed on one of the sides of the membrane and the molecules are constructed using a protein integral set of ATP-synthase. The process proceeds on the mitochondrial membrane.

The sequence of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation stages in mitochondria is a common process called Breathing. After full cycle Of 1 glucose molecules in the cage, 36 ATP molecules are formed.

Photo phosphorylation

The process of photophorsphorylation is the same oxidative phosphorylation with only one difference: the photophosphorylation reactions flow in chloroplasts of cells under the action of light. ATP is formed during the light stage of photosynthesis - the main process of obtaining energy in green plants, algae and some bacteria.

In the process of photosynthesis, everything along the same electron transport circuit passes electrons, as a result of which a proton gradient is formed. The proton concentration on one of the sides of the membrane is the source of ATP synthesis. The assembly of molecules is carried out by the ATP-synthase enzyme.

The average cell contains 0.04% of adenosynthosphate from the entire mass. However, great importance Observed in muscle cells: 0.2-0.5%.

In a cage about 1 billion ATP molecules.

Each molecule lives no more than 1 minute.

One adenosine trifhosphate molecule is updated on the day 2000-3000 times.

In the amount of the day, the human body synthesizes 40 kg of adenosine trifhosphate, and at each time the ATP stock is 250 g.

Conclusion

The structure of ATP and the biological role of its molecules are closely connected. The substance plays a key role in the processes of life, because in macroeergic connections between phosphate residues, a huge amount of energy is contained. AdenosineRithosphate performs many functions in the cell, and therefore it is important to maintain a constant concentration of the substance. Disintegration and synthesis go with high speed, t. K. The bond energy is constantly used in biochemical reactions. This is an indispensable substance of any cell cell. Here, perhaps, everything that can be said about how the structure has ATP.

Atomic molecular movement is based on all living processes. As a respiratory process, and cellular development, division is impossible without energy. The source of energy supply is ATP, what it is and how it is formed to consider further.

Before studying the concept of ATP, its decoding is required. This term means nucleosidthtyphosphate, which is significantly significant for the energy and real metabolism in the body.

This is a unique energy source underlying biochemical processes. This compound is fundamental to enzymatic education.

ATP was opened at Harvard in 1929. The founders became scientists of the Harvard Medical School. They included Karl Loman, Cyrus Fiske and Yellapragada Subbarao. They revealed a compound, which in structure resembled adenyl nucleotide ribonucleic acids.

A distinctive feature of the compound was the content of three phosphoric acid residues instead of one. In 1941, the scientist Fritz Lipman proved that ATP has an energy potential within the cell. Subsequently, a key enzyme was discovered, which was called ATP-synthase. His task is an education in the mitochondria of acidic molecules.

ATP is an energy accumulator in cell biology, is mandatory for the successful implementation of biochemical reactions.

The biology of adenosine trifosphoric acid involves its education as a result of energy exchange. The process consists of creating 2 molecules in the second stage. The remaining 36 molecules appear in the third stage.

Energy accumulation in the acid structure occurs in the binder part between the remains of phosphorus. In the case of disconnecting 1 of the phosphoric residue, the energy isolate 40 kJ.

As a result, acid turns into adenosine indiffsfat (ADP). The subsequent phosphate disconnection contributes to the appearance of adenosine monophosphate (AMP).

It should be noted that the cycle of plants involves the reuse of AMP and ADP, as a result of which these compounds are restored to an acid state. This is ensured by the process.

Structure

The disclosure of the connection is possible after studying which compounds are included in the ATP molecule.

What compounds are part of the acid:

3 remains of phosphoric acid. Acid residues are combined with each other by means of energy bonds of an unstable nature. It is also found under orthophosphoric acid;
adenin: is a nitrogen base;
ribose: represents a pentosular carbohydrate.

The entry into the ATP data of the elements assigns it a nucleotide structure. This allows you to attach a molecule to the category of nucleic acids.

Important! As a result of the cleavage of acidic molecules, energy release occurs. ATF molecule Contains 40 kJ energy.

Education

The formation of the molecule occurs in mitochondria and chloroplasts. The fundamental moment in the molecular synthesis of acid is the dissimulation process. Discimization is the process of transition of a complex connection to relatively simple due to destruction.

As part of the synthesis of acid, it is customary to allocate several stages:

Preparatory. The basis of splitting is the digestive process, is ensured by enzymatic action. The disintegration is the food that fell into the body. There is a fat decomposition to fatty acids and glycerol. Proteins break up to amino acids, starch - before the formation of glucose. The stage is accompanied by the release of thermal energy.
Hexless, or Glycoliz. The basis is the decay process. Glucose splitting occurs with the participation of enzymes, while 60% of the energy released turns into heat, the remaining part remains in the composition of the molecule.
Oxygen, or hydrolysis; Carried out inside mitochondria. It occurs with the help of oxygen and enzymes. Participates an oxygen exhaled organism. Ends complete. It implies the energy isolation for the formation of the molecule.

The following ways of molecular education are exist:

Substrate phosphorylation. Based on the energies of substances as a result of oxidation. The prevailing part of the molecule is formed in mitochondria on membranes. Carried out without the participation of the enzymes of the membrane. Performed in the cytoplasmic part by means of glycolysis. An option is allowed by the transportation of phosphate groups with other macroergic compounds.
Oxidative phosphorylation. Comes due to the oxidative reaction.
Photo phosphorylation in plants during photosynthesis.

Value

The fundamental value of the molecule for the body is disclosed through what function performs ATP.

ATP functionality includes the following categories:

Energy. Provides the body with energy, is the energy basis of physiological biochemical processes and reactions. It occurs due to 2 high-energy connections. It implies muscle contraction, the formation of transmembrane potential, ensuring molecular transfer through the membrane.
The basis of the synthesis. It is considered the initial compound for the subsequent formation of nucleic acids.
Regulatory. It is based on the regulation of most biochemical processes. It is ensured by belonging to the alto-smoking effector of the enzymatic series. Affects the activity of regulatory centers by gaining or suppressing them.
Intermediary. It is considered a secondary link in the transfer of a hormonal signal into a cell. It is the predecessor of the formation of a cyclic ADP.
Mediator. It is a signal in synapses and other interactions of a cellular nature. Purinergic signal transmission is provided.

Among the above moments, the main place is given to the energy function of ATP.

It is important to understandRegardless of which function performs ATP, its value is universally.

Useful video

Let's summarize

At the heart of physiological and biochemical processes is the existence of ATP molecule. The main task of the compounds is the energy provision. Without the connection, the vital activity of both plants and animals is impossible.

In contact with