Vowels and consonant sounds. Sounds of speech

Human voice is a universal unique and unique tool. This is usually not conceived by people who have the opportunity to exchange information with oral speech. Thanks to all the listed characteristics, the child is always aware of the presence of his parents (for hearing), animals recognize on the voice of their owners. Some voice characteristics use polygraphs to confirm the truth of the statement. But it is more interesting to study the mechanisms of voice manifestation in oral speech. After all, only due to the working work of voice ligaments, a person can communicate, sing, express his thoughts.

Functions of speech sounds

The kingdom is headed by phonetics. Therefore, in order not to look inactive in the eyes of others, the rules and patterns of pronunciation should be explored. If the sound has a sound in the alphabet graphic imagewhich is also the symbol at the same time (it carries a certain semantic load), then in the alphabet letters - these are signs designed to facilitate recording sound Makeup Words (according to the rules of spelling). However, there are rules for pronunciation, which are often puzzled and students, and students, and sometimes parents.

To the question of which there are vowel sounds and consonant sounds in Russian, you can find an answer in such a section of linguistics as phonetics. The smallest expression unit (sound) is called a phonet, which usually does not bear some point. Replacing or skipping only one sound in the word can turn its value to the opposite.

The designation of the vowel sounds of the Russian language in a written speech

All sounds of the Russian language are divided into vowels and consonants. Distinctive characteristics are the presence of voice and noise in the formation of sound. The acoustic characteristics of the first are in tightness, smoothness, the absence of noise, strength and beauty of the sound. The group-forming role is highlighted with the help of listed capabilities. What are the vowel sounds in Russian, you can consider on the examples.

As all first-graders, the ratio of sounds and letters in Russian 6 to 10 notice rightly notice.

For differences in the letter, sounds are depicted by symbols in (transcription). Characteristic features The pronunciation is distinguished by the location of the vowel in a strong (shock) or weak (unstressed) position, the beginning of the word.

Pronunciation of vowel sounds

Here are the vowel sounds in the shock position: pronounced long, with more power, clearly. Simple examples include the words: tank, side, beech, bull, bit, sir. The first four are colorfully illustrated, as a change in the pronunciation of one sound changes the meaning of the word. It is worth noting that at this position the sound does not change. It is more difficult to deal with weak positions.

Here are some vowel sounds in unpacking positions: they are briefly pronounced, with a smaller force, inevitably (or weakly). Consequently, the sounds acquire pronunciation variations than differ from the previous situation, and this is good soil for the occurrence of spelling errors. This is due to the inconsistency of the sound and the graphic designation on the letter.

For example: Break [Zakram]; Walking [Pavoska]; test [Tych'iravat ']; sixth [shysty ']; Chocolate [Shaykalat].

The following examples show what vowel sounds are in Russian, which are never pronounced in weak positions. This is [O], [E] and in the situation defined by the rules [a]. As an example, the following words can be considered: Costume [Cycatuha]; Floor [ITASH].

Only four vowels are pronounced in a weak position: [A, y, s, and]. When writing words, you should always remember that the graphic image of sounds in a weak position can be different.

Yoted letters

As part of such designations, there are vowels [e], [o], [y], [a] and consonant [th], but they appear together only under certain conditions. What are the vowel sounds when youotized letters are arranged after consonants to designate their softness, it is clear from the following examples: the ball [M'Ach]; penalties [p'enal]; lazy [l'Eneife]. As you can see, only vowel, the sound [th] softens the previous consonant. There are many other schemes for the location of yoted letters: if they are at the beginning of the word, after vowels and dividing signs Kommersant and b. What are the vowels in pronunciation? In the listed cases, pronounced and consonant, and vowel, for example: poison [y'iat], Yozh [y'osh], Huntsman [Ye 'Ger']; soldering [Pai'Az]; Volume [Abai], Congress [Si'Est].

Sometimes confusion arises with transcription signs and letters. To prevent errors, it should be remembered that transcription signs are always written in square brackets.

Instead of imprisonment

The question of what vowel sounds are in 4th grade general education school It is studied quite superficially, but on average, knowledge and skills are systematized, concretized and automated. If for some reason, the errors began to slip, it suffices to repeat the "phonetics" and "spelling" sections. In addition to this, there is a lot of "crib", convenient for use.

1. Modern Russian alphabet comprises 33 letters 10 Of which are designed to designate vowel sounds and are respectively called vowels. 21 The consonant letter serves to designate consonant sounds. In addition, in modern Russian there are two letters that no Sounds are not denoted: kommersant (solid sign), b (Soft sign).

2. All sounds of the Russian language are divided into vowels and consonants.

• Vowels - These are the sounds that are formed with the participation of the voice. In Russian, their six: [a], [u], [and], [o], [y], [s] .

• Consonants- These are the sounds that are formed with the participation of voice and noise or only noise.

but)The consonants are divided into Solid and soft. Most solid and soft consonants form softness Couples:

[b] - [b '], [in] - [in'], [g] - [g '], [d] - [d'], [z] - [s'], [k] - [ K '], [l] - [l'], [m] - [m '], [n] - [n'], [p] - [p '], [p] - [p'], [ C] - [C '], [T] - [T'], [F] - [F '], [x] - [x']

(Apostrof on the right above indicates softnessconsonant sound). For example, onions - [Bow] and luke - [L'UK] .

b)Some consonant sounds there are no compliant couples on hardness and softness, that is, there are existence in the language unpaired solid consonants [F], [Ш], [C] (always only solid) and unpaired soft consonants [w '], [th], [h] (Always only soft).

Notes:

• at sounds [th], [h] It is not customary to designate the softness of the apostrophe, although in some textbooks it is denoted;
• sound [w '] indicated on letter letter sh;
• the feature above the sound indicates double (long) sound. In some textbooks designate long consonants So: [Van: A] - Bath.

in)The consonant sounds formed with the participation of voice and noise are called ringing (for example, [d], [d '], [s], [z'], etc.); If only noise is involved in the formation of sounds, then such sounds are called deaf consults (for example, [t], [t '], [s], [s'], etc.). Most of the voiced and deaf consonants in Russian form couples:

[b] - [p], [b '] - [p'], [in] - [Ф], [in '] - [f'], [g] - [k], [g '] - [ K '], [d] - [t],
[D '] - [T'], [s] - [s], [s '] - [s'], [z] - [Ш] .
Compare: beat - drink, year - cat, live - sew .

d)Sounds [th], [l], [l '], [m], | m'], [n], [n '], [p], [p'] do not form a co-relative couple with deaf consonants, therefore, they are unpaid bellows (unpaired ringing consonants are also called sonornosThese are sounds, in the formation of which also participates voice and noise). And vice versa, deaf consonants, not forming couples with bellows, are unpaired deaf . These are sounds [H], [C], [x], [x '].

3. In the speech stream, the sound of one sound can be likened by the sound of another sound. This phenomenon is called assimilation. So, in the Word's life, the sound [s], standing next to the soft [n '], is also softened, and we get the sound [s'].

Thus, the pronunciation of the word a life It is written as follows: [zhyz'n ']. The rapprochement of sound is also possible with pairs through the bellion-deafness of sounds. So, ringing consonants in position before the deaf and in the end of the word on the sound come closer with pair of deaf. Consequently, occurs stunning consults. For example, boat - Lo [t], fairy tale - ska [s], WHO - in [s]. It is possible and the opposite phenomenon when the deaf consonants in the position before the ringing are also becoming ringlets, that is sound. For example, kart - ko [z '] ba, request - about [z'] ba.

Designation of the softness of consonants on the letter

In russian language softness of consonants indicated in the following ways:

1. With the letter b (Soft sign) In the end of the word and in the middle between consonants: the benefits - [Paul'z], elk - [Los'] and others.

Note. Soft sign does not indicate the softness of consonants in the following cases:

a) if it serves to separate consonants, the second of which J.(iot): leaves - fox [t'ya], underwear - be [l'yo];

b) to distinguish grammatical categories: rye (3 SKL., J.R.) - Knife (2 SKL., M.R.);

c) to distinguish words forms (after hissing): read (2 l., units), dir (form insecurity), help (an indefinite shape of the verb), as well as the adverbs: to jump, chanting.

1. By means of letters and, e, ё, Yu, I, Indicating the softness of the preceding consonant sound and transmitting vowels [and], [e], [o], [y], [a]: Forest - [L'ES], honey - [M'OT], Lil - [l 'Il], Luke - [L'UK], mall - [M'al].

2. With subsequent soft consonants: Vicky - [B'in't'ik], plum - [S'l'yiv].

Sound value of letters E, E, Yu, I

1. The letters E, E, Yu, I can denote two sounds: [IE], [yo], [yu], [ya]. This happens in the following cases:

• at the beginning of the word: for example, EL - [IE], Yozh - [Yo] Well, Yula - [yu] La, Yama - [ya] Ma;

• after the vowel sound: it washes - MO [IE] T, sings - according to [yo] t, give - yes [yu] t, bark - la [ya];

• after dividing b, b: removal - semi [IE] m, drinks - Put [yo] t, pych - it [yu] t, zealous - ry [ya].

In addition, after the dividing b Two sounds will denote the letter and: Nightingale - Solov [yi].

1. The letters E, E, Yu, I indicate the softness of the previous consonant In positions after consonants, pairs of hardness-softness: fur - [M'Eh], used - [n'os], Luke - [L'UK], mall - [M'al].

Memo:

• Sounds [th], [l], [m], [n], [p] - Wreaths (do not have couples on bellion-deafness)
• Sounds [x], [C], [h], [sh '] - Deaf (do not have a pair of ringing-deafness)
• Sounds [F], [Sh], [C] - Always solid.
• Sounds [th], [h], [w '] - Always soft.

Abstract lesson "". Next topic:

Sounds belong to the section of phonetics. Studying sounds included in any school curriculum in Russian. Acquaintance with sounds and their main characteristics occurs in junior class. More detailed study of sounds with complex examples And the nuances take place in medium and older classes. On this page are given only basic knowledge According to the sounds of the Russian language in a compressed form. If you need to explore the device speech apparatus, sound tonality, articulation, acoustic components and other aspects that go beyond the modern school program, consult specialized beneficiaries and textbooks.

What is the sound?

The sound, like the word and supply, is the main unit of the language. However, the sound does not express any meaning, but reflects the sound of the word. Thanks to this, we distinguish the words from each other. Words differ in the number of sounds (Port - Sport, Crow - Funnel), set of sounds (Lemon - Liman, Cat - Mouse), sequence of sounds (nose - sleep, bush - knock) up to full sound of sounds (Boat - Boat, Forest - Park).

What sounds are there?

In Russian, the sounds are divided into vowels and consonants. In Russian, 33 letters and 42 sounds: 6 vowel sounds, 36 consonant sounds, 2 letters (b, ъ) do not indicate sound. The discrepancy in the number of letters and sounds (not counting the B and Kommersant) is due to the fact that 10 sound letters account for 6 sounds, on the 21 consonant letter - 36 sounds (if you consider all combinations of consonant sounds of deaf / bell, soft / solid). On the letter, the sound is indicated in square brackets.
There are no sounds: [E], [E], [Yu], [I], [b], [ъ], [z '], [w'], [c '], [th], [h] , [Sh].

Scheme 1. Letters and sounds of the Russian language.

How are the sounds pronounced?

We pronounce the sounds when exhaled (only in the case of interjections "A-A-A" expressing fear, the sound is pronounced by inhalation.). The separation of sounds on vowels and consonants is connected with how a person says them. Public sounds are pronounced by voting due to exhaled air passing through tense voice ligaments and freely overlooking the mouth. The consonant sounds consist of noise or a combination of voice and noise due to the fact that exhaled air meets the barrier in its path in the form of a bow or teeth. Public sounds are pronounced ringing, consonants - muted. Public sounds A person can sing in a voice (exhaled air), increasing or lower the timbre. The consonants will not be able to sing, they are pronounced equally muted. Sliding and soft signs do not indicate sounds. They cannot be pronounced as an independent sound. When pronouncing the word, they influence the consonant standing in front of them, make soft or hard.

Transcription word.

Transcription of the word - recording sounds in the word, that is, actually the record of how the word is correctly pronounced. Sounds are in square brackets. Compare: A - Letter, [A] - Sound. The softness of the consonants is indicated by the apostrophe: P - letter, [P] - solid sound, [P '] - soft sound. Write and deaf consonants on the letter are not denoted. The word transcription is written in square brackets. Examples: Door → [dv''er '], spiny → [Cal'urian]. Sometimes in transcriptions indicate the emphasis - apostrophe in front of the vice impact sound.

There is no clear matching of letters and sounds. In Russian, many cases of changing vowel sounds, depending on the place of stroking the words, substitutions of consonants or the loss of consonant sounds in certain combinations. When drawing up transcription, the words are given the rules of phonetics.

Color scheme

IN phonetic analysis words sometimes paint color schemes: letters paint different colors Depending on which sound they mean. Colors reflect phonetic characteristics Sounds and help to visually see how the word is pronounced and from which sounds it consists.

All vowels (shock and unast) are marked with a red background. Green-red marked yoted vowels: a green color means a soft consonant sound [th '], the red color means the next vowel. Consonant letters having solid sounds, painted in blue. Consonant letters having soft sounds, painted with green. Soft and hard signs color gray Or do not paint at all.

Designations:
- vowel, - yotatted, - solid consonant, - soft consonant, is soft or solid consonant.

Note. The blue-green color in the circuits during phonetic discords is not used, since the consonant sound can not be simultaneously soft and hard. The blue-green color in the table above is used only to demonstrate that the sound can be either soft or hard.

In the Russian language of vowels - 10, vowels - 6. Public letters: A, and, E, E, O, Y, Y, E, YU, I. Public sounds: [a], [o], [y], [u], [and], [s]. In the school program, vowels are designated in red diagrams. IN primary grades Explain: vowel letters are called so because they "vote" are pronounced "Hasist", the consonants of the same letters received such a name, because they are "consistent" with vowels.

Scheme 1. Public letters and vowels of Russian languages.

Shock and unstressed vowels

Public sounds are:

• shock: juice [o] - led ['about], forest [' e] - mayor [e], bur [y] - hatch ['y],
• unstable: B. aboutyes [a], with w.duck [y], l e.juice [and].

Note. Correctly say "shock syllable" and "unstressed syllable". Instead, "the emphasis drops to the vowels" say "the emphasis falls on the syllable with the vowels." However, the literature meet the wording "shock vowel" and "unstressed vowel".

Percussion vowels are in a strong position, they are pronounced with greater force and intonation. Unstressed vowels are in a weak position, they are pronounced with a smaller force and may be subject to change.

Note. The designation of the letter E in a weak position is different in various school programs. Above, we showed the sound [and], in other school programs, there is a designation [E], in the institute program - [E and] (e with the ghost and).

In Russian, there are comprehensive words with basic and secondary stress. In them with strong intonation, we allocate the main stress, weak intonation - secondary. For example, in the word foam blocks, the main stress falls on the syllable with the letter O, secondary - on a syllable with the letter E. In the phonetic analysis, the vowel with the main stress is shock, the vowel with a secondary stress is unstressed. For example: Three-year-old, three years old.

Jotted vowel sounds

The letters I, Yu, E, are the name of Yoted and mean two sounds in the following positions of the word:

1. at the beginning of the word: Christmas tree [th «колька], Yana [th" Ana], raccoon [th "inot];
2. after the vowel: the hare [Zay "IC], Bayan [Bai" An];
3. after b or Kommersant: streams [Rule "th" and], lifting [Falling "ohm].

For E and drums, I, Yu, e, replacement: I → [y'a], Yu → [y'u], E → [y'E], Е → → [y'o]. For unstressed vowels, replacement is used: I → [th "and], e → [th" and]. In some school programs, when drawing up transcription of the word and in a phonetic analysis, instead of the Latin j.