The most distant star in our galaxy. How far are the stars from us? How far are the visible stars
Many stars are much more sun
Light rays from the stars
Astronauts in orbit
Before going to bed, I really like to look at beauty. starry sky... It seems that there, above, is the kingdom of eternal peace and quiet. Just hold out your hand and the star is in your pocket. Our ancestors believed that the stars could influence our destiny and our future. But not everyone will answer the question of what they are. Let's try to figure it out.
Stars are the main "population" of galaxies. For example, more than 200 billion of them shine in our galaxy alone. Each star is a huge glowing glowing ball of gas, like our Sun. The star shines because it emits a colossal amount of energy. This energy is generated as a result nuclear reactions at very high temperatures.
Many of the stars are much larger than the Sun. And our Earth is a speck of dust compared to the Sun! Imagine that the Sun is a soccer ball, and our planet Earth is small in comparison with it, like a pinhead! Why do we see the sun so small? It's simple - because it is very far from us. And the stars look very small because they are
much, much further. For example, a ray of light flies the fastest in the world. It can fly around the entire Earth before you have time to blink an eye. So, the Sun is so far away that its ray flies to us for 8 minutes. And the rays from other closest stars fly to us for 4 whole years! Light from the most distant stars flies to the Earth for millions of years! Now it becomes clear how far the stars are from us.
But if the stars are suns, then why do they shine so faintly? The farther away the star, the wider its rays diverge, and the light is scattered throughout the sky. And only a tiny portion of these rays reaches us.
Although the stars are scattered throughout the sky, we see them only at night, and during the day against the background of a bright scattered in the air sunlight they are not visible. We live on the surface of planet Earth and are as if at the bottom of the air ocean, which is constantly agitated and seething, refracting the rays of light from the stars. Because of this, they seem to us to be blinking and trembling. But astronauts in orbit see stars as colored, unblinking dots.
The world of these celestial bodies very diverse. There are giant stars and supergiants. For example, the diameter of the star Alpha is 200,000 times larger than the diameter of the Sun. The light of this star travels the distance to the Earth in 1200 years. If it were possible to fly around the giant's equator by plane, it would take 80 thousand years. There are also dwarf stars, which are significantly inferior in size to the Sun and even the Earth. The substance of such stars is distinguished by its extraordinary density. So, one liter of substance " white dwarf Kuiper weighs about 36 thousand tons. A match made from such a substance would weigh about 6 tons.
Look at the stars. And you will see that not all of them are the same color. The color of a star depends on the temperature on their surface - from several thousand to tens of thousands of degrees. Red stars are considered "cold". Their temperature is "only" about 3-4 thousand degrees. The temperature of the surface of the Sun, which is yellow-green in color, reaches 6 thousand degrees. White and bluish stars are the hottest, their temperature exceeds 10-12 thousand degrees.
It is interesting:
sometimes you can watch the stars fall from the sky. They say that when you see a shooting star, you need to make a wish, and it will definitely come true. But what we take for shooting stars are just small stones flying from outer space. Flying up to our planet, such a stone collides with an air shell and at the same time becomes so hot that it begins to glow like an asterisk. Soon the "star", before reaching the Earth, burns out and goes out. These "space aliens" are called meteors. If a piece of a meteor reaches the surface, it is called a meteorite.
On some days of the year, meteors appear in the sky much more often than usual. This phenomenon is called a meteor shower or they say that it is "star rain".
How far are the stars from us?
No matter how much we gaze into the sky on a dark night, simple observations will not give us an answer to this question. Obviously, the stars are very distant - they are farther than the sun and the moon (our satellite often covers the stars), and, in all likelihood, farther than all the planets. But here how far?
Nicolaus Copernicus was the first astronomer to translate reasoning on this topic into a practical plane. As you know, Copernicus built a theory according to which the Sun was placed in the center of the world, not the Earth. This assumption helped simplify the theory of planetary motion, and also explained some of the oddities in their behavior. According to Copernicus, the Earth also revolved around the Sun - in a wide orbit with a period of one year. Consequently, stars had to be seen from different angles in different seasons, say, in spring and autumn, when the Earth is in opposite parts of its orbit.
Copernicus tried to find these offsets - parallaxes of stars observing the heights of a select few stars throughout the year. But the stars showed no displacement. Obviously, they were too far away for their parallaxes to be seen with the naked eye.
Even the invention of the telescope did not help astronomers solve this problem. The parallaxes were so small that the difficulties in determining them were many times greater than the capabilities of astronomers of the 17th-18th centuries. The first parallaxes were successfully measured only about two hundred years ago, after the emergence of precision observation techniques. It turned out that the stars are incredibly far away - several times farther than many not the most optimistic calculations assumed. Just think - even light that can fly from the Earth to the Moon in less than a second and a half spends the years on a journey from the stars to the Earth! So long distances impossible even to imagine!
But even among the stars there are those that are closer to us than most, and there are those that are farther away.
Take the stars for example - the main drawing of the summer sky. Two stars out of three Vega and Altair- are relatively close to us. From Vega to Earth, light takes about 25 years. This is equivalent to a distance of 240 trillion kilometers. Altair is even closer - this star is one of the hundred closest stars to the Sun. The distance to it is measured in 17 light years.
Vega, Altair and Deneb are three stars of the summer triangle, which have a similar brilliance, but are at different distances from us. Pattern: Stellarium
It's a completely different matter Deneb, the faintest star in the Summer Triangle, forming its upper left corner. The distance to Deneb is so great that it cannot be measured in the usual way - the measurement error is large. For such distant space objects astronomers had to develop special, indirect, methods for determining distances. These methods are not very accurate at short distances, but work well at distances of thousands of light years.
It turned out that the distance to Deneb is 2750 light years. This star is 160 times farther from us than Altair, and 110 times farther from Vega!
Comparison of the Sun (yellow circle) and the blue supergiant star Deneb. Pattern: Big Universe
Deneb is a very unusual star. Vega and Altair, placed in its place, would be completely invisible to the naked eye, and Deneb is observed perfectly, less than twice as bright as Altair. Obviously, Deneb's brightness is very high. Indeed, Deneb has an absolutely fantastic luminosity - only 196,000 suns will give the same radiation flux as this bluish-white star! Look at the starry sky at night: you will not find higher luminosity stars on it. None of the stars visible to the naked eye (perhaps with the exception of Rigel) shine as intensely as Deneb.
All these mind-boggling facts about stars became known solely because we learned how to determine distances in space. But astronomers are not going to stop there: now the European space telescope is working in space. Gaia, whose goal is to collect parallaxes of more than a billion stars with unprecedented accuracy. In a few years, data from Gaia will help to more accurately calculate the distance to Deneb, and even to even more distant stars. This will allow astronomers to build the first three-dimensional map of the galaxy.
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Each star system has clearly defined boundaries of the energy cocoon in which it is located. Our solar system is built on exactly the same principle. All the starry sky that we observe on the border of this cocoon is a holographic projection of exactly the same star systems located in our 3-dimensional space. The image of each star system in our sky has strictly individual parameters.
They are transmitted continuously and endlessly. The source of transmission and storage of information in space is absolutely pure and original light. There is not a single atom or photon of impurity in it that distorts its purity. Because of this, endless myriads of stars are available to us to contemplate. All star systems have their strictly specified coordinates, written in the code of the primordial light.
The principle of operation is similar to the transmission of signals over a fiber-optic cable, only with the help of coded-light information. Each star system has its own code with which it receives a personal dedicated channel for transmitting and receiving information in the form of atoms and photons of light. This is the light that contains all the information coming from the original source. It has all its characteristics and qualities, as it is an integral part of it.
Star systems in our space have two entry-exit points for transmission - reception of light information about themselves and about the planets located in their zone of gravity.
(fig. 1)
Passing along the energy channels, through the sluice points (white balls in Fig. 2), their light and information about them fall into the zone of comparison and decoding of the orientation matrix. As a result of this, light information, already processed inside the stars, at the atomic level, is retransmitted further into our space, in the form of a finished holographic image. The figure shows how information gets into the Sun through light channels, after which it is retransmitted in the form of a holographic image of all stellar systems at the boundaries of the energy cocoon. 
(fig. 2)
The fewer sluice points between star systems, the farther they are spaced from the entry-exit channel in our firmament.
The codes of stellar systems cannot yet be expressed using existing terrestrial technologies. Because of this, we have an absolutely incorrect and distorted idea of the galaxy, the universe and space as a whole.
We consider space to be an endless abyss, scattering in different directions after an explosion. Delirium, delirium, and delirium again.
Space and our 3-dimensional space are very compact. It's hard to believe, but even harder to imagine. The main reason why we are not aware of this is due to the distorted perception of what we see in the firmament.
The infinity and depth of space we are seeing now should be perceived as an image in a cinema, and nothing more. We always see only a flat image relayed to the borders of our solar system. (see Fig. 1) Such a picture of events is generally not objective, and it completely distorts the real structure and structure of the cosmos as a whole.
The main purpose of this entire system is to visually receive information from a holographically retransmitted image, read atomic-light codes, decode them and further provide an opportunity for physical movement between stars through light channels. (See Fig. 3) Earthlings do not yet have these technologies ...
Any star system can be located from each other at a distance not exceeding its own diameter, which will be equal to the distance between the gateway points + the radius of the neighboring star system. The figure shows roughly how the space works if you look at it from the side, and not from the inside as we are used to seeing it. 
(fig. 3)
Here's an example. The diameter of our solar system, according to our scientists, is about 1921.56 AU. This means that the stellar systems closest to us will be located at a distance of this radius, i.e. 960.78 AU + radius of the neighboring star system to the common gateway point. You feel how, in fact, everything is very compact and rationally arranged. Everything is much closer than we can imagine.
Now grasp the difference in numbers. The closest star to us according to existing technologies for calculating distances is Alpha Centauri. The distance to it was determined as 15,000 ± 700 AU. That is, against 960.78 AU + half the diameter of the Alpha Centauri stellar system itself. In terms of numbers, the error was 15.625 times. Isn't it a bit too much? After all, these are completely different orders of the distances that do not reflect objective reality.
How do they do it, I don't understand at all? Measure the distance to an object using a holographic image located on the screen of a huge cinema. Just tin! In addition to a sad smile, this does not cause anything for me personally.
This is how a delusional, unreliable, absolutely erroneous view of space and the entire universe as a whole develops.
On the endless expanses of the Internet, I somehow came across the following picture.
Of course, this small circle in the middle of the Milky Way is breathtaking and makes you think about many things, ranging from the frailty of life and ending with the limitless dimensions of the universe, but the question still arises: how much does it all correspond to reality?
Unfortunately, the compilers of the image did not indicate the radius of the yellow circle, and it is dubious to evaluate it by eye. Nevertheless, tweeters @FakeAstropix asked the same question as I did, and claim that this picture is correct for about 99% of the stars visible in the night sky.
Another question is, how many stars can you see in the sky without using optics? It is believed that up to 6,000 stars can be observed from the surface of the Earth with the naked eye. But in reality, this number will be much less - firstly, in the northern hemisphere we will physically be able to see no more than half of this amount (the same is true for residents of the southern hemisphere), and secondly, we are talking about ideal observation conditions, which in reality are practically impossible to achieve. What is only one light pollution of the sky. And when it comes to the farthest visible stars, then in most cases we need ideal conditions to notice them.
But still, which of the small twinkling dots in the sky are the farthest from us? Here's a list I've been able to compile so far (although I certainly wouldn't be surprised if I missed a lot, so don't be too harsh).
Deneb- the brightest star in the constellation Cygnus and the twentieth brightest star in the night sky, with an apparent magnitude of +1.25 (it is believed that the visibility limit for the human eye is +6, maximum +6.5 for people with really excellent vision). This blue and white super-gagint, which lies from 1500 (the last estimate) to 2600 light-years from us - thus, the light we see from Deneb was emitted somewhere in the interval between the birth of the Roman Republic and the fall of the Western Roman Empire.
Deneb's mass is about 200 times the mass of our star, and the luminosity exceeds the solar minimum by 50,000 times. If he were in the place of Sirius, he would sparkle in our sky brighter than the full moon.
P Swan is highlighted in red
Mu Cephei Also known as Herschel's Garnet Star, it is a red supergiant and arguably the largest star visible to the naked eye. Its luminosity exceeds the solar one from 60,000 to 100,000 times, the radius is latest estimates maybe 1500 times the sun. Mu Cephei is 5500-6000 light years away. The star is at the end of its life path and soon (by astronomical standards) time will turn into a supernova. Its apparent magnitude varies from +3.4 to +5. It is believed to be one of the reddest stars in the northern sky.
Plaskett's Star is located at a distance of 6,600 light years from Earth in the constellation of the Unicorn and is one of the most massive systems double stars in The milky way... Star A has a mass of 50 solar masses and a luminosity 220,000 times that of our star. Star B has about the same mass, but its luminosity is less - “only” at 120,000 solar. The apparent magnitude of star A is +6.05, which means it can theoretically be seen with the naked eye.
System This Kiel is located at a distance of 7500 - 8000 light years from us. It consists of two stars, the main of which is the bright blue variable, is one of the largest and most unstable stars in our galaxy with a mass of about 150 solar masses, 30 of which the star has already managed to throw off. In the 17th century, Eta Carina had the fourth magnitude, by 1730 it had become one of the brightest in the constellation Carina, but by 1782 it had again become very weak. Then, in 1820, a sharp increase in the brightness of the star began and in April 1843 it reached an apparent magnitude of −0.8, becoming for a time the second brightest in the sky after Sirius. After that, the brightness of Eta Carinae rapidly dropped, and by 1870 the star had become invisible to the naked eye.
However, in 2007, the star increased in brightness again, it reached magnitude +5 and became visible again. The star's current luminosity is estimated to be at least a million solar, and it appears to be a prime candidate for the next supernova in the Milky Way. Some even believe that it has already exploded.
In conclusion, it is worth mentioning that there have been cases in history when people had the opportunity to observe much more distant stars. For example, in 1987 in the Large Magellanic Cloud, located 160,000 light-years away, a supernova broke out that could be seen with the naked eye. Another thing is that, unlike all the supergiants listed above, it could be observed for a much shorter period of time.
The Milky Way is the galaxy in which the Earth is located,
all stars of the solar system and all stars visible to the naked eye
Panorama of the Milky Way taken in Death Valley, USA, 2005
Photo: National Park Service
The mass of the star Deneb is 200 times the mass of the Sun. It is more than a thousand light years from Earth. This means that the light of Deneb we see was emitted somewhere in the interval between the birth of the Roman Republic and the fall of the Western Roman Empire. Interesting facts from the life of stars lists KIRI2LL. On the endless expanses of the Internet, I somehow came across the following picture.
Of course, this small circle in the middle of the Milky Way is breathtaking and makes you think about many things, ranging from the frailty of life and ending with the limitless dimensions of the universe, but the question still arises: how much does it all correspond to reality?
Unfortunately, the compilers of the image did not indicate the radius of the yellow circle, and it is dubious to evaluate it by eye. Nevertheless, tweeters @FakeAstropix asked the same question as I did, and claim that this picture is correct for about 99% of the stars visible in the night sky.
Another question is, how many stars can you see in the sky without using optics? It is believed that up to 6,000 stars can be observed from the surface of the Earth with the naked eye. But in reality, this number will be much less - firstly, in the northern hemisphere we will physically be able to see no more than half of this amount (the same is true for residents of the southern hemisphere), and secondly, we are talking about ideal observation conditions, which in reality are practically impossible to achieve. What is only one light pollution of the sky. And when it comes to the farthest visible stars, then in most cases we need ideal conditions to notice them.
But still, which of the small twinkling dots in the sky are the farthest from us? Here's a list I've been able to compile so far (although I certainly wouldn't be surprised if I missed a lot, so don't be too strict).
Deneb- the brightest star in the constellation Cygnus and the twentieth brightest star in the night sky, with an apparent magnitude of +1.25 (it is believed that the visibility limit for the human eye is +6, maximum +6.5 for people with really excellent vision). This blue and white super-gagint, which lies from 1500 (the last estimate) to 2600 light-years from us - thus, the light we see from Deneb was emitted somewhere in the interval between the birth of the Roman Republic and the fall of the Western Roman Empire.
Here and further, it should be borne in mind that, due to the low parallax, it is quite difficult to calculate the exact distance to such distant objects, therefore different sources can give different numbers.
Deneb's mass is about 200 times the mass of our star, and the luminosity exceeds the solar minimum by 50,000 times. If he were in the place of Sirius, he would sparkle in our sky brighter than the full moon.VV Cephei Ais one of the largest stars in our galaxy. According to various estimates, its radius exceeds the solar one from 1000 to 1900 times. It lies 5,000 light years from the Sun. VV Cephei A is part of a binary system - its neighbor is actively pulling on the matter of the companion star. The apparent magnitude VV of Cepheus A is approximately +5.P Swanis located from us at a distance of 5,000 to 6,000 light years. It is a bright blue variable hypergiant with a luminosity of 600,000 times that of the Sun. It is known for the fact that during the period of its observations, its apparent magnitude changed several times. The star was first discovered in the 17th century, when it suddenly became visible - then its magnitude was +3. After 7 years, the star's brightness decreased so much that it ceased to be visible without a telescope. In the 17th century, several more cycles of a sharp increase followed, and then an equally sharp decrease in luminosity, for which it was even called a constant nova. But in the 18th century, the star calmed down and since then its magnitude is about +4.8.
P Swan is highlighted in red
Mu CepheiAlso known as Herschel's Garnet Star, it is a red supergiant and arguably the largest star visible to the naked eye. Its luminosity exceeds that of the Sun from 60,000 to 100,000 times; the radius, according to the latest estimates, may be 1,500 times that of the Sun. Mu Cephei is 5500-6000 light years away. The star is at the end of its life path and will soon turn into a supernova (by astronomical standards). Its apparent magnitude varies from +3.4 to +5. It is believed to be one of the reddest stars in the northern sky.
Plaskett's Starlies 6,600 light-years from Earth in the constellation Unicorn and is one of the most massive binary star systems in the Milky Way. Star A has a mass of 50 solar masses and a luminosity 220,000 times that of our star. Star B has about the same mass, but its luminosity is less - "only" at 120,000 solar. The apparent magnitude of star A is +6.05, which means it can theoretically be seen with the naked eye.System This Kielis located at a distance of 7500 - 8000 light years from us. It consists of two stars, the main of which is the bright blue variable, is one of the largest and most unstable stars in our galaxy with a mass of about 150 solar masses, 30 of which the star has already shed. In the 17th century, Eta Carina had the fourth magnitude, by 1730 it had become one of the brightest in the constellation Carina, but by 1782 it had again become very weak. Then, in 1820, a sharp increase in the brightness of the star began and in April 1843 it reached an apparent magnitude of −0.8, becoming for a time the second brightest in the sky after Sirius. After that, the brightness of Eta Carinae rapidly dropped, and by 1870 the star had become invisible to the naked eye.
However, in 2007, the star increased in brightness again, it reached magnitude +5 and became visible again. The star's current luminosity is estimated to be at least a million solar, and it appears to be a prime candidate for the next supernova in the Milky Way. Some even believe that it has already exploded.
Ro Cassiopeiais one of the most distant stars visible to the naked eye. It is an extremely rare yellow hypergiant with a luminosity of half a million times that of the Sun and a radius 400 times that of our star. According to the latest estimates, it is located at a distance of 8,200 light years from the Sun. Usually its stellar magnitude is +4.5, but on average, once every 50 years, the star dims for several months, and the temperature of its outer layers decreases from 7000 to 4000 degrees Kelvin. The last such incident occurred in late 2000 - early 2001. According to calculations, during these several months, the star ejected matter, the mass of which was 3% of the mass of the Sun.V762 Cassiopeiais probably the farthest star visible from Earth to the naked eye - at least based on currently available data. There is little information about this star. It is known to be a red supergiant. According to the latest data, it is located at a distance of 16,800 light years from us. Its apparent magnitude ranges from +5.8 to +6, so you can see the star just in ideal conditions.
In conclusion, it is worth mentioning that there have been cases in history when people had the opportunity to observe much more distant stars. For example, in 1987 in the Large Magellanic Cloud, located 160,000 light-years away, a supernova broke out that could be seen with the naked eye. Another thing is that, unlike all the supergiants listed above, it could be observed for a much shorter period of time.
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