What is the Milky Way. Milky Way - Our Galaxy

Space, which we try to explore, is a huge and endless space in which there are dozens, hundreds, thousands of trillion stars, combined into certain groups. Our land does not live by itself. We are part of the solar system, which is a small particle and is part of the Milky Way - larger space education.

Our land, like other Milky Way planets, our star named Sun, like other Milky Way Stars, move in the Universe in a certain order and occupy allocated places. We will try in more detail, what is the structure of the Milky Way, and what are the main features of our galaxy?

The origin of the Milky Way

Our galaxy has its own history, as well as other areas of outer space, and is a product of a universal scale catastrophe. The main theory of origin of the Universe, which today dominates the scientific community - a big explosion. A model that perfectly characterizes the theory of the Big Bang - Chain nuclear reaction on a microscopic level. Initially, there was some substance that, by virtue of certain reasons, in one moment came into motion and exploded. On the conditions that led to the beginning of the explosive reaction should not speak. This is far from our understanding. Now the resulting 15 billion years ago, as a result of the cataclysm, the universe is a huge, endless landfill.

Primary explosion products first represented accumulations and gas clouds. Further under the influence of gravitational forces and other physical processes the formation of larger universal objects occurred. Everything happened very quickly through cosmic standards for billions of years. At first there was the formation of stars that formed clusters and were later united in galaxies, the exact number of which is unknown. In terms of its composition, a galactic substance is atoms of hydrogen and helium in the company of other elements that are building materials for the formation of stars and other space objects.

To say exactly, in what place the Universe is the Milky Way, it is not possible, since the center of the Universe is not exactly unknown.

Due to the similarity of the processes that have formed the Universe, our galaxy is very similar in its structure to many others. By type, this is a typical spiral galaxy, the type of objects that is common in the universe in a huge set. In terms of its size, the galaxy is in the golden middle - not small and not huge. Smaller neighbors in the starry house, our galaxy is much larger than those who have colossal sizes.

The same and age of all galaxies that exist in outer space. Our galaxy is almost the same as the Universe and has an age of 14.5 billion years. During this huge period of time, the Milky Way structure has repeatedly changed, it happens today, only imperceptibly, in comparison with the pace of earthly life.

Curious story with the name of our galaxy. Scientists believe that the name of the Milky Way is legendary. This is an attempt to connect the location of the stars in our chaise with an ancient Greek myth about the father of the gods of Kronos, who devoured his own children. The last child, who expected the same sad fate, turned out to be thin and was given to the cormalce on fattening. During feeding, milk splashes fell on the sky, thereby creating a dairy track. Subsequently, scientists and astronomers of all times and peoples converged that our galaxy is really very similar to the dairy road.

Currently, the Milky Way is in the middle of its development cycle. In other words, the space gas and the substance for the formation of new stars are approached by an end. The stars existing at the same time are still young enough. As in the history of the Sun, which is possible through 6-7 billion years to turn into a red giant, our descendants will observe the transformation of other stars and the entire galaxy in general in the red sequence.

To stop our existence, our galaxy may be as a result of the next universal cataclysm. Research topics recent years Focus on the upcoming future meeting of the Milky Way with the nearest our neighbor - Andromeda Galaxy. Probably, the Milky Way after meeting with the Galaxy Andromeda camsulate on several small galaxies. In any case, it will become a reason for the emergence of new stars and reorganize the cosmos nearest to us. It remains only to assume what the fate of the universe and our galaxy in the distant future.

Astrophysical parameters of the Milky Way

In order to imagine how the milky path looks like on the scale of space, it is enough to look at the universe itself and compare the individual parts. Our galaxy enters the subgroup, which in turn is part of the local group, larger education. Here our cosmic megalopolis is adjacent to the galaxies of Andromeda and the triangle. Surroundings of the Trinity make up more than 40 small galaxies. The local group is already part of even larger education and is part of the supercountability of the Virgin. Some argue that these are only approximate assumptions about where our galaxy is located. The scale of formations is so huge that it is almost impossible to imagine it. Today we know the distance to the nearest neighboring galaxies. Other deep space objects are beyond visibility. Only theoretically and mathematically allowed their existence.

The location of the Galaxy became known only due to approximate calculations that determined the distance to the nearest neighbors. Milky Way satellites are dwarf galaxies - small and large magtels cloud. In total, according to scientists, there are up to 14 satellite galaxies, which constitute an escort of an universal chariot called the Milky Way.

As for the foreseeable world, today there is enough information about how our galaxy looks like. The existing model, and together with it and the Milky Way Map, is compiled on the basis of mathematical calculations, the data obtained as a result of astrophysical observations. Each cosmic body or fragment of the galaxy occupies its place. It, as in the universe, only on a smaller scale. The astrophysical parameters of our space metropolis are interesting, and they are impressive.

Our spiral type galaxy with a jumper, which is denoted by the SBBC index on the stellar cards. The diameter of the Milky Way galactic disk is about 50-90 thousand light years or 30 thousand parses. For comparison, the radius of the Galaxy Andromeda is equal to 110 thousand light years across the universe. You can only imagine how much more Milky Way is our neighbor. The size of the same dwarf galaxies closest to the Milky Way are tens of times less than the parameters of our galaxy. Magellanovy clouds have a diameter of only 7-10 thousand light years. In this huge star cycle there are about 200-400 billion stars. These stars are collected in clusters and nebula. Significant part of it is the Milky Way sleeves, in one of which is our solar system.

Everything else is dark matter, space gas clouds and bubbles that fill the interstellar space. The closer to the center of the Galaxy, the more star, the closer the outer space becomes. Our sun is located in the area of \u200b\u200bspace, consisting of smaller space objects located at a considerable distance from each other.

The mass of the Milky Way is 6x1042 kg, which is trillion times more masses Our sun. Almost all the stars inhabiting our star country are located in the plane of one disk, the thickness of which is by different estimates of 1000 light years. It is not possible to find out the exact mass of our galaxy, since most of the visible spectrum of stars is hidden from us sleeves of the Milky Way. In addition, the mass of dark matter, which occupies huge interstellar spaces is unknown.

The distance from the Sun to the center of our galaxy is 27 thousand light years. Being on the relative periphery, the Sun is moving rapidly around the center of the Galaxy, making a full revolution for 240 million years.

The center of the Galaxy has a diameter of 1000 parses and consists of a kernel with an interesting sequence. The center of the nucleus has the form of bulge, in which the largest stars and the accumulation of hot gases are concentrated. It is this area that distinguishes a huge amount of energy that is largely more than radiated billions of stars included in the galaxy. This part of the kernel is the most active and brightest part of the galaxy. At the edges of the kernel there is a jumper, which is the beginning of the sleeves of our galaxy. Such a bridge occurs as a result of the enormous force of gravity caused by the rapid speed of rotation of the galaxy itself.

Considering the central part of the galaxy, the next fact looks like a paradoxical. Scientists for a long time could not understand what was in the center of the Milky Way. It turns out that in the very center of the Star Country called the Milky Way there was a supermassive black hole, the diameter of which is about 140 km. It is where most of the energy released by the core of the Galaxy goes away and the stars are dissolved in this bottomless abyss. The presence of a black hole in the center of the Milky Way suggests that all the processes of education in the universe should sometime end. Matter will turn into antimatter and everything will repeat again. How will this monster will behave in millions and billions of years, black abyss is silent, which indicates that the processes of absorption of matter only are gaining strength.

Two main sleeves of the Galaxy are departed from the center - the shield of the Centaur and Persea. The names of these structural formations received constellations on the sky. In addition to the main sleeves, the galaxy ishing another 5 small sleeves.

Nearest and distant future

The sleeves born with the kernel of the Milky Way spirals are spiral, filling with stars and cosmic material outer space. Here is appropriate an analogy with cosmic bodies that rotate around the Sun in our star system. A huge mass of stars, large and small, clusters and nebulae, cosmic objects of various sizes and nature, spinning on a giant carousel. All of them create a wonderful picture of the starry sky, for which a person looks no longer one thousand years. Studying our galaxy, you should know that the stars in the galaxy live in their laws, being in one of the sleeves of the galaxy, tomorrow they will start the path to the other side, leaving one sleeve and flying to another.

Earth in the Galaxy Milky Way is far from the only planet suitable for life. It is just a particle of dust, the size of an atom, which was lost in the huge star world of our galaxy. There may be a huge amount of such planets that are similar to Earth. It is enough to present the number of stars that somehow have their own star planetary systems. Another life can be far away at the very edge of the Galaxy, in tens of thousands of light years or, on the contrary, to attend the neighboring areas that are hidden from us with the sleeves of the Milky Way.

The solar system is immersed in a huge star system - a galaxy, numbering hundreds of billions of stars of different luminosity and color (stars in the section: "Life of Stars"). Properties of different types of galaxy stars Astronomoms are well known. Our neighbors are not just typical stars And other celestial objects, and rather representatives of the most numerous "tribes" of the Galaxy. Currently, all the stars in the vicinity of the Sun are explored, with the exception of completely dwarf, radiating very little light. Most among them make up very weak red dwarfs - their masses are 3-10 times less than the sun. Stars, similar to the sun, very rare, they are only 6%. Many of our neighbors (72%) are grouped into multiple systems where components are associated with each other gravity forces. What of the hundreds of close stars can claim the title of the nearest neighbor of the sun? Now it is considered the component of the well-known triple system of Alpha Centauro - weak red dwarf proxima. The distance to Proxima is 1.31 PCs, the light from it comes to us for 4.2 years. Statistics of the near-free population gives an idea of \u200b\u200bthe evolution of the galactic disk and the galaxy as a whole. For example, the distribution of the luminosity of the solar stars shows that the age of the disk is 10-13 billion years.

In the XVII century, after the invention of the telescope, scientists have first realized how large the number of stars in outer space is. In 1755, the German philosopher and natural resourceman Immanuel Kant suggested that the stars form in space of the group, just as the planets make up the solar system. He called these groups by the Star Islands. According to Kant, one of these countless islands is the Milky Way - a grand cluster of stars visible in the sky as a light misty strip. In the ancient Greek, the word "Galaktikos" means "milk", so the Milky Way and the star systems similar to it are called galaxies.

The size and structure of our galaxy

Based on the results of his calculations, Herschel attempted to determine the size and forms a kind of thick disc: in the plane of the Milky Way, it extends no more than 850 units, and in the rebuilding direction - by 200 units, if you take a distance to Sirius per unit. According to the modern scale of distances, this corresponds to 7300x1700 light years. This assessment as a whole correctly reflects the structure of the Milky Way, although it is very inaccurate. The fact is that in addition to the stars in the disk, the galaxy also includes numerous gas-pepped clouds that weaken the light of remote stars. The first galaxy researchers did not know about this absorbing substance and believed that they would see all her stars.

The true dimensions of the galaxy were installed only in the XX century. It turned out that it is a significantly more flat formation than previously assumed. The diameter of the galactic disk exceeds 100 thousand light years, and the thickness is about 1000 light years. Because of solar system It is almost in the plane of the galaxy filled with absorbing matter, very many details of the Milky Way structure are hidden from the look of the earth observer. However, they can be studied using the example of other galaxies similar to Shashairs. So, in the 40s. XX century, watching the galaxy M 31, more known as the Nebula Andromeda, German astronomer Walter Baad noted that the flat lens disk of this huge galaxy is immersed in a more rescued stellar cloud of spherical shape - halo. Since the nebula is very similar to our galaxy, he suggested that such a structure is also at the Milky Way. The stars of the galactic disk were named by the population of I type, and the stars halo - the population of type II.

As modern studies show, two types of star population are distinguished not only by the spatial position, but also by the nature of the movement, as well as the chemical composition. These features are bound primarily with different origin of the disk and the spherical component.

Galaxy structure: halo

The boundaries of our galaxy are determined by the sizes of halo. The radius of halo is significantly larger than the size of the disk and for some data reaches several hundred thousand light years. The center of symmetry halo Milky Way coincides with the center of the galactic disk. It consists of halo mostly from very old, non-lass mass-mass stars. They are found both for one and in the form of ball clusters that may include more than a million stars. The age of the spherical component of the galaxy exceeds 12 billion years. It is usually taken for the age of the galaxy itself. The characteristic feature of the Galo stars is an extremely small share of heavy chemical elements in them. Stars forming ball clusters contain metals hundreds of times less than the sun.

The stars of the spherical component are concentrated to the center of the Galaxy. The central, the most dense part of the halo within several thousand light years from the center of the Galaxy is called "Balj" ("Thickening"). Stars I. star clusters Galo is moving around the center of the Galaxy on very elongated orbits. Due to the fact that the rotation of individual stars occurs almost randomly, halo in general rotates very slowly.

The structure of the Galaxy: Disc

Compared to halo, the disk rotates noticeably faster. The speed of its rotation is not the same at different distances from the center. It quickly increases from zero in the center until 200-240 km / s at a distance of 2 thousand light years from it, then slightly decreases, again increases to the same value and then remains almost constant. The study of the features of the rotation of the disk made it possible to estimate its mass. It turned out that it is 150 billion times more than the mass of the sun. The population of the disk is very different from the excavation of halo. Near the plane of the disc, young stars and star clusters are concentrated, whose age does not exceed a few billion years. They form the so-called flat component. Among them are a lot of bright and hot stars.

The gas in the galaxy disk is also focused mainly near its plane. It is located uneven, forming numerous gas clouds - gigantic inhomogeneous under the structure of superrangements with a length of several thousand light years to small clouds with dimensions of no more parseca. The main chemical element in our galaxy is hydrogen. Approximately 1/4 it consists of helium. Compared to these two elements, the rest are present in very small quantities. On average, the chemical composition of stars and gas in the disk is almost the same as the sun.

Galaxy structure: kernel

One of the most interesting areas of the Galaxy is its center, or a kernel located in the direction of the constellation of Sagittarius. The visible radiation of the central regions of the galaxies is completely hidden from us with powerful layers of absorbing matter. Therefore, it began to be studied only after the creation of infrared and radio emission receivers, which is absorbed to a lesser extent. For the central regions of the galaxies, a strong concentration of stars is characterized: in each cubic parties near the center they contain many thousands. Distances between stars in tens and hundreds of times less than in the vicinity of the sun. If we lived on the planet near the star located near the galaxy kernel, the sky would be visible dozens of stars, in brightness comparable to the moon, and many thousands more bright than the brightest stars of our sky.

In addition to the large quantity of stars in the central region of the Galaxy, there is a nearby gas disc, consisting mainly of molecular hydrogen. Its radius exceeds 1000 light years. Closer to the center there are areas of ionized hydrogen and numerous sources infrared radiationindicating the star formation there. In the very center of the Galaxy, the existence of a massive compact object is a black hole with a mass of about a million sun. The center is also a bright radio source Sagittarius A, the origin of which is associated with the kernel activity.

In the galaxy, the Milky Way is a solar system, land and all stars that are visible to the naked eye. Together with the galaxy of the triangle, Andromeda and dwarf galaxies and satellites, she forms a local group of galaxies included in the supercountability of the Virgin.

According to ancient legend, when Zeus decided to make his son Hercules Immortal, he posted him to his wife's chest to drink milk. But the spouse woke up and seeing that he feeds a non-rigid child, pushed him off. The jet of milk splashed and appealed to the Milky Way. In the Soviet Astronomical school he was called simply "Milky Way" or "Our Galaxy". Outside Western culture, there are many names of this galaxy. The word "Milky" is replaced by other epithets. The galaxy consists of about 200 billion stars. The main amount is in the form of a disc. Most of the mass of the Milky Way is contained in a dark matter halo.

In 1980, scientists put forward the opinion that the Milky Way is a spiral galaxy with a jumper. The hypothesis was confirmed in 2005 using the Spitzer telescope. It turned out that the central jumper of the galaxy more than was previously thought. The diameter of the galactic disk is approximately 100 thousand light years. In comparison with halo, it rotates much faster. At different distances from the center, its speed is unequal. The study of the rotation of the disk helped to evaluate its mass, which is 150 billion more than the mass of the Sun. Nearby disc plane contains young starklocks and stars, which form a flat component. Scientists suggest that many galaxies have black holes in their kernel.

In the central sites of the Galaxy Milky Way collected a large number of stars. The distance between them is much less than in the surroundings of the sun. The length of the galactic jumper by counting scientists is 27 thousand light years. It passes through the center of the Milky Way at an angle of 44 degrees ± 10 degrees to the line between the center of the Galaxy and the Sun. Its component is predominantly red stars. The jumper is surrounded by a ring called "Ring in 5 kiloparsk". It contains a large amount of molecular hydrogen. This is also an active region of star formation in the galaxy. If you observe Andromeda's galaxy, then the Milky Way jumper would be a bright part.

Since the Milky Way Galaxy is considered spiral, it has spiral sleeves, which are located in the plane of the disk. Around the disk is a spherical crown. The solar system is 8.5 thousand parses from the center of the Galaxy. According to the latest observations, it can be said that our galaxy has 2 sleeves and a couple of hoses in the inside. They go to a quadruck structure, which is observed in the line of neutral hydrogen.

Galo Galaxy has a spherical shape that goes beyond the Milky Way to 5-10 thousand light years. Its temperature is approximately 5 * 10 5 K. Galo consists of old, low-mass non-silent stars. They can be found in the form of ball clusters, and one by one. The main mass of the galaxy is dark matter, forming halo dark matter. Its mass is about 600-3000 billion of the mass of the Sun. Star clusters and halo stars move around the galactic center of elongated orbits. Galo rotates very slowly.

History of the Galaxy Milky Way

Lots of heavenly Tel Combined in a variety of rotating systems. Thus, the moon rotates around the earth, and the satellites of the big planets form their systems. Earth and other planet rotate around the sun. Scientists had a fully logical question: is the sun in even greater system in size?

For the first time, William Herschel was trying to answer this question. He calculated the number of stars in different parts of the sky and found out that there is a large circle in the sky - a galactic equator that divides the sky into two parts. Here the number of stars turned out to be the greatest. The closer one or another section of the sky is located to this circle, the more stars on it. It was ultimately found that it was at the Galaxy Equator that the Milky Way is located. Herschel came to the conclusion that all the stars form one star system.

It was originally considered, everything that is in the universe is part of our galaxy. But another Kant argued that some nebulae can be separate galaxies, like the Milky Way. Only when Edwin Hubble measured the distance to some spiral nebulae and showed that they could not enter the galaxy, Kant's hypothesis was proven.

The future of galaxies

In the future, the collisions of our galaxy with others are possible, including with Andromeda. But there are no specific predictions yet. It is believed that after 4 billion years old, the Milky Way will absorb small and large magnesium clouds, and after 5 billion years, the nebula of Andromeda will absorb.

Milky Way planets

Despite the fact that the stars are constantly born and dying, their number is clearly calculated. Scientists believe that at least one planet rotates around each star. So, in the universe there is from 100 to 200 billion planets. Scientists who worked on this statement were studied the stars "Red Dwarfs". They are less than the sun and make up 75% of all the stars of the galaxy Milky Way. Special attention was paid to the Kepler-32 star, which "sheltered" 5 planets.

Detect planets much more difficult than stars, because they do not emit light. We can confidently say about the existence of the planet only when it departs the light of the stars.

There are planets that are similar to our land, but they are not so much. There are many types of planets, such as planets-pulsars, gas giants, brown dwarfs ... If the planet consists of stone rocks, it will be little similar to the ground.

Recent studies argue that in the galaxy there is from 11 to 40 billion planets, similar to the Earth. Scientists investigated 42 stars, similar to the sun and found 603 exoplanets, 10 of which corresponded to the search criteria. It was proved that all planets similar to the Earth can maintain the desired temperature for the existence of liquid water, which, in turn, will help arise.

The outer edge of the Milky Ways found stars that are moving in a special way. They drift at the edge. Scientists suggest that this is all that remained from galaxies that swallowed the Milky Way. Their clash happened many years ago.

Galaxy satellites

As we said, the Milky Way galaxy is spiral. It is a spiral of a nonideal form. For many years, scientists could not find an explanation of the convexity of the Galaxy. Now everyone came to the conclusion that this is due to the galaxies-satellites and dark matter. They are very small and cannot affect the Milky Way. But when dark matter is moving through Magelane clouds, waves are created. They affect gravitational attractions. Under this action, hydrogen is destroyed from the Galactic Center. Clouds are addressed around the Milky Way.

Although the Milky Way is called for many parameters unique, it is not a big rarity. If we consider the fact that there is approximately 170 billion galaxies in the field of view, it can be argued about the existence of galaxies similar to our. In 2012, astronomers found an accurate copy of the Milky Way. It even has two satellites that correspond to Magelane clouds. By the way, it is assumed that after a couple of billion years they will dissolve. The find of such a galaxy was incredible luck. It was called NGC 1073. She is so much like the Milky Way that astronomers learn it in order to learn more about our galaxy.

Galactic year

Earth year is the time for which the planet makes the full turn around the sun. In the same way, the solar system rotates around a black hole, which is located in the center of the Galaxy. Its full turnover is 250 million years. When describes the solar system, it is rarely mentioned that it moves in outer space, like everything in the world. The speed of its movement is 792000 km per hour relative to the center of the Galaxy Milky Way. If we compare, then we, moving at a similar rate, could get around the whole world in 3 minutes. The galactic year is the time for which the sun makes a full turn around the Milky Way. According to the last estimates, the Sun has lived 18 galactic years.

The Milky Way is a galaxy in which the land is located, the solar system and all individual stars visible to the naked eye. Refers to spiral galaxies with a jumper.

Milky Way Together with Andromeda Galaxy (M31), a triangle galaxy (M33) and more than 40 dwarf galaxies-satellites - their and Andromeda - form a local group of galaxies, which is included in the local supercountability (the supercountability of the Virgin).

History opening

Opening Galilee.

The Milky Way route was opened only in 1610. It was then that the first telescope was invented that Galileo Galilee was invented. The famous scientist saw in the device that the Milky Way is a real accopriety of stars, which, when considering the naked eye, merged into a solid weakly flickering band. Galileo even managed to explain the inhomogeneity of the structure of this strip. It was caused by the presence in heavenly phenomenon Not only star clusters. There are dark clouds there. The combination of these two elements and creates an amazing image of the night phenomenon.

Opening of William Herschel

The study of the Milky Way continued in the 18th century. During this period, his most active researcher was William Herschel. The famous composer and musician engaged in the manufacture of telescopes and studied the science of the stars. The most important discovery Herschel became the great plan of the universe. This scientist watched the planet's telescope and made them counting on different sections of the sky. Studies made it possible to conclude that the Milky Way is a kind of star island in which our sun is located. Herschel even drew a schematic plan of his discovery. In the picture, the star system was depicted in the form of millstones and had an elongated wrong shape. The sun was inside this ring surrounding our world. That is how our galaxy was represented by all scholars until the beginning of the last century.

Only in the 1920s, the light saw the work of the Karttein Jacobus, in which the Milky Way was described in the most detailed. At the same time, the author was given a Star Island scheme, as much as possible to the one that is currently known to us. Today we know that the Milky Way is a galaxy, which contains a solar system, land and those separate stars, which are visible to man with a naked eye.

What form does the Milky Way have?

When studying galaxies, Edwin Hubble classified them on various types of elliptic and spiral. Spiral galaxies have a disk shape, inside which are spiral sleeves. Since the Milky Way has a disc shape along with spiral galaxies, it is logical to assume that it is probably a spiral galaxy.

In the 1930s, R. J. Trewmpler realized that estimates of the galaxy size Milky Way, perfect by dripping and other scientists, were erroneous because the measurements were based on observations using radiation waves in the visible region of the spectrum. Triumpler came to the conclusion that a huge amount of dust in the plane of the Milky Way absorbs the light of visible radiation. Therefore, distant stars and their clusters seem more ghostly than they really are. In this regard, to obtain an exact image of stars and star clusters inside the Milky Way, astronomers had to find a way to see through dust.

In the 1950s, the first radio telescopes were invented. Astronomers found that hydrogen atoms emit radiation in radio waves, and that such radio waves can penetrate the dust in the Milky Way. Thus, it became possible to see the spiral sleeves of this galaxy. To do this, a margin of stars is used by analogy with marks when measuring distances. Astronomers understood that the stars of the spectral class O and B could serve to achieve this goal.

Such stars have several features:

• brightness- they are very noticeable and often found in small groups or associations;
• heat- they emit waves of different lengths (visible, infrared, radio waves);
• short time of life- They live about 100 million years. Given the speed with which the stars rotate in the center of the Galaxy, they do not move away from the place of birth.

Astronomers can use radio telescopes to accurately compare the positions of the stars of the spectral class O and B, and, guided by the Doppler displacements of the radio spectrum, determine the speed of their movement. After conducting such operations with many stars, scientists were able to release the combined radio and optical cards of the spiral sleeves of the Milky Way. Each sleeve is named by the name of the constellation that exists in it.

Astronomers believe that the movement of matter around the center of the Galaxy creates the density waves (high and low density areas), the same as you see, stirring the dough to the cake by an electric mixer. It is assumed that these density waves caused the spiral nature of the galaxy.

Thus, considering the sky in waves of different lengths (radio, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, x-ray) with the help of various terrestrial and space telescopes, you can get different images of the Milky Way.

Doppler effect. Just as the high sound of the fireman's siren becomes lower when the car is removed, the movement of stars affects the wavelength of light, which comes from them to the ground. This phenomenon is referred to as the Doppler effect. We can measure this effect by measuring lines in the star spectrum and comparing them with a standard lamp spectrum. The degree of Doppler displacement shows how fast the star moves relative to us. In addition, the direction of the Doppler displacement can show us the direction of movement of the star. If the spectrum of the star shifts into a blue end, the star moves to us; If in the red face - removed.

Milky Way Structure

If you carefully consider the structure of the Milky Way, then we will see the following:

1. Galactic disk. Most of the Milky Way Stars are concentrated here.

The disc itself is divided into the following parts:

• The kernel is a disk center;
• Arcs - areas around the kernel, including directly area above and below the disc plane.
• Spiral sleeves are areas that protrude outside the center. Our solar system is located in one of the spiral sleeves of the Milky Way.

1. Ball clusters. Several hundreds of them are scattered above and below the disc plane.
2. Halo. This is a big, dull area that surrounds the entire galaxy. Galo consists of a large gas gas and possibly dark matter.

The radius of halo is significantly larger than the size of the disk and for some data reaches several hundred thousand light years. The center of symmetry halo Milky Way coincides with the center of the galactic disk. Galo is mostly from very old, inappropriate stars. The age of the spherical component of the galaxy exceeds 12 billion years. Central, the most dense part of halo within several thousand light years from the center of the Galaxy is called balja (Translated from English "Thickening"). Galo rotates very slowly.

Compared to halo disk rotates noticeably faster. It is like two plates folded plates. The diameter of the galaxy disk about 30 PDAs (100,000 light years). Thickness - about 1000 light years. The speed of rotation is not the same at different distances from the center. It raises rapidly from zero in the center to 200-240 km / s at a distance of 2 thousand light years from it. The mass of the disk is 150 billion times more than the mass of the Sun (1.99 * 10 30 kg). Young stars and star clusters are concentrated in the disk. Among them are many bright and hot stars. Gas in the disk of the galaxy is uneven, forming giant clouds. Basic chemical element In our galaxy is hydrogen. Approximately 1/4 it consists of helium.

One of the most interesting areas of the Galaxy is its center, or corelocated in the direction of the Sagittar constellation. The visible radiation of the central regions of the galaxies is completely hidden from us with powerful layers of absorbing matter. Therefore, it began to be studied only after creating receivers of infrared and radio emission, which is absorbed to a lesser extent. For the central regions of the galaxy is characterized by a strong concentration of stars: in every cubic part of their many thousands. Closer to the center are the areas of ionized hydrogen and numerous sources of infrared radiation, indicating the star formation there. In the very center of the Galaxy, the existence of a massive compact object is a black hole with a mass of about a million sun.

One of the most notable formations are spiral branches (or sleeves). They gave the name of this type of objects - spiral galaxies. Along the sleeves mostly focused the youngest stars, many scattered star clusters, as well as chains of tight clouds of interstellar gas, in which stars continue to form. Unlike halo, where any manifestations of stellar activity are extremely rare, a stormy life continues in the branches, associated with a continuous transition of a substance from interstellar space in the stars and back. The spiral sleeves of the Milky Way are largely hidden from us by absorbing matter. Their detailed research began after the appearance of radio telescope. They allowed to study the structure of the galaxy on observations of radio emission of interstellar hydrogen atoms, concentrating along long spirals. By modern ideasThe spiral sleeves are associated with compression waves propagating the galaxy disk. Passing through the compression area, the disk substance is compacted, and the formation of gas stars becomes more intense. The causes of the occurrence of spiral galaxies in the disks such a kind of wave structure is not quite clear. Many astrophysics work on this problem.

Sun in the Galaxy

In the vicinity of the Sun, it is possible to trace the sections of two spiral branches removed from us about 3 thousand light years. According to the constellations, where these sections are found, they are called Sleeve for Sleeve and Sleeve Perseus. The sun is almost in the middle between these spiral branches. True, relatively close (for galactic standards) from us, in the constellation Orion, one more, not such a clearly pronounced branch, which is considered a branch of one of the main spiral sleeves of the galaxy.

The distance from the Sun to the center of the Galaxy is 23-28 thousand light years, or 7-9 thousand parses. This suggests that the sun is located closer to the outskirts of the disk than to its center.

Together with all close stars, the Sun rotates around the center of the Galaxy at a speed of 220-240 km / s, committing one turnover for about 200 million years. So, in all the time of existence, the earth was shielded around the center of the Galaxy no more than 30 times.

The speed of rotation of the sun around the center of the galaxy almost coincides with the speed with which the seal wave is moving in this area that formulates a spiral sleeve. This situation is generally extraordinary for the Galaxy: Spiral branches rotate with constant angular speedLike the wheel spokes, and the movement of the stars, as we have seen, obeys completely different patterns. Therefore, almost all the star population of the disk then falls inside the spiral branch, it comes out of it. The only place where the speeds of the stars and the spiral branches are the same - this is the so-called corotional circle, and it is on it that the sun is located!

For the Earth, this circumstance is extremely favorable. Indeed, in the spiral branches, violent processes occur, generating powerful radiation, destructive for all living things. And no atmosphere could protect from him. But our planet exists in a relatively peaceful place of the Galaxy and for hundreds of millions and billions of years have not experienced the influence of these cosmic cataclysms. Maybe that's why life could be born on Earth.

For a long time, the position of the Sun among the stars was considered the most ordinary. Today we know that it is not: in a certain sense It is privileged. And it must be considered, arguing about the possibility of living in other parts of our galaxy.

Location of Star

On the cloudless night sky, the Milky Way is visible from any point of our planet. However, only a part of the galaxy is available to the look of man, which is a system of stars located inside Orion sleeves. What is the Milky Way? The definition in the space of all its parts becomes most understandable if we consider the star card. In this case, it becomes clear that the sun illuminating the earth is located almost on the disk. This is almost the edge of the galaxies, where the distance from the nucleus is 26-28 thousand light years. Moving at a speed of 240 kilometers per hour, the shovel spends on one turn around the core of 200 million years, so for all the time of its existence it traveled through the disk, encroaching the kernel, just thirty times. Our planet is in the so-called cornist circle. This is a place in which the speed of rotation of the sleeves and stars is identical. For this circle is characteristic elevated level radiation. That is why life, as scientists believe, could only arise on that planet, near which there is a small number of stars. Such a planet and appeared our land. It is located on the periphery of the galaxy, in her calm place. That is why on our planet for several billion years there were no global cataclysms, which often occur in the universe.

What will the death of the Milky Way?

Space history of the death of our galaxy begins here and now. We can blindly look around, thinking that the Milky Way, Andromeda (our older sister) and a handful of unknowns - ours space neighbors - This is our home, but in fact there is much more. It's time to learn what else is around us. Go.

• Galaxy triangle. With a mass of about 5% of the mass of the Milky Way, this is the third largest galaxy in the local group. It has a spiral structure, own satellites And it may be an Andromeda galaxy satellite.
• Large Magellanovo cloud. This galaxy is only 1% of the mass of the Milky Way, but is the fourth largest in our local group. It is very close to our Milky Way - less than 200,000 light years from us - and the process of active star formation continues, since tidal interactions with our galaxy lead to a collapse of gas and generate new, hot and big stars in the Universe.
• Small Magellanovo Cloud, NGC 3190 and NGC 6822. All of them have a lot of 0.1% to 0.6% of the Milky Way (and it is not clear which one more) and all three are independent galaxies. Each of them contains more than a billion solar masses.
• Elliptical galaxies M32 and M110.They can be "just" by Andromeda satellites, but in each of them more than a billion stars, and by weight they can even exceed the number 5, 6 and 7.

In addition, there are at least 45 other famous galactic - Smaller - the components of our local group. Each of them has a shage of dark matter surrounding it; Each of them gravitationally tied to another, located at a distance of 3 million light years. Despite their size, mass and magnitude, no one will remain in several billion years.

So, the main thing

As the time flows, the galaxies interact gravitational. They are not only tightened by gravitational attraction, but also interact tidal. Usually we are talking about tides in the context of the moon, attracting the earth's oceans and creating tides and flow, and it is partly true. But from the point of view of the galaxy riding is a less noticeable process. Part of a small galaxy that is close to large, will be attracted with greater gravitational power, and a part that is further will experience less thanks. As a result, a small galaxy stretches and ultimately breaks under the influence of attraction.

Not large galaxieswhich are part of our local group, including both Magellanov clouds and dwarf elliptical galaxies, will be broken in this way, and their substance will be included in large galaxies that they merge. "Well, and that" you say. After all, this is not completely death, because large galaxies will remain alive. But even they will not exist forever in such a state. After 4 billion years, the mutual gravitational attraction of the Milky Way and Andromeda will drag out the galaxy in the gravitational dance, which will lead to a large merger. Although this process will take billions of years, the spiral structure of both galaxies will be destroyed, which will lead to the creation of a single, giant elliptical galaxy in the kernel of our local group: Malkomeda.

A small percentage of stars will be thrown during such a merger, but the majority will remain unharmed, while a large surge of star formation will happen. In the end, the rest of the galaxies in our local group will also be awesome, and one big giant galaxy will remain, the rest of them. This process will flow in all related groups and clusters of galaxies throughout the universe until the dark energy fell separate groups and clusters from each other. But after all, it is impossible to call death, because the galaxy will remain. And for some time it will be so. But the galaxy consists of stars, dust and gas, and everything will ever come to an end.

In the entire Universe, galactic mergers will be held tens of billions of years. During the same time, dark energy will remove them throughout the universe to the state of complete privacy and inaccessibility. And although the last galaxies outside our local group will not disappear until hundreds of billions of years, the stars will live in them. The most long-lived stars existing today will continue to burn their fuel tens of trillion years, and from gas, dust and star corpses that inhabit each galaxy will appear new stars - although less and less and less often.

When the last stars are burned, only their corpses will remain - white dwarfs and neutron stars. They will shine hundreds of trillion or even quadrillion years before being rowed. When this inevitability happens, we will stay brown dwarfs (failed stars), which accidentally merge, re-light nuclear synthesis and create star light over tens of trillion years.

When, after tens of quadrillion years, the last star will go out in the future, there will still be some weight in the galaxy. It means that it is impossible to call "true death."

All masses gravitational interact with each other, and gravitational objects of different masses show strange properties when interacting:

• Repeated "approaches" and close passes cause speed exchanges and pulses between them.
• Low mass objects are discharged from the galaxy, and the objects with a higher mass are immersed in the center, losing speed.
• Throughout enough long period time, most of the mass will be thrown out, but only a small part of the remaining masses will be tightly tied.

In the very center of these galactic remains there will be a supermassive black hole, in each galaxy, and the remaining galactic objects will rotate around the increased version of our own solar system. Of course, this structure will be the last, and since the black hole will be the most as much as possible, it will eat everything, how can it be reached. In the center of Malkomeda there will be an object of hundreds of millions of times the massive of our Sun.

But after all and her will come to the end?

Thanks to the phenomenon of the radiation of Hawking, even these objects will once be sprinkled. It will take about 10 80 - 10,100 years, depending on how much the black hole is our supermassive black hole in the process of growth, but the end is coming. After that, the remains rotating around the Galactic Center will unleash and leave only halo dark matter, which can also be arbitrarily dissociated, depending on the properties of this matter itself. Without any matter, there will no longer be anything that we once called the local group, Milky, and other cute hearts with names.

Mythology

Armenian, Arab, Valah, Jewish, Persian, Turkish, Kyrgyz

According to one of the Armenian myths about the Milky Way, the God of Vaagn, the ancestor of Armenians, the harsh in winter stole the Assyrians of the Barsham Soloma, and disappeared in the sky. When he walked with his prey on the sky, he dropped on his way of straws; Of these, a bright track for the sky (in Armenian "Road Solomocrad") was formed. Arab, Jewish, Persian, Turkish and Kyrgyz names (Kyrgysts are also spoken about the myth of scattered straw. Samachynn Zholu. - The way of the strawer) of this phenomenon. The inhabitants of Valahia believed that Venus stole this Solool from St. Peter.

Buryat

According to Buryat mythology, the good forces create the world, modify the universe. So, the Milky Way arose from the milk, which Manzan Gourme was hit from his chest and splash out after deceying her Abai Georere. According to another version, the Milky Way is the "seam of the sky", which is engaged after the stars satisfied from it; On him, like on the bridge, Tengri go.

Hungarian

According to the Hungarian legend, Attila will come down on the Milky Way, if the pieces will threaten the danger; Stars are sparks from hoofs. Milky Way. Accordingly, it is called "dear warriors."

Ancient Greek

Etymology words Galaxias (γαλαξίας) And its connection with milk (γάλα) reveal two similar ancient Greek myths. One of the legends tells about the mother's milk of the goddess of the gee, who fed Hercules. When Gera learned that the baby she would breastfeed, not her own child, but the illegal son of Zeus and the earthly woman, she pushed him out, and the spilled milk became the milky way. Another legend suggests that spilled milk is a milk of Rei, the wife of the Kronos, and the baby was Zeus himself. Kronos devoured her children, as he was predicted that he would overthrow his own son. Rei had a plan, as to save his sixth child, a newborn zeus. She wrapped stone into infant clothes and slipped his Kronos. Kronos asked her to feed her son again, before he swallows him. The milk spilled out of the breast of Rii on a bare stone, later began to call the milky way.

Indian

Ancient Indians considered the Milky Way of the milk of the evening cow passing through the sky. In the Rigveda, the Milky Way is called Trone Dear Ariaman. Bhagavata-Purana contains a version by which the Milky Way is the stomach of the heavenly dolphin.

Incanian

The main objects of observation in the astronomy of the Incas (which was reflected in their mythology) in the sky was the dark sections of the Milky Way - peculiar "constellations" in the terminology of the Andean cultures: Lama, cubs, shepherd, shepherd, cord, partridge, toad, snake, fox; And also stars: South Cross, Pleiads, Lira and many others.

Ketskaya

In Kat's myths, similar to Selkup, the Milky Way is described as the road of one of the three mythological characters: the son of the sky (Yes), who went to hunt on the western side of the sky and there is a frost, the hero of Albe, who pursued the evil goddess, or the first Daha Shaman, raised this expensive to the sun.

Chinese, Vietnamese, Korean, Japanese

In the mythologies of Sinofer, the Milky Way is called and compared with the river (in Vietnamese, Chinese, Korean and Japanese, the name "Silver River" is preserved. The Chinese also sometimes called the Milky Way of "Yellow Dear", in the color of straw.

Indigenous peoples of North America

Hidats and Eskimos call the Milky Way of "ash". Their myths talk about a girl who scattered across the sky as people could find the road home at night. Chayenna believed that the Milky Way was dirt and Il lifted by the turtle sailing in the sky. Eskimos with Bering Strait - what is the traces of the Creator Creator, who went across the sky. The Cherokee was believed that the Milky Way was formed when one hunter stole a wife of another of jealousy, and her dog became a corn flour, which remained unattended, and scattered her in the sky (the same myth meets from the Kalahari Koisan population). Another myth of the same people suggests that the Milky Way is a trail of a dog that has dragged something in the sky. Khunayha called the Milky Way of the "doggy tail", the black-related called him "Wolf Dear". The Wyandot myth says that the Milky Way is a place where the souls of dead people and dogs are going together and dance.

Maori

In Mythology, Maori Milky Way is considered a boat Tama-Reret. The nose of the boat - the Constellation of Orion and Scorpio, Anchor - South Cross, Alpha Centaur and Hadar - Rope. According to the legend, one day Tama-Reret sailed on his canoe and saw that it was too late, and he was far from home. There were no stars in the sky, and, fearing that the tanifa could attack, Tama Rerette began to throw a sparkling pebbles into the sky. The Heavenly Deity of Rangini liked what he did, and he placed the boat Tama-Reret on the sky, and he turned the pebbles into the stars.

Finnish, Lithuanian, Estonian, Erzyanskaya, Kazakh

Finnish name - Fin. Linnunrata. - means "the path of birds"; Similar etymology and the Lithuanian name. The Estonian myth also links Milky ("bird") path with bird flying.

Erziang name - "Kargon Ki" ("Crane Road").

The Kazakh name is "ұұz Zholy" ("The Path of Birds").

Interesting facts about the Galaxy Milky Way

• The Milky Way began the formation as a cluster of dense regions after a large explosion. The first stars appeared in the ball clusters that continue to exist. This is the oldest galaxy stars;
• The galaxy increased its parameters by absorption and merging with others. Now she takes the stars in the dwarf galaxy of Sagittarius and Magellan clouds;
• The Milky Way moves in space with an acceleration of 550 km / s relative to the relic emission;
• In the galactic center, the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A * is hidden. By weight of 4.3 million times the solar;
• Gas, dust and stars rotate around the center at a speed of 220 km / s. This is a stable indicator that implies the presence of a shell of dark matter;
• After 5 billion years, a collision is expected to the Galaxy Andromeda.

Astronomers claim that a man can consider about 4.5 thousand stars with a unarmed look. And this, despite the fact that our gaze opens only a minor part of one of the most amazing and unidentified paintings in one of the most amazing and unidentified paintings: only in the galaxy the Milky Way there are more than two hundred billion of heavenly luminaries (scientists have the opportunity to observe only two billion).

The Milky Way is a spiral type galaxy with a jumper, which is a huge gravitational stars-related star system. Together with the neighboring galaxies of Andromeda and the triangle and more than forty-dwarf satellite galaxies, it is part of the supercountability of the Virgin.

The age of the Milky Way exceeds 13 billion years, and during this time it was formed from 200 to 400 billion stars and constellations, more than a thousand huge gas clouds, clusters and nebulae. If you look at the map of the Universe, you can see that the Milky Way is represented on it in the form of a disk with a diameter of 30 thousand parsecs (1 parseka is 3,086 * 10 at 13 degrees of kilometers) and the average thickness of about a thousand light years (in one light year almost 10 trillion kilometers).

How many people weighs the galaxy, astronomers are difficult to answer, since most of the weight is not contained in constellations, as it was previously thought, but in dark matter, which does not emit and does not interact with electromagnetic radiation. According to very rough calculations, the weight of the galaxy ranges from 5 * 10 11 to 3 * 10 12 masses of the sun.

Like all the heavenly bodies, the Milky Way turns around around its axis and moves in the universe. It should be borne in mind that when moving, the galaxies are constantly faced with each other in space and the one that has larger sizes, absorbs smaller, but if their dimensions coincide, after a collision, active star formation begins.

So, astronomers put forward the assumption that after 4 billion years, the Milky Way in the Universe will face the Galaxy of Andromeda (they approach each other at a speed of 112 km / s), causing the emergence of new constellations in the Universe.

As for the movement around its axis, the Milky Way is moving in space unevenly and even chaotically, since each star system located in it, the cloud or nebula has its own speed and orbit of different types and forms.

The structure of galaxies

If you carefully look at the Cosmos map, you can see that the Milky Way is very compressed in the plane and looks like a "flying plate" (the solar system is located almost at the very edge of the starry system). The galaxy is the Milky Way of the kernel, jumper, disk, spiral sleeves and crowns.

Core

The kernel is located in the constellation of Sagittarius, where the source of non-coordinated radiation is located, the temperature of which is about ten million degrees - a phenomenon characteristic only for galaxies nuclei. In the center of the nucleus there is a seal - a balje, consisting of a large number of elderly stars moving along the elongated orbit, many of which are at the end of their life cycle.

So, some time ago, American astronomers discovered the area of \u200b\u200b12 to 12 parses, consisting of dead and dying constellations.

In the very center of the nucleus there is a supermassive black hole (a plot in outer space, which has such powerful gravity, which will even even light be unable), around which the black hole of smaller sizes rotates. Together they have such a strong gravitational influence on the stars and constellations not far from them, that they are moving on unusual trajectory for the celestial bodies in the universe.

Also, the center of the Milky Way is characterized by an extremely strong concentration of stars, the distance between which is several hundred times less than on the periphery. The speed of movement of most of them is absolutely independent of how far they are from the nucleus, and therefore the average speed of rotation ranges from 210 to 250 km / s.

Jumper

The jumper in the size of 27 thousand light years crosses the central part of the galaxy at an angle of 44 degrees to the conditional line between the sun and the core of the Milky Way. It consists mainly of old red stars (about 22 million), and is surrounded by a gas ring, which contains a majority of molecular hydrogen, and therefore it is a region where stars are formed in the greatest quantity. According to one of the theories, such active star formation occurs in the jumper due to the fact that it passes through itself gas from which the constellation is born.

Disk

The Milky Way is a disc consisting of constellations, gas nebulae and dust (the dimensions of its diameter are about 100 thousand light years with a thickness of several thousand). The disk rotates much faster than the crown, which is located at the edges of the galaxy, while the speed of rotation at different distances from the nucleus is notode and chaotic (heshes from zero in the core to 250 km / h at a distance of 2 thousand light years from it). Near the plane disk concentrated gas clouds, as well as young stars and constellations.

With the outside of the Milky Way there are layers of atomic hydrogen, which goes into space for a half thousand light years from extreme spirals. Despite the fact that this hydrogen is ten times thicker than in the center of the Galaxy, its density is as much as lower. On the outskirts of the Milky Way, dense accumulations of gas with a temperature of 10 thousand degrees were discovered, the dimensions of which exceed several thousand light years.

Spiral sleeves

Immediately behind the gas ring, there are five main spiral sleeves of the galaxy, the size of which ranges from 3 to 4.5 thousand parses: Swan, Persea, Orion, Sagittarius and Centaurus (the sun is on the inner side of the Orion's sleeve). Molecular gas is in the sleeves unevenly and not always obeying the rules of rotation of the galaxy, making errors.

Crown

The Crown Milky Way is represented as a spherical halo, which goes beyond the galaxy into space for five to ten light years. The crown of ball clusters, constellations, individual stars (mainly old and low-mass), dwarf galaxies, hot gas. All of them are moving around the kernel on elongated orbits, while the rotation of some stars to that randomly, that even the speed near the luminaries arranged can differ significantly, so the crown rotates extremely slow.

According to one of the hypotheses, the crown arose as a result of absorption by the milky way of smaller galaxies, and therefore it is their remnants. According to preliminary data, the age of halo exceeds twelve billions of years and it is the developer of the Milky Way, and therefore the star formation has already completed.

Starry space

If you look at the night starry sky, the Milky Way can be seen absolutely from any point of the globe in the form of a light-colored band (since our star system is located inside the Orion sleeve, only part of the galaxy is available for review).

Map of the Milky Way shows that our luminaire is almost on the disk of the galaxy, at its very edge, and its distance to the nucleus ranges from 26-28 thousand light years. Considering that the sun moves at a speed of about 240 km / h to make one turn, he needs to spend about 200 million years old (for the entire period of its existence, our star did not attach the Galaxy and thirty times).

Interestingly, our planet is located in a cornist circle - a place where the speed of rotation of the stars coincides with the speed of rotation of the sleeves, so the stars never leave these sleeves, or do not enter them. For this circle, a high level of radiation is characterized, therefore it is believed that life can occur only on the planets, near which there are very few stars.

It is this fact that refers to our land. Being on the periphery, it is placed in a rather calm place of the Galaxy, and therefore for several billion years almost not exposed to global cataclysm, which is so rich in the universe. Perhaps this is one of the main reasons that life in our planet is born and life will be preserved.