Wide zonality. What is the difference between the latitudinal zonality from the high-dimensional explanation: examples

Due to the spherical shape of the Earth and change the angle of falling the sun's rays onto the earth's surface. In addition, the latitudinal zonality depends on the distance to the Sun, and the mass of the Earth affects the ability to keep the atmosphere, which serves as a transformer and a redistributor of energy.

The tilt of the axis to the plane of the ecliptic is of great importance, the unevenness of the flow of solar heat depends on the seasons, and the daily rotation of the planet causes the deviation of the air masses. The result of the difference in the distribution of the radiant energy of the Sun is the zonal radiation balance of the earth's surface. The unevenness of heat intake affects the location of the air masses, moisture turnover and the circulation of the atmosphere.

Zonality is expressed not only in the average annual amount of heat and moisture, but also in intraday changes. Climatic zonality is reflected in the drain and hydrological mode, the formation of the weathelation of the weathering, of the fever. A great influence has on the organic world, specific relief forms. The homogeneous composition and the high air mobility smoothes the zonal differences with a height.

In each hemisphere, 7 circulation zones are isolated.

see also

Literature

• Milkov F. N., N. N. N. A. Physical Geography of the USSR. Part 1. - M.: high school, 1986.

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Latitude zonality - a regular change in physico-geographic processes, components and complexes of geosystems from the equator to poles. The latitudinal zonality is due to the spherical shape of the earth's surface, as a result of which there is a gradual decrease from the equator to the poles of the amount of heat coming to it.

High-rise explanancy - a regular change of natural conditions and landscapes in the mountains as absolute height increases. The high-altitude explanancy is due to a climate change with a height: drop with air temperature and an increase in precipitation and atmospheric moistening. Vertical explanation always starts with the horizontal zone in which the mountainous country is located. Above the belt is replaced in general, just like horizontal zones, to the field of polar snow. Sometimes apply a less accurate name "Vertical Explanation". It is not accurate because the belt is not vertical, but a horizontal stretch and replace each other in height (Figure 12).

Figure 12 - High-rise lowering in the mountains

Natural zones - These are natural and territorial complexes inside the geographical belts of land, corresponding to the types of vegetation. In the distribution of natural zones in the belt, the relief is played by the relief, its drawing and absolute heights are mountain barriers that brave the path of the airflow, contribute to the rapid change of natural zones to more continental.

Natural zones of equatorial and subequatorial latitudes. Zone wet Equatorial Forests (Gilas)located in the equatorial climate belt with high temperatures (+28 ° C), and a large amount of precipitation throughout the year (more than 3000 mm). Received the greatest distribution of the zone in South America, where the Amazon pool is occupied. In Africa, it is located in the Congo pool, in Asia - on the Malacca Peninsula and the Large and Small Sunda and New Guinea (Figure 13).

Figure 13 - Natural Zones of Earth

Evergreen forests are thick, difficult to grow, grow on red-yellow ferallotic soils. Forests are distinguished by species diversity: abundance of palm trees, lian and epiphytes; On sea coasts are spread by mangroves. Trees in such a forest hundreds of species, and they are located in several tiers. Many of them bloom and fruit all year round.

The animal world is also distinguished by a variety. Most inhabitants are adapted to life on trees: monkeys, sloths, etc. From land animals are characterized by tapir, hippos, jaguars, leopards. A lot of birds (parrots, hummingbirds), rich in the world of reptiles, amphibians and insects.

Savannan Zone and Head Fallslocated in the subequatorial belt of Africa, Australia, South America. Climate is characterized by high temperatures, alternation of wet and dry seasons. Soils are peculiar: red and red-brown or reddish-brown, in which iron compounds accumulate. Due to insufficient moisture, herbal cover is an endless sea of \u200b\u200bherbs with separately worthy of low trees and thickets of shrubs. Wood vegetation is inferior to herbs, mainly tall cereals reaching the 1.5-3-meter heights sometimes. Numerous types of cacti and agave are distributed in American savannas. The arid period was adapted to certain types of trees, stocking moisture or delaying evaporation. This is African baobabs, Australian eucalyptus, South American bottle tree and palm trees. Rich and diverse the animal world. main feature Animal Peace Savannan - the numerousness of birds, hoofs and the presence of major predators. Vegetation contributes to the spread of large herbivore and predatory mammals, birds, reptiles, insects.

Zone variable wet leaf fall forestsfrom the East, the North and the South framed the hyileu. Here are common both challenged evergreen hallenge species and species, partially dropping foliage in the summer; Formal latice and yellow soil are formed. The animal world is rich and diverse.

Natural zones of tropical and subtropical latitudes. In the tropical zone of the northern and southern hemispheres prevails tropical desert zone.The climate is tropical desert, hot and dry, because the soil is weak, often saline. Vegetation on such soils Scarce: rare rigid herbs, spiky shrubs, solicky, lichens. Animal world is richer vegetable, since reptiles (snakes, lizards) and insects are capable of being without water for a long time. From mammals - hoofs (Antilopa Jayran, etc.), capable of overcome in search of water large distances. The sources of water are located oasis - "spots" of life among dead desert spaces. Fatherland palm trees, olendra grow here.

In the tropical belt is also presented zone of wet and variable-wet rainforest.It was formed in the eastern part of South America, in the northern and northeastern parts of Australia. The climate is wet with constantly high temperatures and plenty of precipitation that fall out in summer during monsoon rains. On red-yellow and red soils, variable-wet, evergreen forests rich in the species composition (palm trees, ficuses) are growing. They look like equatorial forests. The animal world is rich and diverse (monkeys, parrots).

Subtropical Tighted Evergreen Forests and Shrubscharacteristic for the western part of the continents, where Mediterranean climate: hot and dry summer, warm and rainy winter. Brown soils have high fertility and are used to cultivate valuable subtropical crops. Lack of moisture during the period of intensive solar radiation He led to the appearance of fixtures in plants in the form of hard leaves with a wax chain, reducing evaporation. Tighted evergreen forests are decorated with laurels, wild olives, cypresses, tees. In large areas, they cut down, and their place occupy fields of grain crops, gardens and vineyards.

Zone of wet subtropical forestslocated in the east of the continents, where the climate is subtropical monsoon. Sedips fall out in summer. Forests thick, evergreen, wide and mixed, grow on the reds and yellow meters. The animal world is diverse, bears, deer, roe deer.

Subtropical steppes, semi-desert and desertcompleted sectors in the inner areas of the mainland. In South America, the steppe is called Pamp. Subtropic dry with hot summer and relatively warm winter climate allows you to grow drought-resistant herbs and cereals (wormwood, nickname) on gray-brown steppe and brown desert soils. The animal world is distinguished by a species diversity. From mammals typical Susliki, tushkars, jeans, kulans, sacks and hyenas. Numerous lizards, snakes.

Natural zones of moderate latitude Include desert zones and semi-deserts, steppes, forest-steppes, forests.

Desert and semi-desertsmoderate latitudes occupy large areas in the inner regions of Eurasia and North America, minor territories in South America (Argentina), where the climate is sharply continental, dry, with cold winter and hot summer. Poor vegetation grows on gray-brown desert soils: steppe pickup, wormwood, barb camel; In decreases on saline soils - Solyanka. In the animal world, lizards, snakes, turtles, tushkans are dominated, saigas are prevalent.

Steppeoccupy large territories in Eurasia, South and North America. In North America they are called prairies. The climate of the steppes is continental, arid. Due to lack of moisture, there are no trees and a rich herbal cover is developed (Kickl, Ticachak and other cereals). In the steppes, the most fertile soils are formed - chernozem. Summer vegetation in the steppes is scarce, and a short spring blooms a lot of colors; Lilies, tulips, poppies. The animal world of steppes is represented mainly mice, gopters, hamsters, as well as foxes, ferrets. The nature of the steppes has changed in many ways under the influence of man.

North of the steppes there is a zone forest-steppes.This is a transition zone, forest areas in it are interspersed with significant spaces covered with herbal vegetation.

Zones of short and mixed forestspresented in Eurasia, North and South America. The climate when moving from the oceans inside the continents is replaced by the marine (monsoon) to the continental. Depending on the climate, vegetation changes. The zone of broad forest (beech, oak, maple, linden) goes into the zone of mixed forests (pine, spruce, oak, rhine, etc.). Soften breeds (pine, spruce, fir, larch) are used to the north and further into the mainstream. Among them are also small breeds (birch, aspen, alder).

Soils in the brown forest brown forests, in the mixed forest - dend-podzolic, in the taiga - podzolic and permanently taiga. Almost for all forest zones moderate belt Characterized widespread swamp.

Very diverse animal world (deer, brown bears, lynx, boars, roasted, etc.).

Natural zones of subogenous and polar latitudes. Lesotundrait is a transition zone from forests to the tundra. The climate in these latitudes is cold. Soil tundrov-gley, podzolic and peat-marsh. The vegetation of the parel (low larch, spruce, birch) is gradually moving into the tundra. The animal world is represented by the inhabitants of the forest and tundra zones (polar owls, lemmings).

Tundrait is characterized by a bevel. Climate with long cold winter, raw and cold summer. This leads to a strong primer of the soil, is formed eternal Merzlot.Evaporation here is small, the organic matter does not have time to decompose and the result is formed by the swamps. On the poor, the tundra gross, lichens, low herbs, dwarf birchs, willow, etc., are growing on the poor by humus, low herbs, dwarf birches, willow and others. By the nature of the vegetation, the tundra is moss, lichen, shrub.Animal world is poor (reindeer, sandy, owls, beds).

Arctic Zone (Antarctic) Desertlocated in polar latitudes. Due to the very cold climate at low temperatures throughout the year, large sushi squares are covered with glaciers. The soil is almost not developed. On free from ice, areas are located rocky deserts with very poor and rare vegetation (mosses, lichen, algae). Polar birds are settled on the rocks, forming the "bird markets". In North America there is a major hoofed animal - sheby. Natural conditions in Antarctica are even more severe. Penguins, petrels, cormorants nest on the coast. Whales, seals, fish live in Antarctic waters.

The latitudinal zonality is a natural change in physico-geographical processes, components and complexes of geosystems from the equator to poles. The primary cause of zonality is an uneven distribution of solar energy by latitude due to the spherical shape of the Earth and changing the angle of falling the sunlight on the ground surface. In addition, the latitudinal zonality depends on the distance to the Sun, and the mass of the Earth affects the ability to keep the atmosphere, which serves as a transformer and a redistributor of energy. Zonalness is expressed not only in the average annual amount of heat and moisture, but also in intra-annual changes. Climatic zonality is reflected in the drain and hydrological mode, the formation of the weathelation of the weathering, of the fever. A great influence is on the organic world, specific form of relief. The homogeneous composition and the high air mobility smoothes the zonal differences with a height.

High-rise lower, high-rise zonality is a natural change of natural conditions and landscapes in the mountains as an absolute height increase (height above sea level).

High-rise belt, high-rise landscape area - a unit of highly zonal dismemberment of landscapes in the mountains. The high-altitude belt forms a band, relatively homogeneous in natural conditions, often intermittent [

The high-rise explanancy is due to a climate change with a height: 1 km of the lifting the air temperature decreases by an average of 6 ° C, the air pressure decreases, its dusting increases, the intensity of solar radiation increases, cloudy and the amount of precipitation increases to a height of 2-3 km. As the height increases, there is a change of landscape belts, to some degree similar latitudinal zonality. The value of solar radiation increases with the radiation balance of the surface. As a result, the air temperature decreases as height grows. In addition, there is a decrease in the amount of precipitation due to the barrier effect.

Geographical zones (Greek Zone - belt) - wide strips on the earth's surface, limited by similar features of hydroclimatic (energy-making) and biogenic (vital) natural resources.

Zones are part of geographic belts, but the land of the terrestrial ball is converted only that is, in which excessive humidity and soil are preserved throughout the belt. These are the landscape zones of the TundR, Tundrols and Taiga. All other zones within one geographical latitude are replaced by weakening oceanic influence, that is, when changing the ratio of heat and moisture is the main landscape-forming factor. For example, in a 40-50 ° lane of northern latitude and in North America and in Eurasia, the zone of large forests go into the forests mixed, then into conifers, in the depths of the continents are replaced by forest-steppes, steppes, semi-deserts and even deserts. Large zones or sectors arise.

Some geographic terms have similar, but not the same names. For this reason, people are often confused in their definitions, and this is already at the root can change the meaning of everything they say or write. Therefore, now we will find out all the similarities and differences between the latitudinal zonality and the high-dimensional explanation, to make rid of confusion between them forever.

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The essence of the concept

Our planet has a shape of a ball, which, in turn, is inclined at a certain angle relative to the ecliptic. This state of affairs caused solar light it is distributed over the surface uneven.

In some regions, the planet is always warm and clear, in others there are shins, the third is inherent in the cold and constant freezing. We call it a climate that changes depending on the distance or approximation to.

In geography, such a phenomenon is called "latitude zone", since changing weather conditions on the planet occurs depending on the latitude. Now we can make a clear definition of this term.

What is a latitudinal zonality? It is a natural moduliization of geosystems, geographical and climatic complexes towards the equator to the poles. In everyday speech, we often call "climatic belts", and each of them has its own name and characteristics. Below will be examples that demonstrate the latitudinal zonality that will clearly remember the essence of this term.

Note!Equator, of course, the center of the Earth, and all parallels differ from it to the poles as it were in the mirror image. But due to the fact that the planet has a certain tilt relative to the ecliptic, the southern hemisphere is more highlighted than the North. Therefore, the climate is on the same parallels, but in different hemispheres does not always coincide.

We dealt with the fact that such a zonality and what is its features at the level of the theory. Now let's remember all this in practice, just looking at the world climate map. So, the equator is surrounded (sorry for tautology) equatorial climatic belt. The air temperature here does not change during the year, however, like extremely low pressure.

The wind on the equator is weak, but the pouring rains are frequent. Shni go every day, but due to the high temperature of the moisture quickly evaporates.

We continue to give examples of natural zonality, describing the tropical belt:

1. Here, pronounced seasonal temperature differences, not a large number of precipitation, both at the equator, and not so low pressure.
2. In the tropics, as a rule, it rains for half a year, the second six months is dry and hot.

Also in this case, the similarities of the southern and northern hemisphere are traced. The tropical climate in both parts of the world is the same.

The queue is a moderate climate that covers most of the northern hemisphere. As for the southern - there it extends over the ocean, barely capturing South America's tail.

The climate is characteristic of the presence of four pronounced times of the year, which differ from each other by temperature and precipitation. From school, everyone knows that the whole territory of Russia is mainly in this natural zone, so each of us can easily describe all weather conditions inherent in it.

The latter, the Arctic climate, differs from all other record low temperatures, which practically do not change throughout the year, as well as the scarce amount of precipitation. He dominates on the poles of the planet, captures a small part of our country, the north-ice ocean and all Antarctica.

What does Natural zonality affect

The climate is the main defining the entire biomass of the specific region of the planet. Due to one or another air temperature, pressure and humidity flora and fauna is formed, soils are modified, insects mutate. It is important that from the activity of the Sun, at the expense of which the climate, in fact, is formed, the color of the human skin depends. Historically, it happened:

• the black population of the Earth lives in the Equatorial Zone;
• mulatto dwells in the tropics. These racial families are the most racks for bright sunshine;
• the Nordic regions of the planet occupy Flookly people who accustomed most of the time to spend on the cold.

Of the foregoing, the law of latitudinal zonality implies, which is as follows: "The transformation of the entire biomass directly depends on climatic conditions."

High-rise explanancy

Mountains - an integral part earth relief. Numerous ridges, as if tapes, are scattered around the globe, some high and steep, others - lowered. It is these elevations that we understand how the regions of the altitude explanation, as the climate here is significantly different from the flat.

The thing is that climbing the layers, the latitude on which we remain, already does not adversely affect the weather. Pressure, humidity, temperature changes. Based on this, you can give a clear interpretation of the term. The zone of altitude zone is a change of weather conditions, natural zones and landscape as height increases above sea level.

High-rise explanancy

Visual examples

To understand in practice, how the zone of high-altitude explanation changes, it is enough to go to the mountains. Lifting above, you will feel how the pressure drops, the temperature drops. In front of the eyes will also change the landscape. If you started from the zone of evergreen forests, they will grow up with a height in shrubs, later - in herbal and mossy thickets, and on top of the cliffs will disappear, leaving bare soil.

Based on these observations, a law was formed, describing the high-dimensional explanation and its features. When picked up at a big height the climate becomes colder and harsh, animal and floral worlds are scooping, atmospheric pressure becomes extremely low.

Important! Special attention deserve soils in the field of high-altitude expectation. Their metamorphosis depend on the natural zone in which the mountain range is located. If we are talking about the desert, then as the height increases, it will be transformed into the mining and rapid soil, later in the black soil. After the way there will be a mountain forest, and behind him - meadow.

Mountain ridges of Russia

Separate attention is worth paying the ridges that are located in native country. The climate in our mountains directly depends on their geographic location, so it's easy to guess that he is very severe. Let's start, perhaps, from the region of the high-altitude explanation of Russia in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Ural Range.

At the foot of the mountains here are located unable to heat birch and coniferous forests, and as height increases, they turn into mossy thickets. High, but very warm is the Caucasian ridge.

The higher the upwards, the greater the amount of precipitation becomes. The temperature drops slightly, but the landscape is changed by capital.

Another high-end zone in Russia is the Far Eastern regions. There, the foot of the mountains spread the cedar thickets, and the tops of the cliffs are covered with eternal snow.

Natural zones Lotority zonality and high-rise lower

Natural zones of land. Geography 7 class

Output

Now we can find out what the similarities and differences in these two terms are concluded. The latitudinal zone and high-altitude explanation has something in common - this is a change of climate, which entails the change of all biomass.

In both cases, weather conditions change from warmer to cooler, pressure is transformed, the fauna and flora will ensure. What differ from each other latitudinal zonality and high-rise lower? The first term has a planetary scale. At the expense of it, the climatic belts of the Earth are formed. But the high-rise explanancy is climate change is only within a certain relief - Mountains. Due to the fact that the height above sea level increases, weather conditions are changing, which also entail the transformation of the entire biomass. And this phenomenon is already local.