A planet made entirely of diamonds. The diamond planet sent a signal to the earth

Space fiction has always been one of the most exciting genres in both literature and film. It would seem that the imagination of the authors is limitless, and has long gone beyond the bounds of reality. However, new discoveries made in the depths of space prove that even something is possible in the Universe that we never guessed or imagined even in fantasies. For example, exoplanets are so different, incredible and amazing.

Planet of stony snow

Astronomers gave it a rather boring name - CoRoT-7b, but this unique exoplanet is snowing stones - in the literal sense of the word. The secret of such original precipitation lies in the fantastic temperature difference on its surface.

The star heats the CoRoT-7b side facing it to 2200 0 С, at such rates even lava boils and evaporates. At that time back side the planet cools down to -210 0 С. When CoRoT-7b rotates on its axis, stone clouds condense in its atmosphere, which subsequently fall out of large boulders and pebbles in real showers.

Corner of glass rains

Exoplanets can "please" a space traveler (if one looks at them) not only with such a surprise as blocks of stones falling from heaven. Instead of the usual water, ... glass can fall as precipitation. HD 189733b is located not far from our home planet, which can rightfully be called the "corner of glass rains".

The thing is that a “light” breeze constantly blows on the surface of HD 189733b, the average speed of which is 8500-8700 km / h. At the same time, the incandescent atmosphere of this "cozy" planet produces glass particles from silicon dioxide. The eternal hurricane prevents the pieces of glass from falling to the surface, so they fly with fantastic speed in the wind, instantly cutting into small pieces everything that comes their way.

Diamond planet

When it comes to space, even the most romantic and unusual names do not need to be enclosed in quotation marks. And if we are talking about a diamond planet, then it is so - the exoplanet really consists of diamond plus some carbon and oxygen. However, it's not worth putting on a spacesuit in a hurry and flying there to "saw off" a little for jewelry. First, the flight will take a very long time and incredibly far. The precious planet PSR J1719-1438 b is located 4 thousand light years from our solar system.

Secondly, even the most courageous astronaut is unlikely to withstand the local gravity, in which matter turns into diamond. Astronomers have examined the system in which the precious PSR J1719-1438 b is circling and are surprised to find that a giant diamond is orbiting around a millisecond pulsar. Such objects are very rare even in the vast Universe.

This discovery made it possible to recreate the history of the diamond planet. Most likely, once upon a time (even by astronomical standards), there was neither a millisecond pulsar nor an exoplanet made of diamond in this system. And there were two stars in it: one bright and massive, and the second - an "inconspicuous" white dwarf. The lifespan of giant stars is short - only a few hundred million years, and their "death" is a universal event. The dying giants turn into supernovae. After the supernova stage, this giant passed into a new quality, becoming a "cosmic vampire" and began to absorb matter from its "neighbor" - white dwarf... Now only a tenth of its mass remains, and the powerful gravity and pressure of a millisecond pulsar, which once became bright Star, the white dwarf became a giant diamond. Everything is like in a real star detective - friendship, death and, of course, diamonds.

The universe is full of unexplained mysteries. In it, for example, there are hypervelocity stars, which, by the way, do not emit light, and dust clouds that taste like raspberries and smell like rum. There are phenomena in the universe, the understanding of which clearly goes beyond the framework of our world (a pun intended here). There are also mysterious planets outside our solar system. These planets outside our solar system were discovered in the last decade of this century, after Alexander Volschan discovered the first three in 1994. Let's take a closer look at ten of the most mystical of them.

10. Planet Osiris (HD 209458 b)

HD 209458 b is located 150 light-years from planet Earth in the constellation Pegasus, and is the first exoplanet to be discovered when the planet passes through the disk of a star. It is 30% larger than Jupiter, and its orbit is 1/8 of the distance between Mercury and the Sun. Naturally, the temperature on the planet is very high: about 1000 Celsius. It is a gaseous planet that, under the influence of incredible heat and tremendous pressure, collides with the evaporation of various gases, which leads to the loss of its gravitational field, including the loss of hydrogen, oxygen and carbon. Surprised scientists have created a completely new classification for this planet and named it chthonic.

9. Stone showers (CoRoT-7b)

CoRoT-7b is a strange and mysterious planet outside the solar system, and the first rocky planet discovered outside our solar orbit. It is assumed that it was originally a giant gas giant, like Jupiter or Saturn, but due to its proximity to the star, it gradually lost all layers of its atmosphere.

Since the planet is always facing the star with only one side, then on the illuminated side the temperature reaches 2204 Celsius, while on dark side the temperature is 176 Celsius. Such conditions lead to precipitation from solid rock: evaporating stones fall out in the form of liquid stone rain and freeze on the surface.

8. Planet Methuselah (PSR 1620-26 b)

PSR 1620-26 b is probably the oldest planet in the universe and is old enough to be the prototype for many astrophysical phenomena. It is three times older than the Earth and is considered only a billion years younger than the Universe itself, although it is traditionally believed that the planets cannot be the same age as the Universe, since at the time of the Big Bang there were no favorable conditions and necessary materials for the formation of planets. Methuselah revolves around a double star: a white dwarf and a pulsar, located in a cluster of stars in the constellation Scorpio.

7. Planet from Hell (Gliese 581c)

Gliese 581c is the most suitable for subsequent colonization, except that the conditions on it are truly hellish. It is always turned with one side to the red dwarf, around which it revolves, and the temperature difference on the light and dark sides is such that if you are standing on one side, then you will immediately evaporate, but as soon as you take a step to the other side, you will immediately freeze ... In the narrow, more or less livable strip between these two extremes, there are other problems. The sky of this planet is hellish red, since the planet is at the very bottom of the visible light spectrum, so if there are photosynthetic plants on the planet, then because of this they are all black.

6. Planet - black hole (TrES-2b)

TrES-2b is very similar to Jupiter: they are both almost the same size and it orbits a sun-like star, only 760 light-years away. This Jupiter-class gas giant reflects about 1% of the light incident on it. In other words, it absorbs light falling on it so strongly that it is considered the darkest planet. It is darker than the blackest acrylic paint or charcoal. The atmosphere is believed to contain special chemical substances or connections. Interestingly, at an atmospheric temperature of 982 Celsius, the planet is hot enough to emit a faint, reddish glow, which is most likely visible because it completely absorbs all other light.

HD 106906 b is the "forever lonely guy" because it hangs out behind the southernmost constellation of the Cross, orbiting its star at a distance of 60,000,000,000 kilometers, which is 20 times more distance between Neptune and the Sun. Located almost 300 light-years from Earth, this super-Jupiter-class planet, which is 11 times larger than Jupiter itself, is so far from its star that it simply cannot form enough solid material necessary for its complete formation. Astrophysicists speculate that this is an under-formed star, thus questioning the binary system as it is too small for binary formations.

4. Swollen gas planet (Hat P 1 Hat p 1 o kepler est operando)

HAT-P-1 is a very mysterious planet outside the solar system, located 450 light years away. It was recently discovered by the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. It is a giant gas planet about half the size of Jupiter, but the startling fact is that, despite its size, it is so small that its mass is comparable to that of a plug. It is classified as "hot Jupiter", although 25% more than the acceptable models for this classification, which intimidates astrophysicists who are trying to figure out why it is so "swollen". Scientists suspect that she can swim in water, and it is curious to check how true this fact is.

3. A planet with an incredible number of rings (J1407 b)

J1407 b was discovered in 2012 and has been recently processed and submitted. It is located 400 light-years from Earth. The most striking fact about this planet is that it has a ring system like Saturn, but these rings are 200 times larger than those around Saturn. The rings are so large that if they belonged to Saturn, they would dominate the earth's sky, surpassing the size of the Moon, and scientists would also observe a 56-day Solar eclipse... The gaps between the rings are thought to represent orbiting exo-moons around this exoplanet.

2. Planet of blazing ice (Gliese 436 b)

Gliese 436 b is another planet from the Gliese system. It is 20 times the size of Earth, about the size of Neptune. The planet is 6.9 million kilometers from its star, compared to Earth, which is 150 million kilometers from the Sun. The planet's temperature is 438 Celsius, and its surface is covered with burning ice. Huge gravitational force planets hold water molecules too tightly together to evaporate, so they don't leave the planet. Hot ice is called ice-ten, after the substance from Kurt Vonnegut's novel Cat's Cradle.

1. Diamond planet (55 Cancer e)

Discovered in 2014, 55 Cancer e is twice the size of Earth and 8 times its mass. This planet is also called "super-Earth". In addition to graphite and other silicates, the planet is mainly composed of diamond. Once a star from a binary system began to "eat" this planet, leaving in the end only a stone core. Its temperature is around 2148 degrees Celsius. The subsurface value of the diamond planet is $ 26.9 nonillion (1,054), which is 384 quintillion (1,018) times the GDP of the Earth, which is $ 74 trillion. The extraction of only 0.187% of its subsoil would cover the external debt of all governments on Earth, amounting to $ 50 trillion. All they had to do was cover a distance of 40 light years.

There are about 200 exoplanets already discovered in the Universe. The often startling characteristics of these mysterious and wondrous planets outside the solar system are completely confusing to the entire world of science, especially when scientific facts these exoplanets sound far more extraordinary than science fiction stories.

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Are you looking for this? Perhaps this is something that you have not been able to find for so long?

Not so long ago it became known that scientists had found a new planet. The find was discovered in the constellation Cancer. According to reports, heavenly body completely covered with diamonds. Scientists also believe that the discovered planet is almost twice the size of the Earth.

But the inquisitive eye of astronomers was fascinated not so much by the size. new planet how much is a feature of its surface. So, in the course of the study it was revealed that the planet - "55 Cancri e" is completely covered with diamonds and graphite. This automatically makes it one of the richest previously discovered celestial bodies.
By the way, the orbit of the planet "55 Cancri e" is around the star, which is easy enough to see from the Earth without special devices. The very same "55 Cancri e" is located forty light-years from Earth in the constellation of Cancer.


Surprisingly, this planet is also one of the hottest planets previously discovered. Its surface temperature is approximately 1,650 degrees Celsius. And it moves in its orbit incredibly fast. So, its planetary year is practically eighteen hours.


According to scientists, this speed and feature of its surface are due to a rather small distance from its star. By the way, "55 Cancri e" is not the first diamond planet discovered by astronomers. There were already "finds" before her. The peculiarity of "55 Cancri e" is also that its star is very similar to our Sun.

There are many amazing and amazing things in the universe. There is space raspberry, hyperspeed stars, a diamond planet and other amazing objects, which we will briefly discuss in this article. These space objects are unique in their kind, possess very interesting and even incredible properties. So do not close the article without reading it, because these objects are actually a godsend for those interested in space.

Hypervelocity stars

Everyone should know that the shooting stars that earthlings observe in the sky are actually meteors that enter our atmosphere. Only a minority know that real shooting stars also have a place to be, but they are already somewhat different. They are also called hyperspeed. These objects are large-sized fireballs of gas moving through space at incredible speed. Their speed reaches millions of km / h.

At the moment the two-star system enters the death-massive black hole, one star is absorbed by the black hole, while the other is thrown out of the galaxy with incredible speed.

Just imagine a huge ball of gas, as much as four times the size of our Sun, and rushing out of the galaxy at an incredible speed, reaching millions of km / h.

Deadly planet

Gliese 581 C is a planet orbiting a red dwarf that is smaller than the Sun and has a luminosity of 1.3% relative to the Sun. This planet is not good for life.

Therefore, this object is facing its star in the same way as the Moon is facing the Earth. That is, only one side of the planet is facing the star.

The point here is that if you were located on the illuminated side of the object, you would immediately burn out, and if on the other side, instant freezing will overtake you. However, there is some middle ground here. Between these two sides there is a certain small strip, and it is there, according to the theory, that there may be life.

Star system Castor

In the Universe, one can find such systems that have even more than two luminaries in them. An interesting example in this regard is the Castor system, which has as many as six luminaries. They rotate around common center... This system has a very high luminosity.

This system has three double stars... Two of them are stars spectral class A. The rest of the stars are red dwarfs, that is, type M. All these stars are 52.4 times more powerful than the Sun in luminosity.

Space raspberries and rum

V last years scientists have studied a dust cloud near the center of the galaxy. Dubbed Sagittarius B2, it tastes like raspberries and smells like rum. Everything is understandable here: it contains a large number of ethyl ether formic acid, which gives just the raspberry flavor and smell of rum.

It was established that in this cloud there are billions of liters of substance, however, it cannot be drunk, because there is also propyl cyanide there. Scientists still cannot explain the mechanism of the emergence and distribution of such complex organic molecules in the cloud.

Hot ice planet

Above, we described the Gliese star system. Let's touch on it again. Indeed, in this system there is another interesting peculiar planet called Gliese 436 B. Despite the fact that the temperature on it reaches 439 ° C, it is all made of ice. Unusual! Simply put, it is a kind of hot ice cube.

Here we should remember the planet Hoth from “ Star Wars". It’s just there it’s all covered in fire. Ice remains solid due to the huge amount of water on the planet. There is so much gravity that water molecules cannot be converted to steam.

Diamond planet

There is another in the universe unique planet... She is called "55 Cancer E". It all consists of diamond crystals. Imagine how much earthlings would rate it. There was a time when this planet was a star in binary system... At some point, the second star began to consume it, but it failed to absorb such a significant amount of carbon. As a result, an environment was formed there that is just suitable for the formation of diamonds: a large amount of carbon, a temperature of 1648 ° C and pressure. This planet differs from the Earth in that it is based on graphite, diamond and other silicate substances.

Himiko Cloud

Another interesting object in space is the Himiko cloud. He can show us what he looked like 800 million years after the Big Bang. That is, this is exactly the object that shows us how roughly the galaxies looked in the early Universe. This cloud is striking in its size, because it is the most massive object of the early Universe. It is only half the size of our galaxy.

Himiko belongs to the so-called "era of reionization". This period began approximately 200 million years after the Big Bang, and the end of this period dates back to one billion years after the explosion. This cloud is the primary source of information to gain insight into early stages formation of galaxies.

The largest reservoir

This object is located at a distance of 12 billion light years from our planet. This is the largest body of water in the known part of the Universe. It is located right in the center of the quasar, near the massive black hole... Its water is 140 trillion. times more than on the whole Earth. Only now the water is not there in liquid state, and in gas. Consequently, the water there is a kind of massive gas cloud. The diameter of this cloud reaches several hundred light years.

The most powerful source of electricity

Scientists noticed an amazing phenomenon a few years ago. There is a powerful source of electricity in space. Its strength is equal to 1018 amperes. This compares to one trillion lightning bolts. This lightning is taking energy, as it turned out, from a giant black hole in the center of the galaxy. Its core is a huge relativistic jet.

It seems that the magnetic field of this black hole is so huge and strong that it can form lightning, which travels a distance of over 150 thousand light-years through cosmic gas and dust. This object is one and a half times the size of our galaxy. An incredible phenomenon!

A huge group of quasars

Well, and finally, it is worth talking about a huge group of quasars. It is known that our galaxy is only 100 thousand light years in diameter. This means that from one end to the other this or that event will go on for 100 thousand years.

This indicates that the phenomena that we are currently observing at the other end of the galaxy have already occurred a long time ago, even at the time of the beginning of the formation of humans as a biological species. If you multiply this another 40 thousand times, you get 4 billion light years. This will be the transverse size of the group of quasars, which is the largest cluster consisting of 74 quasars.

In standard physics, this group is presented as an exception to the rule. Indeed, according to these rules, the maximum size of any of the objects does not exceed, as a rule, 1.2 billion light years.

Scientists do not yet know how this huge structure was formed. Everything before known to science structures are many times smaller than this whopper, they only reach in diameter up to several hundred million light years.

Conclusion

Here is such an interesting dozen amazing phenomena space. Interesting, isn't it? Of course, many questions arise: where do they come from such, with fantastic properties and capabilities? How much do we not know? What else is surprisingly hidden in those endless expanses of space? What remains to be learned by humanity is unknown. Surely, you also ask similar questions, or maybe you already have answers to some of them?

According to experts, the concentration of carbon here is so high that it is fixed even in the upper atmosphere.

Scientists say WASP-12b is a classic hot Jupiter very close to its star WASP-12. With the planet so close to the star, the surface of WASP-12b is extremely hot - the temperature here is about 2250 degrees. The superhot planet is 1.5 times the size of Jupiter (the largest planet Solar System), WASP-12b is located 40 times closer to its star than the Earth is to the Sun, so the planet rotates very quickly and its orbital period is slightly longer than the Earth's day.

However, the main highlight of the amazing planet is that the carbon / oxygen ratio on this planet is more than unity, that is, this planet is, figuratively speaking, a large lump of coal, but inside the planet, carbon is under tremendous pressure. And as you know, under high pressure, carbon acquires a crystalline molecular lattice and becomes a diamond. Thus, scientists say that the core of WASP-12b is a huge diamond. Well, or graphite, as an alternative.

Most of the planets known today have a core either based on silicon, or based on molten metals (like Earth), or (more rarely) in the form of compressed hydrogen.

"This is a completely new territory for us and it stimulates scientists to investigate what the core of carbon-rich planets might be," says study author Nikku Madhusudan, an astrophysicist at Princeton University in the United States. He notes that WASP-12b is hot Jupiter, that is, in fact, a gaseous planet. And if so, then it does not have a classic solid surface, like on Earth. It mostly consists of gases.

Scientists speculate that WASP-12b, like its star, was formed in an unusual environment that is extremely rich in carbon. It cannot be ruled out that there are other planets in the WASP-12 star system, possibly with a hard surface and possibly also rich in carbon. And here, they say, scientists, there may be diamond cores for sure.

However, the WASP-12b is completely unsuitable for life. Even if we forget that the temperature here is over 2000 degrees, there is very little oxygen and water, but there is plenty of methane. Researchers say the unusual chemical composition of WASP-12b became apparent from the very first observations of the planet. Here, special scientific equipment recorded the spectrum left by elements such as methane, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, ammonia and a small amount of water vapor.

Princeton scientists say that before their theoretical models were based on the fact that the ratio of carbon to oxygen on hot Jupiters should not exceed 0.5, but this planet breaks this model. Also, scientists here were surprised by the complete absence of a stable stratosphere, usual for planets of this class.

With regard to such a high temperature, astronomers do not yet have an unambiguous interpretation, but most are sure that there are two main reasons - firstly, the planet takes away almost 100% of the thermal radiation directed by the star, and secondly, due to the proximity to the star, on WASP-12b is hitting giant streams of radiation, which heats up the planets even more. The planet remains stable in such extreme conditions due to the fact that heavy elements and metals prevail in its structure.