What is a verb in Russian. Several important rules

Russian is the history of the people and an important part of our culture. But, unfortunately, few people now boast the ideal knowledge of this language. After all, it is rightfully considered the most difficult and people, fearing difficulties, throw the learning process on half of the way. But, if you risk and take up a deal with due dilution, the Russian language will not remain in debt, and it will be rich and rich. The one who wants to achieve should start with the basics, so in this article we will look at what is such a thing as verb.

What does the verb mean?

The verb is a variable part of speech, which describes any activity or the state of the subject (living being).

For example: go, acquire, become, to sleep, take, call, open, think, etc.

To find out if the word verb is a word, it is necessary to ask one of the questions: "What to do?", "What?".

Uncertain verb

All verbs in our language have an undefined (initial form or infinitive).

From other verb forms differs in the following parameters:

• infinitive is a verb specified in the dictionary;
• the initial form has form-forming suffixes; - th; - Whose Example: oven, read, fly, etc.
• the uncertain form is capable of maintaining only such properties as species, transition and refund.

Types of verbs

The verbs are divided into perfect and imperfect:

• Perfect verbs (SV) - give an answer to the question: "What?".

The verb of the perfect species means that the action has already been fulfilled and it cannot be continued.

Such a verb has only two forms of time: the past, as well as the future ("What did you do?" And "What?").

• Imperfect verbs (NWS) - give an answer to the question: What to do? ".

For example, hear, drink, travel, etc.

The imperfect verb is marked by either a long action, or those that constantly repeats. That is, we are not able to determine the period of completion of the action.

The verbs of the NWS have all three temporary shapes: the past, present and future ("What did you do?", What are you doing? "," What will you do? ").

Transitionality verb

In addition to the listed properties, the verb has such an attribute as an adequacy (incompetence).

Transition verb is a verb pointing to an action that goes to any object. From such verbs, you can ask a question to the noun or pronoun in the vinema (V.P.), or in the parental case (R.P.) (without an excuse).

For example: Put (what?) Handle (V.P.); did not bring (what?) Milk (R.P.), etc.

All other verbs that do not correspond to this parameter are referred to as non-transparent.

Return to verb

Returnal verbs are those verbs that have a suffix ending - Xia (s).

Example: Dry, wash, swim, resist, etc.

All those verbs that are not at the end of the sie (s) are non-returnable.

Among the return verbs there are such non-derivatives verbs that do not apply without suffix endings, for example, laugh, fight, etc.

Verb, most often speaking in the proposal to the lean, is exclusively independent part speech. It denotes the action or condition of the subject. Spring goes, heat carries.

Rules of verb

All verbs have an initial (infinitive, indefinite) form. It is possible to distinguish it at the end of the wrong, they are also answered by the questions "what to do", "what to do." In the sentence, most often acts as a faithful or part of it and subject to, but can perform the roles of other members.

We want seenew textbooks.

See - this is look soul.

She loved look on the stars.

If you can ask the verb to "what to do", then it refers to the perfect form (rejoice, silence). When you can ask him to "what to do" - this is an imperfect verb (Purchase, silent).Sometimes there are also found bivid Verbs, they can relate to one, then to another form, depending on the context.

I explored Basement yesterday. (perfect view).

I have already explored basement. (imperfect species).

Returning verbs mean the action that is aimed at. They are formed with the help of postfix - (Play, biting).Non-returnable all other verbs are called (Play, bite).

Taken, connecting with other parts of the supply in the form of a vinitive case without using the pretext, belong to transient verbs (Wash the mug, call mom).The transition category includes those that cannot be combined without additional parts of speech. (fly, lying).This group also includes all the verbs of the return form. (Wash, clean).

Spelling verbs

In proposals, according to the rules of verbs, they may relate to one of the three outers. In the form of expressive - verbs can be changed at times (lived, we live, we will live),numbers (washes, wash),persons (I repeat, you repeat, he repeats).If compliance with some rules is required to perform actions, such a fague belongs to conditional (If everything is convenient, I would come).This form is formed by parties would, b (I would have looked, I used) and can change in childbirth and numbers. It should be noted especially the imperative type of faith, which can force, encourage, call for action ( Come to me!).The verbs of such an inclination may vary in faces and numbers.

According to the rules of verbs, in the past time they mean the already happened / (I bought things myself).Also they cannot change personal shape. To the leaving of the present time you can substitute the question "what does" (He himself buys things.).Perfect verbs are not used in the present. In the rules of verbs of the future time there are two forms: composite (with an additional word will be) and simple (single). Accordingly, you can ask different questions: "What do you do" (You yourself can buy things.); "What will you do" (you will buy things yourself).

Change verbs

The change of faiths in the face and number is explained by their lesions. They are manifested exclusively in an exploratory form and undoubtedly in the form of the time of this or future.

For form in the singular personal verbs change so:

• 1 person - I open. I like.
• 2 face - You open. You love.
• 3 face - He opens. He loves.

For a form in a plural, personal verbs change this way:

• 1 person - We open. We love.
• 2 face - You open. You love.
• 3 face - They open. They love.

If there is an opportunity to put under the emphasis, the type of hide can be determined as follows:

• -Ef changes on -y (s) - 1 Hiding watch-looking;
• - And changes on -a (s) - 2 Hiding ring calls.

In other cases, the suffix in the initial form determines the lifting:

• 2 Hiding - and (h) (paint)and special exceptions;
• 1 Help includes the remaining verbs on -Y (s), -I (s), -Y (s), -o (s) ( want to know);
• It happens 4 words - exceptions: wake up, squeeze shave and stripand formed from them.

Words without mentioned suffixes - live, beat.

There are also such verbs that change and as the first lion, and as the second.

Units. number:

• 1 person - I run. I will want.
• 2 face - You will run. You want.
• 3 face - He will run. He will want.

MN. number:

• 1 person - We will run. We will want.
• 2 face - You will run. You want.
• 3 face - They will run. They will want.

In verb-exception torture There are only forms of 3 faces in the single number or multiple section ( taste - Brize).

The words there is and to giveand derivatives from them are exceptions and form special personal forms.

Impersonal verbs

Places come across impersonal Verbs. These include words denoting passive faugible, which occurs without the participation of the subject (Evening, Mortwate).

The main feature with which you can identify impersonality proper verbIs his immutability in numbers and faces. Most often, these types of verbs perform in the form of faithful in simple single-maintenance proposals. For the form of the present, they are used as 3 persons and only the only number, and in the past - as the only number and average genus.

Conventional verbs are sometimes used to substitutions impersonal if they appear as a single lend offer.

• Sky spawned - Personal verb.
• Outside the window- impersonal.

Several important rules

The competent spelling of verbs and vowels in the present or forms of a simple future depends on the auction:

1 Hiding - it uses endings -E -U -U (s) forgets, forget;

2 Hiding - It is worth putting the end - and, -a (s) colors, paint.

• For the imperative tolerance of the second person of the verbs of both hides, suffix are used - and ( We are going home. - Go home.);
• In the case of the past time: in front of the suffix, it puts the same letter as in the infinitive before ( paint - painted, whistling - whistle);
• If there is escaped: transitional - the suffix is \u200b\u200bwritten-and- ( provided "Who?" "what?"); Uncomplicated - used --- ( concerned);
• Candle, glaced, overgrown and similar verbs, formed from the noun, are written with a vowel - after the root (B;
• In the infinitive, in the case of the use of past forms, they are written -, -, -, in the same case, when the present or simple future is selected and the only number, the form of writing a first person has suffixes -U (YU), -U (Yu ) (alternate - alternate, conquer - win).

If the alternation does not occur, the suffixes are used - by-, and-; (reread - re-read, repain - criste).

If there is an ending, "I am under the emphasis and suffix -v-, according to the rules of the Russian language, the verb in front of the suffix is \u200b\u200bwritten as the same letter as in the initial form (pole - water-polishing).

Conclusion

These are several simple rules And examples will help remember how to use verbs when writing. Of course, to explore all the rules and exceptions, you will need deeper studies. However, to write more or less simple texts that do not claim to publish in magazines and newspapers, this will be quite enough.

Verb - This is an independent significant part of speech, denoting action ( to read), state ( root), property ( limp), attitude ( dress), sign ( whiten).

Uncertain form of verb (infinitive)

The initial form of verb is its uncertain form, or infinitive.

The verb in infinitive answers questions what to do? Or what to do? and has only permanent signs of transition (to read - travelers. sleep - Nearby.), repayment (wash - wash) I. view (solve - Nesov. view, decide - owls. view).

Infinitive can be any member of the sentence: subject to Study will always come in handy), beyond ( Be Thunderstorm Great!), add-on ( All asked hersing), definition ( I had an irresistible desiresleep), the circumstance ( I wentgo through).

Initialness / Eadness of the verb

Transitivity - the verb ability to control the nouns with the value of the object in V.p. without an excuse ( read books). Under denying, the form of V. p. Changes on R. p. (Do not read books); to transient Also include verbs that attach R. p., which combines the value of the object and quantity ( drink water). Verbs that can control nouns in these forms are called transition.

TO unproveless Believe the remaining verbs ( lying), including verbs, which are sometimes called indirectly transitional, - connecting the noun with the value of the object in V.p. with a pretext or in another case with a pretext or without ( lead the factory), as well as verbs like to want: In the design i want ice cream Passed infinitives: i want to eat ice cream.

Return / Non-return

Returns called verbs with the word-forming suffix - sia : learn, laugh. Most of them are formed from the verbs without it ( cook prepare), but there are also non-compliance with return verbs ( fear, be proud, lazy, hope, like, laugh, doubt and etc.).

Return glasses can transmit the following values:

1) The act of a subject is aimed at: wash, combed, tap, humiliate; These verbs are usually possible rebuilding in the design of themselves;

2) aimed at each other actions of several subjects, each of which is both the subject and the object of similar action: to put up, meet, kiss;

3) The action is carried out by the subject in its own interests: construct (build a house for yourself) fit (Stop your belongings); It is possible to rebuild in the design of for yourself;

4) the effect of a subject, closed in its state of its condition: worry, rejoice, angry, having fun; worry;

5) Potential active sign of subject: dog bite(can bite);

6) Potential Passive Sign of Item: Glass beats (can crash);

7) impersonality - like, unhealthy, felt.

Typically, returning verbs are non-transparent - with rare exceptions: before fear Mom.

View as morphological sign Glagol

View - Permanent morphological sign of the verb, generalizable indicating the nature of the flow rate or the distribution of action in time.

All verbs have a species characteristic - belong to at the end (SV) or imperfect (NSV).

The verbs of SV are responsible in infinitive to the question of what to do? and denote the completed action (read) or the action that has reached a certain limit ( lose weight).

These verbs describe the action as a fact ( Autumn came, leaves wishes and opaland.). Very rarely, mainly in colloquial speech, the verbs of SV can designate the fact as an example of a repeated action ( It happens to him: stop and thinking).

The verbs of the NSV respond to the infinitive to the question of what to do? and do not indicate the completed action ( to read) actions reached a certain limit ( lose weight).

The sphere of consuming the verbs of the NSW is wider than the verbs of the SV: the verbs of the NSV indicate the action as a process ( Brought late autumn, leaves rapidly cheers and fall out), repeated action ( He sometimes stops and thinking), constant relationship ( Parallel straight lines do not intersect). In the situation, when the fact of the action is indicated, and not the nature of its flow, the verb of the NSV can be used synonymous to the verb of SV; Wed: I already read this book \u003d I have already read this book.

Most of the non-derived verbs of the Russian language have the characteristics of the NWS ( read, change, shout). To form them the verbs, it is necessary to add a prefix ( read re-read), the prefix and suffix ( change s-men-to) or suffix -the with a single value ( scream).

The species characteristic does not occur only in 17 verbs of the multidirectional movement when it is added to them the console with a spatial value, for example : fly u-fly.

Two verbs that differ only on the species value (the completion of the action, the achievement of the limit effect) is constituted species couple : do - do, read - read.

In most verbs, the prefix, in addition to the species value, also introduces another additional semantic component: Introduction ( sing), softectivity ( root), intensity ( beat out) and etc.

If the surfixes are added to the verb to the verb - it is / -, then the verb of NSV is formed from them: re-read re-read, beat the bembol, to solve solve. These suffixes, as a rule, provide only a species value (the incompleteness of the action, the absence of the achievement of the limit). At the addition of these suffixes, species pairs are formed; exceptions are few (see, for example, get lost - misfortune-au).

Some verbs have support (formed from another basis) Cosales: say - say. In some cases, the verbs in the species pair externally differ only to the place of emphasis ( break?).

Usually species steam one ( do - do, reread - reread), but in some cases one verb of CV can have two species vapor, formed on both levels of speciation: weather - O-weaken - Oslabe-Va-th.

The species pair can be different for different values One verb:

learn (what) - learn

teach (whom) - teach.

In Russian there is dyavid verbs: The value of the type they are purchased in the context. These are verbs execute, marry, baptize, promise (Yesterday, he finally got married - St. - he married several times - nsv), the verbs to-study: telegrafing, operate (He had a weekly broadcast on the success of the enterprise - NSV - he decided to telegraph about his arrival - SV).

In Russian, there are verbs that are not involved in the speciation, since their value is alien to describing the flow of action: they denote non-action, but a fact ( cost, have - NSV) or instant transition from one state to another (scream, wake up - sv).

Like a morphological sign of verb

Mood - a non-permanent morphological sign of the verb, presented in the hidden forms of verb and expressing the formation of the forms of expressive, imperative and subjunctive incidence of reality.

Indicative Expresses a real action in the past, present or future. The verb in the zealing ignition changes at times ( i write - wrote - I will write).

Imperative mood (imperative) expresses the motivation to action in the form of a request or order. Verb B. ludial inclination Does not change at times.

Molds of imperative inclination are mainly formed on the basis of the present time with the help of suffix - and without suffix. The zero end is the indicator of the single number, and the ending - those forms the shape of the plural number ( running and - run-and-th, dir - dir-).

Conditional (subjunctive) An ignition denotes the action possible under certain conditions, as well as this condition itself. The conditional inclination is formed by attaching to the matching particle matching with the past time: if would be is he came, we send would be to the cinema.

Time as a morphological sign of verb

Time - a non-permanent sign of the verb, denoting the time of the action against the moment of speech about him.

In Russian, the hidden forms of verb are presented three times: past, present and future .

Past time Indicates the preceding the moment the moment of speech about him. At the same time, the moment of speech (absolute activity) may be not only in the present ( I am late.), But in the past ( I realized that late.) or the future ( He will come again before the appointed date and will say that I was late.).

When forming the forms of the past time, the suffix - L- ( see).

Present There is only NSV. It is formally expressed by the personal endings of the verb ( non-y, we don't, do it, is carrying, we carry it, we don't, we do not).

Present May indicate the action flowing at the time of speech. At the same time, the moment of speech may be not only in the present ( He goes ahead of me.), But in the past ( He thought it was going ahead of me) or the future ( He will run forward again, but will think that everything goes a little in front of me).

In addition, this can be denoted:

1) Permanent attitude: Volga flows into the Caspian Sea.

2) Repeating Action: He is always engaged in the library.

3) Potential feature: Some dogs bite.

Future tense denotes the action that will take place after the moment of speech about it ( I'll go to the movies in the evening / yesterday morning I thought that I would go to the movies in the evening, but I could not).

The future time is also in the verbs of the NCV, and the verbs of the HR, but it is expressed differently. The verbs of the NSV introduced composite form : Hidden verb shape be + infinitive ( i will read), the verbs of the Sv Future Time is expressed by personal endings ( read-Yu).

Time forms may have portable use.

Present Can be used:

1) in the meaning of the future:

a) the action is perceived as compulsory and real: Tomorrow I'm going to the cottage;

b) Present Imaginary Action: Imagine: You meet it on the street, and he does not notice you;

2) in the meaning of the past (for figuratively updating events): I go yesterday on the street and see ...

Past time Can be used:

1) in the meaning of the future predetermined: Well, I went;

2) in the meaning of the present during denying: He is always like this: I saw nothing, I did not hear anything.

Future tense Can be portable in the meaning of this: Something I will not find a newspaper.

Face as a morphological sign of the verb. Impersonal verbs

Verbs in the present and the future expressive challenge and in imperative inclination have a non-permanent morphological sign persons .

The face points to the action manufacturer.

Form 1 person Indicates that the manufacturer of the action is speaking (one or with a group of persons): i go, go.

Form 2 faces Indicates that the action manufacturer is listening / listening: you go, go, go, go.

Form 3 faces Indicates that the action is carried out by persons who are not involved in the dialogue, or objects: goes, go, let him go / go.

From the point of view of relations to the morphological category of faces, the verbs can be divided into personal and impersonal .

Personal verbs denote the actions that have a manufacturer, and can act as a baked bounty suggestions (I sick).

Impersonal verbs denote the action that there is no manufacturer ( Mortals), or action that thinks as happens in addition to the will of the subject (I unhealthy). This state of nature ( Evening), man (me znobit) or subjective assessment of the situation ( I want to Believe it). The impersonal verbs cannot be led by the two-part offers and act as the main member of the single impersonal proposal.

In the zealing inclination, the morphological sign of the person is expressed by personal endings and if there is a proposal of the subject is a coordination category: Personal pronouns I and we require the verb setting in the form of 1 person, personal pronouns you and you require a verb setting in 2 person, other pronouns and all nouns, As well as words acting in the function of nouns, require the use of verb in the form of 3 faces.

Conjugation

Conjugation - this is a change in the verb on persons and numbers .

The end of the present / simple time is called personal endings verb (since they are transmitted including the importance of the face).

Verbs I. Hinders have endings - eat, -the, but, -the, -t (in).

Glages II Hidness have endings - iS, -It, -I, -Te, -At (s).

If the personal endings of the verb drums, then the hidden is determined by the endings. So, the verb falls to the II of the Hasion ( sP-ISH), and the verb of drinking to the i with a lining ( pJ). In addition, the conciliators include derivatives from them beefing verbs with unstressed endings ( night-eating).

If the endings are unknown, then the lifting is determined by what kind of infinitive of the verb: the II with the conjunction includes all the verbs to be- shave, drag, squeeze, as well as 11 exceptions: 7 verbs are " watch, see, endure, twirl, depend on, hate, offend) and 4 verb to use ( hear, breathe, chant, keep). The remaining verbs belong to the I solve.

In Russian, there are verbs, in which a part of personal endings refers to the first sidusing, and part of the second. Such verbs are called pavement. it want, run, honor And all the verbs formed from the above.

Verb to want Has ending I Hiding in all forms of units. The numbers and end of the II of the Hidness in all forms of MN. numbers.

Verb run Has the end of the II of the Hidness in all forms, except 3 persons MN. The numbers where it has the end of the I hide.

Verb honor It can either be partitioned, or refer to the II of the singe, which depends on the form of 3 persons. Numbers tight / honor.

In addition, there are verbs, part of the personal endings of which are not represented in neither I, nor in the II of the Hinders. Such verbs have a special touch. It is and give and all formed from them ( eat, pass), as well as verbs associated with data by origin ( bored, create).

Most verbs are all presented possible forms Persons and numbers, but there are also verbs that are not available or usually do not usually use certain forms. So, in the verbs defeat, find yourself, see There are no forms of 1 person. numbers crowd, group, disperse Do not consume units. numbers crash, crystallize - Forms 1 and 2 persons.

Rod. Number. The relationship of verb categories

Rank The verb is a word-only morphological characteristic of such verb forms, as the shape of the only number of the transmitted time of the expansive inclination, the shape of a single number of conditional inclination, involved. The generic characteristic of the verb is used to match the verb with noun and locomotive nouns and is an extraimal indicator of their generic characteristics (boy came - Girl arrived-but). Middle genus may also point to the impersonality of the verb ( Evening-about).

Number - Morphological characteristics inherent in all verb forms. The number of verb serves to match the verb forms with a noun or locomotive nouns ( Came human - Arrived-and people). Plural verb B. single delivery Indicates the uncertainty of the subject (on the door stukat), and the only one may indicate impersonality (me znobit).

Morphological analysis of verb

The analysis of the infinitive form is made according to the following plan:

I. Part of speech. General value. Initial form (infinitive).

III. Syntactic role.

Sample morphological parsing Glagol.

- It must be warmed.

- No need, "said Balagans," let him know another time, how to violate the Convention.

- What kind of convention is?

- Wait, then I will say. Entered, entered! (I. Ilf and E. Petrov)

I. Warry (what to do?) - verb., Primary. Form warning.

II. Permanent signs: travelers., Non-return, St., I SPR.;

non-permanent signs: in the form of an infinitive.

III. (What to do?) You need to warp (led).

I. Let him know (what does?) - verb., Primary. Form to know.

II. Permanent signs: travelers., Nice, NSV, I SPR;

non-permanent signs: in lead. Non., 3 face, units number.

III. (What does it do?) Let him know (lean).

I. Violate (what to do?) - verb., Primary. Form break

II. Permanent signs: travelers., Non-return, NSV, I SPR.;

non-permanent signs: in the form of infinitive

III. (What to do?) Violate (led).

I. Wait (what do you do?) - verb., Primary. Form wait.

II. Permanent signs: travelers., Nice, SV, I SPR.;

non-permanent signs: in led. Non., 2 face, mn. number.

III. (What do you make?) Wait (failed).

I. Entered (what did it?) - verb., Primary. Form Login.

II. Permanent signs: Nonbee., Non-return., SV, I SPR.;

non-permanent signs: in the selection. Non., pr. Bp., Husband. Rode, un. number.

III. (What did you do?) Entered (led).