Category serve people in the 16th early. History of Russia XVII-XVIII centuries

Having dropped the age-old shackles of the hordes and overcoming feudal fragmentation, Russia turned into a single state with a numerous population and extensive territories to the middle of the sixteenth century. She needed a strong and organized army to protect the boundaries and mastering new lands. So the seruners appeared in Russia - these are professional warriors and administrators who consisted in the service of the sovereign, received a salary of lands, food or bread and were released from paying taxes.

Services in Fatherland

Children's boyar and nobles were credited to the category of serve people in Fatherland. They began to serve since 15 years, before that, asleep inadvertible. Special Moscow officials with Diak Assistants were sent over the cities of Russia, where they organized the visual youth, which was called "novikov". It turned out the shelf life of the Novika for the service, his military qualities and the property situation. After that, the applicant was credited to the service, and he was appointed monetary and secure salary.

Based on the results of the reviews, decisions were compiled - special lists in which the account of all servicing people was conducted. These lists have used power to control the number of troops, the size of the salary. In Tenth, there was a movement of a servant, its appointment or dismissal, injured, death, capture.

Services for the Fatherland on the hierarchy shared on:

Moscow;

Urban.

Duma servants for the Fatherland

Suites from the highest aristocratic medium that occupied the dominant position in the state and the troops. They were gravifers, ambassadors, governors in border cities, led orders, troops and all state affairs. Duma shared for four ranks:

Boyar. The most powerful people of the state following the Grand Duke and Patriarch. The boyars had the right to sit in the Boyar Duma, were appointed ambassadors, governors, members of the vessel.

Occline. The second is the importance of Chin, especially approximate to the sovereign. Ocolnichi represented foreign ambassadors to Rusi's foreign ambassadors, they also engaged in all the grand-road departures, be it a trip to war, prayer or hunting. The okolnichy went ahead of the king, checked the integrity and safety of roads, found overnight for all the suites, provided everything necessary.

Duma nobles. Different responsibilities were performed: they were appointed by the voivodes and managers, participated in the work of the Board of Boyar Duma, they had military and court duties. With proper talent and zeal passed to a higher rank.

Double duma. Experienced Officials of the Boyar Duma and a variety of orders. They were working with documents of the Duma and the most important orders. The devils were edited by the royal and spiritual decrees, performed with rapporteurs at the meetings of the Duma, sometimes they leared before the head of the order.

Services in the device

The seruners in the device made up a combat core of Russian troops. They were recruited from free people: the population of cities that broken by servicing in the Fatherland and partly from the "instrument" were released from most of the municipality and taxes and for the service were made by monetary salary and small land plotswhere they worked themselves in their free from service and time time.

Serday people in the instrument shared on:

Cossacks;

Sagittarov;

Pushkye.

Cossacks

Cossacks did not immediately become sovereign seruners. These pillar and brave warriors only in the second half of the sixteenth century entered the sphere of the influence of Moscow when don Cossacks For the remuneration began to guard the trading path, which connected Russia with Turkey and Crimea. But the Cossack troops quickly became a formidable force in the Russian army. They guarded the southern and eastern borders of the state, actively participated in the development of Siberia.

Cossacks settled in cities apart. Their army was divided into "devices" of 500 Cossacks in each under the guidance of the Cossack head. Additionally, the instruments were shared for hundreds, fifty and dozens, they commanded the centuries, Pentecostals and the foreman. The general management of the Cossacks was in their hands who appointed and dismissed seruners. The same order determined them to sorry, punished and judged them, sent him.

Sagittsev

Sagittarov can be rightfully called the first regular army in Russia. Armed with cold weapons and peaks, they differed in high military learning, versatility and discipline. Sagittarius were mainly hiking, they could fight both independently and as a full addition to Connection, which before that was the main shock force of the sovereign troops.

In addition, the Streethesky shelves had an explicit advantage over the noble conean, because they did not need long fees, they acted as a campaign on the first orders of power. In peacetime, the Archerters followed the rule of law in the cities, guarded the palaces, carried the guard service on the urban walls and streets. During the war, they participated in the sieges of fortresses, reflecting attacks on cities and in field battles.

Like free Cossacks, Sagittarius shared on orders of 500 warrids, and those, in turn, were crushed by hundreds, fifty and the smallest units - dozens. Only serious injury, old age and wounds could put an end to the Sagittarius service, otherwise she was lifelong and was often inherited.

Pushkari

Already in the sixteenth century, public men understood the importance of artillery, so special seruners appeared - it was Pushkari. They performed all the tasks associated with the guns. In the peaceful time, the tools contained in order, stood near them in Karaul, were responsible for obtaining new guns and the manufacture of nuclei and powder.

During the war, they were all concerns about artillery. They transported guns, served them, participated in battles. Pushkari additionally armed with peaks. Carpenters, blacksmiths, collars and other artisans needed to repair guns and urban fortifications also treated to Pushkarsky.

Other seruners in Russia in the 16th century

Serve people. So called fighters, who were gained by the special decree of the king of the peasants during the difficult wars.

Battle Colds. Combat retinue of large aristocrats and medium-rate landowners. They were recruited from non-free peasants and rejected or broken novikov. The combat soles were an intermediate link between the tight peasantry and nobles.

Church serve people. These were building warriors, Patriarch Sagittarius. Warriors who accepted the victory and submitted directly to Patriarch. They played the role of Russian inquisition, following the piety of clergy and protecting the values \u200b\u200bof the Orthodox faith. In addition, they were guarded by the Supreme Limits of the Church and, if necessary, became a formidable garrison when defending the monasteries-fortresses.

Serviva people

In the XIV century, a numerous complex, inhomogeneous layer of so-called serunens, people who were on the social composition began to form in the Russian state. public service. Later, in the XVI century, the seruners shared in two major categories: the seruners "in the Fatherland" - they included the boyars, nobles, children of Boyar. They owned land with peasants, had significant legal privileges, held the main posts in the army and in the state apparatus. The seruners "according to the device" were gained (from the XVI century) from peasants and landing people, received a monetary and bread salary, freed from state taxes and duties. Sometimes they were issued as a salary land. They mainly served in the army, of which the city Cossacks were gaining.

In the XIV century, serunen people, especially serviced "on the instrument" nobles, have not yet played a significant role in the political life of the country.

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Serday people in the XIV century in the Russian state began to form a numerous complex, inhomogeneous on social composition layer of so-called serving people, people who were in public service. Later, in the XVI century, serve people shared on two large

people in the service of the state are not by birth, but by hiring (Dejaki, Fitness, Sagittarius, Pushkari, Rockies, Cossacks, soldiers, yamchiki). The state of the instrumental servant was hereditary just like the son of Boyarsky; Streletsky children in general rule Climbed in Sagittarius, Cossack children ~ in the Cossacks. But this category of persons did not have hereditary closetness and was constantly replenished with the influx of new forces from various layers of society; In Sagittarius and Cossacks, new people were closed from time to time.

Sl. "According to the device" settled in the cities of Slobodami and endowed with small land plots of the state land, and their land plots were very similar to those who were put on the landlines. Sl. "According to the device," being landowners, but not having peasants or workers' horses, they themselves treated land and produced with their own hands. Sagittarius, Cossacks and other instrument people as well as Boyar's children were free from taxes, as cl., Belopomesters, but with some restrictions. Many of them live in cities, engaged in trading and crafts.

In the XVII century Sl. "According to the device", they ended with local land in the border areas of the country, where they were protected by state frontiers without additional salary.

In the middle of the XVII century. 60% of city courtyards belonged to serving people, among which serve people were dominated by the instrument, sabotaged from the locals (Sagittarius, Cossacks, clutters, Pushkari, etc.). According to the Cathedral Molding, 1649, they remained the right to engage in trade and crafts duty free to certain volumes. The government policy and in the second half of the XVII century are sent to preserve this category of serving people. Especially brightly it was manifested on the outskirts Russian state. In the Urals and in Siberia, there was prohibited distribution of places nobles, including the Earth provided to soldiers. And according to the decree of 1680, the Cossacks Smolensk and other cities were obliged to carry the service from their land without a monetary salary, which implied the preservation of their selected places.

The conditions were gradually the conditions for replenishing the nobility by servilateral people in the device. The recording of the runaways and peasants to the service allowed them to penetrate even in the ranks of the boyar children, i.e., serunel people in Fatherland. In this regard, in the "articles about the watch and the analysis of children of Boyar" the late 70s of the XVII century. In the interests of the nobles, the hills and passed men are forbidden to make it easier and monetary salary. In turn, the expansion of state aunts in the south stimulates the translation of seruners in the device in the black-sized peasants. In particular, it concerned Pushkari, endowed with land instead of bread salary. Thus, the government's policy towards serviced people "on the instrument" was determined not only by government interests. It also took into account those social contradictions that objectively arose as the nobility strengthened.

Clergy

In the XVII century The spiritual estate traditionally shared on black and white. The black clergy was formed on the basis of the adoption of Shhim, that is, tonsions to the monks. They were forbidden to make demands (baptize, wenstly, etc.). Monasteries were male and female. Major monasteries close to the royal house, which possess the trading and commercial activities, played a significant role in the country's socio-political and economic life. These were mainly male monasteries, but there are both women's abode, in particular the Novodevichi Monastery. In addition to Moscow monasteries (miracles, simonov, Novospassky, etc.) the richest monasteries existed on the outskirts - Solovetsky, Kirillo-Belozersky and others. Such monasteries performed not only religious, but also government management and military functions. They become supporting points providing the government to monitor the development of new lands.

The overwhelming majority of female and significant part of male monasteries did not have their own victuchin and existed by obtaining content from the state - Ruga, which included funds for food and the minimum needs of a certain number of monks. Only in exceptional cases of Ruga reached significant sizes as recognition of merit and significance of this monastery. Monasteries based on the initiative of the highest church hierarchs were their houses and financed from the diocesan treasury.

From the environment of the black clergy, the bishops, archbishops, Metropolitans and the head of Russian were elected orthodox church - Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia. The heads of the dioceses, including the Patriarch, managing the patriarchal, as an independent diocese, were held at the expense of income from the churches of the dioceses, as well as due to granted victches and land. In the event that there was no progress and large number parishes, the state took care of the cost of the house of the hierarch. Thus, the property situation of the heads of the dioceses depended not from the rank, but on the number of arrival, population density and land possessions.

The main source of replenishment of the diocesan treasury was the income received from the white clergy, that is, the priests that make rites in churches on the territory of this diocese. Each priest, except for payment of duty for supply, for the translation from one church to another, etc., annually made a fee for the parish land and all means collected from the population for committing rites. The majority of Popov did not carry a message in favor of the state, but in case the patron community chose a priest from his environment, on his own initiative and sent it to the supply to the head of the diocese, he was resisted for the accuracy of tax. The similar situation is also observed in verbose in the case of the priest from the peasants at the initiative of the land owner. He is exempt from the duties, but does not acquire the right to go to another church, if the church brings it sufficient to meet the minimum needs of the income.

Protopopes played a special role, the heads of the Cathedral Churches, in which several priests could serve. Cathedral churches could have faithful, rugu from the state, as well as the content from the highest church. The cathedrals of the Moscow Kremlin, who have significant land possessions and rich deposits were highlighted. Property differentiation inside the clergy was so significant that objectively did not allow the spiritual estate to consolidate on the basis of general social interests.

Serday people are a category of persons in the service of the sovereign, they had the place to be, starting from the XV to the XVIII century. Other their name of sovereign people. The service was military or administrative, had special privileges: the remuneration of land plots, titles, later some began to issue a local salary.

Definition and types of sovereign people

Understand the hierarchy of serve people modern man not so easy. With the development and development of Russia, the category of seruners who carried the service for the benefit of the state were formed. All residents of the country can be divided into three parts: serve, heavy and not a major population.

The population is tremblers: peasants, artisans, inhabitants of black Slobod and so on. The nevogoloval population was partially or completely freed from taxes. These were residents of White Slobod, cities. The townspeople at that time played an important role, since by the beginning of the XVI century there were about 140 cities in Russia, the largest was Moscow.

It is in it, as well as other cities, most served people focused. These were mainly administrative employees and military. The main types of services performed by them were several categories "in the Fatherland", "on the instrument", "by call", "church". They, in turn, were divided into several subcategories that were divided by the type of service. Consider everything in order.

Servic people "in the Fatherland". Main characteristics

Services have always been supporting states, since they were responsible for his safety and performed all administrative functions that allow the country to live and work. The mansion was the boyars who performed the representative power of the country, participated in its management. The categories of servary people "in the Fatherland" treated:

Duma ranks

The Moscow State in the XVI century was a country with the political system "Call-representant monarchy". Representative body She was a boyar thought, who, together with the king, solved most of the issues in the country.

Duma boyars ran in the Duma. From their numbers were appointed to the position of the governor, ambassadors, governors. They were the most powerful estate in Russia. In the possession of them there were land - estate (land with a population living on them), who were in eternal possession and inherited.

Duma nobles performed military and court duties, participated in the meetings of the Boyar Duma, were appointed by the heads of orders, the warlords.

Duma devils did not participate in the meetings of the Duma, they were mainly the entire documentation: they carried out correspondence, prepared orders and regulations. If necessary, assigned to posts. An example is the twum Dek Ivan Timofeev.

Moscow ranks

Separately, I want to say about this category of servicing people. This, mostly, representatives of secular power, officials performing various functions. Consider some of them:

What are serial people "on the device"

He was obeyed and most of the city Cossacks. The rest submitted to the Cossack order, they led them to Esulya and Atamans. After a certain time, serunen people "on the instrument" began to transfer their positions by inheritance.

Other categories

The seruners "by call" are a definition similar to the modern military "reserve". They were required at the time of the war and gained most of the peasants. Other their name "Dark warriors". These were people, paying Yasak. Of the three farms, paying Yasak, one warrior was called. It was a heavy yarm for peasant farms. But it is this kind of servant people who remained the longest.

Church serve people

This is a numerous and diverse category, which is included in the concept of servicing people in Russia in the 16th century. These were nobles, Patriarch boyars, Sagittarius, cruise, who took the pallet or obedience. They were kept and equipped with church money and submitted only to the highest church shanam.

Church seruners were attracted to the sovereign service. They played a big role when joining new lands. Numerous monasterious fortresses were built on the outskirts of Russia, which helped protect Russian lands from enemy raids. They were strengthened with powerful walls with high watchdog towers. Equipped with artillery implements that were the most powerful for that time.

What gave the service

As we see serve people - this is a rather numerous and diverse category of the population of the Moscow kingdom, for whom the protection of the state was the main purpose. Service for the benefit of the state gave numerous privileges in the form of land plots, food, monetary content. Many people sought to get into the number of servants.

There were great benefits from her with noble estate: boyars, nobles that received profitable places where entire states literally laid, and large privileges, resources, exemption from taxes received for the service. His service, they were inherited. Around the posts that give income and power, established certain social relationsgenerated by the struggle for their possession.

The importance of serving people in the formation and strengthening of the Russian state is difficult to overestimate. Thanks to them, they managed to preserve the state and overcome the consequences of the vague time. It was they actively participated in the development of new lands, the construction of fortresses and the ridicrafts, the development of cities, the establishment of administrative rule in them. They were the first to meet enemies encroaching on the integrity of the state.