Features of the distribution of representatives of the Organic World of Indian. Organic World of Indian Ocean

The richest source source is the ocean. Any of the five existing oceans existing on our planet is a real storehouse of the organic world. Moreover, if everyone's terrestrial animals are known to all, some residents of the depths still remain unopened, skillfully hiding in the bowels of the ocean.

It only spurst the interest of zoologists, oceanologists and other scientists. Study of the ocean starting from his physical characteristics And ending with a variety of life in it, stands in the foreground today. Consider the organic world of the Indian Ocean as one of the richest to live systems.

Characteristic of the Indian Ocean

Among other oceans, Indian is in third place for the water area occupied (after the Atlantic and quiet). The properties of the Indian Ocean can be characterized by several main points:

1. The territory of the ocean is about 77 million km 2.
2. The organic world of the Indian Ocean is very diverse.
3. Waters - 283.5 million m 3.
4. The width of the ocean is about 10 thousand km 2.
5. I am washes on all parties by Eurasia, Africa, Australia and Antarctica.
6. Bays (sheds) and the sea occupy 15% of the entire territory of the ocean.
7. The largest island is Madagascar.
8. The biggest depth near Java Island in Indonesia is more than 7 km.
9. The average total temperature of the water is 15-18 0 C. In each separate place of the ocean (at the boundaries with the islands, in the seas and bays), the temperature may vary noticeably.

Investigation of the Indian Ocean

Known this water facility was still with antiquity. He was a binding important link in spices, fabrics, furs and other goods between the peoples of Persia, Egypt and Africa.

However, the study of the Indian Ocean began a lot later, during the time of the famous Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama (the middle of the XV century). It is his merit of the opening of India, in honor of which the entire ocean was named.

Before Vasco da Gia, he had many different names among the peoples of the world: Eritrea Sea, Black Sea, Indicon Pelagos, Bar-El Hind. However, in the first century, Pliny senior called his oceanus an indicus that with latin language Translated as the "Indian Ocean".

More modern I. scientific approach To study the structure of the bottom, composition of water, inhabitants of animal and plant origin began to be carried out only from the XIX century. Today animal world Indian Ocean is a big practical and scientific interest, as well as the ocean itself. Scientists of Russia, America, Germany and other countries are actively engaged in this issue using the most advanced technique (underwater devices, space satellites).

Picture of organic world

The organic world of the Indian Ocean is quite diverse. Among the representatives of flora and fauna there are such species that are very specific and rare.

According to its diversity, the ocean biomass reminds such in the Pacific Ocean (more precisely, in its western part). This is due to common underwater flows between these oceans.

In general, the entire organic world of local waters can be combined into two habitat groups:

1. Tropical part of the Indian Ocean.
2. Antarctic part.

Each of them is characterized by their climatic conditions, flows, abiotic factors. Therefore, organic diversity varies in composition.

A variety of life in the ocean

The tropical region of this water object is replete with a variety of plankton and benthic species of animals and plants. We are common, such algae as a unicellular trio-samium is considered. Their concentration in the upper ocean layers is so high, which changes the overall color of water.

Also in this area, the organic world of the Indian Ocean is represented by the following types of algae:

• sargassov algae;
• turbine;
• caulemps;
• phutaminia;
• halmeda;
• mangrove thickets.

From small animals, the most spread received beautifully glowing at night representatives of plankton: Physalia, sifoforphors, swords, shells, peridates, jellyfish.

Unusual fish

Often, the animals of the Indian Ocean are rare or simply unusual by appearance. Thus, among the most common and numerous fish there are sharks, skates, mackerels, corneters, tuna, not flow.

If we talk about the unusual representatives of ichthyofauna, it should be noted such as:

• coral fish;
• fish-parrot;
• white shark;
• whale shark.

Commercial importance among fish are tuna, mackerel, corriders and not flows.

Patriotic animal

The animal world of the Indian Ocean has representatives of the following types, classes, families:

1. Fish.
2. Reptiles (marine snakes and giant turtles).
3. Mammals (coushlots, seals, savals, marine elephants, dolphins, toothless whales).
4. Mollusks (giant spruit, octopuses, snails).
5. Sponges (lime and silicon forms);
6. Icharkin (sea beauty, hello, sea hedgehog, worship).
7. Cruise (crayfish, crabs, lobsters).
8. Hydroid (polyps).
9. Msanka.
10. Coral polyps (form coastal reefs).

Such animals like sea beauties have a very bright color, live at the bottom and have a hexagonal shape with radial symmetry of the body. Thanks to them, the bottom of the ocean looks bright and picturesque.

Giant spruit is a large octopus, the length of the proven of which extends 1.2 m. The body is usually not more than 30 cm long.

Lime and silicon sponges play a big role in the formation of the bottom of the Indian Ocean. Along with the benthic types of algae, they form entire deposits of limestone and silicon sediments.

The most terrible predator of these habitats is a white shark, the dimensions of which reach 3 meters. Ruthless and very prompt killer, it is almost the main thunderstorm of the Indian Ocean.

Very beautiful and interesting fish of the Indian Ocean - coral fish. They are bizarre and brightly painted, have a flat, elongated body shape. These fish are very cleverly able to hide in thickets coral polypsThere are no predator there, they are not able to get them.

The cumulative conditions of the Indian Ocean allow to be his fauna so diverse and interesting to attract those who want to study it.

Vegetable world

Contour map of the Indian Ocean gives general view About what he borders. And pushing out this, it is easy to assume what the vegetation community of the ocean will be.

The proximity to the quiet ocean contributes to the wide propagation of brown and red algae, many species of which have a commercial value. Green algae is also presented in all parts of the Indian Ocean.

Interesting and unusual, gigantic macrocysts will be heard. It is believed that to get into such thickets on the ship was tantamount to death, because they are very easy to get confused and it is not possible to get out.

The main part of the ocean vegetation world is single-celled bentos, planktonal algae.

Fishery value of the Indian Ocean

The fishing of animals and plants in the Indian Ocean is not so full, as in other deep oceans and seas. To date, this ocean is a world stock source, a reserve of valuable power sources. The contour map of the Indian Ocean can show the main islands and peninsula, on which the fishery is most developed and the extraction of valuable species of fish and algae is carried out:

• Sri Lanka;
• Hindustan;
• Somalia;
• Madagascar;
• Maldives;
• Seychelles;
• Arabian Peninsula.

At the same time, the animals of the Indian Ocean are mostly very valuable in food terms. However, this water facility does not use very popular in this sense. Its main value for people today is access to different countries World, islands and peninsula.

In the Indonesian Archipelago area.

The position of most of the Indian Ocean water area in the tropical strip before creates favorable climatic and hydrological conditions for the development of a variety of organic world. The ocean is generally characteristic of low bioproductivity - 35-40 kg / km2.

In the Indian Ocean, two biogeographic areas are distinguished - tropical and moderate. The tropical area is characterized by the exclusive wealth of plankton. Especially abundantly "blooming" single-celled algae trikhodesimium, as a result of which the surface layer of water purges and changes its painting. Fitobenthos is represented by brown algae, sargassic, turbines, from green algae is abundant caulelepa.

Of higher Plants In there are thickets of the marine grass of Poseidonia. Special phytocenosis is formed in coastal zones of mangroves, typical of the Indian Ocean.

Zoobenthos is characterized by a variety of mollusks, limestone and silicon sponges, igblerikes (Sea hedgehog, Faistur, Holoturia), numerous crustaceans, Msanka, etc. Especially rich in Zoobenthos on the shelves (500 g / m3). It includes many valuable fishing species (Langules, shrimp). Crackes of crustaceans are bordered by the coast ,. Molluscs in these areas are a lot of Caracatiet and squid.

Mythyofauna ocean is rich and diverse. Sardinell, mackerel, anchovy, stavride, reef and stone perch are inhabited in the shelf area. In the open waters of the ocean, the abundance of tuna, corneters having a large commercial value.

In tropical waters there are a lot of sharks, giant sea turtles, sea snakes and bats, a sword-fish is found. The tropical zone of the Indian Ocean is one of the areas of the classical development of coral polyps and reef buildings.

For a moderate region, red and brown algae are characteristic, mainly of Fukusov and Laminarium groups.

Moderate waters are widely represented by cetaceans: toothless and blue whales, as well as seal, sea elephant, dug. The richness of cetaceans in these latitudes is due to intense vertical stirring of water, which creates extremely favorable conditions for the development of planktonic organisms, which are the main food of the blue and toothless whales. In the same waters, not thyroidis and white fish are inhabited, forming large fishing accumulations.

In the waters of the Indian Ocean, many glowing at night of organisms are inhabited: Grebnevikov, some kinds of jellyfish, periodine. Wide development received brightly colored siphofoforms, including poisonous phzasals. Many also foraminifera, in the waters abundance of the pteropod. As in other oceans, in Indian organic life is spread extremely unevenly. First of all, it is necessary to note the high productivity of coastal waters, primarily in the Red, Arabian seas, Persian, Aden, and Bengal bays, where the primary products are 250-200 mg / m2. The tropical "oceanic" in the southern hemisphere and the central regions of the Arabian and Bengal bays, characterized by primary products of 35-100 mg / m2, is sharply allocated. As in the Pacific, the magnitude of the primary products increases sharply in the water areas adjacent to the oceanic. Especially high its values \u200b\u200bon coral reefs.

Data on primary products and the overall assessment of biomass in the Indian Ocean indicate that it is not poorer than in quiet and. However, the annual world fish catch in the Indian Ocean is 9 million tons, which indicates the weaker use of his fish wealth. In the open waters of tropical belts of the Indian Ocean, there is only one type of industrial fishing - the tuna fishery. According to calculations, fish catch without undermining the renewal base can reach 10-14 million tons per year. Consequently, the Indian Ocean can be viewed as a significant reserve for world marine fishing.

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Physical geography of the continents and oceans

Oceans

INDIAN OCEAN

Features of the Organic World of Indian Ocean

"Fauna and Flora of the Indian Ocean have similarity With the organic world of the Pacific Ocean, which is explained by a wide exchange between these oceans through the sea and the Strait of the Indonesian Archipelago "(O.K. LONTEV).

Especially rich in organic life tropical part Indian Ocean, mainly coastal areas and shallow water of the inland and domestic seas of the Northern and Northeastern part of the ocean, as well as from the Northern Coast of Africa. At the same time, the tropical "ocean desert" in the southern hemisphere is drastically distinguished by its minimum productivity.

In constantly warm waters, the colonies are widespread coral Polyps and coral structures of various types. On low-lying coasts and in the mouths of rivers are found everywhere mangrove Thickets with their peculiar flora and fauna are very characteristic communities for the tidal and tidy zones of the Indian Ocean. Exceptionally rich plankton the tropical part of the ocean (single-celled algae, mollusks, jellyfish, some crustaceans) serves as food for fish (Tuna, sharks) and marine reptiles (marine snakes, giant skulls, etc.).

Thanks to intense vertical stirring water areas in moderate belt Southern Hemisphere, also rich in plankton, but somewhat different species composition. Their fauna includes some large mammals (laston-eaten, cetaceans), the number of which has greatly decreased over long years of intensive fishery. Currently, fisheries in the Indian Ocean is developed much less than in others, and has mainly consumer character, especially in coastal areas. Whaling fishing in the southern part of the Indian Ocean practically stopped, preserved types of whale - coushlots and savory - taken under international security.

The main source of widely used natural resourcesThe origin of which is associated with the history of the development of the northern part of the Indian Ocean, is the oil and gas pool of the Persian Gulf - one of the largest in the world.

• Pacific Ocean
• Indian Ocean
  • Ocean's bed, mid-oceanic ridges and transition zones
  • Features of the organic world
• Atlantic Ocean
  • Ocean's bed, middle-atlantic ridge and transition zones
• Arctic Ocean
  • Ocean bed, mid-oceanic ridges and transition zone

Look nature photos Different mainland and countries of the world (with geographical and biological semantic signatures to photographs) in sections.

The underwater world of the Indian Ocean is no less fascinating, diverse and bright than the nature of coastal territories. Its warm water is replete with a large number of exotic plants and animals, which made it possible to call the third largest ocean in the most populated water spacing.

In the waters of the Indian Ocean, a huge number of brightly colored fish, sponges, mollusks, raffs, crabs, worms, marine stars, hells, turtles, luminous anchovs, fish-sailboats dwells among incredible on the beauty of coral structures.

Dangerous species are found here: octopuses, jellyfish, poisonous sea snakes and sharks. A large number of Plankton is the main food for such large fish, like sharks and tuna.

A needle jumper lives in mangroves - fish, capable of luck for quite a long time, thanks to a special body structure. In coastal waters, Sardinells, Kefali, Stavrids, Sea Soma are found in the coastal waters. In the southern part there are white fish.

In tropical zones you can find rare and unusual representatives of the kind of Siren - Digo, well, and of course, dolphins and whales.

Among the birds are the most common frigates and albatrosses. Among the endemics is a paradise flycut and a shepherd partridge. On the southern coast of Africa and in Antarctica there are penguins.

Vegetable world

The flora of the coastal zones of the Indian Ocean is represented by dense thickets of brown and red algae (fucus, laminaria, macrocystis). From green algae, Kaulerpa is most common. Lime algae are represented by licamations and halimeda, which together with corals form reefs. Of the higher plants, there are most common areas of settlements - marine grass.

Climate and hydrological regime of the water of the Indian Ocean. Hydrological resources.

Climate. 4 climates are allocated in the region. belt. Under the influence of the Asian. Continœent in North. Parts ind. The ocean is installed by a monsonic climate with frequent cyclones moving towards the coasts. High atm. The pressure over Asia in winter causes the formation of the Sev-Vost. monsoon. In the summer he replaces the humid south-zap. monsoon carrying air from the southern regions of the ocean. During the summer monsoon, the wind is often the power of more than 7 points. Summer pace. Over the ocean \u003d 28-32 ° C, in winter 18-22 ° C. South. Tropics gentlemen. Southeast. Passat, cat. in winters. The time does not apply to the north of 10 ° C.Sh. Cf.
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year. Temp. \u003d 25 ° C. In zone 40-45 ° Yu.Sh. For all year - Zap. Transferring masses. In zap. The ocean parts arise hurricanes (up to 8 times a year), in Madagascar and Mascarensky Ors. In subtropra. And died.
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shir
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summer temp. \u003d 10-22 ° C, and in winter - 6-17 ° C. From 45 degrees and south are characterized by strong winds. In winter, the temperature ranges here from -16 ° C to 6 ° C, and in summer - from -4 ° C to 10 ° C. Max. Number of precipitation (2.5 thousand mm) -in east. Equator area.
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zones. The smallest number of precipitation is observed in the trail. R-na southern. Hemisphere.

Hydrological mode.Winter: South-Zap. monsoon. Hesh, starting. In the Bengal Bay. South 10 ° C.Sh. This course goes to the West. Hesh. Next it branches: 1 branch goes to North. In the Red Sea, 2- south to 10 ° Yu.Sh. And, turning to the East, gives rise to equatorial anti-countercase. The latter crosses the ocean and at the coast of Sumatra is again divided into part, go out in the Andaman Sea and the main branch, which between the small probe islands and Australia is sent to Pacific Ocean. The summer monsoon flow begins off the coast of Africa with a powerful Somali course, to which the course of the Red Sea is joined in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Gulf. In Bengal Gulf, the summer monsoon flow is divided into north.
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and south., ĸᴏᴛᴏᴩᴏᴇ poured into the south. Passown current. South. Passat. The current crosses the ocean with the East. on zap. To Madagascar. Madagascar south. Passat. The lens branches, giving the beginning of the Equatorial anti-countercraft, Mozambic and Madagascar currents. Merging the south-west of Madagascar, they form warm flow Agullas. South. Part of this leak-I goes to Atlantic. Ocean, and the part is poured into the Tesp. Winds. On the approach to Australia, from the latter, the cold leaves. West Australian current.

Temperature, salt water.In the Equatorial zone, the temperature of the surface waters is about 28 ° C. High winter water temperatures (up to 29 ° C) are characteristic of the shores of North-West Australia. Pace. Water is below 0 ° C per years. Time is noted south of 60 °. Lyhodovka in these areas begins in April and the thickness falling to the end of the winter reaches 1-1.5 m. To the margin, the full purification of water from the gape ice occurs. South. Parts of the ocean are common icebergs.

Max. The saltness of water in the Persian Hall. and the Red Sea, where it \u003d 40-41. High salting (more than 36) also nailed to south. trope. Belt and the Arabian Sea. The reduced saline (less than 34) is characteristic of the priorctic water, where the strong ceiling effect of melting glacier waters is affected.

Flora and Fauna ind. OK. Unusually diverse. Tropic. The region is allocated by the wealth of plankton. Especially abypt unicellular algae Roshodaesmium (type of cyanobacteria), because of which the surface layer of water is very turbulent and changes its painting. Plankton ind. The ocean is distinguished by a large number of glowing at night of organisms: Peridin and some kinds of jellyfish, comb, shells. Abundant there are brightly colored sifoforphors, incl. Poisonous phase. In moderate and Arctic waters, the main representatives of plankton are coppes, eufuazids and diatoms. The most numerous fishes of the Indian Ocean are Corimps, tuna, not denotine and a variety of sharks. Of the reptiles there are several types of giant sea turtles, marine snakes, mammals - cetacean (toothless and blue whales, coushlots, dolphins), seals, sea elephants. Most cetaceans live in moderate and indoor areas, where, due to the intensive mixing of the waters, favorable conditions arise for the development of planktonic organisms. Birds are represented by albatrosses and frigates, as well as several types of penguins inhabiting the coast South Africa, Antarctica and islands lying in a moderate belt of the ocean.

Vegetable world Ind. Ocean is represented by brown (sargass, turbines) and green algae (Kaulerna). Lime algae and Khalimeda, which participate together with corals in the construction of reef buildings also develop lifestyle. In the process of activity of rifted-forming organisms, coral platforms are created, sometimes reaching the widths of several kilometers. Typical for the coastal zone of the Indian Ocean is phytocenosis formed by mangrove thickets. Especially such thickets are characteristic of the settlements of rivers and occupy significant areas in Southeast Africa, in Western Madagascar, in South-East Asia and other areas. For moderate and pointerctic waters, red and brown algae are most characteristic, mainly of Fukusov and Laminarium groups, Porphira, Helidium. In the sugar areas of the southern hemisphere there are giant macrocysts.

Zoobenthos is represented by a variety of mollusks, limestone and flint sponges, iglozzy (hedgehogs, starfish, whales, wilderness), numerous crustaceans, hydroedes, msanka. In the tropical zone, coral polyps are widespread.

Organic World of Indian Ocean. Biological resources. - Concept and species. Classification and features of the category "Organic World of Indian Ocean. Biological resources." 2017, 2018.