The main types of machine translation errors are automatic. As scientific discipline
Subject, object and objectives of the linguistic transaction theory
Currently, the linguistic theory of translation is firmly established as an independent scientific discipline. However, a number of fundamental issues remain unresolved, which determine the status of the translation theory. One of these issues is the question of the subject and object of the theory of translation.
In the literature, various, often opposing points of view were expressed about what should be considered the subject and object of the theory of translation. So, I.I. Rosvzin and V.Yu. Rostenzayig argue that the transition process itself is the transition process, in which the transition from one system of signs to another and which can be described in semiotic terms 86. These authors conduct a fundamental distinction between the translation process and the result of the translation. They proceed from the fact that traditionally the science of translation was built as the science of the regulatory, the main objectives of which were to establish the result of the translation and the development of criteria for assessing the quality of translation. The regulatory theory of translation was built empirically, based on the comparative analysis of originals and translations. Theoretical provisions were borrowed from lexicology, grammar, stylistics and literary studies. With this approach, in the opinion of I.I.revzin and V.Yu. Tintsy-ha, the theoretical understanding of the translation process cannot be achieved. Science seeking opi
"Revzin I. I., Rosenzweig V. Yu. M.: Higher. Shk., 1964. p.21.
68 V.V. SDobnikov, O.V.Petrov♦ TRANSLATION THEORY
The transfer as a process should be not regulatory, but theoretical. That is, it should not describe something that should be, but what is laid in the very nature of the phenomenon 87.
With such a point of view, the disagreement of A.D. Shweater, who believes that such a sharp opposition of theoretical and regulatory approaches is hardly justified. The exception to the review of the results of the translation process illegally narrows the subject of the theory of translation and hardly contributes to the identification of its essence. According to A.D.Shweyser, the translation is a targeted activity that meets certain requirements and standards and focused on achieving a certain result. These norms reflect the value orientation of the translator, without taking into account which it is impossible to satisfactorily explain the logic of translating solutions 88. Thus, A.D. Shweater includes a transition theory as the transition process itself and the result of the translation process.
It seems that the translation researchers, trying to identify the subject of the theory of translation, did not fully be taken into account that the translation is a complex, comprehensive phenomenon that the many of the most heterogeneous factors affect. Understanding this circumstance is more achieved in the works of V.N.Komissarov, who fully notes that it is unlikely to oppose the translation process, it is hardly legitimate. It is the result of the translation that is the directly observed reality, on the basis of the analysis of which can be indirectly to judge how the process of translation inaccessible to direct observation proceeded.
"Revzi. I., Rosenzweigv. Y. Basics of general and machine translation.M.: Higher. Shk., 1964. p.21.
"Switucer. Translation theory: status, problems, aspects.M: Science, 1988. S.7.
Partii. Translation theory as scientific discipline69
Linguistic translation theory deals with both texts in the source language (IA) and translation language (PI) and with the process of converting the text of the original to the translation text. But this approach is not quite sufficient. Translation activities for definition are meditious. Thanks to the translation, inter-speaking communication is provided. And this means that, to create a full-fledged translation, the translator must take into account the characteristics of the author of the original message and the recipients of this message, their knowledge, experience, as well as the peculiarities of the perception of people who are intended to transfer, C all other aspects of emergency communication communications affecting the course and result of the translation process.This means that the subject of the transformation theory is complex and is not limited to the transaction process and its result. Linguistic translation theory considers the translation into a wide framework of emergency communication and studies all of its aspects and defining factors, both self-language and external to the language, but directly or indirectly affect the choice of language units in the process of translation 89.
From this presentation, the problem shows that there is no unity between the translation researchers in relation to the terminology used. First of all, the lack of a clear distinction between the concepts of scientific research and the object of scientific research is noteworthy. By the way, the analysis of the definitions offered by the dictionaries of the Russian language also does not bring greater clarity in this question. For example, subjectscientific research is defined as "the topic, what serves as the content of thought, speech, to which informative or creative
89 Commissioners V. N. Translation theory (linguistic aspects).M.: Higher. Shk .., 1990. p.40-41.
70 V.V. SDobnikov, O.V.Petrov♦ TRANSLATION THEORY
Activity »99. An objectit is defined as "what opposes the subject, which is directed by its subjective practical and cognitive activity" 100. As we see, both concepts are defined as something that the practical, cognitive and creative activity of the research subject is directed. At the same time, it would be advisable as an object of study to consider what really belongs to the circle of material phenomena of the world, and as a subject of research - a certain problem, to which scientific research itself is actually directed. Based on this, nog object of linguistic translation theory We will understand the intermediary translation activities within the framework of intersectoral communication, presented as directly (process), and indirectly, that is, reflected in the results of the translation process. The subject of the theory of translation is the study of the patterns of the translation process, factors that affect the flow of the translating process and determining the result of the translation.
V.N.Komissarov 101 formulates the following taskslinguistic translation theory:
1) reveal and describe the outdoor
New translations, i.e. specify which features of the language
Sound systems and patterns of functionaries
languages \u200b\u200bunderlie the translation process
sa, make this process possible and determine
His character and borders;
2) Determine the translation as an object linguistic
some research, indicate its difference from others
types of linguistic mediation;
3) Develop the basics of classification of species
revival activities;
99 Dictionary of the Russian language in 4 volumes. Volume III.M.: Rus Yaz., 1983. p.366. "" Dictionary of Russian Language in 4 volumes. Volume 11.M: Rus. Yaz., 1983. S.579. 101 K O M and C C A R O V V.N. Translation theory (linguistic aspects). M.:Higher. Shk .., 1990. p.35-36.
Part II. Translation theory as Scientific Discipline 71
4) reveal the essence of translation equivalence as the basis of the communicative equivalence of the text of the original and translation;
5) Develop general principles and features
Construction of private and special theories
yes for various combinations of languages;
6) Develop General Principles of Scientific Description
Process transfer process as a translator action
on the transformation of the text of the original in the text
water;
7) reveal the impact on the translation process
pragmatic and sociolinguistic factors;
8) Determine the concept of "Translation rate" and times
Work principles for assessing the quality of translation.
In accordance with these tasks, our course of the general transformation theory will be built. But first should be considered the issue of the estimated composition of translationing and linguistic translation theory.
Translating as a scientific discipline is wider than the theory of translation and includes several scientific disciplines, or sections. The translation of translation theory, the history of translation activities, translation criticism, translation vocabulary, didactic translation (translation methodology). As we see, the linguistic theory of translation is only one of the sections of the translation, but it also has a comprehensive nature and includes the following sections:
General translator theory- linguistic translation theory section that studies the most common linguistic patterns of translation, regardless of a particular pair of languages \u200b\u200binvolved in the translation process, the method of implementing this process and the individual characteristics of a specific transaction act.
Special transformation theory- section of the linguistic theory of translation, which studies the features of the process of translation of various types of texts and
72 V.V. SDobnikov, O.V.Petrov♦ TRANSLATION THEORY
On this process of speech forms and conditions for its implementation. Several special conversion theories can be distinguished: theory of artistic translation, the theory of scientific and technical translation, theory oral transfer, machine translation theory, etc.
Private transformation theory- Section of the linguistic theory of translation, studying linguistic aspects of translation from one given language to another given language. Private translation theories can be a lot: the theory of translation from English into Russian, the theory of translation from German to Japanese, the theory of translation with french on Swahili, etc.
Communication of transfer theory with other linguistic disciplines
Linguistic translation theory is closely related to such linguistic disciplines as contrasting linguistics, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, linguistics of text.
Translation theory and contrasting linguistics
Contrast linguistics - the direction of research of general linguistics, the purpose of which is a comparative study of two, less frequently of several languages \u200b\u200bto identify their similarities and differences at all levels of the language structure 102. As A.D. Shweater notes, the question of the ratio of con-trast linguistics and the theory of translation still continues to remain the subject of disputes. In the past, there was often no clear diffe-
102 Linguistic encyclopedic Dictionary. M: OV. Encyclopedia, 1990. p.239.
. Translation theory as Scientific Discipline 73
Recovery of these disciplines. I.I. Creature wrote back in 1950 that "the translation ... unthinkable without a solid linguistic basis. Such a basis should be a comparative study of language phenomena and establish certain correspondences between the script language and the translation language. These correspondences in the field of vocabulary, phraseology, syntax and style should be a linguistic basis for the theory of translation "103. Thus, the mapping of languages \u200b\u200band language phenomena was actually identified with the linguistic conversion theory.
Sometimes the theory of translation is identified not with horse-trap linguistics in general, but with one of its sections, namely: with comparative stylist. This tradition was laid by the work of J.-P. Vi-Na and J.Darbelna "The comparative stylist of French and english"(1958), in which the authors actually set the sign of equality between the concepts of comparative stylist and the theory of translation. At this feature of LingVoper-Water Research later, attention also paid attention to both I.I.VRAVZIN AND V.YU. Rostenzweig: "Recognizing the value of the work of this direction for the theory of translation, .. it is impossible at the same time not to notice the mixtures of the concepts of stylistry and translation theory 104. Nevertheless, even a decade later, some researchers argued that "Linguistic theory of translation is nothing but the" comparative linguistics of the text ", that is, a comparative study of semantically identical varying texts" 105.
On the close connection of contrast linguistics and the theory of translation indicates the method describing the method
103 W in Ey C E R A. D. M:
Science, 1988.y.
104 R E V Z I N I, R O Z E N C V EY G V. Yu. Basics of general and machine
Translation. M. \\Higher. Shk., 1964. p.32.
105 b a r x d and r about in L. S. Language and translation (issues of general and private
Translation theory). M.:Intern. Relationship, 1975. p.28.
74 V.V. SDobnikov, O.V.Petrov♦ TRANSLATION THEORY
Comparable learning languages. The principles of the comparative description are formulated by A.V. Fedorov as follows: "Specific to one or another language is not expressed, common to it with another language, but formal categories in which it is expressed, structural features. From the formal category, as from objective data (for example, from a certain type of words, word-forming models, from the order of words, from two-part proposals with a specific type of subject, etc.) the researcher goes to the definition of its values \u200b\u200bin one language and further expressing these Values \u200b\u200bare formal means of another language (coinciding or other types of words, to the same or excellent order of words, twisted or single-maintenance proposals, etc.). Naturally, with such a path of analysis, the translation material is very grateful ... "106. From this definition of the research method, it follows that linguists in the interests of the comparative study of languages \u200b\u200bused the method of comparing specific speech works on different languagesactually being originals and translations. This is fully consistent with the statement by E.Kosarya that contrasting linguistics at the level of the language norm, which explores the actual use of functional units, covers that the sphere in which the translation process proceeds, and coincides with it. To the theory of translation, according to E.Kosarya, the closest is the region of counter-fivest linguistics, which is focused on language in action. Like the theory of translation, this area is dealing with speech implementations of the language structure, with the area of \u200b\u200bfunctioning of the language in speech, and, like the private translation theory, it is unidirectional (for example, the problem of finding
106 cyt. By: Revzi. I., Rosenzweigv. YU. Basics of general and machine translation.M.: Higher. Shk .., 1964. p.33
Part //. Theory translation as scientific discipline75
The correspondences of the verdict is relevant only to transfer from the Russian language and for contrast linguistics, the source language of which is Russian) 107.
These contrast linguistics are undoubtedly useful for linguistic translation theory. Exploring the relationship between functional units of language A and Language B, contrastful linguistics creates the necessary foundation for building the theory of translation. In fact, many translation transformations that make up the "technology" of translation, ultimately enter the functional structural discrepancies between the "encountered" with each other in the process of translation with the languages. Contrast linguistics in some cases answers the question of why there is a translated operation 107. One of the reasons for the use of translation transformations is the presence in one of the interactive languages \u200b\u200bof the so-called "non-equivalent forms", which the data of contrast linguistics contributes to the detection of contrast linguistics.
We can say that the theory of translation needs contrasport linguistics as in the source source. These data spilling light on the discrepancies between structural types, systems and norms of languages, serve as a starting point for the translating analysis of 108.
Despite the close connection of contrast linguistics and translation theory, they cannot be equated with each other. The task of contrast linguistics is a comparison of languages, identifying their similarities and differences. The theory of translation, in turn, explores the translation as a specific type of interstitial communication, language mediation. Its purpose is to identify the essence, translation, its
107 W in Ey C E R A. D. Translation theory: status, problems, aspectsM:
Science, 1988. SP.
108 there. P.12.
76 V.V. SDobnikov, O.V.Petrov♦ TRANSLATION THEORY
Mechanisms, methods for implementing linguistic and extrallinguistic factors affecting it. The theory of translation, in addition to the original and final texts, takes into account the sociocultural and psychological differences between the multilingual communications, as well as a number of other sociocultural and psycholinguistic determinants of the translation process. It takes into account that the translation is not a simple change in the language code, but also the adaptation of the text for its perception through the prism of another culture.
Machine translation approaches
Machine translation systems can use a translation method based on linguistic rules. The most suitable words from the original language are simply replaced by the words of the translation language.
It is often argued that to successfully solve the problem of machine translation, it is necessary to solve the problem of understanding the text on natural language.
As a rule, the translation method based on the rules uses a symbolic representation (intermediary), on the basis of which the text is created in the translation language. And if we consider the nature of the intermediary, you can talk about interlinguistic machine translation or transfer machine translation. These methods require very large dictionaries with morphological, syntactic and semantic information and a large set of rules.
If the machine translation system has a sufficient amount of data, then you can get a translation of good quality. The main difficulty lies in the formation of this data. For example, large text enclosures necessary for statistical methods of translation, for translating, based on grammar, are insufficient. Moreover, for the latter, an additional task of grammar is required.
For the translation of related languages \u200b\u200b(Russian, Ukrainian), there may be a sufficient change in words.
Modern systems Machine translation is divided into three large groups:
· Founded on the rules;
· Based on examples;
SMP based on rules
Machine Translation Systems Based on Rules - general termwhich denotes machine translation systems based on linguistic information about the source and translation languages.
They consist of bilingual dictionaries and grammar covering the main semantic, morphological, syntactic patterns of each language. This approach to machine translation is also called classic.
Based on this data, the source text sequentially, by proposals, is converted to the translation text. Often, such systems oppose machine translation systems that are based on examples.
The principle of operation of such systems is the connection of the structure of the input and output sentence. The translation is not particularly good quality. But on simple examples works.
Translation from English to German will look like:
A Girl Eats An Apple. EIN MADCHEN ISST EINEN APFEL.
These systems are divided into three groups:
· Systems of the Social Translation;
· Transfer systems;
· Interlinguistic;
Intermittent translation
Such systems are now extremely rare due to the poor quality of the translation. The words of the source text are transformed (as it is) in the word translation. Often such conversion occurs without lemmaization and morphological analysis. This is the easiest method of machine translation. It is used to translate long lists of words (for example, directories). It can also be used to draw up an infringement for TM systems.
Transfer systems
As transfer systemsAnd the interlinguistic, have the same common idea. For translation, it is necessary to have an intermediary, which in itself carries the meaning of the translated expression. In interlinguistic systems, the mediator does not depend on the pair of languages, while in transfers - depends.
Transfer systems operate on a very simple principle: the input text applies the rules that put in accordance with the structure of the original and translated languages. The initial stage of work includes morphological, syntactic (and sometimes semantic) text analysis to create an internal representation. Translation is generated from this presentation using bilingual dictionaries and grammatical rules. Sometimes on the basis of the primary representation, which was obtained from the source text, build more "abstract" internal representation. This is done in order to emphasize the places important for translation, and discard the insignificant parts of the text. When constructing the text of the translation, the conversion of internal representations occurs in the reverse order.
When using this strategy, there is a sufficiently high quality of translations, with accuracy in the area of \u200b\u200b90% (although it is highly dependent on the language pair). The work of any system of transfer translation consists of at least five parts:
· Morphological analysis;
· Lexical transfer;
· Structural transfer;
· Morphological generation.
Morphological analysis. The words of the source text are classified in parts of speech. They are detected morphological signs. The word lemmas are determined.
Lexical categorization. In any text, some words may have more than one value, causing ambiguity in the analysis. When lexical categorization, the word context is detected. There are various kinds of marks and clarifications.
Lexical transfer. Based on a bilingual dictionary, the words are translated. The action is very similar to the interpreted translation.
Structural transfer. Words are consistent in the proposal.
Morphological generation. Based on the output of the structural transfer, the word conversion word is created.
One of the main features of the transfined machine translation systems is the stage, during which the intermediate representation of the text in the original language is "transmitted" into the intermediate representation of the text in the target language. It can work on one of two levels of linguistic analysis, or immediately on both.
1. Surface (syntactic) transfer. This level is characterized by the transmission of "syntactic structures" between the source and translational language. Suitable for languages \u200b\u200bin the same family or the same type, for example, in Romanesque languages, between Italian Spanish, Catalan, French, etc.
2. Depth (semantic) transfer. The level is characterized by a semantic representation. It depends on the original language. This presentation may consist of a number of structures that represent the value. The translation also usually requires a structural transfer. This level is used to translate between more remote languages.
Interlinguistic machine translation
Interlinguistic machine translation is one of the classic approaches to machine translation. Source The text is transformed into an abstract representation that does not depend on the language (in contrast to transfer translation). The translation text is created based on this presentation. The main advantage of this approach is that to add a new language to the system. You can prove mathematically that within the framework of this approach, the creation of each new language interpreter for such a system will reduce it, compared, for example, with a transfersing translation system. In addition, within the framework of this approach you can
· Implement "retelling text", paraphrasing the source text within a single language;
· Relatively simple implementation of translating highly different languages, such as, for example, Russian and Arabic.
However, there is still no implementation of this approach that would work correctly at least two languages. Many experts express doubts about the possibility of such an implementation. The most difficulty for creating such systems is to design an intersective presentation. It should be simultaneously abstract and independent of specific languages, but at the same time it should reflect the features of any existing language. On the other hand, within the framework of artificial intelligence, the task of allocating the meaning of the text at the moment has not yet been solved.
For the first time, the interlinguistic approach was proposed in the 17th century Descartes and Leibnitsa, who offered universal dictionaries using numeric codes. Others, such as Cave Beck, Athanasius Kirger and Johann Joachim Becher worked to develop an unequivocal universal Languagebased on the principles of logic and iconography.
In 1668, John Wilkins in the treatise "Experience about genuine symbolism and philosophical language" spoke about his interlingu.
In the 18th and 19th centuries, many universal languages \u200b\u200bwere developed, including Esperanto. It is known that the idea of \u200b\u200ba universal language for machine translation, no way manifested in the initial stages of the development of this technology. Instead, only pairs of languages \u200b\u200bwere considered. However, during the 1950s and 60s, researchers in Cambridge headed by Margaret Masterman, in Leningrad led by Nikolai Andreev and in Milan Silvio Ceccato began work in this area.
In the 1970s and 1980s, certain successes were made in this area and a number of machine translation systems were built.
In this translation method, the intersective representation can be considered as a way to describe the analysis of the text, in the original language. At the same time, the presentation is preserved morphological, syntactic characteristics of the text. It is assumed that this way can be conveyed "meaning" when creating a translation text.
At the same time, two interlayal representations are sometimes used. One of them more reflects the characteristics of the source language. Other - translation language. The translation in this case is performed in two stages.
In some cases, two or more representations of one level are used (equally close to both languages), but differ in the subject. This is necessary to improve the quality of translating specific texts.
This approach is not new for linguistics. It is based on the ideas of the proximity of languages. To improve the quality of translation, the natural language is used as a bridge between two other languages. For example, when translating from Ukrainian into English, the Russian language is sometimes used.
To use the interlinguistic machine translation system, requires:
· Dictionaries for analyzing and generating texts;
· Description of grammar languages;
· The knowledge base of the concepts (to create an interucleate presentation);
· Rules for the projection of concepts for languages \u200b\u200band presentation.
The most difficult moment when creating this type is the inability to build a database for wide areas of knowledge. And those bases that are created for very specific themes have a high computational complexity.
Lecture 13. Machine translation of text. Computer linguistic dictionaries
Basics of machine translation
Transfer- This is a type of language mediation, which is focused on an invalid original. The translation is considered as an input form of the existence of a message contained in the original. Interlayed communication, carried out through the transfer, in more than Reproduces the process of direct speech communication, in which the communicants use the same language.
Machine translate - This is an automatic extraction of knowledge and texts written in a natural language using computer programs based on linguistic provision.
Machine translation process - These are the actions of the computer to convert text in one natural language to the equivalent text in another language, as well as the result of such actions.
Automatic text understanding system, it comes from the fact that the text in the natural language, built in accordance with the dictionaries, grammar and the algorithms of the natural language, based on the semantic network, frames and thesaurus, is understood by the user due to the fact that he has linguistic knowledge - syntactic-semantic structures, and Also special knowledge.
Most of the automatic language processing systems put their task of analyzing texts, pre-broken into suggestions. However, language data is available to us most often in the form of texts placed on paragraphs, chapters and other larger units. Therefore, appropriate segmentation algorithms are necessary for their effective automatic analysis.
Tasks when creating a system of automatic text understanding:
· Analysis of the source natural text, which ensures the construction of linguistic structures, including different semantic structures, full, partial, compressed, seemingly presented to the content of the text in the form of databases,
· Comparison of linguistic text structures with special or individual knowledge, also presented in the database form
· Generalization of texts based on information concluded in traditional relational databases, as well as in conceptual text structures or in individual databases.
For machine transfers The computer introduces a special program implementing translation algorithm, Under which the sequence is definitely understood, and strictly defined actions on the text for finding translations in a given pair of languages \u200b\u200bat a given direction of translation (from one particular language to another). There are also separate machine translation systems designed for translation within three or more languages, but they are currently experimental.
Modern machine, or automatic translation done with a person: Pre-editor, which in one way or another pre-processes the text, inter-editor, which is involved in the translation process, or post editor, which corrects errors and shortcomings in the translated text .
The machine translation system includes bilingual dictionaries equipped with the necessary grammatical information (morphological, syntactic and semantic), which ensure the transmission of equivalent, variant and transformational transformation, sensible and special thematic dictionaries, as well as algorithmic means of grammatical analysis that implement any of Adopted for automatic processing of text formal grammar.
The most common is the following sequence of formal operations Providing analysis and synthesis in the machine translation system:
· Entering text and the search for input forms in the input dictionary with a concomitant morphological analysis, during which the belonging of this word form is established to a specific lexeme. In the process of analysis, information relating to other levels of organization of the language system can also be obtained from the word form.
· Translation of idiomatic phrases, phraseological unity or stamps of this subject area, determination of the main grammatical characteristics of elements of the input text, the resolution of omography, lexical analysis and translation of the lexing. Usually, at this stage, unambiguous words are separated from multi-valued, after which unambiguous words are translated by lists of equivalents, and so-called contextological dictionaries are used to transfer multivalued words, word articles which are the context request algorithms for the presence / absence of contextual value determinants.
· Ultimate grammar analysis, during which the necessary grammatical information is presented, taking into account the output data.
· Synthesis of output wordforms and proposals in general in the weekend.
Analysis and synthesis can be carried out both mighty and for the entire text introduced into the computer's memory; in last case The translation algorithm provides for the definition of so-called anaphoric ties.
Machine translation quality depends on:
· Volume of dictionaries,
· Volume of information attributed to lexical units,
· Thoroughness of the preparation and verification of the operation of analysis and synthesis algorithms,
· Software efficiency.
However, neither from one of the programs cannot be expecting "correct", the literary translation of the text consisting of complex phrases.
Modern hardware and software makes the use of large quarpets containing detailed grammatical information. Information can be represented as in delarativistic(descriptive) and in procedural(Considering the needs of the algorithm) form.
Improving machine translation programs It is related to the concept of a soft understanding of the text, according to which different users retrieves their information and their individual meaning from the same text. Model of soft text understanding It is the ability to generate various meaningful interpretations of the source object, depending on the different conditions and the components of its perception.
More private "machine tools" To help the translator and the editor are automatic dictionaries and terminological databases, computer thesauruses, screen editing, orphographic, terminological and grammatical correction systems.
Modern machine translation should be distinguished from the use of computers to help a person-translator. In the latter case mean automatic Dictionary, helping the person faster picking the desired translation equivalent. Although in the other case, the computer works with a person (translator or editor), the maintenance of the term "machine translation" includes the idea that the main, most of the work on the translation and finding of translation equivalents and transferable Machine takes Himself, leaving a person only control and error correction.
Computer Dictionary To help a person is auxiliary tool for rapid conversion; At the same time, some functions inherent in machine translation systems can be implemented in such dictionaries to a limited degree.
IN information technology differ 2 main approaches to machine translation:
· Surface acquaintance with the content of the document in an unfamiliar language.
· Use of machine translation instead of the usual "human". This involves careful editing and configuring the translation system to a specific subject area.
Here, the role of fullness of the dictionary is played, the orientation of it for the content and a set of language means of translated texts, the effectiveness of the methods of resolving lexical meaningfulness, the effectiveness of the work of algorithms for the extraction of grammatical information, finding translations and synthesis algorithms.
As a type of language activity The translation affects all levels of the language - from the recognition of the graphem (and the background when translating oral speech) before the transmission of the meaning of the statement and text. In addition, the machine translation provides the ability to verify theoretical hypotheses about the device for certain language levels and the effectiveness of the algorithms offered.
The need for improvement Machine translation is constantly increasing, as it is an essential condition for ensuring interlentist communication, the amount of which increases every year.
Other ways to overcome language barriers to communication - the development or adoption of a single language, as well as the study of foreign languages \u200b\u200b- cannot be compared with the transformation on efficiency.
Date of birth Machine translation as a research field is usually considered March 1947; It was then that Specialist in Cryptography Warren Water in his letter to Nubert Winer first set the task of machine translation by comparing it with the task of the decryption.
Machine translation problems do computer linguisticsWho was born in January 1954, when the world's first public transmission experiment was held in Georgetown University (USA). At the same time, under the leadership of the largest mathematics and cybernetics, Alexey Lyapunov began active work on machine translation and in Moscow. In early 1956 at the Institute of Applied Mathematics (IPM), the first domestic machine translation system from French into Russian began to work at the Institute of Applied Mathematics.
Leaders among modern machine translation programs in Russia - Promt system (company development Promt, www.e-promt.ru) and Socrates system (Development of Arsenal, www.ars.ru).
In the latest version of Promt, a fundamentally new functionality, "Associated Memory" appeared. The mechanism of "associated memory" allows you to train the system. With it, you can save the collection of text in the database of knowledge and further use its fragments when translating similar texts.
Socrates tries to find an unambiguous solution and does not give variance in terms: the word missing in the dictionary remains in the original writing. Promt usually offers several options for the translation of words and phrases.
Machine translation, which has passed several stages of its development, is currently concentrated on the idea of \u200b\u200bmodeling a person-translator actions. The translation process is very difficult, and the correct use of the advantages of software largely determines the quality of the translation. Modern machine translation systems include many additional dictionaries. Based on the features of architectural solutions for linguistic algorithms, systems are divided into two types - "Transfer" and "Interlingua". Automatic translation programs are built in accordance with this division. So, for example, the "Socrates" program translates much better than say "Madzhik Guddi" because the linguistic provision of the first program is much stronger, and dictionaries are much more in volume.
Machine translation results are always edited. For example, in the PARS program, an additional connection of dictionaries of various subjects is provided. After all, the quality of the transferred transformation machine depends on the quality of the program. But even the fine tuning of the system under the vocabulary of translated text does not take into account all its features, so translated words with several synonyms are marked with an asterisk or are given in brackets as an option.
Internet technologies Gave a new development by machine translation, helped to bring it to a new stage of development. Machine translation is an effective tool for viewing and searching for information on foreign languageNamely this feature is the main thing when working on the Internet. Modern condition Machine translation allows you to receive a relatively correct text of the translation of web pages from most languages. And although fully automatic high-quality translation is impossible, there is already a software that facilitates the translation process itself.
As a result, the settings for the subject area and integration with other document processing programs, the machine translation allows you to automate the receipt of the translation text.
The main problem all machine translation programs is right choice Thematic dictionary, as well as building auxiliary dictionaries.
The translation is partially dependent on the level of user preparation (knowledge of the language, skills of working with programs, sense of language), as well as to a greater extent its ability to work properly with a text editor, auxiliary utilities, dictionaries and phraseological directories. Translation options made with connecting thematic dictionaries gives a good translation, the correct choice of the word value and the use of phrases in the text. This is explained by the fact that the car sets up its own dictionary to choose from those synonyms that would correspond to a greater extent the subject inbound language, and translated in accordance with the subject of the output.
2 approaches to the problem of machine translation:
· Installation on the use of a universal language of meaning, direct translation approach, converting the text of the original to the translation text
· Installation for intermediate language, human proficiency modeling
The problem is that the meaning of the text in the natural language depends not only on the proposal itself, but also on the context, which is associated with the meaningfulness of words and syntactic structures, the practical impossibility of the global description of the semantic structure of the world, even in a limited subject area, the lack of effective formal methods for describing linguistic patterns.
Unresolved problems Machine translation is
· Solution of ambiguity of formal syntactic analysis of isolated text proposals
· Overcoming the structural and semantic incompleteness of the text (fragments) of the text
· Organization of flexible connection of different subject regions
· The need to understand the text as an entire education
Machine translation programs are better treated with scientific, technical and educational texts that are inherent in a strict outline of the material.
A spoken and journalistic style, where many specific revolutions, but most words are used in a literal sense, suitable for informational translation, but manual editing is required to obtain a literate output text. The resulting translation is a certain introductory text where only the total thematic direction of text is transmitted.
Translation of the same fiction And poetry does not comply with the requirements of the machine. The meaning of the text built on allegorical expressions is distorted and unavailable even for familiarization. The car does not understand the meaningfulness, which in turn leads to improper interpretation of the translated text, which turns into a nonsense.
Try to minimize such misunderstandings by observing the following rules:
· Proper to build thematic dictionaries
· Check the text of the original at the pretension stage of its transfer
· Edit at the final stages of translation
· Proper use dictionaries
· Good to know grammar and vocabulary, as well as the subject of source text
· Operate correctly wimples, cliché and word
· Timely replenish special dictionaries with new terms
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