Presentation on the theme "Land Law of the Grakhov Brothers". Land Law of Brothers Grakhov 50 Land Law Brothers Grakhov

Slide 19.

Brothers Grrekha.

Slide 20.

Let's summarize the lesson.

Questions on page 234.

Slide 21.

Homework.

Paragraph 50, questions, recordings, slave. Notebook Material prepared by the teacher of the history of Budinskaya OOSh Tver Region Antonenova A.V.

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Abstract

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The lesson of the history of the ancient world in grade 5 on the topic: "Land Law of the Grakhov brothers"

Material prepared by a history teacher

Budinskaya Osh Tver region

Antonesova A.V.

Objectives: (SL. 2) - Consider the reasons for the ruin of peasants in Rome and its consequences;

- Get acquainted with reform, find out its basic provisions;

- Find out what the consequences of this reform are.

Equipment: Lesson for polling, presentation.

During the classes:

1. The organizational principle of the lesson.

2. Checking homework:

3, message theme and lesson goals. (SL. 3)

Overseas trips ruined the soldiers - farmers.

Tiberius Grakh - the Povement Intercession.

Adoption of land law.

The death of Tiberius.

Guy Grakhch continues.

(SL. 4) Task for lesson.

Think why land reform brothers Grakhch was doomed to failure.

4. Studying a new material.

1) Teacher's story:

- (Shot. 5) -

After the Romans set their power in the Mediterranean, a host between various groups of the population broke out in the state itself. The era began in Rome civil wars. Their first victim was Tiberius of Grakhch, who defended ITALY farmers.

- The reasons for the ruin of farmers let's try to establish from the facts:

(SL. 6)Roman peasant returned to Italy after long trips, and its land plot will throw out weeds, the woven falls apart, the shed for livestock is empty, because The wife was forced to sell bulls. To restore the farm needed money, so I had to go on earnings.

(SL. 7) Not all the peasants immediately sold the plot. Returning, they tried to restore the farm. But very quickly ruined. Saws, for example, wheat, lucky in the city, and there they offer such a low price that even though throwing into the river.

(Shot. 8) - Large landowners brought wheat from Sicily. Hiring the peasants to work was expensive, it was cheaper to use the work of slaves. And even though the quality of the goods produced by slaves is worse, but their work was cheap, so the peasants ruined.

(Shot. 9) - What are the reasons for the ruin of peasants?

Long overseas hiking

Earth processing and grazing cost expensive

There was no sales of goods produced by peasants

The influx of mass of slaves

(Shot. 11) Grakhi Brothers with Mother.

Let's get to know a little with Grakhkha's biography.

Guy and Tiberius Grakhha was born in the Tiberius family sempronies of Senior and Cornelia African, African daughters. Guy grew up without his father and raised his mother.

Brothers were B. good relationship And later acted together, despite the difference in age. Plutarch, comparing the brothers, notes the more uneven and hot character of Guy compared to the elder brother. For the first time, Tiberius distinguished himself during the 3rd Punic War, according to the historical tradition, the first broke into the deposited Carthage; His courage was recognized as Strong Scipio Emilian.

Posted by Quest to Spain, he did a lot of instructive observations on the state of Roman lands on the way; Especially in Etrury, he was amazed by the country's desert and the disappearance of the peasants-landowners. It developed a conviction that the predominance of major land tenure and the terrible depletion of the middle class is the essential drawback of the Roman economic and social system and the source of all disasters of the republic.

(Shot. 12) - Driving once in Italy, he was amazed by the fact that she had not seen free farmers anywhere: Pahari and shepherds were slaves. He understood that the accumulation of the masses of slaves was dangerous. In addition, the ruin of farmers weakened Military power of Rome. Returning, Tiberius began to seek the position of the People's Tribune. In the gatherings, he uttered such a speech: " "Even wild animals have holes and Logov,

and those who fought and died for Rome - there is nothing but air and light ... "

Tiberius chose the tribune. And he began to develop a land law.

Returning to Rome, he achieved election to the stands (134) and proposed the law (Lex Agraria), which determined the highest norm of the possession of public land (Ager Publicus) - precisely, 500 yugers per person (YUGER \u003d 1/4 tenth), and if The owner has sons, then each other 250 ygovernors - however, no more than 1,000 yugers per family.

Formed due to this rule, the segments of large possessions that existed before that time were supposed to enter the treasury for distributing sites of 30 yuger. landless citizens on the conditions of hereditary lease. Plots were to be considered inalienable (the difference from Liciniyeve law.); Required them were obliged to cultivate them and pay moderate marks in the treasury.

This law, which caused the blow to a large aristocratic land tenure, found active support only in the close circle of friends and relatives Tiberius Grakhha and caused a fierce opposition from the majority of the Senate aristocracy. Soft in nature, Tiberius impaired was to resort to a revolutionary method of action. The struggle began with the fact that one of Tiberius comrades in the Tribunate, Mark Octavius, imposed his veto to the law. Then the County broke the inviolability of the tribune authorities, asking the question: " can he be the tribune one who comes against the interests of the people?"The voting solved the question against Octavia, and he was strengthened with the bench of the stands. Now the law passed, and the Commission was appointed for its implementation: the commission was included in the commission, his brother Guy and the science of Appia Claudius. Fearing mosses from enemies, Tiberius began to walk through the streets accompanied by a numerous armed crowd of bodyguards.

Especially he was afraid of the new year's occurrence, when his tribunate will end, and at the same time guarantee of inviolability. Therefore, in spite of the law (it was impossible for two years in a row to occupy the same position) put his candidacy for elections to the stands 133 BC. e.

(SL. 13 - 15)

(Shot. 16 - 17) - In the Senate Tiberius did not find support, as senators

they persuaded another folk tribune, Octavia, to rip the intention of Tiberius. Octavius

turned with the words to the congregation

(Shot. 18) - in case the aristocracy began to counteract its election, they were prepared on the election day armed Forces. In the Senate, which gathered in the neighborhood with the place of the People's Assembly, there were voices that demanded the immediate execution of the rover and violator of age-old establishments. At the same time, a crackle from the people's congregation was heard from the randomly broken benches. Senators took this crackle for the beginning of the indignation and, grabbing the first weighty items, ran out on the square. The people parted; The crowd of senators directly went to the rostrum. Among the happening noise, the rags could not speak and showed her head as a sign that he was threatened with danger. This gesture immediately explained as the requirement of the royal tiara, and the people (not a rural population, and the city proletariat, not interested in the fate of the law of the law) completely retreated from the tribune. Tiberius Grackh tried to run, but stumbled and was killed.

According to Wella Patterkul, when rake " lasted on the slope of the Capitol, his outflow of a bench».

On the same day, 300 adherents of Tiberius were killed, and then criminal prosecution began, although the agricultural law was not canceled and the Commission continued to act; The place of the killed in it took the father-in-law of Guy Grakhha, the publics of the Muzzle Crassus, and by the death of the last and Appia Claudia they were replaced by Mark Fulvius Flakk and Guy Papiri Carbon. The Commission worked successfully and for 5 years brought the number of landowner peasants from 300,000 to 400,000. The fate of Tiberius Grakhha discovered the Kossiness of the Roman Aristocracy and the inability to the timely satisfaction of the emerging needs. Friends of the national affairs and supporters of indigenous reforms were convinced that for the success of their undertakings, it is primarily to weaken in the political strict the predominance of aristocracy. The younger brother Tiberius Grakh, Guy Grakhch appeared in this direction.

2) work on the textbook:

P. 233 - "Guy Grakhkh continues his brother

Activities Guy Grakhha. After 10 years, the People's Tribune was elected Guy Grakhch. He took into account the sad experience of the elder brother. By offering new land transformations, Guy tried to take into account not only the interests of the peasants. He tried to rely on riders, landowners who did not participate in government management, as well as the lower layers of the people.

Guy conducted a judicial reform in favor of riders. Riders from 3 century to n. e. turned into second after senators estate. Riders owned large land plots, had a high property valuable. The political influence of riders in the Roman society was much weaker than the influence of patrician. As a result of the transformations of Guy Grakhch, the riders began to lead the courts who have dealt with the cases of extortion in the provinces. This gave them great power over the governors of the provinces, opened the way to enrich them. Roman poor, according to one of the laws of Guy Grakh, bread was supposed to be sold by the state in the most low prices.

The main direction in the activities of Guy Grakhha was the creation of Roman colonies outside Italy. Thus, part of the peasantry, leaving their homeland, could get the land and improve its position. These colonies were also assumed to send the "best citizens" to organize the construction and life of settlers. In the heat of the transformation of Guy Grakhch, a religious curse was despered, which took the city of Carthagen over the ground. He was planned to organize a large Roman colony there.

The Senate with anxious was observed for excessively active, as it seemed to him, the activities of the People's Tribune. The question of the illegality of the base of the colony on the place of Carthage was raised. The Senate made a bet on another popular tribune, competing with the Gay of County, the proposal of his opponent was immediately informed on every offer, brought the ideas of Grakhha to the absurdity. If Guy Grakhh offered to establish one colony, his opponent spoke about the foundation of 12 colonies. The authority of Guy Grakhha fell, and for the third time he was not elected by the People's Tribune.

4. The death of Guy Grakhha. Supporters of Guy Grakhha organized armed detachments. Senators began to suspect them in the attempt on legitimate power. Nevertheless, some of the laws of Guy Grakhha were proposed for approval by the People's Assembly.

Roman historians say that the entire Rome gathered on the day on the Capitol. The insult that the consul messenger, supporters of Guy Grakhha responded with the most decisive way. The messenger was a boil. Senate, having learned about it, announced: "Fatherland in danger" Senators and the riders who changed in Gajah armed. Guy Grakhch and his supporters strengthened on Auntine. Armed detachments moved to them from the capitol. Panic began in the rows of plebyev. 3 thousand supporters of Guy Grakhha were killed. Guy him was forced to order a slave to kill himself. His head was delivered to the Senate, which caused his admonness from senators.

The reforms of the Grakhov brothers suffered defeat. The impoverishment of the Roman peasantry continued.

At the beginning of its activities, Guy Grakhch said: "I throw knives to the forum that Roman citizens cut each other with them." This terrible wish of Guy Grakhha came true. After his death, the continuing world in Rome was restored for a short time. Contradictions did not fade. Soon they broke out with a new force.

The Roman people, as if waking up, rewarded the honors to the brothers Grakhm. IN in public places Their images were installed, their deaths are consecrated. People brought the victims here, they prayed here. Special ward was rewarded by the mother of the rags of Cornelia. Although tragic, but her dream was fulfilled. Cornelia began to call the mother of the glorious heroes of the Grakhs.

5. Summing up the lesson.

6. Homework : Paragraph 50, questions, records, tasks in working notebook

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The lesson of the history of the ancient world in grade 5

Lesson 53. Land Law of the Grakhov brothers.

Subject: History.

Date: 04/30/2012

Purpose: Consider the reasons for the ruin of peasants in II century. BC e. And his consequences.

During the classes

- New concepts:agricultural law.

Current control of knowledge and skills.

Task 1 - Questions and Answers:

1. How did Roman conquest affect the development of slavery?

2. Prove that the work of slaves was widely used in the Rome farm.

3. What does the expression "slave - speaking tool" mean?

Task 2 - retelling.

Tell us what you know about gladiators.

Studying a new material

1. Causes of the ruin of peasants in Italy.

2. The struggle for the land law and the death of Tiberius Grakhkha.

3. Guy Grakhch and his attempt to continue his brother.

1. Study of the first issue of the plan. The reasons for the ruin of peasants in Italy.

Teacher's explanation

While the Romans conquered Italy, the peasants were satisfied: with the desepass of the Earth they received their share. The overseas trips were disadvantageous: they led to the ruin of Roman peasants.

Work with class

Fact 1. Roman peasant returned to Italy after long overall hikes, and his land plot with weeds, the woven fell apart, the shed for livestock is empty, since the wife was forced to sell bulls. To restore the farm, buy livestock, you need large means. It will wave onto all the peasant with his hand, selling a neighbor-slave-owner plot for a snot and leaves his family in Rome in search of a better life.

Question. What is the first reason for the ruin of peasants in Rome?

Fact 2. Not all the peasants immediately sold the plot. Returning, they worked from dawn to dawn, trying to restore the farm. However, such peasants ruined. He will gather, for example, wheat will bring her to the city for sale. And there for grain offered such an insignificant fee that even drop out the whole harvest in the river.

Question. What is the second reason for the ruin of peasants in Rome?

Fact 3. Large landowners have long understood that wheat grown is unprofitable, it is cheaper to deliver it from Sicily and other provinces. Hop to work in your farm peasants are also obligated. After all, you can use the work of slaves for free. And let the quality of the olive oil and the wine produced by slaves, worse than the farm produced in the farm, but the work of slaves in the estate did so cheaply that the slaveman sold wine and olive oil at a lower price. It inevitably led the peasants to ruin.

Question. What is the third cause of the ruin of peasants in Rome?

Work in notebook

The reasons for the ruin of peasants:

1) long overseas hiking;

2) Earth processing and grazing cost expensive;

3) the peasants did not find sales to their goods;

4) The influx of slaves mass.

Material textbook

After the Romans established their power in the Mediterranean, a host between various groups of its population broke out in the Roman state. The feud has led to armed clashes, time has come civil wars. Their first victim was the People's Tribune Tib e.rhe ray Speaking in defense of the farmers of Italy.

Overseas hikes ruined agricultural warriors. Legionnaire returned after long absence And I saw: the field overlap weeds, the hoes and sickles are stolen, the shed for livestock is empty. To poison his wife unfair - she does not hurt alone with the farm! Saying your site with a rich neighbor, the farmers went to Rome.

It happened that in the absence of farmers, the ruddy selected in their wives. Where to complain about returning from the war? Only in the Senate, but it is useless: there the offender probably has friends friends. For those who lost their property, the poor was one road - in Rome, where the crowds of impoverished citizens lived with random earnings.

2. Study of the second issue of the plan. The struggle for the land law and the death of Tiberius Grakhha.

Most of the slave owners showed full indifference to the disasters of the ruining peasants. But among the Roman nobility there were such people who thought not only about their benefits, but also to strengthen the Roman state. They were alarmed by the ruin of the peasants, realizing that it would inevitably lead to the rebellors of the poor and weakening the army.

Especially concerned about the position of the peasants the brothers Grrekha, the grandchildren of the famous commander of Szipion of African, the winner of Hannibal. The eldest of the Tiberius brothers was known as an impeccable honest person and a hero of several wars. He participated in the siege of Carthage and during the assault the first climbed onto his wall.

Cargoing in Italy, Tiberius was surprised by the fact that there were no free farmers anywhere else. Large estates appeared everywhere, where the slaves were caught in the shackles. Tiberius understood that the ruin of peasants leads to a reduction in the number of troops, and the cluster of mass of slaves in Italy represents a formidable danger. This was evidenced by the rebellion of slaves on the island of Sicily in 138-132. BC e.

Tiberius also knew that the Roman poorly considers unjust capture to live almost all state lands. The dropped peasants flocked in Rome, demanding the redistribution of the Earth. On the walls of houses and even on the gravestone monuments, the poor wrote the appeals, in which they called for the struggle for the land.

Tiberius offered to restore the ancient agricultural law According to which the Romans were forbidden to have lands more than 500 yugers. And he offered an excess of land from the slave owners and for a small rent to transfer to the peasants to use. Senate did not support Tiberius, and then he was forced to ask for help to the poor. In Rome to offer new law Could a man holding a state office. Therefore, Tiberius of Grakhch declared his desire to become a folk tribune. He was elected to this position in 133 BC. e.

Most Senate had a reform with powerful resistance, the rags were not supported by even his colleague, the People's Tribune and other Mark Octavi, who imposed on the veto project. After the vote in the People's Assembly, Mark Octavius \u200b\u200bwas removed from power (for the first time in the history of Rome). After the adoption of the law in 133 BC. e. A commission of three people were created for the redistribution of land.

To carry out further plans, Tiberius decided to put his candidacy for folk stands for a second term. On the election day, the Senate made a coonsultum ultimum against him (emergency). Tiberius Grakhs together with their supporters was killed.

Although the law remained in force, nevertheless, it was difficult to carry it into life.

Material textbook

The intercessor of the poor Tiberius Grakh. So called the young man from the famous his merit before the Rome of Plebea. One day Tiberius drove in Italy. He was amazed by the fact that she had not seen free farmers anywhere: Bacheli and shepherds were completely slaves from strangers. Tiberius alarmed, he understood how dangerously the accumulation of the masses of slaves, always incorrect to their gentlemen. In addition, the ruin of the farmers weakened the Military power of Rome: after all, they did not take the nursing into the army. Returning to Rome, Tiberius began to seek the position of the People's Tribune. In the gatherings of citizens, he pronounced speeches, who left no one indifferent. "Even wild animals have holes and Logov," he said, "and those who fought and died for Rome, there is nothing but air and light! .. Warriors are called the lords of the world, but they cannot call their single lumps of land. ! Not! And fight, and they die for other people's luxury and wealth! "

Tiberius chose the tribune. In the inscriptions on the walls of houses and on the columns, the poor people called on him to produce redistribute land.

Adoption of land law. Tiberius knew that once when the conquest of Italy was selected from the conquered peoples of the lands became the property of the Roman state. However, noble Romans seized the best sites on these lands and managed them, as they wanted. IN 133 BC e.Tiberius proposed to accept such a law: no family should use more than a thousand ugrastate Earth. (YUger - about a quarter of hectare.) Surplus land should be selected and small areas without the right to sell them Disorded to poor citizens.

In the Senate Tiberius did not find support. Moreover, the senators persuaded another popular tribune - ABOUT ktavia Tinging the dangerous idea of \u200b\u200bTiberius. Octavius \u200b\u200bhimself owned by many lands and agreed. He used the right of veto and forbade voting the law in the People's Assembly. Then Tiberius appealed to the meeting with the question: "Can the tribune acting in harm to the people, to remain in his position?" In response, citizens voted against Octavia, having deprived His title of the Tribune. Following the meeting adopted a land law.

The death of Tiberius. The heaven of the Earth was led by Tiberius, and helped him in everything his younger brother Guy Grakhch. The richness violently resisted. In an effort to defamor Tiberia, they stated that his goal was not the benefit of the poor, but the troubled and the seizure of power.

Tiberius wanted to be elected tribune for a new time to bring his idea to the end. Elections occurred in the midst of summer. Supporters of Tiberia in the meeting was less than usual: many farmers could not leave the fields. But the opponents turned out to be ready. Having conceived evil, they staged a landfill and raised noise. With difficulty squeezed up to Tiberius, one of his friends and said that the Senate was gathered nearby: "They plunge on you!" Tiberius touched his head with her head, giving others to understand that his life was in danger. Otherwise, the gesture of the enemies interpreted: Tiberius demanded the royal crown. With this false accusation, they rushed into the Senate. And immediately the senators ran to the square. So Veliko had respect for fellow citizens to these people, that everyone was broken. And they, armed with the legs of broken benches, accompanied by servants with the clubs in their hands, went straight to Tiberius, the time of his supporters. On that day, more three hundred citizens were brutally killed. The Tiberius Himself and Himself, the People's Tribune, according to Roman laws, the face is sacred and inviolable. At night, their bodies dropped into the Tiber.

3. Study of the third issue of the plan. Guy Grakh and his attempt to continue his brother's business.

Task 2. Answer questions:

1) In which year, Guy Grakhch was elected by the People's Tribune?

2) Why is Guy Grakhha called a brother's business successor?

3) Why did the senators resisted the adoption and conduct of land law?

4) What is the similarity of the fate of the two brothers of the Grakhov?

Material textbook

Guy Grakhch continues his brother. Noon, after the death of Tiberius, his brother Guy Grakh was elected tribune. With extraordinary energy, he continued to redone the Earth. Thousands of farmers received plots. The richness hated Gaya. The Senate introduced military detachments to Rome, the streets of the city again did the blood. Thousands of supporters of Guy Grakhha died. Not wanting to surrender to the enemies, he finished the life of suicide.

A few years later, a ban on the sale of land plots was canceled. The rich again began to buy land from the poor. The ruin of the farmers of Italy continued.

Roman names

Each Roman had three names. For example, Tib e.sEMPR aboutcountry. The first - Tiberius was a personal name. The second pointed to belonging to a particular Patrician or Plebeian family (Tiberius was from the kind of sample). The third name - Country - was a family nickname (genus consisted of several families). Personal names were a bit, the most common: Mark, public, Lucius, Guy, Tiberius, Gna.

Women wore only generic name. For example, the sister Tiberius Grakhha was called by a samprony.

If Mr. led a slave to the will, he gave him his family name. So, the famous author of the Roman comedy was a slave from Africa, released for his talent for freedom. He began to call him Ter e.nT3 AFR(i.e. African).

4. Questions and assignments of self-control.

1) What prompted Tiberius Grakhkha to defend farmers?

2) Why were senators against land law?

3) Talking about the death of Tiberius Grakhha, the ancient writer Plutarch writes: "After the exile of the kings it was the first discordant in Rome, which ended in bloody ..." Count how many years Rome did not know the armed struggle of citizens with each other.

The need for reform

C Capragen's fall in 146 BC. The era of large conquests ended. Rome obeyed all the Mediterranean. But at the same time in Rome, internal contradictions were aggravated. First, large political figures, who previously dedicated themselves to conquering campaigns, began to fight each other for political power. Secondly, a large number of Slaves that fucked in Rome broke ordinary farmers. This led to a protracted period that was called "Civil Wars", that is, wars between citizens of one state. On the this lesson We will introduce the first stage of these wars.

In the period of conquering wars, all Roman citizens entered the army. Each of them received equal part Prey and the ability to get rich. At the same time, the bundle of society on the rich and poor did not have anywhere. The rich could afford to buy slaves, which under the supervision of the hostess continued to handle land.

The poor should not boast of such a similar. At home he remained a wife with young children, which one could not be able to keep track of the household. Land Used, became unsuitable for processing. Attempts to restore the farm did not lead to the desired result. The rich grew more harvest, supplying the markets of Rome and all of Italy the necessary products at a lower price thanks to the free use of slaves. It inevitably led the peasants to ruin. The poor were forced to sell their land with rich neighbors and move into the city, hoping to find work. But there they were disappointed, because most of the works were also carried out slaves. Over time, small tragedies of individual citizens have grown into a serious problem. Since, according to Roman laws, only people owning land could be brought to the army, the ruin of small landowners led to the weakening of the combat capability of Rome. The outrageous inhabitants of many provinces tried to raise uprisings. The governors hardly managed to suppress them. The question arose about the need for reforms.

Tiberius Grakhch

The first attempt to overcome the current situation was undertaken in 133 BC. The People's Tribune, a representative of one of the Plebey Childbies, Tiberius Grakhch. He proposed to adopt a new law, according to which each Roman family was supposed to receive 250 hectares of land. All land surplus, selected from the rich, was heard to poor citizens without the right to sell them. Senators, for the most part, who were rich in landowners, have taken all possible measures so that the law is not accepted. They turned to another folk tribune - Mark Octavia - with a request to impose a veto for this law. In response, Tiberius also took advantage of its right and banned the use of state treasury. The period of struggle began. Tiberius, bypassing the Senate, convened the National Assembly and deprived Oktavia his position. Then the law was again put to the vote and adopted by the absolute majority of votes. The process of selection of land in the rich has begun. Senators went to desperate step. They accused Tiberius in the most terrible crime for Roman citizens, saying he wanted royal power. Taking advantage of the general nervousness, the most active members of the Senate appeared on the square, where the meeting of the People's Assembly took place. People parted, missing them. Then the senators, a flying batons, killed Tiberius himself, as well as about three hundred of his supporters.

They were forbidden to bury those killed according to Roman customs, instead of the body, they were dropped into Tiber, as they did only with criminals. Despite the cruel violence, the Land Law of Tiberius Grakhha was not canceled.

Guy Grakhch

Ten years after the death of Brother, Gai Grakh, the younger brother Tiberius put forward his candidacy for folk tribunes. He continued his brother's business. First, Guy continued to implement the land law. According to sources, throughout 123 BC. Several tens of thousands of poor workers were in their use. Bread law was adopted, according to which the poorest citizens could buy bread from state barns at very low prices. Such a policy set up against Guy Grakhkha noble senators. After the end of the authority, the Senate decided to take revenge on the traffic police, configuring the closest allies against him. Behind the head of the younger Grakhha was promised to give so much gold as weight in it will be. As a result, a real battle occurred on the streets of Rome, the result of which the death of Guy Grakhha and three thousand of his supporters appeared. Soon after these events, a law was adopted, allowing agricults to sell the land received from the state. The ruin of Roman citizens continued.

The first stage of the Civil War ended with the death of Guy Grakhha. This stage can be considered relatively peaceful, since the struggle did not go beyond the limits of Rome, and the army did not attracted to the opposition.

The results of the lesson

Let's summarize the lesson:

1) long-term conquering campaigns of the Roman army and an increase in the number of slaves in Rome led to the ruin of most landowners;

2) this was followed by the weakening of the army and the folk uprisings in the provinces;

3) Attempts to overcome the established crisis taken by Tiberius and Ham Grakhmi were not crowned with success - the ruin of the landowners continued.

Neighbors of the Roman Empire

Introduction Parthian kingdom

During the reign of the emperor Augustus, the Roman state was the largest power of his time. August and his successors sought to expand even more to the territory and strengthen the borders. But barbarian tribes, adjacent to Rome, did not want to give up their lands. Gradually, Rome was forced to move from the policies of the conquest to the defense of his own possessions. In this lesson, you will learn how the tribes of the Germans, Spaniards and Slavs, as well as the population of Parphy tried to confront Rome in his comprehensive aspirations.

For a long time, the only force worthy of opposing Ancient Rome In the East, there was a Parthian kingdom. This state for a whole century unsuccessfully sought to conquer Roman commander. In 53 BC In the campaign against Parfyan, the Romans suffered a crushing defeat, and their leader of the Crassus was killed.

Together with him in the battle of about twenty thousand soldiers. There was also a hike to Parfyan, perfect by a member of the second triumvirata by Mark Anthony, who received eastern provinces Roman Empire.

Remembering the errors of their predecessors, the emperor Augustus decided to act differently. Taking advantage of the fact that the fighting for power and opposing parties broke out in Parfia, one after another began to contact Rome for help, August demanded to return Roman banners, as well as prisoners. The Euphrates River was installed as a solid border between Rome and Parfia. Thanks to this, for a long time, Rome did not lead wars in the east.

After the Romans established their power over the Mediterranean, a host between various groups of the population broke out in the Roman state. The period of civil wars in Rome began. What events caused the struggle in Roman society? For what folk defenders were killed, whose life was considered inviolable? Who did the descendants of the famous commander of Szipion African fighting? You will learn about this in our current lesson.

Prehistory

In II century BC. Rome achieved domination on the whole Mediterranean (see lesson). Long military trips led to the fact that the agricultural warriors were ruined, since the farm in their absence came to the launch or rich in their neighbors. This led to the increasing contradictions in society.

Events

133 BC - The People's Tribune Tiberius Grakh greech offers a new land law, according to which one family should not use the land plot in excess of a thousand ugers. Surplus should have been removed and distributed among poor citizens. The law was adopted. As a result of the conspiracy, Tiberius dies.

122 BC - People's Tribune Guy Grakhh (Brother Tiberia) continues his brother reform. Opponents of reform are introduced into Rome troops, many citizens, including Guy Grakhch, die.

Participants

40th. II century became a time about the peaceful existence of Rome. Carthage was destroyed. Most of the states of the Mediterranean became Roman provinces. However, conflict was called in Rome itself. Legionnaires - owners of small land plots - They could not engage in the years of military hikes to engage in the economy, so their sites bombed the grass, the house and barn of the branches, the tools of labor were rare. The only way out was for the sale of the Earth to the rich neighbor. The farmer with his family was moved to Rome, the rings of the local poor.

One noble young man, circling once the neighborhood of Rome, came to the horror, seeing that thousands of slaves were working on the fields of rich landowners, there were practically no free farmers in Rome. The name of this supervisory young man of Tiberius graves. He was a grandson of an outstanding Roman ScipiPon African commander. Scipipion was famous in Rome not only with his military successes, but also was considered an educated person. His daughter Cornelia was one of the smartest women of his era. His sons of Tiberius and Gaja Grakhham (Fig. 1) Cornelia instilled love for knowledge, both of her son were outstanding speakers.

Fig. 1. Tiberius and Guy Grakhi ()

At the gatherings of citizens of Tiberius, there were no speech once again, which did not leave anyone indifferent. "Even wild animals have holes and Logov," he said, "and those who fought and died for Rome, there is nothing but air and light!" Tiberius was elected by the People's Tribune. In 133 BC e. Tiberius proposed to adopt the law on the redonee of the Earth: no family should use more than a thousand yugers (about 250 hectares) of state land. Surplus should be selected and small sections without the right to sell to disassemble to poor citizens. Not only the Senate, but also the People's Tribune Octavius \u200b\u200bopposed the adoption of the law. Then Tiberius, referring to the People's Assembly, asked the question: "Can the tribune acting not in the interests of the people remain in his position?" The meeting removed Octavia and approved the law (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2. Land Law

Tiberius wanted to be elected tribune for a new time to bring his idea to the end. The election was held in the midst of summer, when most of the farmers worked in the fields. Unhappy with the activities of Tiberia, senators organized a plot. More than three hundred citizens were killed. Himself and Tiberius Himself - People's Tribune.

Nine years after the death of Tiberius, his brother Guy Grakh was elected by the People's Tribune. With extraordinary energy, he continued to redone the Earth. Thousands of farmers received plots. The richness hated Gaya. By order of the Senate, the troops were introduced in Rome. Three thousand supporters of Guy Grakhha were killed. Not wanting to surrender to the enemies, he finished the life of suicide (Fig. 3).

Fig. 3. Death of Guy Grakhha, Jean-Baptiste Topin-Lebrene, 1792 ()

A few years later, a ban on the sale of land plots was canceled. The rich began to buy lands from the poor. The ruin of the farmers of Italy continued.

Bibliography

1. A.A. Vigasin, G.I. Goder, I.S. Svencitsky. Ancient world history. Grade 5. - M.: Education, 2006.
2. Nemirovsky A.I. History book ancient Mira. - M.: Enlightenment, 1991.
3. Ancient Rome. Reading book / ed. D.P. Kallistova, S.L. Utchenko. - M.: Stockedgiz, 1953.

1. Bibliotekar.ru ().
2. Archivarium.ru ().
3. Ritorika.ru ().

Homework

1. Why are the free farmers of Italy ruined?
2. What prompted Tiberius to defend poor landowners?
3. What is the name of the period of Roman history, which began in 133 BC. e.?