Kamchatka - One of the least populated Russian regions. Average density Population is very low: 16 sq. Km. territory per person, and if we consider that about 85% is the urban population, then the actual density is even lower.
On the peninsula you can meet representatives 176 nationalities, nationalities and ethnic groups. The large percentage of the population is Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Tatars, Mordva, the small peoples of the North and other nationalities are followed by. The indigenous population is represented by coryats, confessions, euments, aleuts and chukchi.
The total population of Kamchatka - about 360 thousand peopleMost of them live in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. The valleys of the Avacha and Kamchatka rivers are most populated. The rest of the population lives mainly on the coasts, which is due not only to the favorable conditions of these areas, but also the fish specialization of the economy of Kamchatka.

The most ancient inhabitants of Kamchatka are itelmenThe name of the people means "living here."
The southern initial border of the settlement is Cape of the blade, the North - the Tigil River on the west and river in the eastern coast. Ancient Iliancen villages were located on the rivers Kamchatka (Uyucal), Chirovka (Qau), Big, Quick, Avic, on the shores Avachin Bay. He headed Ostrog, consisting of several twilights, in which members of one family community, toyon lived. The names of Toonov still remained on the Kamchatka map: Nicks, Avacha, Nalychevo, Pinachevo.
When in the late XVII - early XVIII centuries. Russian earthquakes appeared in the middle of the Kamchatka, the bastards were at the stage of the decay of the primitive-general relations.
The life of Itelmen in the summer passed before the water and water. They moved along rivers on rolled bed-like boats, made of poplar. They caught fish with nets woven from the nettle fibers, beat it with rudges, built pancake traps on rivers. Part of the fish poured in the form of YuCola, the part was fried in special pits. The absence of salt did not allow to prepare large fish stocks.
An equivalent occupation of this people was hunting - on fools, sables, bears, mountain rams; On the coasts - on the marine beast: silence, seals, calanov. Ate conferences are a lot of fish, preferring baked (Chuprik) and fish cutlets (talked); The young shoots of the shelter, the carrots (batpelling) and Borshevik woolly - beams were used in food - Bundles (until he bought out the burning properties); used as an anti-cutting agent cedar cones with dried caviar salmon, drinking tea; Having signed food with the nipple fat - the beloved seasoning of all northern peoples.
The clothes of the ITELEN, who stitched from the Soboles, Lisiza, Evrazh, Snow Baranov, Dog Skin, with an abundance of grinding, and fluffy floors, hoods, hoods, and sleeves, hoods, were peculiar. Steller wrote: "The most elegant kitchens are squeezed at the gate and sleeves, as well as on the Podol, dog hair, and hundreds of brushes from a seal of hair painted in red, which are hanging out of side to the side with each movement." Such a robe of Itelmen created the impression of fluffyness and lochmatiness.

Koryaki. - The main population of the North Kamchatka. Have their autonomy - Koryak district. The name of the people, as Krasheninnikov believed and Steller believed, occurred from the "choir" - "deer". The cory themselves are not called themselves. The inhabitants of the coast were called olyalans - "Inhabitants of sedentary villages." Nomads escaped in tundra deer, have long called themselves chavchuvena. "Deer people."
For chavchuvenovreindeer herding was basic, if not the only one, occupation. Deer gave them everything necessary for life: Meat went to the food, skins - for the manufacture of clothes (Kouchephores, Malahaev, Torbasov), Construction of portable housing (Yarang), bones - for the manufacture of workers of labor and household items, fat - for housing lighting. Deer were for koryakov and movement means.
For olyalanov The main type of farming was a fishing and hunting. Fish was caught mainly in rivers, nets made of nettle fibers (for the manufacture of one network it was about two years, and they served just a year). Sea hunting fishery stood in second place after fisheries in the farm of sedentary koryakov. In the sea, they went out on Baidar, covered with skins, in Nerpen, Lakhtak and, most importantly, China Metali Harpoon, tied to the shy nose, and finished whale with a spears with stone tips. Sea animal skins used to cover the boats, she was squeezed with them, sewed shoes, bags and bags, made belts.
Coryaks are well developed homemade crafts - wood carving and bone, weaving, metalworking (famous Parenskiy knives), the manufacture of national clothing and carpets made of deer skins and stitching beads.

EVENAa number of Kamchatka Aborigines are somewhat mansion. By origin and culture, they are similar to Evenks (tungs). The ancestors of the people, having moved to Kamchatka in the XVII century, changed its traditional lesson - the hunt and took up reindeer herding.
Russians, having come to Kamchatka, called Evenov, nomadic along the Okhotsk coast, lamuts. "Living near the sea", and shepherds - orochami. "Deer people." In addition to reindeer herding and hunting, coastal euments were engaged in fishing and marine huntry crafts. From the crafts, the most common in Even was a blacksmithing business. The housing of Kamchatsky Eunam served a cylindrical conical chum, on a device similar to Koryak Yaranga. IN winter time To preserve the heat in the dwelling to the plague, the tunnel-like entrance was attached. Unlike other peoples of Kamchatka, Euna did not practice widely rising dog breeding.

The northern neighbors of Koryakov were chukchi- "deer people" (chasing), part of them moved to Kamchatka.
The owner of less than one hundred deer was considered poor and usually could not conduct an independent farm.
The main tool of hunting in Chukchi was onions and arrows, spear and harpoon. Arm tips, copies and harpunov were made of bone and stone. Having obtaining a small waterfowl and game, Chukchi used more (devices for fishing on the fly) and the random, which, together with onions and spear, was also military weapons.
The main means of movement in Chukchi served deer, but, like the koreas and conferences, they used the canine harness as a vehicle.
Chukchi are excellent seafarers, skillfully managed with Biders who accommodate 20-30 people. With the backward wind, Chukchi, like the Koryaki-Usamylans, used square sails made from the deer suede (Robdugi), and for greater stability on the wave, they were attached to the sides of the inflated sealing skins filled with "stockullet". Almost every summer, Chukchi made fishing expeditions on Baidars from the Cross Bay on the Anadyr River for Hunting. It is also known that they traded with Eskimos, went to the American shore whole fleets.

Aleuts - the ancient population of the Aleutian islands, their self-confusion "Unanan", i.e. "Coastal residents."
Not later than 1825, the Russian-American company who mastered Russian America was resettled with the Aleutian Islands on the Bering Island of the first 17 families of Aleut-Industrialists for permanent residence.
The main traditional exercise of Aleutov was the hunt for marine animals (cats, situations, kalans) and fisheries. For the winter as a food product, Aleuts were blank eggs with bird bazaars.
On the island of Bering, the familiar way of movement became nars with a dog harness, and on the island of copper for walking in winter the Aleuts were used short and wide skis.
The residents of the Commander Aleutov were the semi-layered yurts. Among the household items were herbal wicker bags, baskets, mats; For storing fat, YuCola, chicshi reserves with fat, etc. Silent bubbles were used.

1.1 Geographical location

Kamchatka region is part of the Far Eastern federal District And it takes the Kamchatka Peninsula with the mainland adjacent to it, as well as the Commander and Karagian Islands.

Kamchatsky Territory borders on the north-west with the Magadan region, in the north - with the Chukotka Autonomous District, in the south - with the Sakhalin region. From East Kamchatka washed water Pacific OceanFrom the northeast - the Water of Bering Sea, from the West - the Water of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk.

1.2. Territory

The area of \u200b\u200bterritory is 464.3 thousand square meters. km (2.7% of the area Russian Federation), from which 292.6 thousand square meters. KM occupies the Koryak district, and stretches from the south to the north by almost 1600 km. Administrative center - Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.

1.3. Climate

The climate is mainly moderate monsoon, in the center - moderate continental, in the north - subarctic; The average temperature of January on the Kamchatka Peninsula -15.5 ° C, on the adjacent part of the mainland -25 ° C, the average temperature of July +13.2 ° C; The amount of precipitation is up to 1000 mm per year. In the north of the edge - a long-term Merzlota, over 400 glaciers.

1.4. Population

The population of the region as of January 1, 2017 amounted to 314.7 thousand people (0.2% of the population of the Russian Federation).

The population density is 0.7 people per 1 square meter. km, which is 13 times lower than in Russia as a whole. The population is placed on the territory of the region extremely unevenly - from 0.02 people per 1 square meter. km in Penzhinsky district up to 555 people per 1 sq. M. km in Yelizovo. Most of the population lives in the cities of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Elizovo, Vilyuchinsk and the valleys of the Avacha River and Kamchatka.

The share of the urban population is 78.0% (245.6 thousand people), the rural population - 22.0% (70.1 thousand people).

The number of economically active population was (according to the data surveys on employment issues) 183.1 thousand people (58.2% of the total population of the region).

For 2016, the number of residents of the region decreased by 1,387 people. Reducing the population is due to a migration outflow. Migration loss of the population in 2016 amounted to 1,805 people, a natural increase of 418 people.

In 2016, 4,057 children were born, which is 93 infants or 2.2% less than in the previous year. The total fertility coefficient as a whole was 12.9% (on average in Russia - 12.9%). 3,639 people died, which is 0.03% less than in 2015. The average annual mortality rate amounted to 11.6% (on average in Russia - 12.9%).

There are 134 nationalities in the region: the Russian population is in the region of the most numerous (85.9%), the second place in the number of Ukrainians (3.9%), the third - Koryaki (2.3%), Tatars, Belarusians, ITELEN, Chukchi, Avena, Koreans, etc.

Standards of living

In 2016, in the Kamchatka Territory, due to the lagging rates of wage growth and average foreign exchange incomes, indicators of the standard of living of the population are reduced.

The average per capita cash revenues in 2016 were at the level of 39,866.2 rubles, real cash incomes amounted to 89.6%.

The average nominal accrued salaries in the Kamchatka Territory in 2016 amounted to 59,922.8 rubles, real wages - 96.8%.

The share of population with cash income below the subsistence minimum increased in 2016 to 19.5% against 19.2% in 2015.

1.5. Administrative-territorial division

The Kamchatka Territory includes 87 settlements, including:

· Cities of Regional Subordination - 3 (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Vilyuchinsk, Yelizovo);

· Urban type villages - 1 (P.G.T. Palan);

· Workers' villas - 1 (R.P. Volcanned);

· Rustic settlements – 82.

Kamchatka region includes 66 municipalities. Including 3 have the status of the "City District":

· Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky urban district;

· Vilyuchsky urban district;

· Urban district "Palan settlement";

11 have the status "Municipal District":

· Aleuta municipal district;

· Byustinian municipal district;

· Elizovsky municipal district;

· Milkovsky municipal district;

· Sobolevsky municipal district;

· Ust-Bolsheretsky municipal district;

· Ust-Kamchatsky municipal district;

· Karaginsky municipal district;

· Olyutormsky municipal district;

· Penzhinsky municipal district;

· Tigil municipal district.

One of the regions of the region is Aleutsky - Located on the Commander Islands.

Karaginsky, Olyutorsky, Penzhinsky and Tigil municipal regions are part of the territory with a special status of the Koryak district.

Part municipal districts 5 urban settlements and 47 rural settlements are included.

On the territory of Kamchatka Territory could accommodate 4 European states: England, Portugal, Belgium and Luxembourg combined.

1.6. Political parties

In Kamchatka Territory, 26 regional offices of All-Russian political parties were registered. The most active and numerous are:

Kamchatka Regional Office of the All-Russian Political Party "United Russia";

Kamchatka regional separation of the Political Party "Liberal Democratic Party of Russia";

Kamchatka regional branch of the political party "Communist Party of the Russian Federation";

Regional separation of the Political Party "Fair Russia" in Kamchatka Territory.

Coat of arms of Kamchatka Region

Flag It is a rectangular cloth of two horizontal strips: top - white, bottom - of blue color. The ratio of strips in width - 2: 1. The image of the fines of the coat of arms of the Kamchatka Territory.

Hymn of Kamchatka Region

Words B.S. Dubrovina, the music of the Honored Worker of the Arts of Russia E.I. Morozova. Performers - Kamchatka choral Chapel, Moscow Symphony Orchestra "Globalis" (conductor - People's Artist of Russia Pavel Ovsyannikov).Approved by the Law of the Kamchatka Territory of 05.03.2010 No. 397 "On the anthem of Kamchatka Territory".

1.8. Brief historical certificate

For the first time, the administrative status of Kamchatka is defined as an independent Kamchatka region as part of the Irkutsk province by registered decree of August 11, 1803 "On the regional government office in Kamchatka". The territory included Nizhnekamchatsky County and the Okhotsk district of the Gizhugi district. By decree of April 9, 1812, "Present Regional in Kamchatka, the Board as too for the edge of that extensive and multi-section" is abolished. The head of the Kamchatka was appointed from the officers of the maritime department and his location was determined by the Petropavlovsky port.

The Highest Decree of the Governing Senate Kamchatka region was again formed on December 2, 1849: "From parts subordinate to Kamchatka Primorye and the Giuginsky District, to form a special area to be called Kamchatka Region." The first governor of the Kamchatka region became Major General (later - counter-admiral) Vasily Stepanovich Zagano. With his name directly connected heroic defense Petropavlovsk from the Anglo-French squadron in August 1854.

In 1856, in connection with the change in Russia's policies in the Far East, the Petropavlovsky district was formed as part of the Primorsk region. The administrative status of an independent area is returned to Kamchatka in 1909. By this time, the region consisted of 6 counties that held the entire north-east, included the territory of about 1360 thousand square meters. km.

November 10, 1922 in the field of established Soviet authority In the face of the oblast worker, and the territory is renamed Kamchatka province.

From January 1, 1926, the Kamchatka District, consisting of 8 districts (Anadyr, Karaginsky, Penzhinsky, Petropavlovsky, Tigilsky, Ust-Kamchatsky, Ust-Bolshazhsky, Chukotsky), is included in the Far Eastern region.

Decree of the DVI and Soviet Union of the RSFSR on November 22, 1932, the Kamchatka province (district) was reorganized into the Kamchatka region as part of the Far Eastern Territory.

In October 1938, Kamchatka Region, after the next administrative and territorial division, became part of the Khabarovsk Territory with 13 districts, Koryak and Chukchi national districts.

Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on January 23, 1956, the Kamchatka Region, together with the Koryak district, was allocated from the Khabarovsk Territory as an independent administrative formation of the RSFSR.

The allocation of the Kamchatka region into an independent administrative-territorial unit contributed to the acceleration of the growth of its productive forces, social and cultural construction. A pianlet geothermal power plant, Avachinsky Zvertozhoz, two animal farms were commissioned. The sanatorium of the All-Union Value "Natiki" was built. In 1961, the television center began working. In 1962, the Institute of Wolcanology from the USSR Academy of Sciences was organized. In 1967, "Tralyllot", "Oceanrybflot", "Kamchatrybflot" are organized.

Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of July 17, 1967, Kamchatka Region was awarded the Order of V.I. Lenin.

Kamchatsky region was formed on July 1, 2007 as a result of the unification of the Kamchatka region and Koryak autonomous District In accordance with the Federal Constitutional Law of July 12, 2006 No. 2-FKZ "On Education within the Russian Federation of a new subject of the Russian Federation as a result of the unification of the Kamchatka region and the Koryak Autonomous Okrug."

The administrative center of Kamchatka Territory is the city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, is an international marine and air port. Educated in 1740 (the reasons for the port). Approved by the city in 1812 with the name of Petropavlovsky port. In 1924 he was renamed Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.

By decree of the President of the Russian Federation on November 3, 2011, the city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky was awarded the honorary title "City of Military Glory." In 2016, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky establishes stela of the city of military glory.

Compared to other Russian regions, Kamchatka is one of the least inhabited areas of the country - per person accounts for about 16 km 2 of the territory. At the same time, almost 85% of the population are city inhabitants, so the actual density of people living on the peninsula is even lower.

In Kamchatka there are persons 176 nationalities, ethnic groups and nationalities. In the first place are Russians, which account for about 252 thousand people, which corresponds to 83% of the total population. In second place in the number of Ukrainians, the percentage of which reaches 3.5%, and the third place went to the Koryakov - the indigenous population of the peninsula. They account for a little more than 2% of the population.

The number of other nationalities and nationalities, both indigenous and immigrants living in Kamchatka, are much more modest. The share of each of these nationalities does not even reach 0.75% of the total number of residents of the peninsula. These peoples include confidence, Tatars, Belarusians, also Alena, Kamchadal, Aleuts, Koreans and Chukchi.

The number of people inhabiting Kamchatka reaches 360 thousand, most of which live in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. Mostly people are resettled along the coast, which is explained by the favorable conditions and fish specialization of the peninsula. So, the koryaks, mostly inhabit the northern and central part of the region, and the ITELENS occupy the southwestern regions of the peninsula. EVENA created compact groups and settled on the territory of Olyutorm, Bystrinsky and Penzhinsky districts, Aleuts live in the Aleutian district (Bering Island), and Chukchi inhabit the North Peninsula in Penzhinsky and Olyutorm district.

The total number of people representing this nationality close to 8,000, about 6.6 thousand people live in Kamchatka. Most of these people inhabit the Koryak district, the Magadan region and the Chukchi JSC.

Koryaki are now expressing in Russian, but their historical language Koryaksky is considered, constituting the branch of Chukotsko-Kamchatka language family.

Representatives of this nationality are divided into two ethnic groups: tundra and coastal koryakov.

Tundra Koryaki (their self-calf sounds like chavchuvens - i.e. reindeer breeding) lead a nomadic lifestyle in the tundra, parallel to deer. These animals provided people with everything necessary: \u200b\u200bmeat for food, skin products, as well as for the construction of Yarang (portable housing). The bones of deer in Chavuchenians walked for tools of labor and household items, and the fat was used to illuminate Yarang. In addition, it is with the help of deer people moved along the tundra. Inside the nationality there is a division into several subethnos: the parentes, Apukinsev, Kamenetsev and inthanitsa.

Coastal Koryakov (whose self-conception is namylans) is distinguished by a settling lifestyle and fishing. For fishing of the fish, Namylans used networks made from nettle fibers, went to the sea on Baidara, covered with animal skins. Native language This nation is an altitude. Namylans are divided into the Alutors, the Palans and the Karagin.

Koryaki are known for their own fishing: cut the bone, wood, the metal treated, the spruce, embroidered with beads, made carpets made of deer skins, engaged in a sewing of national clothes.

Most believers are mostly Orthodox Christians, however, with strong residual remnants of shamanism. These people live in Yarangah - special portable plains.

Itelmen

Another nation of Kamchatka, which is considered a native - this is the bastards. Their total is about 3.2 thousand people, of which 2.4 thousand live in Kamchatka Territory, and the rest inhabit the Magadan region. The most dense Itelmen settled the Tigil and Milkovsky district of Kamchatka Territory, as well as Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. The language in which representatives of this nationality are exploring - Russian, however, the traditional advent of Itelmen is the ITERMENSky, which is currently considered to be dying. He applies to the Iliance branch of the Chukchi-Kamchatka language family.

As for religion, the functions are classified as Orthodox Christians, but, as well as in the case of cakes, with strong remnants of ancient cultures.

In antiquity, the Itelmen settled mainly on the coasts of the rivers, as the main occupation of the people was fishing. Also, the conferences hunt a lot of fools, bears, sobly, mountain rams. Even their prey became maritime animals: Kalans, Syvuchi, seals. In second place in the activities of Itelmen, there was a harvesting of wild herbs and roots. These people lived in winter and summer, as well as in temporary and permanent dwellings.

Clothes of Itelmen sewed from fools, sables, evarages, dog leather, snowy rams. The foundations of the wardrobe were distinguished by the presence of numerous brushes made from the ermine, the set of edges located along the hood, the collar, sleeves and podols.

Kamchadaly

Another subethnos of Kamchatka, considered to be indigenous - Kamchadaly. They are considered to be a branch of Russian nationality, as they are the descendants of the first Russian immigrants of the peninsula. Representatives of this nationality are about 1.9 thousand people, 1.6 thousand of which inhabit Kamchatka, and about 300 people live in the Magadan region.

This group began to develop in the middle of the 18th century and became more and more as the peninsula settled by Russian migrants. Lifestyle and the economy system was adopted by Russians from local residents.

Kamchadalov Horbon language, very different from the language of Koryakov. By the middle of the 19th century, Kamchardala spoke on three adverbs, one of which was common in the Valley of the Kamchatka River, and the second - in the valleys of two rivers (fast and large), very mixed with Russian. The third, Penzhinsky adverb is considered the most pure. Now Kamchardala speak Russian, baptized and live in the outstands, similar to the Russians.

The neighbors of Koryakov from the north side were chukchi or "deer people", some of which moved to the Kamchatka peninsula. Chukchi hunted waterfowl and game with a bow with arrows. Also in their arsenal there were harpuna and spears. As a means of movement, not only deer, but also dog harmors were used.

Chukchi is distinguished by beautiful nautical skills using Bajdara to move along two or three dozen people. Square sails used during the dungement of the associated wind, made from the deer suede, and the breathae-sifted by air gave the shy of great stability while traveling on the waves.

In the summer months, Chukchi went to commercial expeditions to hunt the Anadyr River, carried out trade with Eskimos.

This small population was named Lamuts, and the self-configuration of the ethnos "Evhun", that is, a local resident, and formed the basis of the title of the nation. Euments inhabit the territory of the Tigil and Bystrino regions of the Kamchatka region, they speak Even, and in culture and origin are especially close to the Eveners.

EVENA lived in the plague of a tonic-cylindrical shape, resembling Yaranki Koryakov. In winter, the chum was complemented to the entrance in the form of a tunnel in the form of a tunnel.

As for the clothes, the eunena was bore outfits, not the deaf, like the Koryakov, Itelmen and Chukchi. The dogs of the EVENA were often used not for driving, but for hunting, and "they had interpreted" each individual on a certain beast. And to move, representatives of this nation used deer and even removed the special breed of an animal for driving - Lamutskaya.

Coastal eaven, in addition to hunting and reindeer herding, searyful fishing and fishing, engaged in a blacksmithing business.

Aleuts - Nature, also inhabiting the territory of the Kamchatka region, in particular the island of Bering. The self-assessment of this ethnic group is "Unanan", which means "coastal inhabitants", and the name "Aleuta" was given to them by Russians.

The main classes of Aleutov was the hunt for maritime cats, kalanov, silence, as well as fishing. Aleuts were engaged in collecting, made tools from bone, wood, and also bought a bird eggs for the winter, using a silly fat for this.

According to the Bering Island, these people moved on narts with harmful dogs, and wide and short skiing were used on the island of copper for winter time. Aleuts lived in the semi-oiled yurts.

Racial affiliation of the population of Kamchatka

Iliamen and Koryakov Ethnologists belong to representatives of the small Arctic race, which is different to the Eskimo and consider the northern branch of a large mongoloid race. Moreover, this subrace on its own anthropological characteristics is closer to Pacific, and not to continental mongoloid.

As for Kamchadal, they relate to a mixed race with signs of both mongoloid and european features. Kamchadali is the fruit of the mixing of the ancient indigenous population of Kamchatka with Russian people, and the type of their race is often called the Urals.

Changing the population of Kamchatka

The last hundred years have significantly affected the reduction of the number of indigenous people. This happened for several reasons:

• Epidemics who have taken the lives of a huge number of aborigines;
• Extermination of local residents due to conducted colonial politician;
• Cultural assimilation, passing at a later time. The fact is that over time it became unmodest to be a representative of a fundamental nationality, so Metizi chose to be considered Russian.

The prospects for the development of indigenous peoples of Kamchatka are very uncertain. The Government of the Russian Federation began to encourage representatives of these ethnic groups to self-determination in order to confirm the ITERMENSKAYA, Koryak and Kamchadal nationality, stimulating people with several types of benefits. However, there are few such events for the spread of these original cultures, as there are now all signs of their extinction. For example, even if the number of confinements in comparison with the data of 1980 increased more than 2 times, the number of representatives of this nationality, speaking in ITERMAN, does not reach hundreds of people.

For the restoration and subsequent preservation of the culture of small peoples inhabiting Kamchatka, large financial investments are needed, the volume of which depends on how much the population of the peninsula is ready to master them.

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Parts of the country is rather heterogeneous by national composition, albeit with an explicit predominance of Russians. This ethnos began to settle in this region only with early XVIII century. And here indigenous population Kamchatka, peoples, which since ancient times lived on this peninsula, gradually dissolve in the total mass of the population. Let's learn more about these ethnic groups of Kamchatka Territory.

General demographic characteristic

Before you begin to study the indigenous people, you need to know what is the population of Kamchatka today as a whole. This will allow us to understand the importance and role of indigenous peoples in modern life Region.

First of all, you need to find out the total number of the population in Kamchatka. This is one of the most important demographic parameters. The population in Kamchatka today is 316.1 thousand people. This is just the 78th indicator of 85 regions of the Russian Federation.

But on the area of \u200b\u200bKamchatka Krai takes the tenth place in the country among the subjects of the federation. It is 464.3 thousand square meters. km. Knowing the population of Kamchatka and its area, you can calculate the density. This indicator is also considered one of the most important components of demographic statistics. The population density in Kamchatka is currently only 0.68 people / sq. km. This is one of the lowest indicators in Russia. According to this criterion, Kamchatka Territory occupies an 81st place among 85 regions of the country.

National composition

Now we have to look at what the population of Kamchatka in ethnic context. This will help us to allocate indigenous peoples of the region from the general population.

In ethnic, the population of Kamchatka has a nationality that numerically prevails over all the others. These are Russian. Their number is 252.6 thousand people, or more than 83% of the number of all residents of the region. But the Russians are not the indigenous people of Kamchatka.

In a significant role, the number of population of Kamchatka is also Ukrainians. They are significantly less than Russians, but this people ranks second among the ethnic groups of the region, amounting to more than 3.5% of the total population of the region.

Third place - in Koryakov. This people are already the indigenous population of Kamchatka. His share in the total mass of the inhabitants of the region is slightly over 2%.

The rest of nationalities, both indigenous and not fundamental, whose representatives live in Kamchatka, are significantly inferior in numbers to three specified peoples. The total proportion of each of them does not reach even 0.75% of the total inhabitants. Among these camchatka of the peoples should be allocated to Itelmen, Tatars, Belarusians, Evenov, Kamchadalov, Chukchi, Koreans.

Indigenous peoples

So what nationalities are indigenous in Kamchatka? In addition to the Koryakov, which we talked above, the peoples that are the aborigines of this peninsula include the conferences.

The mansion is the Kamchadla, which are subethnos of the Russian people who have formed their national identity in Kamchatka.

We will talk about each of these nations in more detail below.

Koryaki: General Information

As mentioned above, the koryaks are the third largest nationality of Kamchatka, and thus the first in the number of representatives by the indigenous people of this northern region.

The total number of this nation is 7.9 thousand people. Of them, 6.6 thousand people live on Kamchatka, which is a little more than 2% of the total population of the region. Mainly live representatives of this nationality in the north of the Kamchatka Territory, where the Koryak district is located. Also distributed in the Magadan region and in

Most Koryakov are currently talking in Russian, but their historical language is Koryaksky. He enters the Chukchi-Koryak branch of the Chukotka-Kamchatka language family. The most closely related languages \u200b\u200bare chukotka and alutorsky. The last some linguists are considered as a subspecies of Koryak.

This people are divided into two ethnic groups: tundra and coastal cory.

Tundra koryats have self-calfs of Chavchuvens, which is translated as "reindeer herders", and mainly lead a nomadic lifestyle on the expanses of the tundra, while breeding deer. Their origin is Koryak in the narrow value of this term. Chavchuvens are divided into the following sub ethnos: the parenits, Kamensakh, Apukins, the Tools.

Coastal corys have self-adhesion of the city. In contrast to Chavchuvenov, they lead their main occupation - fisheries. The inean language of this ethnos is the Alutors, about which we talked above. The main sub-ethnic groups of the Namylans: Alutors, Karaginians, Palances.

Most of the Believers are currently Orthodox Christians, although the remnants of shamanism remain quite strong, which came from the traditional beliefs of this nation.

The housing of the Koryakov is Yaranga, which is a special type of portable plague.

History Koryakov

Now let's follow the history of the Koryakov. It is believed that their ancestors inhabited the territory of Kamchatka in the first millennium of our era. They entered the story as representatives of the so-called Okhotsk culture.

For the first time, the name of Koryakov began to appear on the pages of Russian documents from the XVII century. It was associated with the promotion of Russia in Siberia and on Far East. The first visit to the Russians of this region is by 1651. From the end of the XVII century, the conquest of Kamchatka Russia started. He began her Vladimir Atlasov, who, together with his squad, seized several Koryak villages. However, the koryaks did not raise the riot. But in the end, all the uprisings were suppressed. Thus, the population of Kamchatka, including Koryakov, has become Russian subjects.

In 1803 in Russian Empire The Kamchatka region was founded. Koryaki lived mainly in the Giuginsky and Petropavlovsky counties of this administrative unit.

After October revolution In 1930, Koryakov provided national autonomy. So the Koryaksky was formed autonomous District. In 1934, he entered the Kamchatka region, retaining his withdrawal. The administrative center was the village of Urban Type of Palaan.

After decay Soviet Union In 1991, Koryak JSC, remaining part of the Kamchatka region, received the rights of the subject of the Federation. In 2005, a referendum was held, based on the results of which in 2007 there was a complete association of Koryak JSC with Kamchatka region. So formed Kamchatka region. The Koryak AO was eliminated as a subject of the federation, and in its place there was a Koryak district - a territorial unit included in the Kamchatka Territory, and having a special status, but devoid of previous independence. Official languages This territorial education is Koryak and Russian.

Currently, the Russians are 46.2% of the population of the Koryak district, and the koryaks are 30.3%, which is significantly higher than in the whole of the Kamchatka Territory.

ITENMEN: general characteristics

Another indigenous people of Kamchatka are confidence.

Their total number is about 3.2 thousand people. Of these, 2.4 thousand live in Kamchatka Territory, making up 0.74% of the total population, thus, being the fourth in the number of the ethnic volume of the region. The remaining representatives of this nation live in the Magadan region.

The majority of Itelmen focuses in the Milkovsky and Tigil areas of Kamchatka Territory, as well as in his administrative center - Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.

For the most part, ITELEN is spoken in Russian, but their traditional adverb is ITENMENSKY, who belongs to the ITemann branch of the Chukotka-Kamchatka language family. Now this language refers to the dying.

ITELENS PUT ORTHRANCE Christianity, but, like among the Koryakov, they have a fairly developed remnal of ancient cults.

The main occupation of the organizes that did not move to the city and live traditional build, is fishing.

History of Itelmen

Itelmen - the ancient population of Kamchatka. For the most part, they lived in the southern half of the peninsula, the north giving the Koryakov. By the time of the arrival of the Russians, their number was more than 12.5 thousand people, thus exceeding the current amount of 3.5 times.

After the start of the conquest of the Kamchatka, the number of ITELEN began to decline rapidly. The first to conquer this nation began all the same Vladimir Atlas. He passed the peninsula from north to south. After his murder of his own associates in 1711, the case of the conquest of Itelmen continued by the Danill of Antsifers. He smashed in several battles, but in 1712 he was burned with them with his squad.

Nevertheless, it was not possible to stop the arrival of the Russian Empire to Kamchatka, and she was finally conquered. In 1740, the expedition was laid the distribution center russian influence On the peninsula - Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.

Initially, the Russians called Kamchardala infrared, but then this name was fixed after another ethnic group, which we will talk about.

Who are Kamchadala?

One of the subethnos of Kamchatka, which is considered to be indigenous, are Kamchadals. This ethnic unit acts as a branch of the Russian nation. Kamchadala is the descendants of the very first Russian settlers in Kamchatka, partially assimilated the local population, mainly the functions of which Russians themselves were previously called this ethnonym.

Currently, the total number of Kamchadalov is about 1.9 thousand people. Of these, 1.6 thousand live in Kamchatka, and about 300 more people in the Magadan region.

Kamchadala is talking in Russian, and the basis of their culture is the culture of the title nation of Russia. True, local peoples were also given a certain influence on it, for the most part of the Itelman.

Anthropological features of the indigenous population

Now let's consider which group of peoples include indigenous inhabitants of Kamchatka.

Koryakov and Itelmen can be safely attributed to the Arctic Small race. In a different way, it is called Eskimo and is the northern branch of a large mongoloid race. This subrace is closer to anthropological signs not to continental mongoloids, but to Pacific.

It is much more difficult for the case with Kamchadals, since this nationality refers to Kamchadalov signs of European and mongoloid typesSince, in fact, this ethnic group is the fruit of the russian mixing with the ancient population of Kamchatka. This racial type is made called Ural.

Dynamics of number

Over the past hundred years, the number of indigenous people of Kamchatka has significantly decreased. This situation It was caused at several factors at once.

In the era of the colonization of the Russian Empire of Kamchatka, a significant role in reducing the number of local people has played epidemics, as well as the extermination of indigenous people in the framework of colonization policy. At a later time, cultural assimilation occurred. It was connected with the fact that being a representative of indigenous peoples was reserved. Therefore, children from mixed marriages preferred to call themselves Russian.

Perspectives

Perspectives further development Indigenous peoples on Kamchatka are very foggy. The Russian government began to stimulate the self-determination of the nationality of the region's population in favor of the confirmation of Koryak, Kamchadale or Iliancenskaya nationality by providing representatives of these people of a number of benefits. But this is clearly not enough, since simply the self-identification of a person with representatives of national minorities does not make a distinctive culture of these peoples more common. For example, if the total number of confinements at the moment is 3.1 thousand people, which is more than twice the figure of 1980, the number of speakers in ITERN language includes only 82 people, which confirms his extinction.

The region requires investment money In the culture of small peoples in the volume as the population of Kamchatka is ready to master.

General conclusions

We studied the indigenous population of Kamchatka, peoples inhabiting this northeastern region of our country. Of course, at the moment the development of the original culture of these ethnic groups leaves much to be desired, but state structures are trying to do everything so that these people, their languages \u200b\u200band traditions finally disappeared.

Hopefully, in the future, the number of representatives of indigenous peoples of Kamchatka will only increase.