Zemtsov architect. Zemtsov Mikhail Grigorievich, Russian Architect: Famous Works

For the construction of a new capital of the Russian state, the city of St. Petersburg, his founder Peter first invites the best architects in Europe. One of the first masters led by the construction of a new city was Italian Domenico Trezini. Among his students, the future outstanding Russian architects Mikhail Grigorievich turned out to be. A hardworking and talented artist was awarded the title of the first Russian

Childhood

Unfortunately about early years Mikhail Grigorievich's life historians know quite a little. Even accurate year The Birth of the Master is specified in different ways. Some scientists call 1686, while others believe that the Great Arctic Born in 1688. What was the origin and how Mikhail Grigorievich Mikhail Grigorievich spent his childhood, still secret. It is known that he was born in Moscow and received an education in the weapon chamber, but as it turned out to be in the new capital, no one knows. Perhaps he got into St. Petersburg during the resettlement of people from Moscow.

Youth

The first mention of the Zemkov appear only in 1709. At this time, the young man is educated in the St. Petersburg provincial office. He passes the course italian language. At the end of the teaching, by Decree Peter, he was sent to work in the office of the city affairs, which was created in 1706. The office of the Office was to observe the construction of new buildings in the city and modernization of the fortress, where it was necessary to replace earthy fortifications by stone. The chief leader of these projects was the lieutenant colonel and architect D. Trezini, it was to him and was aimed at learning the nels.

Master's formation

Construction of the city happened rapidly. But there was not enough specialists formed, and Trezini tried to give education to young people as soon as possible, who came to his work. By paying attention to the capable and working young man, Trezini makes him his assistant. Training Mikhail Grigorievich Zemtsova took place directly in the workplace. Easy orders were gradually replaced by more complex and finally talent in combination with hard work allowed the future archive to quickly become a master of his case.

Carier start

In 1718, Peter's decree on the construction of stone houses in Moscow. In China and the Moscow Kremlin, it was decided to build structures only from stone, creating streets, and not to build houses in the courtyards, as they did before.

The leader of new construction works in Moscow was appointed the best student of the Russian architect. For about a year, Mikhail Grigorievich works in Moscow, but in 1720 he has to return to St. Petersburg.

At this time, three prominent architects J. B. A. Leblon, G. Mattarnovy and G. I. Ustinov took away. All important buildings in Strelna and Petergof were transferred under the leadership of N. Micketty. But the architect came to Russia just a year ago. He speaks poorly in Russian and with difficulty understands Russian. Mikhail Zemtsov like no other suitable for the role of the assistant and translator of Miketi.

Having worked under the leadership of Micketti for about three years, Mikhail Grigorievich receives a very flattened characteristic of the master and he is directed to the construction work of 1721 in Revel. Having arrived in St. Petersburg in 1722, the garments receive instructions from the general architect of Micketti, associated with the improvement of fountains and gardens in the roar. Mikhail Ogibalov, Mikhail Ogibalov, was sent to the place of work, Mikhail Ogibalov, who Mikhail Grigorievich was sent to him as an assistant to be trained in a roar architecture. It was the first student of the Great Arch Republic.

The flourishing of the creativity of the Arch Republic

The Ekaterininsky Palace in Revel was originally built on the project of Miketi, but the garbage had to complete the work of the teacher, bringing his changes to the construction of the palace. Therefore, the building has a very distinctive appearance of facades and interiors. And when creating a park in front of the Palace with Zemtsov, the famous Russian master of garden-park case I. Surmin collaborated. Subsequently, they worked a lot together with the landscaping of gardens and parks in Peterhof and the Summer Garden.

The work in Rive clearly showed the talent of a young architecture and proved that it was possible to become a good architect, and studying in Russia. Nevertheless, in 1723, by the decree of Peter, Mikhail Grigorievich Zemtsov goes to Stockholm. In Sweden, he had to hire local masters whose knowledge was to help with the further construction of the city. And there was also a goal - to find out what a mixture for coating buildings is used by Swedish builders. With all the orders, the farms coped perfectly and brought eight experienced masters of various specialties to St. Petersburg.

Revel and Stockholm had a great influence on the work of Zemdov. He met the architecture of the Gothic style and early Baroque, having received new knowledge, which other Russian masters had no.

At this time, Micketti decides to leave Russia, while he leaves many unfinished projects that are transferred to Mikhail Grigorievich to work, thereby showing that it stands in one row with best masters Europe.

The most famous works of M. G. Zemtsova

After the departure of Micketti from St. Petersburg, Zemtsov becomes the chief head of all construction work, which occur in St. Petersburg and its surroundings. But despite this, his chin and salary remained the same. Although there were a lot of work, the city of Ros and developed. Theses were forced to engage in several urban and suburban objects at once. Among his works of that time can be noted improvement Summer Garden, Engineering Castle, Peterhof, Marsov Fields and the Mikhailovsky Palace. In addition to building and gardening works, Mikhail Grigorievich was engaged pedagogical activities and taught young architects. But the official title of architect was appropriated only in 1724.

The architect forces made an invaluable contribution to the development of St. Petersburg and its suburbs.

The famous works of architect Zemtsova:

• Church of Simeon and Anna. Located in St. Petersburg, built in 1734, is an existing Orthodox church.
• Cascade "Golden Mountain" in Peterhof.
• House for in the Petropavlovsk Fortress.
• Savior Transfiguration Cathedral in St. Petersburg.

Unfortunately, until the end of the construction of the last of the listed objects, the architect did not live, he died on September 28, 1743. But the Savior-Preobrazhensky cathedral itself was not preserved, since after the fire in 1825 it was completely rebuilt under the leadership of the architect V. P. Stasov.

Zemtsov, Mikhail Grigorievich

One of the chicks of "Petrova's nest", the first Russian architect. Born in Moscow in 1688 and was replaced by St. Petersburg among the first migrants of the new capital. In St. Petersburg, he was at the first time at school at the city office, and in 1710 he was given to the science of Trestini with a salary of 5 rubles. His classes in Trezini walked very successfully: in 1715 he was increased a salary up to 10, and next year to 15 rubles. Soon, however, the Zezers from Trezini moves to the architect of Micketti, who makes it with his assistant and sends to Revel and in Ekaterinenthal to supervise for the construction of the designed Micketty Palace. Obviously, here the landmarks will recognize Peter the Great and draws attention to the talented architecture. From this time, he begins to give a number of orders. On August 19, 1723, the head of the gallery fleet receives an order "On the shipment of the architectural subset of Zemtsov on the bot" Elsenfors "in Sweden for hiring workers and masters and the purchase of instruments. In the last years of the reign of Peter the Great Zemks, participates in the works of Peterhof fountains; so, for example He was instructed to "remake the pyramid, to make the pool below and remove one scrap (ledge) in Cascades; In the channel on the stairs, on the right side of the chambers, to do, as on the other side, dolphins "; Further, it works in the royal gardens, for example, makes the" gallery against flower beds or a gallery of the oak for paintings of old masters. "All these works and gave the garbage Architectural rank (1724), and less than a year later, the Senate put him a complaint of 550 rubles.

In Peter, the Great Zemtsov studied and performed by the works of other architects entrusted to him, and since he was also a skilled painter, then the drawings were made in which graceful finish and artisticness; Thus, for example, the designed by Peter the Great "Grotto in the Summer Garden" was preserved to our time in the drawings of Zemtsov. Next, the garments were performed and the duties of the sculptor: they were drawn up projects of statues that were going to decorate the building for Kunstkamera Academy of Sciences. Having done the architect, the Zemks have shown such enormous activity for 20 years, which is currently not to be amazed, as it could work so much, this is still not the estimated first Russian architect. From 1725 to 1732, the yards were listed at the office from the buildings, i.e. he served as the current position of the architect of the courtyard; In 1732, he received a special order - "appointed to the completion of the monastic buildings of the Alexander-Nevsky Lavra." Scary Petersburg fires approached. We had to rebuild. city. A special commission appeared on the device of St. Petersburg, and the Zemtsov in 1735 was determined by the architect at the Police Office. From 1740 to 1743, i.e., by the year of his death, the nurses secondly executes a special purpose - supervision for the construction of the Nevsky Lavra, and at the same time it is assigned a number of the most diverse palace buildings.

The first independent building of the land was the wooden hall, about where the Palace of the prince of Oldenburg is located now on Marsfield. This room was built for the marriage of the daughter of Peter the Great Anna Petrovna with Prince Holstein and, as most of the buildings of that time, was rush. In the notes of Berchgolts, we find an indication that "the prince of Menshikov passed the last night in new rooms and now intends to spend the night in them to have a relaxing supervision of the workers and all measures to rush them down the construction" Then in the same 1725, with tea The same, if only not with the biggest, he had to rebuild and rebuild and build a newly summer palace for Empress Catherine I and, finally, to re-separate the Italian palace. All these buildings have not been preserved: the solemn room stood until 1731, the summer palace of Catherine I was replaced by the summer palace of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, the construction of the Count Rastrelli Son, and then the Mikhailovsky castle of Emperor Paul and that now the engineering castle, in the place of Italian The Gwarengi Palace built an Ekaterininsky Institute. In addition to these fundamental buildings, the frustoms had to be observed for a number of smaller, for example, he ended up the palace, satisfied the palaces in Ekateringofa and Annengofa, rebuilt the triumphal gate, etc.

In the reign of Empress Anna, the activities of Zemvov was aimed at the device of St. Petersburg and church construction. Zemtsov took an active part in the compilation of the first topographic plan of St. Petersburg of 1738. For this purpose, Zemtsov was drawn up inventory houses of St. Petersburg (April 15, 1736). Next, he also owns: 1) provisions on bridgeworks, i.e. on the cessation of streets, and 2) conditions for statements. In drawings and drawings, it was built by all entrances to the capital, police booths and, finally, the stals that streets were blocked at night. As a police architect, theses built a building for the main police, which was the second for washing, from Nevsky Prospect, for the Dutch Church. It is interesting to note that according to projects in the harsh winter of 1739, special heating were built on the streets.

As an architect of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra, the Zemen could not show itself anything special mainly because, despite the very frequent, the strictest highest leaders to finish the construction of the laurels, they did not give a sufficient amount of money. But having taken this construction, theses indicated that, in all likelihood, there will be a disassemble of the cathedrals that were unfinished. This assumption of the land justified.

A particularly two - Simeonovskaya and the old church of the Kazan Mother of God, replaced by the Kazan Cathedral of Voronikhina, have drawn attention from the churches built. In the church construction, the farms have already shown well-known independence; True, the plan of the frustrated church resembles the plan of the sresser's churches: the same stretched and put in front of the Church of the bell tower, followed by the church of the gallery, but the details of the construction are no longer Tresinovsky: the bell tower is, first of all, not so simple, like a treati - the influence of the Baroque style is already clear It is felt, especially in the upper part of the bell tower, in round windows of one of the bells of the bell tower and, finally, in a slightly curved form of Spitz himself. Then the garments completely changed the form of the dome: instead of a small lantern, the Tresini appeared quite significant the main dome. Church of St. Simeon and Anna preserved in a relatively untouched form. As for the Mother of God's Kazan Mother of the Kazan Mother of Kazan, then she looked like a plan to Simeonovsky and, judging by the preserved picture of an unknown master, had inside a beautiful colonnade from Corinthian style columns.

A small elegant building - Pavilion-boot of Peter the Great in the Petropavlovsk fortress - will certainly have to testify, as I. Grabar says, "on the cash of a reliable architectural fantasy at Zemtsov, who was able to make the opportunity to create the most charming forms with the simplest means."

On April 6, 1742, the Horv-Intendant of the Empress Elizabeth Petrovna Shargorodsky gives the orders to the architect of the Neckomov - to build an Anichkovsky Palace, and warns that it is necessary to hurry it with the building - this is the desire of the Empress; She wants where the prevention regiment was standing where the Empress - then the princess Elizaveta was then, headed by his Liebe Krasnis went to extract his father's throne, the palace erected. And the construction of this palace is not entrusted with an ingene, but the Russian architect.

Theses showed reinforced activities: the drawing of the drawing was manufactured by a talented architect, and his assistant Dmitriev took these drawings to approbate the empress to Moscow. They started working, beat the piles, laid the foundation, began to build the walls; To be closer to the construction, the garments scored a plot for the construction of the house almost opposite the palace. And in the midst of these works, the Zemen dies. The report of the Empress about his death was made on November 29, 1743. Work at the end of the palace was charged with Rastrelli, who, without having to change the general plan, still put his hand to the details, as a result of which the nature of the construction turned out to be not the fact that .

The garments were certainly distinguished with huge energy and ability to work, but having received education at the School of Trezini, who was not an architect, but the engineer, the Zemen, of course, could not develop his big deposit, as an artist. An unfamiliar neither with the theory of architecture, nor with outstanding monuments of architecture of Europe (earthlings anywhere, except Stockholm, was not), our Russian nugget should have come to everything independently, to open America everywhere. But I could not engage in the architecture continuously and systematically, it could not under the conditions of that time: he was constantly opened from the main occupation, he had to fulfill thousands of small orders, it was supposed to be not only a builder, but also a police architect and at the same time to engage in contracts and participate Bidding in various works. It is quite clear that the result turned out insignificant. Judging by the Pavilion-BETIC, on the bell tower of the Simeon Church, the talent of Zemtsov could turn around, and perhaps we could have repeated the name of the Dustov with the same pride, as I repeat the name of the Russian Italian Rastrelli.

Being an active builder, Zemtsov was almost the only leader of the first school of architects in St. Petersburg, which was also founded by Leblon; We know very little about it, but those numerous architects came out of it, who were sent as builders, throughout Russia.

P. N. Petrov, "Architect M. G. Zeztsov" ("architect" 1877, p. 70) . - Igor Grabar, "The history of Russian art", vol. 14, p. 155-162. - "Art Treasures of Russia", 1902, pp. 159-161, 187, 199, 201; 1903, p. 7, 9, 17, 27, 31, 74, 80, 100-104; 1904, p. 208, 276; 1906, p. 14. - "Rus. Starina", t. XXXV, p. 606. - "Eastr. West.", XSII, p. 573, 574. - Archive of the Ministry of the courtyard, inventory 73/187, d . 42, l. 201; kn. 55, l. 479; kn. 49, l. 438; kn. 48, l. 947, 953. - GOSID. Arch., KN. 39, l. 130. - Inventory of Senate Decons Baranova, № 5188/6054. - "Historical and statistical information about the St. Petersburg Diocese", vol. VII. - materials to the history of the Academy of Sciences, "T. V. - Bantysh-Kamensky, "Dictionary of memorable people of Russian Earth", p. 400.

P. Stolpyansky.

(Polovtsov)

Zemtsov, Mikhail Grigorievich

architect office buildings, r. 1688, † 1743

(Polovtsov)

Large biographical encyclopedia. 2009 .

Watch what is "Zemtsov, Mikhail Grigorievich" in other dictionaries:

Zemtsov Mikhail Grigorievich - Mikhail Grigorievich (1688 (by Dr. information, 1686), Moscow 09/28/1743, S. Petersburg), Archite., Urban planner, artist schedule, one of the first architects S. Petersburg. Education probably received at school in the printing house of the Armory of Moscow ... ... Orthodox encyclopedia

- (1688 1743), Russian architect. Representative of the early baroque. He studied at an art school in the printing house of the Armory in Moscow. From 1709 he worked in St. Petersburg, originally under the leadership of D. Trezini. Since the beginning of 20 xs. participated in … Artistic Encyclopedia.

Zemtsov Mikhail Grigorievich - (1688-1743), Architect, representative of early baroque. He studied at an art school in the printing house of the Armory in Moscow. From 1709 he worked in St. Petersburg, originally under the leadership of D. Trezini. Since the beginning of the 1720s. Take part in ... ... Encyclopedic Directory "St. Petersburg"

- (1688 1743) Russian architect. Representative of the early baroque. He participated in the creation of a summer garden in St. Petersburg, palace complexes in Petrodvorets and in Tallinn (Kadriorg) ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

The first Russian architect (1688 1743). In 1710, he was defined in students to D. Trezini; He also worked for the architects Lebedna and Micketty. He consisted of 1733 by the architect Alexander Nevsky Monastery and a member of the commission on the structure of St. Petersburg. Them… … Biographical Dictionary

- (1688, Moscow, Autumn 1743, Petersburg), Russian architect, representative of early baroque. He studied at an art school in the printing house of the Armory in Moscow. In 1709 came to St. Petersburg and first worked under the direction of D. Trezini. FROM… … Big soviet Encyclopedia

- (1688 1743), Architect, representative of early baroque. He studied at an art school in the printing house of the Armory in Moscow. From 1709 he worked in St. Petersburg, originally under the leadership of D. Trezini. Since the beginning of the 1720s. Take part in ... ... St. Petersburg (Encyclopedia)

This term also has other meanings, see Zemtsov. Mikhail Grigorievich Zemtsov ... Wikipedia

- (1688 1743), Russian architect, master of early baroque. He participated in the creation of a summer garden in St. Petersburg, palace complexes in Petrodvorets and Tallinn (Kadriorg). * * * Zemtsov Mikhail Grigorievich Zemtsov Mikhail Grigorievich (1688 1743), ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Mikhail Grigorievich Zemtsov Church of Simeon and Anna in St. Petersburg (M. G. Zemtsov, with the participation of I. Ya. Blanca and H. Van Bolow, 1731 1734). Years of life citizenship Russian empire ... Wikipedia

Mikhail Zemtsov

"For the benefit of nationwide," so explained the meaning of his agile labor, this famous architect. The XVIII century in the history of our city is rich in the presence of Russian and European architects, but also in such a majestic number of the name M.G. Zemtsova stands out truly by the grandiose work, a combination of the artist's talent and a builder with rare hardworking and high moral qualities. The list of projects and buildings of the master is so great that even contemporaries doubted whether one person was able to do all this work, a serious team. Zemtsov was the first Russian architect in St. Petersburg, officially awarded this title. His glory was durable, the architects were respected and the kings, and workers, although he received a salary much more modest than ingeneses. It was time.

Muscovite Zemtsov, who received an initial education in the ancient capital, appeared on the banks of the Neva in 1709. Here, the young man became the main and necessary assistant to have a little sophisticated in the artistic affairs of the treati, incorporating in the construction of the Petropavlovsk fortress, Alexander Nevsky Monastery, a triumphant gate at the Petrovskaya Square and Nevsky Prospect, other objects later than objects. Mikhail acquires experience in many construction sites of a rapidly growing city and at the same time he taught his compatriots. He was completely trusted by D. Trezini, and N. Micketty. With the latter, he erected the palaces in Rive (Tallinn) and Strelna, and after the death of the first, he completed the hospital on the Vyborg side. In the same way, changing the deceased N. Gerbel, the first Russian architect completed the Kunstkamera buildings, twelve colleges and the court stables. Being a brilliant organizer, a man of an inquisitive creative mind and nobility, Mikhail Grigorievich used the special location of Peter I.

The time turned out to be merciless to many of his works: almost all of them were, if not destroyed, they are radically rebuilt, unrecognizable by changing the appearance. However, the traces of the creativity of Dustov, who was able to do everything, from large urban planning projects to "small forms", did not disappear. If it were not for his timeless leaving the city, the architecture of the city would go to others: the same classicism, to which the architect, remaining a commitment and master Baroque, could appear with us for several decades before.

Fig. V.G. Isachenko Church of St. Simeon and Anna

Working on the planning and improvement of the summer garden, the Zemtsov built here, on the Nevsky shore "the hall for glorious solemnings" - bright, but, alas, not preserved sample Baroque. Noticeable page creative biography The author was the work as the chief architect of suburban imperial residences. Here are just some of the projects that were carried out by Mikhail Grigorievich in Peterhof: work in parks, greenhouses and fountains, a large and Marlinsky cascades, wooden colonnades (on the site of Voronichin). In the royal village, the master belongs to the general intention of the ensembles and the Hermitage (rebuilt Rastrelli), as well as a completely magnificent big palace, built by one of his best students, A.V. Quasovy (soon also rebuilt Rastrelli). School of Zemtsova is not just loud words.

Church of St. Simeon and Anna

After the grandiose fires of 1736-1737 "De facto" and together with P.M. Yeropkina himself M.G. Zemtsov becomes the chief architect of the capital, speaking not only as the creator of individual houses, but also by the author of whole town-planning units, while doing, for example, by the definition of the development of the Nevsky Prospectus, Millionnaya and Sea streets. We will not forget that at the base of a number of buildings, which now recognized by the monuments are built by Zemtsov. Name several such addresses: Nevsky Ave., 17 and 18, garden st., 13 and 14, large marine st., 28, 31, 47 and 53, English nod., 10 and 74, Isaakiyevskaya pl., 9. The list is not complete - however, the great achievement of future town planning transformations that will inevitably require the reconstruction of the listed objects, it will be possible to consider at least fragmentary preservation, the museum of this impressive reservoir of urban development. On the site of one of the buildings of the RND once stood the Earth Italian Palace (Nabin River. Fontanka, 36), and still glad the gaze "Petrovsky" of the session of the Senate in the building of the Twelve College - another brainchild of the first Russian architect. Citizens and visitors are well known to Anichkov Palace in Nevsky, who since 1741 designed and built the nurses, and after his death, other architects were completed.

Consisted since 1737 in the leadership of the Commission on the St. Petersburg structure, M.G. Zemtsov worked on the general plan of the city, together with I.K. Korobov completed the started P.M. The first Russian architectural and construction code "The post of architectural expedition", was engaged in the planning of the Kazan and Kolomna parts of the city, which was of great importance for the further formation of these and other areas. He thought as a true urban planner.

Watercolors V.G. Isachenko Church of St. Simeon and Anna. 1975

Special head of architectural creativity - Temple Construction. Not all of his plans, for various reasons, was destined to come true. So in 1741, the Zemen fulfilled the draft Stone Cathedral on the Trinity Square instead of the Wooden Church.

It was not possible to realize it, on the territory of the Kazan Cathedral, the architect managed to build a slender Kazan Church with the bell tower, began the construction of the Church of Assumption on Mokrushe (Prince-Vladimir Cathedral at Prosvubov Ave.), the Spaso-Preobrazhensky Cathedral, created the altar part of Sampsonievsky. His masterpiece is charming, sneaken by special lyrism Church of Simeonia and Anna on Belinsky Street (1731-1734). He built the building of the Znamensky Church in the royal village (with I. Ya. Blank, is located near the lyceum).

Modest and caring towards the family, colleagues and disciples who did not sparing themselves, hammering all the new duties to their shoulders, the garmen left life, did not have time to complete many of the started and conceived. Last years The architect lived in his own house, in the place of which the Passage building is currently towers, and before the corner of the sleeper and the current Ave. Chernyshevsky, where, by him, by the way, N. Micketty lived (now there is a church of all mournful). It would be fair to establish commemorative plaques on these buildings with the name of the first Russian architect of St. Petersburg.

Mikhail Grigorievich Zemtsov is buried at the walls of the Sampsonievsky Cathedral.