Facts of the Crimean War 1853 1856. Seven curious facts from the history of the Crimean War

Crimean war 1853-1856Also, the Eastern War is the war between the Russian Empire and Coalition as part of the British, French, Ottoman Empires and the Sardinian kingdom. Martialctions Deployed in the Caucasus, in Danube Principles, on the Baltic, Black, White and Barents Seas, as well as in Kamchatka. They reached the greatest voltage in the Crimea.

By the middle of the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire was in a state of decline, and only direct military assistance between Russia, England, France and Austria allowed Sultan twice to prevent the capture of Constantinople with rebellious Vassal Mohammed Ali Egyptian. In addition, the struggle of Orthodox peoples for liberation from the Ottoman IGA continued (see Eastern Question) These factors led to the emergence of the Russian Emperor Nikolai I at the beginning of the 1850s of thoughts at the branch of the Balkan possessions of the Ottoman Empire, inhabited orthodox nationsWhat was opposed to the United Kingdom and Austria. The United Kingdom, in addition, sought to oust Russia from the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus and from the Transcaucasus. Emperor France Napoleon III, although did not share the British plans for the weakening of Russia, considering them excessive, supported the war with Russia as a revenge for 1812 and as a means of strengthening personal power.

During the diplomatic conflict with France on the issue of monitoring the church of the Nativity of Christ in Bethlehem, Russia, with the aim of putting pressure on Turkey, introduced troops to Moldova and Valahius, which were under Russia's protectorate under the terms of the Adrianopol peace treaty. The refusal of the Russian emperor Nikolai I to withdraw the troops to declare 4 (16) of October 1853 by Turkey, and behind it Great Britain and France, Russia's war.

In the course of the previous hostilities, allies managed, using the technical lag of the Russian troops and the indecision of the Russian command, to concentrate quantitatively and qualitatively superior to the forces of the army and the fleet on the Black Sea, which allowed them to produce a successful landing in the Crimea of \u200b\u200bthe landing body, to apply russian army A number of defeats and after a one-year siege to seize the southern part of Sevastopol - the main base of the Russian Black Sea Fleet. Sevastopol bay, the place of deployment of the Russian fleet, remained under the control of Russia. In the Caucasian front, Russian troops managed to apply a number of defeats by the Turkish army and capture Kars. However, the threat of joining the war of Austria and Prussia forced the Russians to take the conditions of the world imposed by allies. The Paris Mirny Treaty signed in 1856 demanded the concessions of the Ottoman Empire of Southern Bessarabia and the mouth of the Danube River. The neutrality of the Black Sea was proclaimed.

History

The reason for the Crimean War was the dispute about the keys from the holy places in Palestine between the Catholics and Orthodox. Sultan conveyed the keys from the Bethlehem Temple from the Orthodox Greeks of Catholics, whose interests were defended by the emperor of France Napoleon III. Russian Emperor Nicholas I demanded from Turkey to recognize him by the patron of all Orthodox subjects of the Ottoman Empire. On June 26, 1853, he announced the entry of Russian troops to the Danube Principality, stating that they would bring them from there only after the Russian requirements were satisfied with the Turks.

On July 14, Turkey appealed to the protest against Russia's actions to other great powers and received assurances from them in support. On October 16, Turkey declared war to Russia, and on November 9, the Imperial Manifesto was followed about the announcement of Russia of the War of Turkey.

In the fall on the Danube, small clashes with varying success were walking. In the Caucasus, the Turkish Army Abdi Pasha tried to take Akhali, but December 1 was defeated by Prince Bebutov's squad at Bashki-Liar.

At sea, the initial success also accompanied Russia. In mid-November 1853, a Turkish squadron under the command of Admiral Osman-Pasha consisting of 7 frigates, 3 Corvettes, 2 shiphodofregates, 2 Brigins and 2 transport vessels with 472 tools, following Sukhumi (Sukhum-Kale) and Poti to landing the landing, forced It was hiding in the Sinop Bay off the shores of Malaya Asia because of a strong storm. This became known to the Russian commander Black Sea Fleet Admiral Nakhimov P.S., and he led ships to Sinop. Because of the storm, several Russian courts received damage and were forced to return to Sevastopol.

By November 28, the entire fleet Nakhimov focused on the Sinop Bay. He had 6 linear ships and 2 frigates, surpassing the enemy by the number of guns almost one and a half times. Russian artillery surpassed Turkish and in quality, as it has placed the latest bombing guns. Russian commanders knew how to shoot much better than Turkish, and sailors were faster and swelling were managed with sailing snapshot.

Nakhimov decided to attack the enemy fleet in the bay and shoot it with a maximum short distance in 1.5-2 cable. The Russian Admiral left two frigates at the entrance to the Sinop Raid. They had to intercept Turkish ships who would try to escape.

At half past 10 am on November 30, the Black Sea Fleet two columns moved to Sinop. The right headed Nakhimov on the ship "Empress Mary", left - Junior flagship Council Admiral F.M. Novosilskiy on the ship "Paris". In half the first afternoon, Turkish ships and coastal batteries opened fire on a suitable Russian squadron. She opened fire, only close to the maximum distance.

After half an hour of battle, the Turkish flagship "Avni-Allah" was seriously damaged by the bombing guns "Empress Mary" and jumped stranded. Then Nakhimov's ship rose the enemy frigate "Fazlah Allah". Meanwhile, Paris sank two enemy vessels. For three hours, the Russian squadron destroyed 15 Turkish ships and suppressed all the coastal batteries. Only a ship "Taif", which was commanded by the English captain A. Slade, using the advantage at speed, was able to break through from the Sinop Bay and escape from the persecution of Russian sailing frigates.

The losses of the Turks were killed and wounded about 3 thousand people, and 200 sailors led by Osman Pasha were captured. The escords of Nakhimov losses in the ships did not have, although several of them were seriously damaged. 37 killed in combat and 233 Russian sailors and officers were injured. Thanks to the victory, the Turkish landing of the Caucasian coast was running.

Sinop battle was the last major battle between sailing courts and the last significant battle won by the Russian fleet. In the next one and a half years, the victories of such a scale he no longer won.

In December 1853, English and French governments, fearing the defeat of Turkey and establish Russian control over the straits, introduced their military vessels to the Black Sea. In March 1854, England, France and the Sardinian kingdom declared the war of Russia. At this time, the Russian troops were besieged to Silistria, however, obeying the Ultimatum of Austria, which demanded from Russia to cleanse the Danube Principles, on July 26, they took the siege, and at the beginning of September they moved away for the rod. In the Caucasus, the Russian troops in July - August defeated two Turkish armies, but it did not affect the overall course of the war.

Allies planned the main landing land in the Crimea to deprive the Russian Black Sea Fleet its bases. The attacks on the ports of the Baltic and White Seas and the Pacific Ocean were envisaged. The Anglo-French fleet focused in the area of \u200b\u200bVarna. He had 34 linear ships and 55 frigates, including 54 - steam, and 300 transport vessels on which the expeditionary building was 61 thousand soldiers and officers. The Russian Black Sea Fleet could oppose the allies of 14 sailing linear ships, 11 sailing and 11 steam frigates. In Crimea, the Russian army was stationed in 40 thousand people.

In September 1854, the Allies landed the landing in Evpatoria. Russian army under the command of Admiral Prince Menshikova A.S. On the Alma River, he tried to block the path of the Anglo-Franco Turkish troops deep into the Crimea. Menshikova had 35 thousand soldiers and 84 guns, the allies - 59 thousand soldiers (30 thousand French, 22 thousand English and 7 thousand Turkish) and 206 guns.

Russian troops occupied a strong position. Her center at the village of Burluk crossed the beam, on which the main Evpatorial road was going. From the high left bank of the alma, the plain was well visible on the right bank, only at the river and the gardens covered with gardens and vineyards. The right flank and the center of Russian troops commanded General Prince M.D. Gorchakov, and left flank - General Kiryakov.

The Allied troops were going to attack the Russians from the front, and bypassing their left flank they threw the French infantry division of General Bosque. At 9 am on September 20, 2 columns of the French and Turkish troops took the village of Ulukul and the dominant height, however, they were stopped by Russian reserves and could not hit the Almaian position in the rear. In the center of the British, the French and Turks, despite the big losses, could force the Alma. Their counterattacked Borodinsky, Kazan and Vladimir shelves, led by Generals Gorchakov and Kvicinsky. But the crossfire from sushi and from the sea forced the Russian infantry to retreat. Because of the large losses and the numerical superiority of the enemy of Menshikov under the cover of darkness retreated to Sevastopol. The loss of Russian troops amounted to 5,700 people killed and wounded, the losses of the allies - 4,300 people.

The battle at Alma was one of the first to be massive by the scattering of infantry. It also affected the superiority of allies in service. Almost all the English army and to a third of the French were armed with new rifle guns, surpassed smooth-bore runs of Russian rapidity and range.

Pursuing Menshikov's army, the English-French troops were taken by Balaklava on September 26, and on September 29 - the Kamyshoy Bay district of Sevastopol. However, the allies were afraid to attack this sea fortress, at that moment - almost defenseless from sushi. The Commander of the Black Sea Fleet Admiral Nakhimov became the Military Governor of Sevastopol and, together with the head of the fleet, Admiral V.A. Kornilov began to hastily prepare the defense of the city from Sushi. 5 sailing ships and 2 frigate flooded at the entrance to the Sevastopol bay, so as not to put the enemy fleet there. The remaining ships should have provided artillery support for the troops fighting on land.

The land garrison of the city, which also included sailors from flooded ships, has numbered 22.5 thousand people. The main forces of the Russian army under the command of Menshikov moved to Bakhchisaray.

The first bombing of the Allied troops of Sevastopol from Sushi and the sea took place on October 17, 1854. Russian ships and batteries responded to fire and damaged several enemy ships. The English-French artillery could not be in charge of Russian coastal batteries. It turned out that the ship artillery is not too effective for firing for land targets. However, the defenders of the city during the bombardment suffered considerable losses. One of the leaders of the defense of the city of Admiral Kornilov was killed.

On October 25, the Russian army from Bakhchisaraya advanced to Balaclava and attacked the English troops, but could not break through to Sevastopol. However, this offensive forced allies to postpone the assault on Sevastopol. On November 6, Menshikov again tried to release the city, but again he could not overcome the Anglo-French defense after the Russians lost 10 thousand in the battle with Inkerman, and the allies were 12 thousand people killed and wounded *.

By the end of 1854, the allies focused more than 100 thousand soldiers and about 500 guns from Sevastopol. They conducted an intensive shelling of urban fortifications. The British and the French made local attacks with the aim of capturing certain positions, the defenders of the city were responding to the raids in the rear of the precipitating. In February 1855, the Allied forces near Sevastopol increased to 120 thousand people, and preparation for the general storm began. The main blow was supposed to apply in Malakhov Kurgan, which prevailed over Sevastopol. The defenders of the city, in turn, especially strongly strengthened the approaches to this height, perfectly understanding its strategic importance. In the southern bay, 3 linear ship and 2 frigates were additionally flooded, which closed the Allied Fleut to the raid. To distract the strength from Sevastopol, the detachment of General Chruleva S.A. On February 17, Evpatoria attacked, but was removed with big losses. This failure led to the resignation of Menshikov replaced by the Commander-in-Chief by General Gorchakov. But the new commander could not reverse the course of events in the Crimea unfavorable for the Russian side.

8 The period from April 9 to June 18, Sevastopol was subjected to four intensive bombardments. After that, 44 thousand soldiers union forces Let's go to the assault side of the ship. They were opposed by 20 thousand Russian soldiers and sailors. Heavy battles lasted for several days, but the Anglofranzian troops and this time failed to break through. However, continuous shelling continued to exhaust the forces deposited.

On July 10, 1855, Nakhimov was deadly. His burial described in the diary Lieutenant Ya.P. Kobylyansky: "Funeral Nakhimov ... were solemn; the enemy, in the mind of which they took place, rewarding the honor of the hero of the hero, kept deep silence: no shot was heard at the main positions during the bodies of the body."

On September 9, the master of the assault of Sevastopol began. 60 thousand allied troops, mainly French, attacked the fortress. They managed to take Malakhov Kurgan. Conscious of the uselessness of further resistance, Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army in Crimea, General Gorchakov gave an order to leave the southern side of Sevastopol, blowing up port structures, strengthening, warehouses with ammunition and flooding surviving vessels. On the evening of September 9, the defenders of the city switched to the north side by blowing up the bridge.

In the Caucasus, a success was accompanied by Russian weapons, a somewhat built bitterness of Sevastopol defeat. On September 29, the army of General Muravyeva stormed Kare, but, having lost 7 thousand people, was forced to retreat. However, on November 28, 1855, the garrison of the fortress has exhausted by hunger capitulated.

After the fall of Sevastopol, the loss of war for Russia became obvious. The new Emperor Alexander II agreed to peaceful negotiations. On March 30, 1856, the world was signed in Paris. Russia returned Turkey occupied during the war of Kare and passed to her southern Bessarabia. Allies, in turn, left Sevastopol and other cities of Crimea. Russia was forced to refuse the patronage of the Orthodox population of the Ottoman Empire. It was forbidden to have a military fleet and bases on the Black Sea. Above Moldova, Valahius and Serbia, a protectorate of all great powers was installed. The Black Sea was declared closed for military vessels of all states, but open to international trade shipping. Freedom of shipping on the Danube was also recognized.

In the course Crimean war France lost 10,240 people killed and 11,750 dead from RAS, England - 2755 and 1847, Turkey - 10,000 and 10,800, and Sardinia - 12 and 16 people. The entire coalition troops suffered irretrievable losses of 47.5 thousand soldiers and officers. The losses of the Russian army were killed about 30 thousand people, and the dead from the Russian Academy of Sciences - about 16 thousand, which gives the total combat irrevocable losses for Russia in 46 thousand people. Mortality from diseases was significantly more. During the Crimean War of Diseases, 75,535 people were killed by the French, 17,225 English, 24.5 thousand Turks, 2166 Sardinians (Piemontsev). Thus, the non-refundable losses of the coalition countries amounted to 119,426 people. In the Russian army, 88,755 Russians died of disease. In total, in the Crimean War, non-refundable losses 2.2 times exceeded the combat.

The result of the Crimean War was the loss of Russia of the last footprints of the European hegemony, found after the victory over Napoleon I. This hegemony gradually made no by the end of the 20s due to economic weakness Russian Empirecaused by the preservation of serfdom and the emerging military-technical lag of the country from other great powers. Only the defeat of France in the Franco-Prussian war of 1870-1871 allowed Russia to eliminate the most severe articles of the Paris world and restore their fleet on the Black Sea.

The historian Artemy Ermakov believes that the Crimean War was nothing more than otherwise, as the first fundamental defeat of Russia in the fight against global globalism. In his opinion, as a result of the so-called "Great Reforms" caused by Alexander II, our country actually "lost those internal corporate mobilization mechanisms, which for two and a half centuries provided it with relative internal stability and allowed to reflect serious external threats to decisive moments " "After the loss of these mechanisms, the collapse and disintegration of the Russian Empire and her state building There was only a matter of time, "the historian believes.

The defeat of Russia in the Crimean War opened the Epoch of the Anglo-French redistribution of the world. I knocked out the Russian Empire from world politics and ensuring our rear in Europe, the Western powers actively used the conquered advantage to achieve world domination. The path to the success of England and France in Hong Kong or Senegal was lying through the destroyed bastions of Sevastopol. Soon after the Crimean War, England and France attacked and China. Having achieved over him more impressive victory, they turned this country into a half-colony. By 1914, the countries seized or controlled by them accounted for 2/3 of the territory of the globe. War clearly demonstrated to the Russian government that economic retardation leads to political and military vulnerability. Further lag from Europe threatened even more serious consequences. Under Alexandra II, the country's reform begins. An important place in the transformation system was taken by military reform of the 60-70s. It is associated with the name of the Military Minister Dmitry Alekseevich Milyutina. This was the largest military reform since Peter, which led to fundamental changes in the armed forces. She touched upon various spheres: the organization and recruitment of the army, its management and weapons, the training of officer composition, training for troops, etc. in 1862-1864. Local military management was reorganized. Its essence was reduced to the weakening of excessive centralism in the management of the armed forces, in which the military compounds were subordinate to the center directly. For decentralization, a military district control system was introduced.

The territory of the country was divided into 15 military districts with their commander. Their power extended to all troops and military institutions of the district. Another important reform direction was the change in the system of training officer. Instead cadet buildings Military gymnasiums were created (with a 7-year-old training) and military schools (with a 2-year learning date). Military gymnasiums were average educational establishmentsClose programs for real gymnasiums. At the military schools, young men were accepted with secondary education (as a rule, these were graduates of military gymnasiums). The Juncher schools were created. For admission they needed to have general education in the amount of four classes. After the reform, all the persons produced in officers are not from schools were obliged to take exams on the program of UNCERSK schools.

All this raised the educational level of Russian officers. The mass re-equipment of the army begins. The transition from smooth-bore rifles to rifle rifles is carried out.

There is also a re-equipment of field artillery with rifled guns, charged from the executed part. The creation of guns from steel begins. In the artillery business, Russian scientists A.V. Gadolin, N.V. Maiyevsky, V.S. Baranovsky were achieved. Sailing fleet is replaced by steam. Begins to create armored ships. In the country are actively built railways, including strategic destination. Improving the technique demanded major changes in the preparation of troops. Rowing tactics, rifle chains gaining an increasing advantage over closed columns. This required the growth of independence and maneuverability of the infantryman on the battlefield. The value of the preparation of the fighter to individual actions in the battle is enhanced. The role of sperm, equal work increases, involving the ability to pour out, to build shelters to protect against the enemy fire. For training troops Methods of modern war A number of new charters, instructions are published, tutorials. The crown of military reform was the transition in 1874 to a universal military duty. Prior to that, the recruit system was operating. When Peter I was introduced, the military duty covered all the segments of the population (excluding officials and clergy). But from the second half of the XVIII century. It limited himself only to the applied estates. Gradually, and among them was officially practiced by the deposit from the army of rich people. In addition to social injustice, this system suffered and material costs. The content of a huge professional army (its number since the time of Peter has grown 5 times) was expensive and not always effectively. In peacetime, she surpassed the number of European powers. But during the war, the Russian army did not have trained reserves. This problem was brightly manifested in the Crimean campaign, when it was additionally possible to gain mostly small militia. Now young people who have reached 21 years have been obliged to appear on the draft point. Government calculated the desired number recruits and in accordance with it determined the number of places that the recruits were pulled out through lots. The rest were credited to the militia. There were benefits for call. So, the only sons or family breadwinners were released from the army. Representatives of the peoples of the North did not appeal Central Asia, some nations of the Caucasus and Siberia. The service life was reduced to 6 years, another 9 years served in reserve and was subject to call in the event of war. As a result, the country received a significant number of trained reserves. Military service losing the estate limitations and became a nationwide.

The Crimean War is a controversial event in history. In fact, not carrying victories and defeats by any of the participating parties, but this war is rich in battle, this war still excites the minds of historians. Today we will not delve into historical and political disputes, and simply remember the most unusual incidents of those years.

Sinop Battle: First Propaganda.

Joseph Goebbels, perhaps, the most famous military propagandist could safely assume the receptions and methods of the Crimean War. And perhaps and took ... It is clear one thing - it was during these years that the first large-scale use of propaganda, newspaper ducks and the popular reversal of the facts was recorded.
It all started with the Sinopian sea battle on November 30, 1853. Russian squadron under the command of Vice Admiral Nakhimov rapidly defeated numerically superior to the Turkish squadron and provided the domination of the Russian fleet on the Black Sea. The Turkish fleet was defeated for several hours. The day after the battle of Sinop, the British newspapers were writing about the atrocities of Russian sailors: they say ruthless military wounded floating in the sea of \u200b\u200bwounded Turks. In fact, such a "sensation" had no real foundations.

First personnel: War in photography.

"From Moscow to Brest
There is no such place
Where we would not wander in dust.
With watering and notepad,
And then with a machine gun
Through the fire and stubs we passed ... "
These lines about the profession of correspondents and photographers lay down in the period of the Great Patriotic War. But for the first time, photos began to be widely used to illuminate hostilities in the Crimean War. Pictures of Roger Fenton, who are considered the first military photographer, are particularly fame. Since the battles of the Crimean War there are 363 of his picture, which were subsequently purchased by the US Congress library and today are available on the Internet.

Defense of the Solovetsky Monastery: even the seagulls were not injured.

In the spring of 1854, the Novosti arrives at the Solovetsky Islands: soon the famous forces will attack the famous monastery. Church values \u200b\u200bare urgently sent to Arkhangelsk, and the monastery is preparing for defense. Nothing, but to fight the monks are not accustomed to and weapons did not get accommodated: after the examination of the arsenal, there were only old, unsuitable cannons and samostroles, and pistols. With such armament, and against the English fleet ...
An insignificant, but more reliable weapons arrived from Arkhangelsk: 8 guns with projectiles.
On July 6, the two British sixties frigate Brisk and Miranda approached the Solovetsky Monastery. Trying to join the negotiations, the inrogen team posted on the masts the signal flags. However, the monks unfamiliar with the maritime diploma were silent, and two signal shots from the ship were perceived as the beginning of the fighting. And the monks hit in response: one of the nuclei of a response volley fell into the English frigate, damaged him and made it take for Cape.
Unexpected resistance and refusal to surrender to the British: The next day, the kernel fell from their ships to the monastery. The shelling the monastery lasted almost nine hours. About 1800 nuclei and bombs were released by English ships. Their, according to historians, would have enough to destroy several cities. But everything turned out to be vain. By evening, the resistance of the monks forced the English courts to stop fighting.
Summing up the battle, the defenders were surprised by the complete absence of human victims. Even seagulls were not injured, in many people inhabited monastic walls. Only some buildings received minor damage. Moreover, for one of the icons, the Lady was discovered unexploded the core, which at all approved the defenders in the fishery of God.

French trophies: captive bell.

"Misty" bell in Chersonese - business card Sevastopol. It was cast in 1776 from the trophy guns captured by the enemy during the Russian-Turkish War of 1768-1774, and was established in the Chersoness monastery. In Sevastopol, the bell settled on the orders of Emperor Alexander I in 1983. It was intended to prevent sailors about the danger.
After Russia lost in the Crimean War of 1853-1856, the bell was taken to France among other trophies. The "captive" bell was hung in the cathedral of the Paris's Mother of God and returned to Russia only after the repeated urgent requirements of the Russian government.
In 1913, during the diplomatic negotiations, President Poincare returned a signal bell in friendship with Russia, on November 23, the Prisoner arrived in Sevastopol, where it was temporarily installed on the belfry of St. Vladimir's temple. The Chersonesus Bell not only called for the service of the monks, he served as a sound light: in the fog, his voice warned ships in the sea, about the proximity of the rocky shore.
By the way, its fate is interesting and further: in 1925, many monasteries were abolished, and the bells began to remove the mirror. The signal bell became the only one who was lucky in mind its large "meaning for sailor safety." At the suggestion of the Office for Safety Safety in the Black and Azov Seas, it was installed on the shore as a sound lighthouse.

Russian sailors: the third does not bite.

When the British and the Allies were besieged Sevastopol into the Crimean War, they already had fpa guns (the first analogues of the rod arms). They shot exactly, and because of this, he was born on a fleet of sign - "the third does not bite." Our sailor will open the tube, and the Englishman of the light has already noticed. The sailor gives another to see, the Englishman is already on manufacture. Well, and the third sailor received a bullet from an ardent gun. Since then, even believed among our sailors: if they silence the third, you will get a deadly wound.

Theater of military operations: almost world.

According to its ambitious scale, the width of the theater of military operations and the number of mobilized troops, the Crimean War was quite comparable to the world. Russia was defended on several fronts - in the Crimea, in Georgia, in the Caucasus, Swaveborg, Kronstadt, at Solovki and Kamchatsky. In fact, our report fought alone, there were minor Bulgarian forces on our side (3000 soldiers) and the Greek legion (800 people). From the opposite shore there was an international coalition in the UK, France, the Ottoman Empire and Sardinia, the total number of more than 750 thousand.

Peace treaty: Orthodox without Russia.

The peace treaty was signed on March 30, 1856 in Paris at the International Congress with the participation of all fought powers, as well as Austria and Prussia.
Under the terms of the contract, Russia returned to Turkey Kars in exchange for Sevastopol, Balaklava and other cities in Crimea captured by the allies; I gave way to the Moldovan principality, the mouth of the Danube and part of the southern Bessarabia. The Black Sea was declared neutral, Russia and Turkey could not keep the military fleet there. Russia and Turkey could only contain 6 steam vessels at 800 tons. And 4 of the vessel of 200 tons. To carry the guard service. The autonomy of Serbia and Danube principalities were confirmed, but the Supreme Power of the Turkish Sultan was preserved over them. The previously adopted provisions of the London Convention of 1841 were confirmed about the closure of Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits for military vessels of all countries, except for Turkey. Russia was obliged not to build military fortifications in the Aland Islands and in the Baltic Sea.
The patronage of Turkish Christians was transferred to the "concert" of all the great powers, that is, England, France, Austria, Prussia and Russia. The treatise deprived our country to protect the interests of the Orthodox population in the territory of the Ottoman Empire.

Historical meditation. Part 2.

Crimean war 1853-1856.

The first Crimean war in the middle of the XIX century Russia-Muscovy lost. Terribly and shamefully. And they did not save any Nakhimov, Kornilov, Istominas and others. Loaded under the back of a two-headed crow. They say, after all this, the emperor Nikolai Palych infarct has enough or something else, not essence. In short, I leaned back. Well, dust with him, with a scam, let him in hell in hell will be slightly.
Now on the threshold, the new Crimean War. Let's see what was the political disposition then, and what is now.
Then.
To the beginning of the Crimean War, Moscow was in political isolation. Most states of MIR hated Russia.
Now.
To the beginning of the Crimean War, Moscow was in political isolation. Most states of MIR hates the Russian Federation.
Then.
Forces of the three empires: British, French and Ottoman united to give conformity to the negligence blood crown (Voronene) in its arrogance claims to "protection of the rights of the Orthodox population in the port" and the attacks on Turkey with an explicit goal of the seizure of Constantinople - a long-standing dream of all the Ordan and post-order Moscow and St. Petersburg kings. Three states, three empires competing among themselves in the international arena, united for the application of the enomemic and military damage to the Muscovine King Muscovine.
Now.
US forces, united Europe, Australia, the same Turkey and all adequate mіra united to give conformity to the negligence blood crown (ravene) in its arrogance claims to "protection of the rights of the so-called Russian population in Crimea and in the Donbas" and the attacks on Ukraine With an explicit goal of capturing and rejection by eight regions. States competing among themselves in the international arena, united for the application of the enomemic and military damage to the gloomy Muscovites King.
Then.
The Crimean War of 1853-1856 was not only Crimean. She was held against Muscovy around Mir.
Now.
The new Crimean War will be not only Crimean. I can not predict the full theater yet, but the timing of it is clearly shorter.
Then.
What ended the Crimean War - it is known. No heroic defense Sevastpol did not help ", no matter how they are convinced of this" heroic panoramas "from Papier-Masha. Franz Rubo, beautiful, yes, let it stand, okay, this is a story.
Now.
It can be assumed that the result will be similar.
Then.
The West allowed a key strategic error. Did not finish Russia.
Now.
The West will not allow a key strategic error. Will achieve. How much can you step on the same rake?!

From Wikipedia.
"The Crimean War of 1853-1856, and this is the Eastern War - the war between the Russian Empire, on the one hand, and the coalition within the British, French, Ottoman Empires and the Sardinian kingdom, on the other. The fighting unfolded at the Caucasus, in Danube Principles, Baltic, Black, Azov, White and Barents Seas, as well as in Kamchatka. They reached the greatest voltage in the Crimea. Russia lost the war.
The essential prerequisite for the conflict was that in Europe (except for the Greek kingdom - "the only one european country On the side of Russia ") from the 1840s there was an unprecedented strengthening of anti-Russian sentiment. In the Western press, Russia was emphasized to master Constantinople.
A few years before the Crimean War (in 1848) Karl Marx, who himself was actively published in the Western European press, wrote that the German newspaper, to save liberal reputation, it was necessary to "take hatred to Russian in time." F. Engels in several articles in the English press, published in March-April 1853, accused Russia in the desire to capture Constantinople.
In the same 1853, the English liberal newspaper Daily News assured his readers that Christians in the Ottoman Empire enjoy greater religious freedom than in Orthodox Russia and Catholic Austria.
In 1854 London "Times" wrote: "It would be good to return Russia to the processing of internal lands, driving Muscovites deep into the forests and steppes." In the same year, D. Rassel, the leader of the House of Commons and the head of the liberal party said: "We must snatch fangs from a bear ... While his fleet and the sea arsenal on the Black Sea is not destroyed, there will be no security in Constantinople, will not be peace in Europe."
Sinop Battle - the defeat of the Turkish squadron of the Russian Black Sea Fleet 18 (30) of November 1853, under the command of Admiral Nakhimov. The battle occurred in the harbor of the city of Sinop on the Black Sea coast of Turkey. The actions of the Russian fleet caused an extremely negative reaction in the English press and got the name of "Sinopska Massacre" ("Massacre of Sinope"). Ultimately, it pushed the United Kingdom and France to join the war (in March 1854) on the side of the Ottoman Empire. Today, December 1 is the Day of the Military Glory of Russia - the Victory Day of the Russian Squadron under the command of P.S.Nakhimov over the Turkish squadron at Cape Sinop.
(From himself. Nakhimov - the killer, not a hero! Called the entire population of Sinop and celebrate! Here is the scum Moskalskaya! And what are they better than the Turks who cut Armenians in 1915?).
The consequences of war.
The war led to the disorder of the financial system of the Russian Empire (Russia spent 800 million rubles, Britain - 76 million pounds): To finance military spending, the government had to resort to the printing of unsecured credit tickets, which led to a decrease in their silver coating from 45% in 1853. Up to 19% in 1858, that is, in fact, more than a two-time depreciation of the ruble (see reforms E.F. Kancin). Again, to go to the short-state state budget, Russia was able in 1870, that is, 14 years after the end of the war. Establish a stable ruble exchange rate to gold and restore its international conversion was managed in 1897, during the monetary reform Witte. (End quote). "

I think now, the consequences will be much worse. Soon we will all be witnesses.

On one of the Russian historical and nationalist sites http://www.rosimperija.info/post/231, I read this:
"Theft flourished in the army. During the war years, it turned out a catastrophe. In this regard, the famous episode is remembered. Nicholas I, perturbed by the discovered almost everywhere all sorts of abuse and the embezzlement, in a conversation with the heir of the throne (the future emperor Alexander II) shared the discovery made them and shook him: "It seems that only two people are not stealing throughout Russia: you are yes." (From yourself. Yes! I would read Putin, which is $ 500 billion stole ...)
For three years, Russia lost 500 thousand people, wounded and captives. Big damage suffered allies: about 250 thousand killed, wounded and died of disease. As a result of the war, Russia gave way to the Middle East of France and England. Her prestige in the international arena was strongly undermined. March 13, 1856 In Paris, a peace treaty was signed, according to the terms of which the Black Sea was declared neutral, the Russian fleet was reduced to a minimum and the fortress structures were destroyed. Similar requirements were exhibited and Turkey. In addition, Russia deprived the mouth of the Danube and the southern part of Bessarabia, it was supposed to return the Kars Fortress, and also lost the right to patronize Serbia, Moldova and Valahia.
The defeat of Russia in the Crimean War was inevitable. Why? "This is a war of cretinov with rags," said F.I. Tyutchev about the Crimean War. Too sharp? Maybe. But if you consider the fact that others died for the ambitions of some, then the saying of Tyutchev will be accurate. (End of quotes). "

I would agree with Theodore Ioannovich, who refused to understand Russia-Muscovy mind, but here is not enough: who is the cretins, who are rascal?
Cretina, it is necessary to assume, the Muscovites that began this war by attacking Sinop and the genocide of local Turks.
And who are the villains? British and French who, forgetting the pattern, these Turks protected? Evoid, no. So therefore, the villains are also moskali. So what did they fought with them?
That's really, "the mind of Russia is not understood" ...

To be continued. Come on the site.

In the topic: https://focus.ua/archivist/341153/

Reviews

The first Crimean war in the middle of the XIX century Russia-Muscovy lost.

Well, not the Crimean War, but at the present oriental .... Crimean is not only for Europriyridov not knowledgeable stories....)))) ... And she was engaged in the British and French in the Baltic Sea, they were able to capture only the Alanian Islands and no more, was lost to the British and French in the north, their attack of the Solovetsky Islands failed ... Littered by the British and French by Pacific Ocean, Attack on Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky ended with the defeat of the landing of the Allies .... On the Black Sea allies, Sevastopol did not take it ... They were captured with huge losses only the southern and ship side, and the north side remained for us ... The Black Sea coast of the Allies was ruined ... But only and everything ... Kars Turks in December 1855 could not hold ....

A brief excursion in history or why Europe will go to our Crimea

Causes of the Crimean War
The eastern issue has always been relevant to Russia. After the seizure of the Byzantium and the establishment of Ottoman rule, Russia remained the strongest Orthodox state in the world. Nikolay 1, Russian Emperor, sought to strengthen Russian influence in the Middle East and Balkans, supporting the national-liberation struggle of the peoples of the Balkans for liberation from Muslim dominion. But these plans threatened Great Britain and France, which also sought to strengthen their influence in the Middle Eastern region. Among other things, Napoleon 3, the then Emperor of France, it was simply necessary to switch the attention of his people from his own unpopular person to a more popular war with Russia at that time.
The reason was pretty easy. In 1853, there was another dispute between Catholics and Orthodox for the right to repair the dome of the Bethlehem Temple on the spot of Christ. The decision was to take the Sultan, who in the incitement of France decided the question in favor of Catholics. Requirements of Prince A.S. Menshikov, the Emergency Ambassador of Russia on the right of the Russian emperor to patronize the Orthodox subjects of Turkish Sultan, was rejected, after which the Russian troops occupied Valachia and Moldova, and the Turks responded to the protest to leaving the data of the principality, motivating their actions by the protectorate over them under the Adrianopol Treaty.
After some political manipulations from European states in the Union with Turkey, the latter declared war on Russia 4 (16) of October 1853.
At the first stage, while Russia dealt with one only Ottoman EmpireShe won: in the Caucasus (battle under Bashkadyklyar) Turkish troops suffered a crushing defeat, and the destruction of 14 ships of the Turkish fleet near Sinop was one of the brightest victories of the Russian fleet.

Entry of England and France in the Crimean War
And here, "Christian" France and England intervened, who announced Russia 15 (27) of March 1854 and seized Evpatoria in early September. Paris Cardinal Sibur described them as an impossible Union: "The war in which France has joined with Russia is not a political war, but the war is sacred, ... religious. ... the need to drive a heresy Foto ... Such is the recognized goal of this new cross hike... "could not withstand the combined forces of such powers. The role of both internal contradictions and insufficient technical equipment of the army played. In addition, the Crimean War moved to other directions. Turkey's allies in the North Caucasus - Shamil's detachments - hit the back, Kokand opposed the Russians in Central Asia (however, they were not lucky - the fight for Fort Perovsky, where 10 enemies accounted for each Russian, led to the defeat of the Kokand troops) .
There were also fights in the Baltic Sea - on the Alanian Islands and the Finnish coast, and in the White Sea - for Coke, Solovetsky Monastery and Arkhangelsk, was an attempt to take Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. However, all these battles were Russians won, which forced England and France to see a more serious enemy in Russia and take the most decisive actions.
14 (26) January 1855 The Kingdom of Sardinia joined the Union against Russia.


Defense of Sevastopol in 1854-1855
The outcome of the war decided the defeat of Russian troops in the defense of Sevastopol, the siege of which the coalition troops lasted almost a year (349 days). During this time, there was too much unfavorable events for Russia: the talented leaders of Kornilov, Istomin, Totleben, Nakhimov died, and on February 18 (March 2), 1855 died in St. Petersburg and the emperor All-Russian, King Polish and Grand Duke Finnish Nicholas 1. On August 27 (September 8), 1855, Malakhov Kurgan was taken, the defense of Sevastopol became meaningless, the next day the Russians left the city.

Defeat of Russia in the Crimean War of 1853-1856
After taking the French by the French in October and notes of Austria, who still complied with Prussia, armed neutrality, the further conduct of the war weakened by Russia did not make sense.
18 (30) Martain 1856 in Paris, a peace treaty was signed, which imposed Russians by the will of European states and Turkey, who had forbidden to have a military fleet to have a military fleet, who had stipulated the Black Sea bases, which had to strengthen the Aland Islands who had canceled the Protectorate over Serbia, Valahius and Moldova, forced to exchange Kars on Sevastopol and Balaklava, and the resulting transmission by the Moldovan Principality of Southern Bessarabia (who moved away the Russian borders on the Danube). Russia was depleted by the Crimean War, its economy is very upset.








At the end, I want to add a few words from myself.
Europe never wished to see at her side prosperous and strong Russia. But modern politicians apparently badly remember history. Russia is not accustomed to alone to fight back from the enemies. And as a result, always win.