Tajik SSR. Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic

TAJIK SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC, Tajikistan(T.) is a union republic located in the southern part of the USSR, in the southeast of Central Asia. Borders with China, Afghanistan; internal borders - with the Uzbek and Kirghiz SSR. The area is 143.1 thousand km 2, the population is 4119 thousand people. (1981). The capital is Dushanbe (530 thousand inhabitants, 1983). The Tajik SSR includes 4 regions (Leninabad, Kulyab, Kurgan-Tyubinsk and Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region) and 8 districts of republican subordination.

The Tajik SSR was formed as an autonomous republic within the Uzbek SSR on October 14, 1924; On October 16, 1929, it was transformed into the Tajik SSR and on December 5, 1929, it directly became part of the USSR as an equal union republic.

The relief of the Tajik SSR is mountainous: 93% of the area is occupied by mountains belonging to the Tien Shan, Gissar-Alai and Pamir systems, with almost 1/2 of the territory located at an altitude of more than 3000 m above sea level. m. Plain spaces - mainly river valleys of the Turan lowland and intermontane basins.

The climate is continental, characterized by sharp seasonal and daily fluctuations in temperature and precipitation.

The bowels of T. are rich in various minerals: deposits of lead, zinc, gold, noble spinel, lapis lazuli, and others have been known for a long time. More than 70 deposits are under industrial development of St. 25 types of mineral raw materials. On their basis, mining, oil, gas and chemical industries are successfully developing. industry. In terms of hydro resources, T. ranks second in the USSR (after the RSFSR).

Having embarked on the path of socialist development, the Tajik SSR within a short historical period became a republic with a developed industry and mechanized agriculture, advanced culture and science. The industry of Turkmenistan is represented by more than 90 branches and types of production. Its structure is dominated by light and food industries. The leading branch of agriculture in the republic is cotton growing. The production of grain, fodder, oilseeds, subtropical crops, geranium, tobacco, vegetables, melons, grapes, as well as forestry and silkworm breeding is developed. Animal husbandry plays an important role in agriculture.

Socialist transformations in agriculture - the creation of large highly mechanized collective farms and state farms, operating on a modern technological basis, contributed to a significant increase in the cash incomes of collective farms, which in 1980 were 17 times higher than in 1940. 1980 increased in comparison with 1960 by 3.5 times. Capital investments reached RUB 970 million. The value of industrial products amounted to 3 billion 506 million rubles (in 1975 prices).

Before establishing Soviet power T. had a small number of literate people; it is currently a republic of solid literacy. During the years of Soviet power, 10 universities, 38 secondary specialized educational institutions, and a number of research institutions were created in the republic.

Geographic, natural and historical conditions determined a great unevenness in the distribution of the population across the territory of the republic. The valleys and intermontane depressions are densely populated; For example, in the Gissar valley, the population density reaches 100 or more people per 1 km2. In mountainous districts, the population density is 4-10 people. per 1 km2. The least populated is the Eastern Pamir, where there are 0.4 people per 1 km2.

T. is a multinational republic. Its indigenous population - Tajiks - is one of the most ancient peoples of Central Asia (58.8%, according to the 1979 census), there are also Uzbeks (22.9%), Russians (10.4%), Tatars (2.1%) , Kyrgyz (1.3%), Turkmens (0.4%), Ukrainians (0.9%), Jews (0.4%).

The radical changes that took place during the years of Soviet power in the economy and culture of the Tajik SSR had a decisive impact on the rate of population reproduction, its structure and distribution. The population in 1981 in comparison with 1913 increased by almost 4 times; 35% are urban and 65% rural. Population growth is mainly due to natural growth. In terms of natural increase (30.4 per 1000 inhabitants, 1980), T. ranks first in the USSR, which is the result not only of a high birth rate, but also an improvement in the well-being of the people, the health care system, a decrease in mortality and an increase in life expectancy. The high rates of development of the republic's productive forces contribute to a large influx of population from other republics of the USSR.

Available statistics on morbidity in Khojent district (1916) show that 70% of inpatients and 80% of abmulatory patients were persons € inf. diseases.

Thanks to the systematic rise of the economy, the improvement of the social and living conditions of the people, the expansion to lay down. - prof. smallpox, plague, cholera, malaria, relapsing fever, papatachi fever, trachoma have long been eliminated in the republic; the incidence of typhoid fever, dysentery, brucellosis and anthrax has decreased tenfold. The incidence of typhus, diphtheria, poliomyelitis, tetanus has been reduced to isolated cases. The health care system began to take shape in T. after the October Revolution in fact from scratch: in 1913 there was only 1 hospital for 40 beds in the republic. By 1929 it was already 22 to lay down. - prof. institutions for 990 beds. Health care received intensive development after the formation of the Tajik SSR; the first hospitals and outpatient clinics appeared in cities and districts, institutions for the protection of mothers and children were created, as well as sanitary and anti-epidemic institutions, tropstations, sanitary and bacteriological laboratories, etc.

Medical personnel. In 1913, only 13 doctors and 32 paramedics worked on the territory of present-day T., among whom there was not one of the indigenous nationalities.

After the establishment of Soviet power, doctors and paramedics from fraternal republics (RSFSR, Ukraine, etc.) began to arrive in the republic. Along with this, measures were taken in the republic to create a base for training personnel on the spot. Already in the early 30s. in the city of Khojent (now Leninabad) honey was opened. technical school, in the city of Stalinabad (now the city of Dushanbe) - honey. in-t and honey. technical College. The first doctors from among the Tajiks were U. M. Muminov and H. U. Umarov, who graduated from med. Faculty of University in 1931 In the mid-30s. honey. technical schools graduated the first paramedics. Educational institutions of the republic, however, could not fully satisfy the rapidly growing demand for honey. frames. Some of the doctors in T. were sent from other republics.

Of the total number of people who worked in the health care system of the republic in 1982, St. 10 thousand doctors and more than 25 thousand paramedical workers.

Growth in the provision of the population medical staff from 1913 to 1980 is reflected in table. 1.

Medical education. Training of specialists with higher honey. education (doctors, pharmacists, dentists) is carried out at the Tajik State Medical Institute named after Abu Ali Ibn-Sina, established in 1939, the Institute annually produces approx. 600 specialists. In addition, applicants are sent from Tatarstan to the country's medical universities every year.

Paramedics (paramedics, midwives, nurses, dental technicians, pharmacists, sanitary paramedics, paramedics-laboratory assistants) are trained by 6 medical schools, the annual release of which is more than 2000 people.

Specialization and improvement of medical personnel are carried out on the basis of the faculty of advanced training for doctors at the Tajik State Medical Institute, TsIU and other in-ones for advanced training of doctors of the country. In addition, doctors improve their qualifications at annual field improvement courses, republican seminars and through internships at the country's research institutes. Advanced training of paramedics is carried out at the Republican School of Advanced Training for paramedics, organized in 1981, as well as in honey. schools on the bases of republican and regional to lay down. - prof. institutions.

Hospital help. Table 2 shows the data characterizing the growth of the network of hospitals in the republic and the provision of the population with bed capacity. The data indicate that in 1980 the bed capacity in Tajikistan was 990 times more than in 1913 and almost 9 times more than in 1940. The decrease in the number of hospital institutions was due to their reorganization and enlargement.

A wide network of hospital institutions has been created in the republic, the edges make it possible to provide timely inpatient medical care to the population not only in cities, but also in the most remote mountain corners. On a large scale, the specialization of the bed fund and equipment to lay down is carried out. institutions with modern equipment and apparatus.

In the republic there are children's inf. hospitals, anti-tuberculosis hospitals, etc. The largest hospital in the republic with 1610 beds operates in Dushanbe. Nephrology, burns, cardiology, pulmonology, rheumatology, hematology and other centers have been organized. The intensive care and anesthesiological service is developing intensively: the intensive care and anesthesiology departments have been created in all major to lay down. - prof. institutions.

Cancer care for the population is expanding and improving. The specialization of therapeutic care (gastroenterology, endocrinology, etc.) was further developed.

Community care. In order to bring specialized medical care closer to the population, a network of dispensaries, outpatient clinics, etc. was created. , 3 endocrinological dispensaries. There are 5 medical and physical dispensaries and 70 stations and departments of ambulance in the republic.

The number of medical visits increased by 1 inhabitant. from 1.8 in 1940 to 7.3 in 1981 (taking into account medical visits to patients at home).

Protection of mothers and children. High birth rates, a significant percentage of children in the republic emphasize the exceptional importance of the problem of protecting the health of women and children.

The first institutions for the protection of mothers and infants were organized in 1925 in Dushanbe.

In the future, every year the network of obstetric and children's treatment-and-prophylactic, preschool and sanatorium institutions expanded (in rural areas they were created according to a standard project and with the involvement of funds from collective and state farms); the number of maternity, gynecological and children's beds increased.

In 1980, there were 12 maternity hospitals and 66 maternity wards with 3992 beds in Tatarstan; 140 children's hospitals and departments for 6503 beds. Much attention is paid to the organization of specialized assistance to children. In 1982, specialized care for children in outpatient clinics and clinics was provided in 18-21 specialties in cities and 6-8 in rural areas.

In obstetrics institutions, departments (wards) for nursing premature babies have been created, in all large children's hospitals - departments (wards) for resuscitation and intensive care, pathology of newborns and nursing premature babies. Specialized pediatric teams (including resuscitation teams) have been organized at the stations (departments) of emergency medical care; their number is constantly increasing.

To bring qualified medical care closer to women and children living in remote rural areas, mobile obstetric-gynecological and pediatric teams have been created and operate on the basis of the central regional BC (CRH).

In the health care system of the republic, 27 specialized children's sanatoriums (cardiological, pulmonological, tuberculosis, etc.) have been created. A network of children's "dairy kitchens" is developing (from 45 in 1975 to 103 in 1980). Distribution points have been opened in rural areas. The network of preschool institutions is expanding. equals 55.0 thousand, then in 1980 in 720 preschool institutions it reached 109.0 thousand; created specialized groups(nurseries-kindergartens), boarding schools for sick children. The result of this great work is a significant improvement in the indicators of women's health and the physical development of children.

Dental care. If in 1940 there were 42 dental and dental prosthetics offices, in which only 6 dentists, 59 dentists and 16 dental technicians worked, then in 1980 there were 10 dental clinics in the republic (5 in Dushanbe, 4 - Leninabad, 1 - in Kurgan-Tyube) and a significant number of dental and dental offices in polyclinics, hospitals, and schools. Dentist. assistance to the population of remote mountainous districts is provided by special brigades, to-rye are equipped with the necessary equipment. There is a department of maxillofacial pathology in Dushanbe (for 60 beds) and in the Lenin-Bad region (for 50 beds).

Medical assistance to workers of industrial enterprises, construction and transport is one of the most important tasks of the republic's health authorities. In 1947, in the Tajik SSR, medical units were first organized to serve workers in the mining industry in the village of Konsay and for miners in the city of Shurab. In the 50s. in T., there were 4 medical units with hospitals with a total capacity of 130 beds, 27 medical and 43 paramedic health posts. In 1963, a Republican dispensary for occupational pathology with a department for 50 beds was organized. In 1980, medical assistance to workers was provided by 11 medical units with hospitals with a total capacity of 755 beds, 34 medical health posts, 321 paramedics and 87 workshop areas. In addition, specialized medical care is provided to industrial workers in district, city, regional and republican to lay down. - prof. institutions, as well as in the clinics of the Tajik Medical Institute (see).

Medical assistance to the rural population. Considerable work has been carried out in the republic to improve rural health care. Central regional hospitals have become centers for the provision of qualified and specialized care to rural residents; the volume of medical care provided to the rural population by specialists from republican, regional and city clinical BCs is increasing. I got my further development a network of rural medical "outpatient clinics. Their number from 78 in 1977 increased to 139 in 1982. In addition, there are 114 rural district b-c, 1225 feldsher and obstetric points.

In order to improve the organization of emergency and emergency medical care for the rural population, ambulance stations are being created in areas with the population of St. 100 thousand inhabitants

Work continues on the organization of highly specialized interdistrict departments (traumatology, ophthalmology, otorhinolaryngology, urology, etc.). The network of mobile honey is growing. services (medical outpatient clinics, women's and children's consultations, fluorographic, physiotherapy rooms, wedge, laboratories, etc.). The means of a dignity began to be used more widely. aviation. In April 1983, in Dushanbe, an All-Union meeting was held to exchange experience in organizing medical and sanitary support for shepherds engaged in distant-pasture animal husbandry.

An action plan for further improvement of the medical-dignity has been developed. ensuring and improving the health care of the rural population. Together with other ministries and departments, it is necessary to carry out work on the construction in the village of feldsher-obstetric points, medical outpatient clinics and district BC for typical projects... For these purposes, funds from collective farms and state farms are widely attracted.

The sanitary and epidemiological service in the Tajik SSR began to develop in 1928, when a special decree on dignity was adopted. organs of the republic and was organized by the sanitary and anti-epidemic department under the People's Commissariat of Health. The first dignity. institutions in the republic were malaria, Pasteur and chemical-bacteriological stations (in Kulyab, Dushanbe and Khodjent); the first complex dignity. institutions - SES, to-rye began to create in 1932. In 1980 dignity. - epid. the service was represented by 57 SES, 2 disinfection and 1 anti-plague stations. As a part of SES, 80 bacteriological and a dignity are deployed. - gigabyte. laboratories, including 13 - for communal hygiene, 12 - for food hygiene, 9 - industrial, as well as radiological, toxicological, physicochemical and other laboratories.

Considerable attention is paid to the improvement of cities and other populated areas, protection environment... There are 559 water pipelines and 294 sewerage systems in the republic (1980), 95 gas and dust collection facilities have been put into operation.

Network development dignity. - epid. institutions, strengthening their material and technical base made it possible to strengthen the state dignity. supervision, increase the quantity and improve the quality of the lab. methods of control, which led to a decrease in inf. morbidity and provided a dignity. - epid. well-being of the republic.

Sanatorium assistance. Many lay down. springs of mineral waters on the territory of T. have been known for a long time, but the development of the resort business in the republic began only in the 1930s. So, in 1934, at an altitude of 1740-1960 m above sea level. m. the first in the republic climatic and balneological resort Khoja-Obigarm with 25 seasonal beds began to function. In 1947 the Obigarm resort was organized with 50 seasonal beds. In 1953, a balneological sanatorium for 25 seasonal places was opened in Shoambary village (26 km from Dushanbe); in 1954, not far from Ura-Tyube, a seasonal hydropathic establishment “Khavatag” began to function, and in 1959 - a seasonal hydropathic establishment “Garmchashma” with 25 beds (in the Pamirs). In 1977, the Uratyube sanatorium was opened with 350 beds in summer and 150 beds in winter. The republic has salt lakes with curative silt mud (Aksukon and Tanapchi, etc.).

All sanatoriums are specialized. At the Khoja-Obigarm resort, people suffering from diseases of the organs of movement, cardiovascular system, hron, pathology of the female genital organs and upper respiratory tract are treated. At the Obigarm resort, they successfully treat nervous, gynecological and skin diseases, and at the Shoambara sanatorium - -ki ni. and liver disease. Sanatoriums "Uratyube" and "Zum-rad" are mainly of a cardiological profile.

During the years of Soviet power, new standard buildings have been built in the sanatoriums of T., in which the bed capacity has been significantly increased, labor-intensive processes have been mechanized, and the provision of honey has been improved. personnel. In 1981, 154,353 people were treated and rested in sanatoriums and recreation facilities of the Tajik SSR, including 22,689 people in rest homes and boarding houses.

Industrial bottling of Shoambara, Faizabad, An-zob and others was organized.

Health education. During the formation of Soviet power a dignity. - skylight, work in T. was carried out mainly by honey. workers of military medical units. The measures taken by the health authorities to combat diseases were to a certain extent inhibited by the superstitions and prejudices that existed at that time among the majority of the population, and a negative attitude towards Soviet medicine. To dignity. - skylight. From the very first days of Soviet power, teachers and other representatives of the intelligentsia who spoke the local language and enjoyed authority among the population were involved in the work. In the 30s. exhibitions on health issues began to be organized. More and more leaflets, memos, posters, methodological collections and other dignity-skylight were published. materials. The first House of Health Education in the republic was organized in Dushanbe in 1938. Med. and gig. upbringing of the population in 1980 was carried out by 25 houses and 13 rooms of sanitary education, 126 national high fur boots and 25 health departments.

Pharmacy. Before the revolution there was only one small private pharmacy in the city of Khojent throughout the territory of present-day T., which was closed in 1917. In 1924 the first pharmacy in the republic was opened in Dushanbe; 4 pharmacists worked there. In the same year, the first hygiene store was organized. In 1929, at the People's Commissariat of Health of the republic, the Main Pharmacy Directorate was created, in whose jurisdiction there were already 10 pharmacies. In 1940, 71 pharmacies functioned in the Tajik SSR (12 in cities and 59 in rural areas).

In 1980, the republic's pharmacy network consisted of 4 regional and 1 city pharmacy departments, 4 pharmacy warehouses, 4 control and analytical laboratories, 352 pharmacies (147 in cities and 205 in rural areas), 36 central district, 13 hospital and 8 interhospital pharmacies, 583 pharmacy points and 18 pharmacy branches. There is a pharmacy in the republic. a factory that produces products of 67 names of medicines, with an annual production volume of 920 thousand rubles.

Along with the quantitative growth of the pharmacy network, its quality indicators have grown immeasurably and improved. Pharmacies are equipped with improved equipment and modern. pharmacy furniture, the use of the production area of pharmacies is planned in a new way; introduced many innovations to facilitate the work of pharmacists.

New progressive forms of public service are being introduced: 11 pharmacies are in operation. information, according to prescriptions of doctors, medicines are dispensed through branches of pharmacies at large polyclinics, etc.

Improving the material well-being and cultural level of workers, the approximation of honey. and medical assistance to the population, an increase in budgetary allocations to lay down. - prof. institutions for the purchase of medicines contributed to a sharp increase in the supply of medicines and medical products. destination.

Since 1935, scientists, together with practical workers, began to study such widespread then diseases as malaria and intestinal infections, tick-borne spirochetosis, leishmaniasis, brucellosis, etc. diseases.

Significant development medical science observed in the postwar years. In 1946, a group of doctors was sent from T. to scientific institutions in Moscow.

Established in 1959 in Dushanbe at the Academy of Sciences of the Tajik SSR, the Institute of Regional Medicine (now the Institute of Gastroenterology) began its activities with the study of nutritional issues, traditional medicine, the use of local medicinal herbs, resort resources. In 1971, a problem laboratory of women's pathology, hereditary and congenital diseases was organized, on the basis of a cut in 1980 the Research Institute of Motherhood and Childhood was created.

In the popularization and implementation of the achievements of honey. science in practice, an important role is played by the journal "Health of Tajikistan", published since 1933.

The number of medical scientists from the national staff is growing every year. In 1981, there was St. 300 doctors with advanced degrees, including 51 doctors of med. sciences. Among them, 16 people. have the honorary title of merit. scientist, two were elected to the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, two to the Academy of Sciences of the Tajik SSR, four were awarded the title of laureate of the Abu Ali Ibn-Sina Prize. The names of M.G. Gulyamov, Yu.B. Iskhaki (see vol. 10, additional materials), XX Mansurov, Yu.N. Nuraliev, A.T. Pulatova, Ya.A. Rakhimova, K. T. Tadzhieva, N. U. Usmanova, K. A. Khasanova, A. I. Shurenkova and others.

In 1982, 24 republican scientific medical centers functioned in the Tajik SSR. about-va.

All research work carried out in the health care system is coordinated and controlled by the Scientific Medical Council, which has been functioning since 1932 at M3 of the republic.

Healthcare budget. The allocations for health care are increasing from year to year. In 1981, the health care budget was 161.0 million rubles, which is 23 times more than in 1940, when only 6.9 million rubles were allocated for health care.

Table 1

GROWTH OF THE SECURITY OF THE POPULATION APPLYING ON THE TERRITORY OF THE TAJIK SSR WITH MEDICAL PERSONNEL IN COMPARISON WITH THE PRE-REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD (from 1913 to 1980; people)

table 2

DYNAMICS OF GROWTH IN THE NUMBER OF HOSPITAL INSTITUTIONS AND SECURITY OF THE POPULATION LIVING IN THE TERRITORY OF THE TAJIK SSR, IN BUNCHES IN COMPARISON WITH THE PRE-REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD (1913 - 1981)

Bibliography: The national economy of the USSR in 1982, Statistical Yearbook, M., 1983.

I. A. Sazhenin.

THE USSR. TAJIK SSR

Soviet Socialist Republic

The Tajik SSR (Tajikistan) is located in the south-east. Central Asia. It borders Afghanistan in the south and China in the east. The area is 143.1 thousand km2. Population 3486 thousand people. (as of January 1, 1976). Ethnic composition (according to the 1970 census, thousand people): Tajiks 1630, Uzbeks 666, Russians 344, Tatars 71, Kyrgyz 35, Ukrainians 32, etc. The average population density is 24.4 people. per 1 km2 (as of January 1, 1976). The capital is Dushanbe (448 thousand inhabitants as of January 1, 1976). A large city is Leninabad (121 thousand inhabitants). New cities have grown up: Nurek, Ordzhonikidze-abad, Isfara, Regar, Kairakkum, Khorog, etc. The Tajik SSR includes Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Okrug and 2 administrative regions. In April 1977, the third region was formed - Kurgan-Tyubinskaya. The republic is divided into 41 districts; has 18 cities and 47 urban-type settlements.

Nature. Over 90% of the territory is occupied by mountains belonging to the Tien Shan, Gissar-Alai and Pamir systems (with the highest point of the USSR - Communism Peak, 7495 m). In the north is the western edge of the Fergana Valley, in the southwest. - Vakhsh and Gissar valleys. Mineral resources: ores of non-ferrous and rare metals, fluorite, coal, natural gas, table salt. The climate is continental. The average January temperature is from 2, -2 ° C in the valleys and foothills of the southwest. and S. to -20 | C and below in the Pamirs, July, respectively, from 30 to O | C and below. Precipitation (on plains and valleys up to an altitude of 500 m) is 150-300 mm per year. The main rivers are Syr Darya, Amu Darya (with Vakhsh), Zeravshan; lake - Karakul. The soils are gray-earth, brown, mountain meadow. Desert, steppe and alpine meadow vegetation prevails.

Historical reference... Class society on the territory of Tajikistan emerged in the 1st half of the 1st millennium BC. NS. (state of Bactria). In the 6-4 centuries. BC NS. the territory was ruled by the Iranian Achaemenids, Alexander the Great. From the 3rd century. BC NS. was part of the Greco-Bactrian and Kushan kingdoms; during this period, the invasions of Chionites, Hephtalites, Turks took place; popular uprisings of Mazdak and Abruya. In the 8th century. the people put up heroic resistance to the Arab conquest (the Mukanna revolt). In the 9-10th centuries. territory within the state of the Takhirids and Samanids; mainly the Tajik nationality has developed. In the 10th - early 13th centuries. was part of the states: Ghaznavids, Karakhanids, Khorezm. In the 13th century. conquered by the Mongol-Tatars; the people's liberation struggle against the Tatar yoke (the uprisings of Malik Sanjar, Tarabi, Timur-Melik). In the 14-15 centuries. territory within the Timurid state; from the 16th century - the Bukhara Khanate and a number of small feudal possessions. In 1868 Northern part the territory is annexed to Russia (parts of the Fergana and Samarkand regions), the Bukhara Khanate in vassal dependence on Russia; inclusion in the system of the all-Russian economy hastened the emergence of industry. At the beginning of the 20th century. the first social democratic circles appeared. The working people of the region took part in the Revolution of 1905-07, the Central Asian Uprising of 1916, the February Revolution of 1917 and the Great October Socialist Revolution. Soviet power in Northern Tajikistan was established in November 1917 - February 1918. By the end of 1918, Soviet power was proclaimed throughout Tajikistan. In 1918-1923, with the help of the Red Army, the workers defeated the White Guards and Basmachi. In 1921-22, land and water reforms were carried out. According to the national-state demarcation, on October 14, 1924, the Tajik ASSR was formed as part of the Uzbek SSR, and on December 5, 1929, the Tajik SSR was a part of the USSR as a union republic. As a result of the industrialization carried out under the leadership of the Communist Party, the collectivization of agriculture and the cultural revolution, a mainly socialist society was built in the republic.

During the Great Patriotic War, the Tajik people mobilized all their forces to repulse fascist aggression.

On January 1, 1976, the Communist Party of Tajikistan had 92,842 members and 3,874 candidates for party membership; there were 313,089 members in the ranks of the Leninist Communist Youth Union of Tajikistan; there are 786,080 trade union members in the republic.

The Tajik people, together with all the fraternal peoples of the USSR, achieved new successes in communist construction in the post-war decades.

The Tajik SSR was awarded the Order of Lenin (1956), the Order of Friendship of Peoples (1972), and the Order of the October Revolution (1974).

Economy. During the years of socialist construction, Tajikistan has become an industrial-agrarian republic. Tajik SSR in the complex National economy The USSR stands out as one of the regions of cotton growing, mining of non-ferrous and rare metal ores, and light and food industries. Tajikistan is the country's main base for the production of fine staple cotton. Tajikistan has developed economic ties with all union republics.

In 1975 the volume of industrial output exceeded the 1940 level by 14 times, and the 1913 level by 121 times.

Tab. 1 . - Production of the most important types of products

Electricity, billion kWh

Coal, thousand tons

Oil (including gas condensate), thousand tons

Gas, million m3

Mineral fertilizers (in conventional units), thousand tons

Power transformers, thousand kVA

Cement, thousand tons

Prefabricated reinforced concrete structures and parts, thousand m3 of products

Cotton-fiber, thousand tons

Cotton fabrics, mln.m

Raw silk, t

Silk fabrics, million m

Carpets and rugs, all-woolen and half-woolen, thousand m2

Underwear jersey, mln. Pcs.

Outer jersey, mln. Pcs.

Leather footwear, million pairs

Vegetable oil, thousand tons

Canned food, mln. Conventional cans

Grape wine, thousand dal

For the production of the most important types of industrial products, see the data in table. 1 .

The most important power plant is the Nurek HPP. Non-ferrous metallurgy was created. The food industry (mainly oil and fat, wine and fruit and vegetable production) accounts for about 1/4 of the gross industrial output (1975). Machine building and light industry are developed, and chemistry is developing.

The gross agricultural output in 1975 increased fourfold as compared with 1940. At the end of 1975, there were 147 state farms and 242 collective farms. In 1975, 28.4 thousand tractors (in physical units; 3.9 thousand in 1940), 2.9 thousand cotton pickers, 1.2 thousand grain harvesters (0.1 thousand in 1940) worked in agriculture. , 13.9 thousand trucks (1.5 thousand in 1940). Agricultural land in 1975 amounted to 4.1 million hectares (29% of the entire territory), including arable land - 0.8 million hectares, hayfields - 0.03 million hectares and pastures - 3.18 million hectares. Irrigation is essential for agriculture. Built: Big Gissar, Dalverzin, Big Fergana, Northern Fergana canals; Farhad, Kairakkum, Nurek reservoirs. The area of irrigated land in 1975 reached 567 thousand hectares. Agriculture provides about 73% of the value of gross agricultural output (1975). Data on sown areas and gross yield of agricultural crops, see table. 2.

Tab. 2. - Sown area and gross yield of agricultural crops

The whole sown area, thousand hectares

Cereals

Cotton

Flax curly

Melons and gourds

Fodder crops

Gross harvest, thousand tons

Cereals

Raw cotton

The leading branch of agriculture is cotton growing. An essential oil crop is cultivated - geranium. Horticulture and viticulture were widely developed. The trench culture of lemons has been mastered. The area of fruit and berry plantations (including citrus) is 66 thousand hectares in 1975 (21 thousand hectares in 1940), vineyards - 22 thousand hectares (8 thousand hectares in 1940). The gross harvest of fruits and berries - 276 thousand tons in 1975 (121 thousand tons in 1940), grapes - 147 thousand tons (49 thousand tons in 1940).

Livestock raising is predominantly of the distant pasture type (see Table 3). Sericulture is developed. In 1975 3.4 thousand tons of cocoons were harvested.

On the growth of livestock production, see the data in table. 4 .

Cattle

including cows

Sheep and goats

Bird, mln.

Tab. 4 . - Manufacturing of basic products

Meat (slaughter weight), thousand tons

Milk, thousand tons

Eggs, mln.

Wool, thousand tons

Service length railways 903 km in 1975, of which 470 km are narrow-gauge. Under Construction (1977) railway line wide gauge Termez - Kurgan-Tyube - Yavan (264 km), more than 200 km of which were put into operation in 1974. The length of highways is 13.4 thousand km (1975), including 9.7 thousand km with hard surface. The navigable river routes are 0.2 thousand km. Air transport is developed. Pipeline transport is represented by gas pipelines in South-West Tajikistan (from local gas fields) and branches to the cities of North Tajikistan from the Mubarek-Bekabad-Fergana gas pipeline. Gas from Afghanistan is supplied through the Kelif-Dushanbe gas pipeline.

The standard of living of the population of the republic is steadily increasing. The national income from 1966 to 1975 increased 1.8 times. Real income per capita in 1975 compared with 1965 increased 1.6 times. Retail turnover of state and cooperative trade (including public catering) increased from 100 million rubles. in 1940 to 1,675 million rubles. in 1975, while the turnover per capita - 5.8 times. The amount of deposits in savings banks in 1975 reached 451 million rubles. (5 million rubles in 1940), the average size deposit - 750 rubles. (44 rubles in 1940). At the end of 1975, the urban housing stock amounted to 11.9 million m2 of total (useful) area. During 1971-75, 5,821,000 m2 of total (useful) area was put into operation at the expense of the state, collective farms and the population.

Cultural construction. According to the 1897 census, the literacy rate of the population was 2.3%. At the beginning of the 20th century. in Khojent (now Leninabad), Ura-Tyube and other cities, there were 10 so-called. There were no Russian-native schools (in the 1914/15 academic year there were 369 students), there were no secondary specialized and higher educational institutions. After the establishment of Soviet power, national school with teaching in the native language. In 1939, literate people accounted for 82.8 percent of the population; according to the 1970 census, 99.6 percent.

In 1975, 82,000 children were educated in permanent preschool institutions.

In 1975/76 academic year In 3.2 thousand general education schools of all types, 0.9 million students were enrolled, in 59 vocational and technical educational institutions - 23.6 thousand students (including in 23 vocational and technical educational institutions that provide secondary education, enrolled 8.7 thousand students), 38 secondary specialized educational institutions studied 38.1 thousand students, 9 universities - 50.4 thousand students. Largest universities: Tajik University, Tajik Medical Institute, Agricultural Institute.

In 1975, 737 people per 1000 people employed in the national economy had higher and secondary (complete and incomplete) education. (45 people - in 1939).

The largest scientific institution is the Academy of Sciences of the Tajik SSR. In 1975, 6,600 scientific workers (including university researchers) worked in scientific institutions of the republic.

The network of cultural institutions has developed significantly. As of January 1, 1975, there were 11 theaters, including the Tajik Opera and Ballet Theater, the Tajik Drama Theater, and the Republican Theater of Musical Comedy; 1.1 thousand stationary cinema installations; 1.2 thousand club establishments; the largest republican library - the State Library of the Tajik SSR named after Ferdowsi (opened in 1933 on the basis of the city library, which emerged in 1925, 2.5 million copies of books, brochures, magazines, etc.); 1.4 thousand public libraries (9.4 million copies of books and magazines); 7 museums.

In 1975, 868 titles of books and brochures were published with a total circulation of 6.0 million. (372 titles with a circulation of 2823 thousand copies in 1940), including 413 titles in the Tajik language with a circulation of 4.3 million copies; 61 magazine editions were published with a total annual circulation of 19.0 million copies. (9 editions, with an annual circulation of 141 thousand copies in 1940). 61 newspapers were published with an annual circulation of about 226 million copies. Newspapers are published in Tajik, Russian and other languages.

The Tajik Telegraph Agency (TajikTA) has been operating since 1933. The Republican Book Chamber was founded in 1936. The first radio broadcasts began in 1924. In 1975, the Republican radio broadcasts in Tajik, Russian and Uzbek. Television broadcasts have been conducted since 1959. Television center in Dushanbe.

In 1975 there were 278 hospital institutions with 33.5 thousand beds in the republic (121 hospitals with 4.5 thousand beds in 1940); 7.2 thousand doctors and 21.2 thousand nurses worked (0.6 thousand doctors and 2.7 thousand nurses in 1940). Balneological and climatic resorts are popular: Obigarm, Khoja-Obigarm.

Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region

Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Okrug was formed on January 2, 1925. It is located within the Pamir. The area is 63.7 thousand km2. Population 116 thousand people. (as of January 1, 1976). The average population density is 1.8 people. per 1 km2. Center - Khorog.

The leading sector of the economy is agriculture. In 1975 there were 15 state farms and 46 collective farms. The sown area of all agricultural crops in 1975 amounted to 17.1 thousand hectares. Agriculture is irrigated and is mainly concentrated in the Western Pamirs. Gardening, sericulture. Animal husbandry predominates in the Eastern Pamirs (mainly fat-tailed sheep and yaks). Livestock (as of January 1, 1976, thousand): cattle 63.6, sheep and goats 335.6. In 1975 the volume of industrial output exceeded the 1940 level by 28 times. Local industry is developing. Table salt is mined.

In 1975/76 academic year In 265 general education schools of all types, 34.8 thousand students were enrolled, in a vocational school - 287 students, in a medical school - 68 students. Among scientific institutions- Pamir Biological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the Tajik SSR.

In 1975, a theater, 148 public libraries, a museum, a House of Folk Art, 165 club institutions, and 80 stationary cinema installations operated.

In 1975 there were 138 doctors; there were 980 hospital beds.

Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Okrug was awarded the Order of Lenin (1967) and the Order of Friendship of Peoples (1972).

Big Soviet encyclopedia, TSB. 2012

See also the interpretation, synonyms, meanings of the word and what the USSR is. TAJIK SSR in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

the USSR in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
the USSR
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Contents: Introduction Population Population Age and sex structure of the population Social composition of the population Population migration Location ...
the USSR in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
see Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ...
the USSR in the dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian language.
the USSR
see Union of Soviet Socialist ...
TAJIK SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC
THE USSR. THE AGE OF SOCIALISM in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
socialism The Great October Socialist Revolution of 1917. Formation of the Soviet Socialist State The February bourgeois-democratic revolution served as the prologue to the October Revolution. Only a socialist revolution ...
THE USSR. POPULATION in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
The population of the USSR in 1976 was 6.4% of the world population. The population of the territory of the USSR (within the current borders) changed as follows (million people): 86.3 ...
THE USSR. BIBLIOGRAPHY in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB.
THE USSR. CHRONOLOGY in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
Chronology historical events 9-1 century BC NS. 9-6 centuries BC BC - State of Urartu. 7-3 centuries. BC NS.- …
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of the highest governing bodies of the CPSU and the USSR (June 1977) Politburo and Secretariat of the CPSU Central Committee Members of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee: L. I. ...
THE USSR. SOCIAL SCIENCES in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
Science Philosophy Being integral part of world philosophy, the philosophical thought of the peoples of the USSR has passed a long and difficult historical path. In the spiritual ...
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and art Literature Multinational Soviet literature represents a qualitatively new stage in the development of literature. As a definite artistic whole, united by a single socio-ideological ...
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National state structure and population of the USSR, union and autonomous republics (as of January 1, 1976) Union and autonomous republics Territory, ...
THE USSR. BIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
References Alekseevsky Evgeny Evgenievich (b. 1906), Minister of Land Reclamation and Water Management of the USSR since 1965, Hero of Socialist Labor (1976). Member of the CPSU with ...
UKRAINIAN SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
Soviet Socialist Republic, Ukrainian SSR (Ukrainian Radianska Socialist Republic), Ukraine (Ukraine). I. General information The Ukrainian SSR was formed on December 25, 1917. With the creation of ...
TURKMEN SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB.
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and credit Essence and purpose of finance. The finances of the USSR are a system of economic relations through which systematic education, distribution and ...
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Science Aviation Science and Technology In pre-revolutionary Russia, a number of aircraft of original design were built. Their planes were created (1909-1914) by Ya.M. ...
THE USSR. AGRICULTURE in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
Agriculture Agriculture is the most important part of the national economic complex of the country, one of the main spheres of material production, which has a great influence on increasing ...
THE USSR. INDUSTRY in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
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institutions Scientific institutions until 1917 The Soviet Union is a country of long-standing scientific traditions. The activities of many centers of knowledge, the first of which arose ...
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The development of the economy and culture, the constant concern of the Soviet state for the welfare and health of the population contribute to a favorable course of demographic processes in the USSR, ...
THE USSR. NATURAL SCIENCES in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
sciences Mathematics Scientific research in the field of mathematics began to be carried out in Russia from the 18th century, when L.
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THE USSR. FOREIGN POLICY in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
Soviet policy Basic principles of Soviet foreign policy The Great October Socialist Revolution of 1917 created a state of a new type - the Soviet socialist state ...
RUSSIAN SOVIET FEDERATIVE SOCIALIST REPUBLIC, RSFSR in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB.
AREA (LOCALITY) in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
(from Old Orthodox possession - possession), locality, land, region; part of any territory (country, state, mainland, terrestrial land, etc.), allocated ...
USSR CONSTITUTION 1977 in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
The October socialist revolution, carried out by the workers and peasants of Russia under the leadership of the Communist Party headed by V.I. Lenin, overthrew the power ...
KAZAKH SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB.
RUSSIAN LABOR CODE in the Modern explanatory dictionary, TSB:
FEDERATION (approved by the Supreme Council of the RSFSR 09.12.71) The preamble is deleted. - Law of the Russian Federation of 09.25.92 No. 3543-1. (As amended by the Decrees of the Presidium of the RF Armed Forces dated 09.20.73, from ...

Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic

The Tajik SSR (Tajikistan) is located in the south-east. Central Asia. It borders Afghanistan in the south and China in the east. Area 143.1 thousand km 2 . Population 3486 thousand people. (as of January 1, 1976). The ethnic composition (according to the 1970 census, thousand people): Tajiks 1630, Uzbeks 666, Russians 344, Tatars 71, Kyrgyz 35, Ukrainians 32, etc. The average population density is 24.4 people. for 1 km 2 (as of January 1, 1976). The capital is Dushanbe (448 thousand inhabitants as of January 1, 1976). A large city is Leninabad (121 thousand inhabitants). New cities have grown up: Nurek, Ordzhonikidze-abad, Isfara, Regar, Kairakkum, Khorog, etc. The Tajik SSR includes Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Okrug and 2 administrative regions. In April 1977, the third region was formed - Kurgan-Tyubinskaya. The republic is divided into 41 districts; has 18 cities and 47 urban-type settlements.

Nature. Over 90% of the territory is occupied by mountains belonging to the Tien Shan, Gissar-Alai and Pamir systems (with the highest point of the USSR - Communism Peak, 7495 m). In the north is the western edge of the Fergana Valley, in the southwest. - Vakhsh and Gissar valleys. Mineral resources: ores of non-ferrous and rare metals, fluorite, coal, natural gas, table salt. The climate is continental. The average January temperature is from 2, ‒2 ° С in the valleys and foothills of the southwest. and S. to ‒20 ° C and below in the Pamirs, in July, respectively, from 30 to O ° C and below. Precipitation (on plains and valleys up to a height of 500 m) is 150–300 mm per year. The main rivers are Syr Darya, Amu Darya (with Vakhsh), Zeravshan; lake - Karakul. The soils are gray-earth, brown, mountain meadow. Desert, steppe and alpine meadow vegetation prevails.

Historical reference. Class society on the territory of Tajikistan emerged in the 1st half of the 1st millennium BC. NS. (state of Bactria). In the 6th and 4th centuries. BC NS. the territory was ruled by the Iranian Achaemenids, Alexander the Great. From the 3rd century. BC NS. was part of the Greco-Bactrian and Kushan kingdoms; during this period, the invasions of Chionites, Hephtalites, Turks took place; popular uprisings of Mazdak and Abruya. In the 8th century. the people put up heroic resistance to the Arab conquest (the Mukanna revolt). In the 9-10 centuries. territory within the state of the Takhirids and Samanids; mainly the Tajik nationality has developed. In the 10th - early 13th centuries. was part of the states: Ghaznavids, Karakhanids, Khorezm. In the 13th century. conquered by the Mongol-Tatars; the people's liberation struggle against the Tatar yoke (the uprisings of Malik Sanjar, Tarabi, Timur-Melik). In the 14th and 15th centuries. territory within the Timurid state; from the 16th century Bukhara Khanate and a number of small feudal possessions. In 1868 the northern part of the territory was annexed to Russia (parts of the Fergana and Samarkand regions), the Bukhara Khanate in vassal dependence on Russia; inclusion in the system of the all-Russian economy hastened the emergence of industry. At the beginning of the 20th century. the first social democratic circles appeared. The working people of the region took part in the Revolution of 1905-07, the Central Asian Uprising of 1916, the February Revolution of 1917, and the Great October Socialist Revolution. Soviet power in Northern Tajikistan was established in November 1917 - February 1918. By the end of 1918, Soviet power was proclaimed throughout the territory of Tajikistan. In 1918-1923, with the help of the Red Army, the workers defeated the White Guards and Basmachi. In 1921–22, land and water reforms were carried out. According to the national-state demarcation, on October 14, 1924, the Tajik ASSR was formed as part of the Uzbek SSR, and on December 5, 1929, the Tajik SSR was a part of the USSR as a union republic. As a result of the industrialization carried out under the leadership of the Communist Party, the collectivization of agriculture and the cultural revolution, a mainly socialist society was built in the republic.

During the Great Patriotic War, the Tajik people mobilized all their forces to repulse fascist aggression.

The Tajik people, together with all the fraternal peoples of the USSR, achieved new successes in communist construction in the post-war decades.

The Tajik SSR was awarded the Order of Lenin (1956), the Order of Friendship of Peoples (1972), and the Order of the October Revolution (1974).

Economy. During the years of socialist construction, Tajikistan has become an industrial-agrarian republic. The Tajik SSR in the national economy of the USSR stands out as one of the regions of cotton growing, mining of non-ferrous and rare metal ores, and light and food industries. Tajikistan is the country's main base for the production of fine staple cotton. Tajikistan has developed economic ties with all the Union republics.

In 1975 the volume of industrial output exceeded the 1940 level by 14 times, and the 1913 level by 121 times.

Tab. 1. - Manufacturing of the most important types of products

Electricity, billion kWh

═══3,2

═══4,7

Coal, thousand tons

Oil (including gas condensate), thousand tons

Gas, million m 3

Mineral fertilizers (in conventional units), thousand tons

Power transformers, thousand kVA

Cement, thousand tons

Prefabricated reinforced concrete structures and parts, thousand m 3 products

Cotton-fiber, thousand tons

Cotton fabrics, mln.m

Raw silk, t

Silk fabrics, million m

All-woolen and half-woolen carpets and rugs, thousand m 2

Underwear jersey, mln. Pcs.

═══5,7

Outer jersey, mln. Pcs.

═══3,6

Leather footwear, million pairs

═══6,1

Vegetable oil, thousand tons

Canned food, mln. Conventional cans

Grape wine, thousand dal

For the production of the most important types of industrial products, see the data in table. 1.

Tab. 2. - Sown area and gross yield of agricultural crops

The whole sown area, thousand hectares

Cereals

Cotton

Flax curly

Melons and gourds

Fodder crops

Gross harvest, thousand tons

Cereals

Raw cotton

Livestock raising is predominantly of the distant pasture type (see Table 3). Sericulture is developed. In 1975 3.4 thousand tons of cocoons were harvested.

On the growth of livestock production, see the data in table. 4.

Cattle

including cows

Pigs

Sheep and goats

Horses

Bird, mln.

═══2,7

═══4,1

Tab. 4. - Production of basic products

Meat (slaughter weight), thousand tons

Milk, thousand tons

Eggs, mln.

Wool, thousand tons

The operational length of railways is 903 km in 1975, of which 470 km are narrow-gauge. A wide-gauge railway line Termez - Kurgan-Tyube - Yavan (264 km) is under construction (1977), more than 200 km of which were commissioned in 1974. The length of roads is 13.4 thousand km (1975), including those with a hard surface 9, 7 thousand km The navigable river routes are 0.2 thousand km. Air transport is developed. Pipeline transport is represented by gas pipelines in South-West Tajikistan (from local gas fields) and branches to the cities of North Tajikistan from the Mubarek-Bekabad-Fergana gas pipeline. Gas from Afghanistan is supplied via the Kelif-Dushanbe gas pipeline.

The standard of living of the population of the republic is steadily increasing. The national income from 1966 to 1975 increased 1.8 times. Real income per capita in 1975 compared with 1965 increased 1.6 times. Retail turnover of state and cooperative trade (including public catering) increased from 100 million rubles. in 1940 to 1,675 million rubles. in 1975, while the turnover per capita - 5.8 times. The amount of deposits in savings banks in 1975 reached 451 million rubles. (5 million rubles in 1940), the average contribution is 750 rubles. (44 rubles in 1940). At the end of 1975, the urban housing stock amounted to 11.9 million m 2 total (useful) area. Between 1971 and 75, 5821 thousand m were put into operation at the expense of the state, collective farms, and the population. 2 total (useful) area.

Cultural construction. According to the 1897 census, the literacy rate of the population was 2.3%. At the beginning of the 20th century. in Khojent (now Leninabad), Ura-Tyube and other cities, there were 10 so-called. There were no Russian-native schools (in the 1914/15 academic year there were 369 students), there were no secondary specialized and higher educational institutions. After the establishment of Soviet power, a national school was created with teaching in the native language. In 1939, literate people accounted for 82.8 percent of the population; according to the 1970 census, 99.6 percent.

In 1975, 82,000 children were educated in permanent preschool institutions.

In 1975, 737 people per 1000 people employed in the national economy had higher and secondary (complete and incomplete) education. (45 people in 1939).

The largest scientific institution is the Academy of Sciences of the Tajik SSR. In 1975, 6,600 scientific workers (including university researchers) worked in scientific institutions of the republic.

In 1975 there were 278 hospital institutions with 33.5 thousand beds in the republic (121 hospitals with 4.5 thousand beds in 1940); 7.2 thousand doctors and 21.2 thousand nurses worked (0.6 thousand doctors and 2.7 thousand nurses in 1940). Popular balneological and climatic resorts: Obigarm, Khoja-Obigarm.

Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region

Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Okrug was formed on January 2, 1925. It is located within the Pamir. Area 63.7 thousand km 2 . Population 116 thousand people. (as of January 1, 1976). The average population density is 1.8 people. for 1 km 2 . Center - Khorog.

In 1975/76 academic year In 265 general education schools of all types, 34.8 thousand students were enrolled, in a vocational school - 287 students, in a medical school - 68 students. Among the scientific institutions is the Pamir Biological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the Tajik SSR.

In 1975, a theater, 148 public libraries, a museum, a House of Folk Art, 165 club institutions, and 80 stationary cinema installations operated.

In 1975 there were 138 doctors; there were 980 hospital beds.

Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Okrug was awarded the Order of Lenin (1967) and the Order of Friendship of Peoples (1972).

- sheep, semi-coarse-haired, fat-tailed. Bred in 1947-63 in Taj. SSR by crossing Hissar queens with Saraja rams: they also used crossbreeds of Lincoln rams with Hissar queens ...
Agricultural encyclopedic dictionary
- see also 4. SHEEP Tajik semi-coarse-wool breed of sheep bred in 1947-1963 in the pilot farm of the Tajik Research Institute of Agriculture ...
Genetic resources of farm animals in Russia and neighboring countries
- ...
Geographic Atlas
- ...
Geographic Atlas
- Tajikistan, located in the south-east. Wed Asia. Pl. 143.1 t km2. US. 4365 t. H. The capital is Dushanbe. Includes Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region ...
Demographic Encyclopedic Dictionary
- Tajikistan. As part of the USSR. Located in the southeast of Central Asia. On the territory of Tajikistan, cultural monuments of the most ancient Central Asian indigenous sedentary East Iranian ...
Art encyclopedia
- cm....
Counterintelligence Dictionary
- see UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC ...
Russian encyclopedia
- The basic principles of Soviet foreign policy The Great October Socialist Revolution of 1917 created a state of a new type - the Soviet socialist state - and thus laid the foundation for ...
- The Armed Forces of the USSR - the military organization of the Soviet state, designed to protect the socialist gains of the Soviet people, freedom and independence Soviet Union...
Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- Soviet trade unions are the most massive public organization uniting on a voluntary basis workers, collective farmers and employees of all professions without distinction of race, nationality, gender and religious ...
Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- The Tajik SSR is located in the south-east. Central Asia. It borders Afghanistan in the south and China in the east. The area is 143.1 thousand km2. Population 3486 thousand people. ...
Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- The objective basis of economic zoning is the territorial division of labor, and the economic meaning is an increase in the efficiency of social production as a result of specialization and ...
Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- an intermontane depression located between the mountain structures of the Gissar-Alai, Pamir and Hindu Kush. In the Mesozoic, Paleogene and Neogene, an area of stable sedimentation ...
Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- Sheep, a breed of semi-coarse-haired fat-tailed sheep. Bred in the Tajik SSR by crossing Hissar queens with Saraja rams; also used crossbreeds of Lincoln rams with Hissar queens ... From the book Rehabilitation: How It Was March 1953 - February 1956. author Artizov AN
No. 3 ORDER OF THE MINISTER OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS OF THE USSR, MINISTER OF JUSTICE OF THE USSR AND THE PRESIDENT GENERAL OF THE USSR "ON THE PROCEDURE FOR FULFILLING THE ORDER OF THE PRESIDIUM OF THE SUPREME COUNCIL OF THE USSR OF MARCH 27, 1953" ON AMNESTY " USSR from 27

From the book All the masterpieces of world literature in summary author Novikov VI
PERSIAN-TAJIK LITERATURE

PERSIAN-TAJIK LITERATURE
From book Foreign literature ancient eras, middle ages and renaissance the author Vladimir Novikov From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (TA) of the author TSB
No. 7 FROM THE MESSAGE OF THE NKGB of the USSR In the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), SNK of the USSR, NKO of the USSR and NKVD of the USSR dated March 6, 1941
From the author's book
No. 7 FROM THE MESSAGE OF THE NKGB of the USSR In the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, the NKO of the USSR and the NKVD of the USSR dated March 6, 1941 Message from Berlin According to information received from an official of the Committee on the four-year plan, several members of the committee received an urgent task to draw up calculations of raw material reserves and

No. 9 NOTE OF THE NARKOMA OF STATE SECURITY OF THE USSR V.N. MERKULOV in the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), SNK and NKVD of the USSR WITH THE TEXT OF THE TELEGRAM OF THE ENGLISH MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS A. IDEN TO THE AMBASSADOR OF ENGLAND IN THE USSR S. CRIPSU ABOUT GERMANY'S INTENTIONS TO ATTACK THE USSR
From the author's book
No. 9 NOTE OF THE NARKOMA OF STATE SECURITY OF THE USSR V.N. MERKULOV in the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), SNK and NKVD of the USSR WITH THE TEXT OF THE TELEGRAM OF THE ENGLISH MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS A. IDEN TO THE AMBASSADOR OF ENGLAND IN THE USSR S. KRIPSU ABOUT GERMANY'S INTENTIONS ATTACKING THE USSR No. 1312 / MAYED secretly April 26, 1941 Perfectly

Tajik stance towards Western NGOs is noticeably tougher
From the WikiLeaks book. Compromising evidence on Russia the author author unknown
The Tajik position towards Western NPOs is noticeably toughening 15. (C) Recently, however, we note a gradual toughening of the position of the Tajik side. Although Tajikistan is not expected to adopt new laws against NPOs (similar to those in Kazakhstan

(448 thousand inhabitants on January 1, 1976). A large city is Leninabad (121 thousand inhabitants). New cities have grown up: Nurek, Ordzhonikidze-abad, Isfara, Regar, Kairakkum, Khorog, etc. The Tajik SSR includes Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Okrug and 2 administrative regions. In April 1977, the third region was formed - Kurgan-Tyubinskaya. The republic is divided into 41 districts; has 18 cities and 47 urban-type settlements. Nature . Over 90% of the territory is occupied by mountains belonging to the Tien Shan, Gissar-Alai and Pamir systems (with the highest point of the USSR - Communism Peak, 7495 m). On . - the western outskirts of the Fergana Valley, in the southwest. - Vakhsh and Gissar valleys. Mineral resources: ores of non-ferrous and rare metals, fluorite, coal, natural gas, table salt. The climate is continental. The average January temperature is from 2, -2 ° С in the valleys and foothills of the southwest. and S. to -20 ° C and below in the Pamirs, in July, respectively, from 30 to O ° C and below. Precipitation (on plains and valleys up to an altitude of 500 m) is 150-300 mm per year. The main rivers are Syr Darya, Amu Darya (with Vakhsh), Zeravshan; lake - Karakul. Soils are gray earth, brown, mountain meadow. Desert, steppe and alpine meadow vegetation prevails. Historical reference. Class society on the territory of Tajikistan emerged in the 1st half of the 1st millennium BC. ... (state of Bactria). In the 6-4 centuries. BC NS. the territory was ruled by the Iranian Achaemenids, Alexander the Great. C 3. BC NS. was part of the Greco-Bactrian and Kushan kingdoms; during this period, the invasions of Chionites, Hephtalites, Turks took place; popular uprisings of Mazdak and Abruya. In the 8th century. the people put up heroic resistance to the Arab conquest (the Mukanna revolt). In the 9-10th centuries. territory within the state of the Takhirids and Samanids; mainly the Tajik nationality has developed. In the 10th - early 13th centuries. was part of the states: Ghaznavids, Karakhanids, Khorezm. In the 13th century. conquered by the Mongol-Tatars; the people's liberation struggle against the Tatar yoke (the uprisings of Malik Sanjar, Tarabi, Timur-Melik). In the 14-15 centuries. territory within the Timurid state; from the 16th century - the Bukhara Khanate and a number of small feudal possessions. In 1868 the northern part of the territory was annexed to Russia (parts of the Fergana and Samarkand regions), the Bukhara Khanate in vassal dependence on Russia; inclusion in the system of the all-Russian economy hastened the emergence of industry. At the beginning of the 20th century. the first social democratic circles appeared. The working people of the region took part in the Revolution of 1905-07, the Central Asian Uprising of 1916, the February Revolution of 1917 and the Great October Socialist Revolution. Soviet power in Northern Tajikistan was established in November 1917 - February 1918. By the end of 1918, Soviet power was proclaimed throughout Tajikistan. In 1918-1923, with the help of the Red Army, the workers defeated the White Guards and Basmachi. In 1921-22, land and water reforms were carried out. According to the national-state demarcation, on October 14, 1924, the Tajik ASSR was formed as part of the Uzbek SSR, and on December 5, 1929, the Tajik SSR was a part of the USSR as a union republic. As a result of the industrialization carried out under the leadership of the Communist Party, the collectivization of agriculture and the cultural revolution, a mainly socialist society was built in the republic. During the Great Patriotic War, the Tajik people mobilized all their forces to repulse fascist aggression. On January 1, 1976, the Communist Party of Tajikistan had 92,842 members and 3,874 candidates for party membership; there were 313,089 members in the ranks of the Lenin Communist Youth Union of Tajikistan; there are 786,080 trade union members in the republic. The Tajik people, together with all the fraternal peoples of the USSR, achieved new successes in communist construction in the post-war decades. The Tajik SSR was awarded the Order of Lenin (1956), the Order of Friendship of Peoples (1972), and the Order of the October Revolution (1974). Economy . During the years of socialist construction, Tajikistan has become an industrial-agrarian republic. The Tajik SSR in the national economy of the USSR stands out as one of the regions of cotton growing, mining of non-ferrous and rare metal ores, light and food industries. Tajikistan is the country's main base for the production of fine staple cotton. Tajikistan has developed economic ties with all the Union republics. In 1975, industrial output exceeded the 1940 level by 14 times, and the 1913 level by 121 times. Tab. 1. - Production of the most important types of products Electricity, billion kWh 194019701975 0.06 3.2 4.7 Coal, thousand tons 204 887 868 Oil (including gas condensate), thousand tons 30 181 274 Gas, million m3 2 388 419 Mineral fertilizers (in conventional units), thousand tons - 252 406 Power transformers, thousand kVA -13792162 Cement, thousand tons - 8721010 Prefabricated reinforced concrete structures and parts, thousand m3 of products - 628 814 Cotton fiber, thousand tons 60 , 9 235.0 277.6 Cotton fabrics, million m 0.2 99.9 113.1 Raw silk, t 254 322 355 Silk fabrics, million m 1.6 43.2 54.0 Carpets and rugs, all-woolen and half-woolen, thousand m2 ... 3226 3803 Underwear jersey, mln. PCS. 0.5 5.7 5.8 Outer knitwear, million pieces - 3.6 3.7 Leather footwear, million pairs 0.5 6.1 6.9 Vegetable oil, thousand tons 3.5 68.8 94.5 Canned food, million conventional cans 13.9 172.8 242.4 Grape wine, thousand dal 27334704405 For the production of the most important types of industrial products, see the data in Table 1. The most important power plant is the Nurek HPP. Non-ferrous metallurgy was created. The food industry (mainly oil and fat, wine and fruit and vegetable production) accounts for about 1/4 of the gross industrial output (1975). Mechanical engineering and light industry are developed, chemistry is developing. The gross agricultural output in 1975 increased fourfold as compared with 1940. At the end of 1975, there were 147 state farms and 242 collective farms. In 1975, 28.4 thousand tractors (in physical units; 3.9 thousand in 1940), 2.9 thousand cotton pickers, 1.2 thousand grain harvesters (0.1 thousand in 1940) worked in agriculture. , 13.9 thousand trucks (1.5 thousand in 1940). Agricultural land in 1975 amounted to 4.1 million hectares (29% of the entire territory), including arable land - 0.8 million hectares, hayfields - 0.03 million hectares and pastures - 3.18 million hectares. Irrigation is essential for agriculture. Built: Big Gissar, Dalverzin, Big Fergana, Northern Fergana canals; Farhad, Kairakkum, Nurek reservoirs. The area of irrigated land in 1975 reached 567 thousand hectares. Agriculture provides about 73% of the value of gross agricultural output (1975). Data on sown areas and gross yield of agricultural crops, see table. 2. Tab. 2. - Sown area and gross yield of agricultural crops 194019701975 All sown area, thousand hectares 807765702 Cereals 567321200 Cotton 106254271 Flax-kudryash 36 8 3 Vegetables 5 12 14 Melons and gourds 10 8 8 Forage crops 55151192 Gross harvest, thousand tons Cereals 27822-2227 Vegetables 44206284 The leading branch of agriculture is cotton growing. An essential oil crop is cultivated - geranium. Horticulture and viticulture were widely developed. The trench culture of lemons has been mastered. The area of fruit and berry plantations (including citrus) is 66 thousand hectares in 1975 (21 thousand hectares in 1940), vineyards - 22 thousand hectares (8 thousand hectares in 1940). The gross harvest of fruits and berries - 276 thousand tons in 1975 (121 thousand tons in 1940), grapes - 147 thousand tons (49 thousand tons in 1940). Livestock raising is predominantly of the distant pasture type (see Table 3). Sericulture is developed. In 1975 3.4 thousand tons of cocoons were harvested. On the growth of livestock production, see the data in table. 4. Tab. 3. - Livestock and poultry population (as of January 1), thousand 194119711976 Cattle 58010081095 including cows 188 372 403 Pigs 21 78 86 Sheep and goats 217426342896 Horses 124 45 38 Poultry, million 0.9 2.7 4.1 Tab. 4. - Production of basic products 194019701975 Meat (slaughter weight), thousand tons 30 64 84 Milk, thousand tons 135285383 Eggs, mln. 38131236 Wool, thousand tons 1.6 4.9 5.3 The operational length of railways was 903 km in 1975, of which 470 km were narrow gauge. A wide-gauge railway line Termez - Kurgan-Tyube - Yavan (264 km) is under construction (1977), more than 200 km of which were put into operation in 1974. The length of roads is 13.4 thousand km (1975), including those with a hard surface 9, 7 thousand km The navigable river routes are 0.2 thousand km. Air transport is developed. Pipeline transport is represented by gas pipelines in South-West Tajikistan (from local gas fields) and branches to the cities of North Tajikistan from the Mubarek-Bekabad-Fergana gas pipeline. Gas from Afghanistan is supplied through the Kelif-Dushanbe gas pipeline. The standard of living of the population of the republic is steadily increasing. The national income from 1966 to 1975 increased 1.8 times. Real income per capita in 1975 compared with 1965 increased 1.6 times. Retail turnover of state and cooperative trade (including public catering) increased from 100 million rubles. in 1940 to 1,675 million rubles. in 1975, while the turnover per capita - 5.8 times. The amount of deposits in savings banks in 1975 reached 451 million rubles. (5 million rubles in 1940), the average contribution is 750 rubles. (44 rubles in 1940). At the end of 1975, the urban housing stock amounted to 11.9 million m2 of total (useful) area. During 1971-75, 5821 thousand m2 of total (useful) area was put into operation at the expense of the state, collective farms and the population. Cultural construction. According to the 1897 census, the literacy rate of the population was 2.3%. At the beginning of the 20th century. in Khojent (now Leninabad), Ura-Tyube and other cities, there were 10 so-called. There were no Russian-native schools (in the 1914/15 academic year there were 369 students), there were no secondary specialized and higher educational institutions. After the establishment of Soviet power, a national school was created with teaching in the native language. In 1939, literate people accounted for 82.8 percent of the population; according to the 1970 census, 99.6 percent. In 1975, 82,000 children were educated in permanent preschool institutions. In 1975/76 academic year In 3.2 thousand general education schools of all types, 0.9 million were enrolled. students, in 59 vocational and technical educational institutions - 23.6 thousand students (including the Academy of Sciences of the Tajik SSR. In 1975, 6.6 thousand scientific workers (including scientific workers of universities) worked in scientific institutions of the republic. a network of cultural institutions As of January 1, 1975, there were 11 theaters, including the Tajik Opera and Ballet Theater, the Tajik Drama Theater, the Republican Theater of Musical Comedy, 1.1 thousand stationary cinema installations, 1.2 thousand club institutions, the largest republican library - State Library of the Tajik SSR named after Ferdowsi (opened in 1933 on the basis of the city library, which emerged in 1925, 2.5 million copies of books, brochures, magazines, etc.); 1.4 thousand public libraries (9.4 million copies of books and magazines); 7 museums In 1975, 868 titles of books and brochures were published with a total circulation of 6.0 million copies (372 titles with a circulation of 2,823,000 copies in 1940), including 413 titles in the Tajik language with a circulation 4.3 million copies; 61 magazines were published about with a total annual circulation of 19.0 million copies. (9 editions, with an annual circulation of 141 thousand copies in 1940). 61 newspapers were published with an annual circulation of about 226 million copies. Newspapers are published in Tajik, Russian and other languages. The Tajik Telegraph Agency (TajikTA) has been operating since 1933. The Republican Book Chamber was founded in 1936. The first radio broadcasts began in 1924. In 1975, the republican radio broadcasts in Tajik, Russian and Uzbek. Television broadcasts have been conducted since 1959. Television center in Dushanbe. In 1975 there were 278 hospital institutions with 33.5 thousand beds in the republic (121 hospitals with 4.5 thousand beds in 1940); 7.2 thousand doctors and 21.2 thousand nurses worked (0.6 thousand doctors and 2.7 thousand nurses in 1940). Balneological and climatic resorts are popular: Obigarm, Khoja-Obigarm. Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region was formed on January 2, 1925. It is located within the Pamir. The area is 63.7 thousand km2. Population 116 thousand people. (as of January 1, 1976). The average population density is 1.8 people. per 1 km2. Center - Khorog. The leading sector of the economy is agriculture. In 1975 there were 15 state farms and 46 collective farms. The sown area of all agricultural crops in 1975 amounted to 17.1 thousand hectares. Agriculture is irrigated and is mainly concentrated in the Western Pamirs. Gardening, sericulture. Animal husbandry predominates in the Eastern Pamirs (mainly fat-tailed sheep and yaks). Livestock (as of January 1, 1976, thousand): cattle 63.6, sheep and goats 335.6. In 1975 the volume of industrial output exceeded the 1940 level by 28 times. Local industry is developing. Table salt is mined. In 1975/76 academic year In 265 general education schools of all types, 34.8 thousand students were enrolled, in a vocational school - 287 students, in a medical school - 68 students. Among the scientific institutions is the Pamir Biological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the Tajik SSR. In 1975, a theater, 148 public libraries, a museum, a House of Folk Art, 165 club institutions, and 80 stationary cinema installations operated. In 1975 there were 138 doctors; there were 980 hospital beds. Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Okrug was awarded the Order of Lenin (1967) and the Order of Friendship of Peoples (1972).

Provided with some abbreviations

The striking successes of cultural construction achieved during the 50 years of Soviet power in the former national outskirts of tsarist Russia.
According to the census of 1897, only 3% of Tajiks were literate. “Literate and educated people in pre-revolutionary Tajikistan were as rare as fruit trees in the salt desert,” wrote S. Aini, the founder of Tajik Soviet literature.
Muslim religious schools - maktab and Madrasa - by their class essence were alien to the working people, and their influence on the development of the culture of the people was very weak.
Education in the so-called new methodology and Russian-native schools that appeared at the beginning of the 20th century was also religious and scholastic in nature. Mainly children of merchants, bays, officials studied in these schools. The schools were very small. From 1894 to 1917, for example, only 19 people graduated from the Russian-native school in Khodjent (now Leninabad).
During the years of Soviet power, the Tajik people, with the help of the fraternal peoples of the Soviet Union, put an end to the difficult legacy of the past - cultural backwardness and illiteracy.
Before the Great October Socialist Revolution in Tajikistan (according to the 1911 census), there were only 10 primary schools with 369 children. In 1965/66 academic year in 2509 general education schools of the Tajik SSR, there were 551,687 students.
Already in the first decade of the existence of the Soviet socialist state, enormous efforts were made to develop education in the republic. In 1925-1926. the "Two-week of education" and "Month of education" were held, the result of which was the construction of 75 school buildings and the renovation of 38 schools. During these years, the network of schools and the contingent of students grew rapidly. In the 1925/26 academic year, there were already 121 primary, 2 seven-year and 2 secondary schools in Tajikistan, in which 265 teachers worked and 6054 schoolchildren studied.
The First Founding All-Tajik Congress of Soviets (December 1926) recognized the elimination of illiteracy among the population as the primary task of cultural development.
The Extraordinary Commission for Educational Program was created, and then the numerous voluntary society "Down with illiteracy!" In a short time, an army of enthusiastic cultural soldiers was organized. The word "kultarmeets" went down in the history of public education as a symbol of the disinterested struggle against darkness, illiteracy, and ignorance.
Despite the acute shortage of teaching staff and the difficulties of the restoration period, the number of schools for the elimination of illiteracy increased from 63 in the 1925/26 academic year to 314 in the 1928/29 academic year, and the number of students in them - from 1450 to 8400 people. In 1932, 135,976 people were already enrolled in schools and in educational programs. By the end of this year, almost 30% of the republic's population had learned to read and write.
The problem of eliminating illiteracy among women was very difficult. Here the women themselves were very active. Overcoming age-old prejudices, they studied both in specially created women's educational schools for them, and in general (mixed) schools and courses.
The life path of Mastura Avezova is typical in this respect. In 1926, M. Avezova began to study at an educational program and threw off her veil, then she graduated from a silk school and was one of the organizers of the Leninabad silk factory. In 1934, Mastura headed the trade union organization of this plant, and in 1936 she became a member of the government of the republic. The fate of one of the first organizers of collective farms in Tajikistan, Gavkhar Sharipova, who then worked for many years in the state apparatus of the republic, developed in the same way.
One of the first Tajik teachers, Bahri Tairova, experienced many hardships and hardships in childhood and adolescence. Under a veil, she ran to educational courses, learned to read and write, listened to conversations about women's rights, about Soviet laws. In 1927 BZ Tairova threw off her veil and graduated from the pedagogical college. Dozens of women in Tajikistan, who have now become engineers, doctors, teachers, artists, studied with Bahri Zairovna.
Tajik women did not just learn to read and write. They got involved in the struggle for a new life.
The personal pensioner Gulnora Yusupova, recalling the distant twenties, about the time when she learned the first letters of the alphabet in an educational program and heard about the first laws of Soviet power, says: “Of course, literacy is a big deal, but not only for this is the memory so warm about that wagon where the educational program circle worked in the evenings. There, for the first time, I and 27 others like me realized that under Soviet rule we became equal people, that now our power is the rule of the people. We threw off the veil, openly and proudly began to look at people. That is why the memory of the educational program is dear to me. "
The history of the struggle to eradicate illiteracy among the population, including women, has preserved the names of the true heroes of the cultural front.
98 Tajik women were taught to read and write by Zebi Makabilova, a 14-year-old girl who led two groups of educational programs.
The best of the best in Tajikistan were a cult-army member of the village of Sary-Assiya Kamilov, a Komsomol teacher Mavasheva, teachers of the Tajik support school in Dushanbe Karimova and Kameeva.
By 1939, the problem of eliminating illiteracy in the republic was basically solved - 82.8% of the total population, including 77.5% of women in Tajikistan learned to read and write. Work to complete the eradication of illiteracy continued actively in subsequent years.
By the end of the fifties, this difficult legacy of the past had been completely overcome. According to the 1959 census, 96.2% of the population of Tajikistan between the ages of 9 and 49 was literate. Literacy among women has reached 94.6%. The organization of preschool children's institutions was of particular importance in the republic. Kindergartens, nurseries, playgrounds were supposed to create conditions for mothers to actively participate in production, in public and political life.
The first kindergartens and nurseries began to be created in Tajikistan in 1929. In 1932, there were 32 kindergartens in the republic, where 1,662 children were educated. During the Great Patriotic War, despite the difficulties, the network of preschool institutions grew. If in 1940 there were 3117 children in 103 kindergartens and nurseries, by the end of the war the number of kindergartens and nurseries had increased to 183, and the number of pupils in them - to 9252.
In the 1965–66 academic year, 1,000 preschool institutions operated in the Tajik SSR, with 47,460 pupils in them. Simultaneously with the increase in the number of stationary kindergartens and creches, seasonal playgrounds, organized mainly by collective farms with the help of public education departments, became widespread.
One of the most important steps of the cultural revolution was the implementation of universal compulsory education for children.
The I Constituent All-Tajik Congress of Soviets adopted the Declaration on universal education for the children of working people. The implementation of universal education in the republic was fraught with serious difficulties. Intense class struggle, fierce resistance from the clergy, and the widespread dissemination of religious vestiges among the people hampered the development of the school. Systematic work on the implementation of universal primary education began in the republic after the decisions of the 16th Congress and a special decree of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks dated August 14, 1930 "On universal compulsory primary education."
To manage the work on the implementation of universal education, a republican Committee for promoting universal education was created, which included representatives of the people's commissariats, the collective farm center, trade unions, and the Komsomol. Commissions for general education were also created under local councils.
Every year, the preparation of schools for classes was carried out as a major social and political campaign. Massive Sunday works were organized to repair schools, provide them with fuel, and manufacture educational equipment. Each district had an operational plan for general education. In each kishlak, collective farm, state farm, district, city, a careful record of children and adolescents to be trained was carried out.
Particular attention was paid to the involvement of Tajik girls in schools. In the 1933/34 academic year, 42,230 indigenous girls were enrolled in schools, while in the 1928/29 academic year there were only 110.
The completion of universal primary education, the expansion of seven-year and secondary education required the training of a large number of teachers, the construction of new schools, the publication of textbooks and visual aids. The appropriations for the needs of public education grew from year to year. If in 1929 they amounted to 12.3 million rubles, then in 1932 this amount increased to 19.9 million rubles, and in 1941 - to 326.3 million rubles (in the old price scale).
From the first days of the establishment of Soviet power, children were given the opportunity to study in their native language. At the same time, the principle of voluntariness in the choice of the language of instruction was strictly observed. Already in 1927, 165 schools with the Tajik language of instruction and 59 with Uzbek were operating in Tajikistan. There were also schools with teaching in the Kyrgyz, Turkmen and Kazakh languages.
In May 1940, the session of the Supreme Soviet of the Tajik SSR adopted, after extensive preparatory work, the Law on the translation of Tajik writing from the Latinized alphabet into an alphabet based on Russian graphics. The draft of the new alphabet was approved by a government decree on May 21, 1940. This created more favorable opportunities for familiarizing the Tajik people with the richest culture of the Russian people.
The war imposed on our country fascist Germany, caused colossal damage to the country's economy, reduced the pace of cultural construction. But even in difficult wartime conditions, the issue of universal education was not removed from the agenda. Public education authorities and school leaders at active participation the public fought for all students to attend school.
In order to prevent the dropout of students from schools, foundations for universal education were created. Those in need received free hot breakfasts. In specially organized workshops, children's clothes and shoes were repaired free of charge. Boarding schools were established at secondary schools of the republic. In 1945, there were 1368 students in 21 boarding schools with full state support.
During these years, the attraction of young students to productive work on collective and state farms, to participate in the repair of school buildings and school equipment, in the procurement of fuel for schools became widespread. In order to prepare for work on collective and state farms, special agricultural training courses were organized in schools, where in the 1941/42 academic year alone, more than 30 thousand students of the senior classes of secondary schools were trained.
At the end of the Great Patriotic War, the Soviet Union outlined an ambitious program for the restoration and development of the country's national economy. A significant place in this program was occupied by issues of cultural construction and the development of public education. Putting this program into practice, the public education workers of the republic, with the active help of the entire community, have achieved considerable success, which made it possible in the 1949-50 academic year to begin the implementation of a universal seven-year education for children.
In the 1954/55 academic year, there were 2,530 schools in the Tajik SSR, including 1,076 seven-year schools and 236 secondary schools. In the same academic year, 320,497 students studied in primary, seven-year and secondary schools of the republic (excluding schools for working and rural youth and adult schools), of which 142,428 were in grades V-X.
Since the 1959/60 academic year, on the basis of the law "On strengthening the connection between school and life and on the further development of the public education system in the USSR" and a similar law adopted by the Supreme Soviet of the Tajik SSR, the republic began the transition to compulsory eight-year education, the introduction of industrial training in senior classes of secondary schools and the improvement of labor education in eight-year schools.
All these measures contributed to the strengthening of the connection between the school and life, the development of the activity of students, and their involvement in socially useful work. However, attempts to introduce compulsory vocational training for high school students by means of appropriate organization of industrial training and lengthening the period of study did not justify themselves. high school up to eleven years old.
In the 1965/66 academic year, in accordance with the amendments to the school law, vocational training was retained only in schools that had the necessary conditions for this, the ten-year period of study was restored.
Recent years have been characterized by significant achievements of schools and teachers in improving teaching and educational work, improving the quality of students' knowledge. As a result, academic performance has improved and repetition rates have decreased. In the 1965/66 academic year, the number of repeaters was 6% against 10.6% in the 1958/59 academic year.
An objective necessity due to the development and formation of socialist nations, the expansion of multinational ties, the strengthening of friendship between the peoples of the USSR, was the study of the Russian language in the Tajik school. Much attention is paid to this in the republic. Serious organizational and methodological work is being carried out, the publication is expanding methodological literature, a special methodological collection “To help teachers of the Russian language in the Tajik school” is published.
The experience of teaching Russian language to Tajik schoolchildren is regularly summarized and curricula and textbooks are being improved on this basis. The republican meetings of Russian language teachers in non-Russian schools and inter-republican scientific and practical conferences held in 1955, 1956 and 1962 were of great importance in improving the teaching of the Russian language in the Tajik school. in Tashkent.
In the 1962/63 academic year, work was completed on the introduction of an eight-year universal education. Conditions have been created for the transition to secondary education. Such types of educational institutions as boarding schools, schools and extended-day groups have developed and strengthened.
In 1943-1944. in the republic, despite the difficulties of wartime, schools for working and rural youth were created. Thanks to them, thousands of young workers and collective farmers received primary, incomplete secondary and secondary education. Already in 1945, there were 9 schools for working youth in the republic, where 543 people studied, and 80 schools for rural youth with a contingent of 3302 people.
Pioneer and Komsomol organizations play an important role in the education of students.
2517 pioneer squads, uniting 286386 young Leninists of Tajikistan, actively participate in the all-Union pioneer show "Shine, Lenin's stars!" Active work in the "zones of pioneer action", large-scale cultural work, serious socially useful work, military-patriotic work and patronage over the October - this is not a complete list of the diverse areas of activity of the pioneer organization of the republic.
54 thousand members of the Komsomol unite school Komsomol organizations. The Komsomol organizations of schools have accumulated an interesting experience in the social and political education of student youth.
Out-of-school children's institutions occupy an important place in the general system of communist education of young people.
The first out-of-school institution in the Tajik SSR, the House of Children's Art, was opened in Dushanbe in 1933, and in 1966 there were already 57 pioneer houses in the republic, 7 stations for young technicians, 4 stations for young naturalists, 5 children's parks, 37 children's parks. sports schools, 1 children's stadium, 4 excursion and tourist stations.
Works in schools and out-of-school institutions a large number of circles, courses, studios. Regional, city, republican olympiads of children's amateur performances, reviews of children's technical creativity are held annually. The Olympiads for young chemists, physicists, mathematicians, held by the Tajik Central Station for Young Technicians in 1966, were attended by 38 810 schoolchildren.
Party, Soviet and public organizations of the republic show great concern for the recreation of children and the strengthening of their health. A wide network of pioneer camps, children's recreation areas, tourist centers, children's sanatoriums has been created. In 1965 alone, 196,829 children rested in pioneer camps and recreational areas.
The directives of the 23rd Congress of the CPSU on the new five-year plan provide for the further development of public education.
In the new five-year plan, only in the daytime general education schools of the republic, the number of students will reach 712,000, that is, it will increase by 29% in comparison with the 1965/66 academic year. Admission to ninth grade schools will increase especially sharply. If in the 1965/66 academic year, 59.6% of the students who graduated from the eight-year school were admitted to ninth grades, then in the 1970/71 academic year, 75% will be accepted. The number of students in extended day schools and groups will more than triple.
In 1970, 47.6 thousand people will study in evening (shift) schools for working and rural youth.
In 1970, 110,000 children will be enrolled in preschool institutions of the republic, or 2.2 times more than in 1965.
The transition to universal secondary education requires a radical improvement in school management and the organization of teaching and educational work. The ways of solving these problems are determined by the decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR "On measures to further improve the work of secondary general education schools" (1966). On the basis of this resolution, a lot of organizational and explanatory work is being carried out in the republic.
Teaching and educating a new person is unthinkable without the inspired creative work of a teacher, without improving his pedagogical skills.
In the most difficult conditions of the formation of Soviet power in Tajikistan, teachers not only taught to read and write, but also were the conductors of the ideas of socialism, explained to the population the policy of the party, the policy of the young Soviet state.
It is no coincidence that the enemies of Soviet power were particularly merciless in dealing with teachers. Many teachers died in the struggle to consolidate Soviet power in Tajikistan. Only a gang of Basmachi Ibrahim-bek killed 80 of the best teachers of the republic.
Tragic events took place in the spring of 1929 in Karategin. After graduating from the pedagogical courses organized in Garm, three girls - Sairam Abdullaeva, Muallimabibi Kasymova and Alyambibi Gadoeva - came to teach in their native village of Khait. In Karategin at that time the Basmach gangs of Fusail Maksum were operating. Having captured Khait, the Basmachi brutally dealt with the activists: they killed young teachers.
The Tajik people cherish the grateful memory of Abdusal Ismailov, Burkhan Ishanbabaev, Karimjon Hussein-zad, Saifulo Aliyev, Aligbar Khuseinov, Gani Hikmatov, Yakhyo Iskhakov and other teachers who selflessly fought the people for enlightenment and happiness.
A large role in the development of public education in Tajikistan belonged to Russian teachers who actively fought for the elimination of cultural backwardness and mass illiteracy of the republic's population.
In the early years of Soviet power, schools in the republic experienced an acute shortage of teachers. The party and government of the republic took extraordinary measures to organize mass teacher training. Teachers from many cities of Central Asia, from the RSFSR and Ukraine came to the republic. In the 1930/31 academic year, there were already 1924 teachers working in schools.
In October 1926, a pedagogical technical school was opened in Dushanbe, and in the 1935/36 academic year there were already 16 pedagogical technical schools, where 3063 people studied. The opening of the Khorog Pedagogical College was very important. This made it possible in a short time to provide schools in the Pamirs with qualified staff of teachers from local youth.
To train teachers of seven-year and secondary schools in Dushanbe and Leninabad, pedagogical institutes were organized in the 1931/32 academic year.
However, stationary educational establishments could not provide all schools with teaching staff in a short time. Therefore, the training of teachers was also carried out at specially organized courses, after which the teachers continued their studies at the correspondence departments of pedagogical technical schools and institutes.
The training of teachers with higher education in the post-war years has reached a particularly wide scale. If in the 1940/41 academic year only 353 teachers with higher education and 853 teachers with incomplete higher education worked in the secondary schools of Tajikistan, then in the 1964/65 academic year the number of teachers with higher education increased to 10,307 and incomplete higher education to 4352 people.
Much work is being done to improve the qualifications of teachers. Pedagogical institutes, republican regional and interdistrict institutes for the improvement of teachers are engaged in this most important matter.
There are ongoing courses and seminars throughout the year. This enables teachers to improve their qualifications on the job. The work of seminars and courses is conducted in the direction of mastering the most difficult sections and topics of school programs.
The mobile polytechnic laboratories created at the institutes for the improvement of teachers provide great assistance to rural schools. The methodologists of the institutes, traveling with these laboratories to schools, teach teachers how to carry out practical work in the course of physics, mathematics, chemistry, biology, and assist them in preparing demonstration works, in the use of visual aids, modern technical teaching aids.
In 1965 alone, about 12 thousand teachers, school directors, and employees of 502 departments of public education in Tajikistan improved their qualifications in various ways.
Big role in improvement methodical work with the teachers of the republic belongs to the Scientific Research Institute of Pedagogical Sciences (NIIPN), established in 1933.
In addition to the development and improvement of programs in all subjects of study, the institute has created a number of educational and teaching aids in the Tajik language and literary reading, on the Russian language and literature in Tajik schools, on general pedagogical issues, on polytechnic education, collections of articles on the best experience of teachers have been published, a number of visual aids have been created, etc.
For teachers of Tajikistan, the newspaper "Maorif va madaniyat" and the magazine "Maktabi Soveta" are published.
Vocational education is successfully developing in the republic. There are 50 vocational schools with a total contingent of about 15 thousand students, in addition, evening (shift, seasonal) schools and training courses for drivers of cotton pickers, chauffeurs and other highly qualified workers.
In the period from 1940 to 1966 educational institutions of vocational training provided the national economy of the republic with more than 65 thousand young craftsmen.
One of the remarkable achievements of the cultural revolution in the USSR is the rapid development of higher and secondary specialized education in the republics of Central Asia.
On the territory occupied by the modern Tajik SSR, before the revolution there was not a single technical school or university. But the development of the economy and culture of the young Soviet republic was impossible without the training of national personnel of secondary and higher qualifications.
At the same time, seemingly insurmountable difficulties stood in the way of creating secondary specialized and higher educational institutions. First of all, it was necessary to develop school education, prepare young people for admission to technical schools and universities. And for this we needed teaching staff. Therefore, the first secondary and higher educational institutions in Tajikistan were pedagogical schools and institutes.
But for industry, agriculture and culture, personnel were required immediately. In this regard, preparatory departments were created at technical schools and universities, where young people received knowledge in the volume of seven-year and secondary schools.
The preparatory departments undoubtedly played a positive role in the preparation of national personnel of secondary and higher qualifications. Subsequently, with the development of seven-year and secondary education, preparatory departments were gradually closed.
Especially great difficulties were encountered in the training of specialists from among Tajik women. To involve the largest possible number of Tajik women in pedagogical educational institutions, special women's educational institutions were created. In the 1929-30 academic year, female pedagogical schools were opened in Dushanbe and Khojent, and in 1953, a female pedagogical institute in Dushanbe. In 1957, it was merged with the Dushanbe Pedagogical Institute named after T.G. Shevchenko.
A significant event in the scientific and cultural life of the Tajik people was the founding in 1948 of the V.I.Lenin State University in Dushanbe. In the early years of its existence, the young Tajik University was greatly assisted by higher educational institutions and research institutions in many cities of the Soviet Union, including Moscow University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Kazan University named after V.I. Lenin, Uzbek University named after A. Navoi and others.
Currently, the Tajik University has 11 faculties (physics, mechanics and mathematics, law, chemistry, economics, history, Russian language and literature, biology and soil, faculty of Tajik and oriental philology, evening economics, geology), 56 departments and 3 problem laboratories ...
Over the years of its existence, the university has trained about 7 thousand specialists for various sectors of the national economy of Tajikistan. At the same time, it is a major scientific center of the republic. More than 380 teachers work here, of which more than 150 have academic degrees of doctor and candidate of sciences.
University researchers are leading serious Scientific research... For 10 years (1953 - 1963) they prepared a large number of monographs and collections with a total volume of about 700 printed sheets.
Another large higher education institution - Tajik Polytechnical Institute organized in 1956 in Dushanbe. He trains engineering personnel for the national economy of Tajikistan and other Central Asian republics in the following specialties: electrical networks, power supply of industrial enterprises and cities, automation of industrial plants, industrial and civil engineering, architecture, water supply and sewerage, road transport, basic processes of chemical production and chemical cybernetics. mechanical engineering technology, metal-cutting machines and tools. The Moscow Higher Technical School named after N.E.Bauman, Moscow Power Engineering, Machine-Tool Building and Physico-Technical Institutes, Tbilisi, Azerbaijan and Tashkent Polytechnic Institutes rendered great assistance in equipping the institute's laboratories.
In the 1959/60 academic year, an evening department was organized at the institute, and in the 1960/61 - extramural in the main specialties.
In 1961, the republic received the first detachment of engineers - graduates of the institute (130 people). Today, graduates of the institute are successfully working in various sectors of the national economy of Tajikistan.
The Tajik State Medical Institute named after Abu Ali ibn Sina is well-known. Being the main center providing the republic with doctors, the institute at the same time renders a great practical help health authorities of Tajikistan. The medical institute has 3 faculties - medical, pediatric and dental. 2250 students study here and more than 250 teachers work, of which 26 are doctors of science, 104 are candidates of science. In 1963 alone, scientists of the institute published 146 scientific papers, including a number of major studies.
A great and useful work is carried out by the Faculty of Advanced Studies for Physicians, which annually specializes and improves doctors in many branches of medicine, including surgery, orthopedics and traumatology, therapy, obstetrics and gynecology, eye diseases, psychiatry, pediatric tuberculosis and adult tuberculosis.
The State Agricultural Institute has existed in Tajikistan for more than 30 years. Within the walls of this university, thousands of agronomists of a wide profile, agrochemists-soil scientists, veterinarians-zootechnicians, mechanical engineers, hydraulic engineers, agricultural economists were educated. It is difficult to find a collective farm or state farm in the republic, wherever graduates of the institute work.
In the 1966/67 academic year, more than 4100 students study at 5 faculties - agronomic, veterinary, mechanization of agricultural production, irrigation and drainage and economics of agricultural production. The institute has 25 departments, 187 teachers work. The teaching staff of the institute carries out extensive research work. In 1965, research was conducted on 16 problems of considerable practical and theoretical importance. The results of the completed work are widely introduced into practice.
Pedagogical institutes in Dushanbe and Kulyab, which had 12,294 students in 1965, prepare for V-X grades teachers of mathematics, physics, biology, chemistry, geography, foreign languages, Tajik language and literature, history, physical education. They graduate teachers in more than 20 specialties annually.
V pedagogical universities and at the university, students' teaching practice is carried out not only in schools in Dushanbe, but also in rural schools in various regions of the republic. Internship students provide assistance to schools, especially in extracurricular and educational work... The best teachers and class teachers are involved in the leadership of students' pedagogical practice.
Student scientific societies play a significant role in the life of universities. The number of students taking part in their work is increasing every year. HGO members, under the leadership of departments, conduct research in various branches of science. Dozens of reports are discussed at student scientific conferences every year.
Currently, more than 30 thousand people study in the higher educational institutions of the republic.
The network of secondary specialized educational institutions and the number of students in them are constantly increasing. If in 1926 there was only one special educational institution in Tajikistan - the Dushanbe Pedagogical College, now there are 30 different secondary specialized educational institutions in the republic. They train personnel in more than 60 specialties.
The network of secondary specialized educational institutions continues to expand. So, only in 1964-1966. the Kurgan-Tyubinsk, Kanibadam and Gissar pedagogical schools, the Ura-Tyubinsk construction and Dushanbe industrial technical schools were opened. The number of young specialists with higher and secondary specialized education is increasing every year. Over the past 10 years, the national economy of Tajikistan has received 56.4 thousand highly qualified specialists from higher and secondary specialized educational institutions of the republic, including 25 thousand with higher education.
A significant source of replenishment of the national economy of the republic with highly qualified personnel is the training of specialists in various educational institutions of the country. Thousands of Tajiks have received education in Moscow, Leningrad, Kiev, Voronezh, and Tashkent, who now work in various sectors of the national economy and culture.
Per last years higher and secondary specialized educational institutions of the republic carried out serious work to rationalize the educational process, as a result of which the forms and methods of educational work were noticeably improved, laboratory and practical classes began to be built in a new way. The theoretical and practical level of training of young specialists has increased.
Enrollment in higher and specialized secondary educational institutions of young people with practical experience in various sectors of the national economy and culture has increased; the training of young specialists in higher educational institutions and technical schools has been expanded from among those sent to study by enterprises, construction projects, collective farms, and state farms. Evening and correspondence education... In 1963, the release of correspondence and evening departments amounted to 37% of the total release.
In the new five-year plan, a further increase in the training of specialists with higher and secondary education is envisaged. In 1970, admission to institutes will amount to 8650 people, and to secondary specialized educational institutions - 11 600 people.
Universities of Tajikistan will train personnel in more than 50 specialties, including such new ones as industrial planning, labor economics, technology of organic and petrochemical synthesis, etc. Secondary educational institutions will graduate specialists in almost 90 specialties, including such new ones for the republic, as exploration of oil and gas deposits, underground mining of ore and non-metallic deposits, welding technology, water supply. During the years of Soviet power, a genuine cultural revolution has been accomplished in Tajikistan.
The general literacy of the population has been implemented. In the 1966/67 academic year, 613,000 people studied in general education schools and 61,200 in universities and specialized secondary educational institutions.
The most important tasks for the development of public education for the next five years are determined by the decisions of the 23rd Congress of the CPSU and the decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR "On measures to further improve the work of secondary schools."
Teachers and all educators in Tajikistan are preparing to celebrate the great holiday of the Soviet people - the 50th anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution - with new successes in raising the cultural level of the republic's population, in the development of public education.

Tajik SSR. Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic

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PERSIAN-TAJIK LITERATURE

No. 7 FROM THE MESSAGE OF THE NKGB of the USSR In the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), SNK of the USSR, NKO of the USSR and NKVD of the USSR dated March 6, 1941

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