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K.V. Nesselrode - Minister of Foreign Affairs in Russia (1822-1856).

The main goal is to counter the European revolutionary movement.

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1830-1831 - uprising in Poland

• November 1830 - the rebels seized power in Warsaw, led by A.A. Czartoryski.
• The Russian-Polish war began (1830-1831).
• September 1831 - assault and capture of Warsaw by Russian troops led by I.F. Paskevich.

Results of the Polish Uprising:

• Repeal of the Polish Constitution.
• Restriction of Polish autonomy.

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1848-1849 - revolutions in Europe

• February 1848 - rupture of diplomatic relations with revolutionary France.
• March 1848 - speech of Nicholas I with a manifesto on the need for a decisive struggle "against distemper" ("international gendarme").
• The introduction of Russian troops into Moldavia and Wallachia.
• 1849 - the defeat of the revolution in Hungary.
• The desire to prevent the creation of a strong German state in Central Europe.

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Eastern question

• The emergence of the concept of "Eastern question" dates back to the end of the 18th century; the term was introduced into diplomatic practice in the 30s. 19th century
• Factors that led to the emergence and further aggravation of the issue:
• Decline of the Ottoman Empire.
• The growth of the national liberation movement of the Balkan peoples against the Turks.
• Exacerbation of contradictions between European countries in the Middle East, caused by the struggle for the division of the world.

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The main stages in the development of the Eastern question

• Revolt in Greece.
• War with Iran (1826-1828).
• War with Turkey (1828-1829).
• The problem of the straits (Bosporus and Dardanelles).
• Crimean War (1853-1856).
• Annexation of the Caucasus.

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• 1827 - the defeat of the Turkish fleet at Navarino, which contributed to the victory of Greece in the struggle for independence.
• 1821 Greek uprising.
• The uprising was brutally suppressed by the Ottoman Empire.
• In 1824, Russia tried to stand up for Greece, but the European states did not support it.
• On August 6, 1826, Nicholas announced that Russia would follow its own interests in Turkish affairs.
• March 23, 1826 - signing of a protocol between England and Russia on the obligation to mediate between the Sultan and the Greeks (France joined the protocol):
• Agreement on the "collective protection" of the interests of Greece.
• Sultan - an ultimatum to grant autonomy to Greece.
• The Ottoman Empire rejected the ultimatum, and the tripowers began military operations against it.

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1826-1828 - Russian-Iranian war

Causes:

• Iran, instigated by Great Britain, systematically violated the terms of the Peace of Gulistan in 1813,
• demanded the return of territories that had ceded to Russia (Eastern Transcaucasia and West Coast Caspian Sea).

1. In the spring of 1826, the militant group of Abbas-Mirza came to power in Iran.
2. July 16, 1826 - Iranian troops invaded Russian territory without declaring war.
3. 1827 - General I.F. Paskevich was appointed commander of the Russian army
4. On September 13, 1827, near Elizavetpol, Russian troops (8 thousand people) defeated 35 thousand. army of Abbas-Mirza and threw back its remnants beyond the river. Arax. The road to Tehran was opened.

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February 10, 1828 - Treaty of Turkmenchay.

The Erivan and Nakhichevan khanates went to Russia.

• Northern Azerbaijan and Eastern Armenia annexed.
• Russia received the exclusive right to have a navy in the Caspian.
• Iran paid Russia 20 million rubles.

Meaning:

• The victories of Russia delivered the peoples of Transcaucasia from the yoke of the Iranian feudal lords.
• England was dealt a severe blow in Transcaucasia.
• Russia has a free hand with respect to Turkey.

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War with Turkey (1828-1829)

• April 14, 1828 - Russia declared war on Turkey.
• England and France declared neutrality, but actually supported Turkey,
• Austria helped her with weapons, and defiantly deployed her troops on the border with Russia.

For Russia, the war turned out to be very difficult:

• poor technical equipment
• bad weapons,
• incompetent generals.

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Fighting in the Balkans

1828 - 100 thousandth army of P.H. Wittgenstein:

• Entered Wallachia and Moldavia, crossed the Danube.
• Captured a number of fortresses in Bulgaria.
• The Turks put up fierce resistance.

1829 - the army of I.I. Dibicha:

• Overcame the Balkan Mountains
• Captured Adrianople,
• Defeated the remnants of the Turkish army (the road to Constantinople was open).

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Fighting in the Caucasus.

11 thousandth detachment of I.F. Paskevich was occupied by the fortresses of Kars, Ardagan, Bayazet, Arzerum, Anapa, Sukhum-Kale, Poti.

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September 1829 - Treaty of Adrianople

Russia received:

• Mouth of the Danube (southern part of Bessarabia).
• Eastern coast of the Black Sea from the mouth of the Kuban River to the port of St. Nicholas and other territories (the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus with the fortresses of Anapa and Poti).
• The Bosporus and the Dardanelles were declared open to the passage of merchant ships of all countries.
• Turkey was obliged to pay Russia an indemnity in the amount of 1.5 million Dutch chervonets within 18 months.
• confessed internal autonomy Greece, Serbia, Moldavia and Wallachia.

Meaning:

• Strengthened Russian influence in the Balkans.
• Turkey fell into diplomatic dependence on Russia.

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As a result of the Russian-Turkish and Russian-Iranian wars, Russia was finally included

• Transcaucasia,
• Georgia,
• Eastern Armenia,
• Northern Azerbaijan.
• Transcaucasia became an integral part of the Russian Empire

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Aggravation of Russian-English contradictions

• 1833 - Unkar-Iskelesi Treaty on allied relations between Russia and Turkey:
• Turkey was supposed to prevent the passage of warships of European states through the Bosporus and Dardanelles.
• Russia guaranteed Turkey assistance with troops.
• England was hostile to the union of Russia and the Ottoman Empire:
• She financed the actions of the mountaineers of the Caucasus against Russia, sent her military specialists and weapons.
• Started a "trade war" in Central Asia and Iran (the positions of Russian merchants were weakened).

1841 - London Convention.

Plan. Main directions foreign policy Russia. Russian-Iranian war of 1826-1828. Russian-Turkish war of 1828-1829. Foreign policy of Nicholas 1. Nakhimov. Causes of Russia's defeat in the Crimean War. Wars under the reign of Nicholas I. Unkar-Iskelesi treaty. Battle in Sinop Bay. Russia in the wars from 1826 to 1849. The results of Russia's foreign policy in 1826-1849. Causes of the war. Measures taken by Russia to prevent revolutionary influence.

"Caucasian War 1817-1864" - Causes of the Caucasian War. By what means did the tsarist government manage to conquer the Caucasus. Reasons for Shamil's success. Reasons for the Russian victory. A.P. Ermolov. Caucasus. Destruction of the Imamat. Shamil ruled with the help of naibs. Russian policy in the Caucasus. Peoples of the Caucasus. Caucasian War 1817-1864 Results of the war. Military operations in the Caucasus. Shamil movement. Construction of a military road. Causes and stages of the war.

"Directions of the internal policy of Nicholas I" - Measures to strengthen the positions of the nobility. agrarian reform. Preservation and strengthening of the existing system. The personality of Nicholas I. The main directions of domestic policy. Policy inconsistency. Have the objectives of the reform been achieved? Goals of the state village reform. Law codification. Strengthening the fight against revolutionary sentiments. OH. Benkendorf. Decree on "obligated" peasants. Measures of Nicholas 1 in solving the peasant question.

"Directions of the foreign policy of Nicholas I" - European direction. Eastern direction. Gendarme of Europe. Exacerbation of Russian-English contradictions. The main directions of foreign policy. Russia - "The Gendarme of Europe". Russian-Turkish war. Russian-Iranian war. theaters of war. Middle East direction. Events. Event. The foreign policy of Nicholas 1. The reaction of Nicholas1 to the revolutionary events in Europe. Result.

"The domestic policy of Nicholas I" - Mother. Illustrations and documents. Reform. Strengthening the role of the state apparatus. Emperor. Emperor Nicholas I. Strengthening the fight against revolutionary sentiments. Jokes. hardships of our time. Englishman. Gambling. Tyutchev's epigrams. Domestic politics Nicholas I. The direction of the domestic policy of Nicholas I. Creation of a secret committee. Strengthening the support of autocratic power. Attempts to solve the peasant problem.

"Results of the internal policy of Nicholas I" - Codification of laws. Egor Frantsevich Kankrin. Transformations. monetary reform. Nicholas I. The goals of the reform of the state peasants. complete collection laws of the Russian Empire. Categories of peasants. Reform of the state village. Organ of political investigation. The beginning of the reign. Apogee of autocracy. Mikhail Mikhailovich Speransky. Sale of serfs. The essence of financial reform. Orders. How Nicholas I treated serfdom.

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Slides captions:

1. Rebellion of the Decembrists. 2. Domestic policy of Nicholas. 3. Foreign policy of Nicholas. Reign of Nicholas I

"Union of Salvation": Alexey Muravyov, Sergey Trubetskoy, Nikita Muravyov, 1816, 30 people. "Union of Welfare": 1818, 200 people "Southern Society": Pavel Pestel, Sergey Muravyov - Apostle, Mikhail Bestuzhev - Ryumin "Northern Society": Sergey Trubetskoy, Nikita Muravyov, Evgeny Obolensky, 1821. The first secret societies

Northern society Constitution Constitutional monarchy Abolition of serfdom People's veche - parliament Suffrage Russkaya Pravda Republic Derzhavnaya Duma - executive power Abolition of serfdom Proclamation of equal rights of citizens Abolition of estates People's veche - parliament Programs of secret societies Southern society

Alexander I Constantine

The purpose of the uprising: to prevent the oath to Nicholas seize the Winter Palace to arrest royal family, depose the monarchy on December 14, 1812

Results of the uprising On December 17, 1825, the Investigative Committee of Pestel, Muravyov-Apostol, Ryleev, Bestuzhev-Ryumin, Kakhovsky penal servitude began work, deprivation of ranks, demoted to the rank and file. A total of 600 people were brought to punishment

1825 - 1855 Nicholas I

Own e.i.v. Chancellery Created in 1812. It consisted of 6 departments Domestic policy of Nicholas I Third department - political investigation Head - Alexander Khristoforovich Benkendorf (1781-1844) fight against abuse, censorship

Codification of the laws of the Russian Empire 1828-1830 - 45 volumes of laws were published from 1649 - to 1825 1833 - the code of laws of the Russian Empire was adopted by M.M. Speransky January 1 (12), 1772 - February 11 (23), 1839 2. Internal policy

S.S. Uvarov (1789 - 1855) - count, trustee of the St. Petersburg educational district, headed Russian Academy Sciences from 1818 to 1855. 1834 Proposed the idea of ​​educating the younger generation in the spirit of: Orthodoxy Autocracy Nationality Theory of official nationality

1842 - law on obligated peasants It is forbidden to sell peasants separately from the family The landowner could free the peasants, give the peasants land, having received quitrent State peasants State peasants received the right to self-government Establishment of agricultural schools Solving the peasant question

Features of foreign policy

Uprising in Poland. In 1815, the territory of the Kingdom of Poland was determined. The Russian Emperor was considered the King of Poland. Poland retained its own Constitution, the Sejm, its own treasury and army.

Uprising in Poland. Reasons for the uprising: The desire of the nobility to restore the independence of Poland Create a state from the Baltic to the Black Sea Support for Polish nationalists catholic church On November 17, 1830, the conspirators attacked

Uprising in Poland.

The results of the uprising in Poland in 1831, a cholera epidemic began in the country He died from the disease Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich On August 28, 1831, Russian troops entered Warsaw. In Europe, the rebels were actively supported. In England and France, Russophobia is actively manifesting.

Crimean War

Russian-Iranian war 1826-1828. Reasons: The struggle for influence in the Caucasus By the end of 1827, the Iranian troops were defeated. The Turkmanchay peace treaty was signed

The war in the Caucasus The annexation of new territories in the Caucasus The peoples did not recognize the power of the king Proclaimed a holy war - "gazzavat"

Causes of the war: 1. Harassment of Orthodox pilgrims. Contradictions between Russia on the one hand, France and England on the other. On September 27, 1853, the Sultan declared war on Russia. Crimean War

Crimean War On November 18, 1853, the Russian squadron under the command of P.S. Nakhimova destroyed the Turkish fleet

March 27 England entered the war against Russia March 28 France entered the war against Russia

Crimean War On September 14, the landing began allied forces in Evpatoria. On October 17, the siege of Sevastopol began.

The results of the war on March 18, 1856 Russia, Austria, France, Great Britain, Turkey, Prussia, the Kingdom of Sardinia signed the Treaty of Paris Russia returned the Kars fortress to Turkey in exchange for Sevastopol The Black Sea was declared neutral Russia and Turkey were forbidden to have their fleets there

The reasons for the defeat of Russia The breakdown of the financial system of Russia The results of the war give further development reforms in Russia

Questions to repeat Name the reasons for the formation of the first secret societies Why the Decembrist uprising was not supported by the general population What is the difference between the programs of the Northern and Southern societies What are the directions of Russia's foreign policy The reasons for the entry of France and England into the Crimean War What are the results Crimean War

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Presentation on the topic: Domestic policy of Nicholas I

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a brief description of Nicholas I. Born in 1796, as he had two older brothers Alexander and Constantine, he never prepared to take the throne. Nikolai Pavlovich was educated at home - teachers were assigned to him and his brother Mikhail. But Nikolai did not show much zeal for study. He didn't acknowledge humanities, but he was well versed in the art of war, was fond of fortification, and was familiar with engineering. According to V. A. Mukhanov, Nikolai Pavlovich, having completed his education, was himself horrified by his ignorance and after the wedding he tried to fill this gap, but the conditions of a scattered life, the predominance of military occupations and the bright joys of family life distracted him from constant office work.

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Dynastic crisis of 1825. In 1820, Emperor Alexander I informed his brother Nikolai Pavlovich and his wife that the heir to the throne, their brother Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich, intended to renounce his right, so Nikolai would become the heir as the next brother in seniority. In 1823, Konstantin formally renounced his rights to the throne, as he had no children, was divorced and married a second marriage to the Polish Countess Grudzinskaya. On August 16, 1823, Alexander I signed a secretly drawn up manifesto, which approved the abdication of Konstantin Pavlovich and approved Nikolai Pavlovich as the heir to the throne. On December 12, 1825, unable to convince Konstantin to take the throne and having received his final refusal (albeit without a formal act of renunciation), Grand Duke Nikolai Pavlovich decided to accept the throne in accordance with the will of Alexander I.

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Investigation and trial of the Decembrists: 579 people were involved in the investigation and trial. The process took place in the strictest secrecy, the work of the commission of inquiry was headed by the emperor himself. On July 13, 1826, five participants in the uprising: Pestel, Muraviev-Apostol, Bestuzhev-Ryumin, Kakhovsky and Ryleev were executed in the Peter and Paul Fortress, more than a hundred people were exiled to hard labor and eternal settlement in Siberia.

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Fighting revolutionary movement: In 1826, the III branch was created Imperial Chancellery, which was subordinate to the corps of gendarmes, was headed by A.Kh. Benkendorf. In 1826, a new censorship charter was adopted, called "cast iron" by contemporaries.

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Measures to strengthen public administration: In 1826, M.M. Speransky was instructed to carry out the codification of Russian legislation. He managed to do this within 5 years: in 1832, the Complete Collection of Laws of Russian Empire"in 45 volumes, and in 1833 - the Code of Acting Laws. The government took a number of measures to support the nobility, which led to an increase in the authority and role of the nobility in Russia.

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Peasant question: In 1837-1841, P.D. Kiselev carried out a reform of the state peasants, introducing peasant self-government. In 1837-1841 P.D. Kiselev carried out a reform of the state peasants, introducing peasant self-government. In 1842, a decree “On obligated peasants” was issued, according to which the landowner could release his peasants with the provision of allotments for hereditary use, but with the performance of certain duties. In 1847-1848, the peasants received the right to redeem themselves for freedom and acquire uninhabited lands and buildings. The landlords were forbidden to exile peasants to Siberia and sell them without land.

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Financial Reform Practical activities E.F. Cancrina, extremely versatile. The streamlining of the Russian monetary system, the strengthening of protectionism and the improvement of state reporting and accounting are associated with his name. The monetary reform of 1839-1843 consisted in the fact that banknotes, first issued in Russia under Catherine II, were fixed in the silver unit that existed since 1810 (3 rubles 50 kopecks in banknotes = 1 silver ruble). From June 1, 1843, banknotes and other paper signs began to be exchanged for "state credit notes", which, in turn, were exchangeable for hard cash. The whole reform was carried out with great care and gradualness.

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Policy in the field of education and culture: It was forbidden to accept serfs in the middle and higher educational establishments, however, it was under Nicholas I in 1828 that the main pedagogical institute. A number of higher technical and special schools were founded: in 1828 Institute of Technology in St. Petersburg, in 1832 the School of Civil Engineers, in 1835 the School of Law, in 1840 the Gory-Goretsk Agricultural School, in 1844 the Konstantinovsky Land Survey Institute in Moscow, in 1830 the veterinary school in Kharkov, in 1848 - in Dorpat. There were facts showing the personal participation of Nicholas I in the development of the arts: In September 1826, Nicholas received Pushkin, who had been released by him from Mikhailov's exile, and saved the poet from general censorship (he decided to censor his writings himself), support from the Alexandrinsky Theater. Nicholas I had both literary taste and civic courage to defend The Inspector General and, after the first performance, say: “Everyone got it - and most of all to ME.” However, it was Nikolai who ordered Lermontov to be exiled to the Caucasus. By order of the tsar, the magazines European, Moscow Telegraph, Telescope were closed, P. Chaadaev was persecuted, and F. Schiller was banned from staging in Russia.

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Contemporaries about Nicholas I: “Deeply sincere in his convictions, often heroic and great in his devotion to the cause in which he saw the mission entrusted to him by providence, it can be said that Nicholas I was a donquixote of autocracy, a terrible and malicious donquixote, because possessed an omnipotence that allowed him to subordinate everything to his fanatical and outdated theory and trample underfoot the most legitimate aspirations and rights of his age. That is why this man, who combined with the soul of a generous and chivalrous character of rare nobility and honesty, a warm and tender heart and an exalted and enlightened mind, although devoid of breadth, that is why this man could be a tyrant and despot for Russia during his 30-year reign who systematically stifled every manifestation of initiative and life in the country he ruled. - A.F. Tyutcheva. “He has a lot of ensign and a little Peter the Great,” Pushkin wrote about Nikolai in his diary on May 21, 1834; “His mind is not processed, his upbringing was careless,” Queen Victoria wrote about Emperor Nikolai Pavlovich in 1844.