Mountain sky is for you! Why doesn't the moon fall to earth? Detailed analysis Why the moon does not fall on.
Education Department of the Kemerovo Administration municipal district
Xdistrict scientific and practical conference
"World of Discovery"
Section “Geography, geology »
Why doesn't the moon fall to earth?
Semenov Lavr Yurievich,
student of grade 1 "B"
MBOU "Yagunovskaya Secondary School"
Supervisor:
Kalistratova
Svetlana Borisovna,
teacher primary grades
MBOU "Yagunovskaya Secondary School"
2016
Content
Introduction …………………………………………………………………………. 3
Chapter 1. The moon as a subject of research ...................... 5
1.1. Study of sources …………………………… .. ………………………… 5
1.2. Moon observation...................................................................................... 7
Chapter 2. Organization and results of research …………………………… ... 9
Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………… .. 13
List of literature and Internet resources ……………………………………… .. 14
Introduction
I really like everything related to space. I love to observe the stars, find constellations, so we chose this topic for research.
There is an amazing place in Kemerovo State University - a planetarium. It is included in the list of 26 planetariums in Russia, as well as in the list of planetariums in the world. "Founder" of our planetarium, teacher, candidate of physical and mathematical sciences of Kemerovo State University Kuzma Petrovich Matsukov, better than anyone else, understands "the affairs of the stars." The planetarium offers excursions that reveal the mysteries of space, the birth of the universe and stars. Here you can see a picture of a real starry sky! With the help of a starry sky projector under the planetarium dome, we can see about five thousand stars, planets, the sun and the moon..
Some planets have many satellites, others have none at all. We decided to figure out what a satellite is. We were, of course, interested in the Moon, since it is a satellite of our Earth.
Asking Kuzma Petrovich why the Moon always hangs in the sky and does not fly away anywhere, they found out that the Earth possesses amazing property: she attracts everything to herself. But the Moon hangs in the sky and for some reason does not fall to the Earth. Why? Let's try to find the answer to this question.
Purpose of the study: reveal why the moon does not fall to the earth.
Research objectives:
1. Study various sources on this issue (encyclopedias, Internet), visit the Kemerovo State University planetarium.
2. Learn how the Moon was formed, how the Moon affects the Earth, what connects the Moon to the Earth.
3. Conduct a study and, on the basis of the data obtained, find out why the Moon does not fall on the Earth.
Research hypothesis: it is likely that the moon will fall if it approaches the Earth. But maybe there is something that keeps the Moon from the Earth at a distance, so the Moon does not fall to the Earth.
Chapter 1. The moon as a subject of research
1.1 Investigation of sources
Before we look for the answer to the question "What is the Moon, actually?", We will conduct a small survey among adults (5 people) and children (5 people), and find out how deep their knowledge in this area is.
2 people - right;3 people - wrong.
4 people - right;
1person - wrong.
Which country's citizens first visited the moon? (americans)
0 people - right;
5 people - wrong.
5 people - right;
0 people - wrong.
What was the name of the self-propelled vehicle that traveled on the lunar surface? ("Lunokhod")
3 people - right;
2 people - wrong.
5 people - right;
0 people - wrong.
We know that the Earth is a magnet. Why does the Moon - Earth's satellite - not fall to Earth? (It revolves around the Earth)
1person - right;
4 people - wrong.
4 people - right;
1person - wrong.
Where did craters appear on the moon? (From collisions with meteorites)
2 people - right;
3 people - wrong.
5 people - right;
0 people - wrong.
After conducting a survey, we found out that adults can answer questions about the moon, but children cannot. Therefore, we continued our research.
The word "moon" means "bright". In ancient times, people considered the moon a goddess - the patroness of the night.
The moon is the only natural satellite of the earth. The second brightest object in the earth's firmament after the Sun.Nowadays astronomers with the help of modern instruments with a laser beam can determine the distance between the Earth and the Moon with an accuracy of several centimeters.The moon is at a distance of 384,400 km from the Earth. The journey there on foot would have taken nine years!By car, we would need to go to the moon without stopping for more than six months.
The lunar ball is much smaller than the earth's: in diameter - almost 4 times, and in volume - 49 times. From the substance of the globe, you can make 81 balls, each of which would weigh as much as the moon.
We can always see only one side of the moon. A kind of "small" disk, the diameter of which is 3480 km. Approximately half the area of all of Russia.The period of rotation of the Moon around the axis coincides with the period of revolution of the Earth, which is 28 and a half days, so the Moon is always facing the Earth on one side.
The moon revolves around the Earth not strictly in a circle, but in a flattened circle - an ellipse. And when the Moon gets closest the distance between the Earth and the Moon shrinks356 400 kilometers. Such a minimum approach of the Moon to the Earth is calledperigee . And the maximum distance is calledapogee and is equal to the whole406,700 kilometers.
There is no atmosphere, so people cannot breathe on the moon. Surface temperature from -169 ° C to +122 ° C.
Gray spots on the moon in the old days were considered seas. It is now known that there is not a drop of water on the Moon, and there is no air envelope - the atmosphere. Lunar "seas" are deep depressions covered with gray volcanic rocks. Some of the lunar craters were formed when iron or stone bodies - meteorites - fell on the Moon from the interplanetary space. The bright parts of the Moon are its mountainous regions.
American astronauts have visited the moon. Our lunar rovers, controlled from the Earth, also told a lot of interesting things about it. Machine guns and astronauts delivered to Earth lunar soil... The moon is very small, and therefore the force of gravity on it is also small. Astronauts on the moon weighed about 1/6 of their usual weight on Earth.
The moon is 4.5 billion. years - about the same as the Earth. It was formed as a result of the collision of the Earth with one of the small planets. The planet was destroyed, and the Moon formed from its debris and began to gradually move away from the Earth. The distance between her and the Earth increases at about the same rate as nails grow.
Rotating around the Earth, the Moon acts on our seas by gravity. This attraction causes the ebb and flow.
1.2 Observing the Moon.
Let's watch the moon, and we will see that its appearance changes every day. First a narrow sickle, then the moon gets fat and after a few days it becomes round. After a few more days, the full moon gradually becomes smaller and smaller and again becomes like a sickle. The crescent moon is often referred to as the month. If the sickle is turned with a bulge to the left, like the letter "C", then the moon is said to be "aging". After 14 days and 19 hours after the full moon, the old month will disappear altogether. The moon is not visible. This phase of the moon is called "new moon". Then gradually the Moon, from a narrow sickle turned to the right (if you mentally draw a straight line through the ends of the sickle, you get the letter "P", that is, the month "grows"), turns back into the full moon. Sometimes, during the new moon, the moon obscures the sun. At such moments there is solar eclipse... If the Earth casts a shadow on the Moon during the full moon, then a lunar eclipse occurs. For the moon to "grow" again, the same period of time is required: 14 days and 19 hours. Changing the appearance of the moon, i.e. change lunar phases, from full moon to full moon (or from new moon to new moon) occurs every four weeks, more precisely, for 29 and a half days. This is the lunar month. It served as the basis for the compilation of the calendar. You can calculate in advance when and how the moon will be visible, when there will be dark nights and when there will be light ones. During the full moon, the moon is turned towards the earth with its illuminated side, and during the new moon - unlit. The moon is a solid, cold celestial body, it does not emit its own light, it shines in the sky only because it reflects the light of the Sun with its surface. Turning around the Earth, the Moon turns to it either with a completely illuminated surface, sometimes with a partially illuminated surface, sometimes with a dark one. That is why the appearance of the moon is constantly changing during the month.
Chapter 2. Organization and results of research
Today, astronomers imagine the structure of the solar system as follows: in the center of it is the sun, and the planets are circling around it, as if tied. There are eight of them - Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune and Uranus. Why, after all, do the planets run around the Sun, as if tied? They are really attached, only this connection is invisible. Isaac Newton formulated a very important law - the law of universal gravitation. He proved that all the bodies of the Universe - the Sun, planets with their satellites, individual stars and stellar systems - are attracted to each other. The strength of this attraction depends on the size of the celestial bodies and on the distances between them. The smaller the distance, the stronger the attraction. How greater distance, the weaker the attraction. Let's carry out a number of experiments.
Experience 1. Let's try to jump in place. What came of it? That's right, we flew up a few centimeters and sank back to the ground. Why don't we jump high into the sky, and then into space? Because we, too, are tied to our planet with the same force of attraction.
Experience 2. Let's take the ball. He does not fly anywhere, is at rest, in our hand. We are standing on the floor. We release the ball from our hands, it falls to the floor.
Experience 3. We take a paper sheet in our hands, throw it up, but it also smoothly sinks to the floor.
We observe gravity in nature. We see snow, raindrops fall on the ground. Even icicles do not grow up, but down, towards the ground.
Conclusion. The Earth really holds on its surface everything that is on it with a powerful attraction. It keeps not only you and me and everything living on Earth, but also all objects, stones, rocks, sands, water of the oceans, seas and rivers, the atmosphere surrounding the Earth.
Then why doesn't the moon fall to earth?
To begin with, we conducted a survey among children and their parents on the Kemdetki website. The question was asked: "Why do you think the Moon does not fall to the Earth?" Here are some of the answers:
1. Dasha, 7 years old: "Because there is air in the sky, and he holds the Moon."
2. Anya, 7 years old: "Because there is no attraction in zero gravity, this is a planet!"
3. Olya, 9 years old: "Because the Moon revolves around the Earth in its orbit and cannot leave it."
4. Matvey, 5 years old: “The moon is a satellite of the Earth. And in the Earth there is a core-magnet and it attracts ”.
5. Olya, 5 years old: "Holds the air."
6. Alice, 7 years old: "Because the sky holds her and she cannot push off ...".
7. Roma, 6 years old: "Because she stuck to the night ...".
8. Masha, 6 years old: “Where can she fall here? We don't have much room here anyway. "
Having studied articles in encyclopedias and the Internet, we found out that the Moon would instantly fall to the Earth if it was motionless. But the Moon does not stand still, it revolves around the Earth. When rotating, a force is formed, which scientists call centripetal, that is, tending to the center, and centrifugal, running from the center. We can verify this ourselves by conducting a series of simple experiments.
Experience 1. We tie a thread to an ordinary felt-tip penand start spinning it.The felt-tip pen on the thread will, downright, pull out of our hand, but the thread will not let go. The felt-tip pen is affected centrifugal force, trying to swing it away from the center of rotation. So onThe moon is acted upon by a centrifugal force, which prevents it from falling to Earth. Instead, it moves around the Earth in a constant path. If we rotate the marker very hard, the thread will break, and if we rotate it slowly, the marker will fall. Therefore, if the Moon moved even faster, then it would overcome the gravity of the Earth and flew into Space, if the Moon moved more slowly, the force of gravity would pull it to the Earth.
F1 - centrifugal force (running from the center)
F2- centripetal force (seeking center)
Experience 2. Let's take dad's hands, as in a round dance. Without letting go of his hands, let's start running around dad, looking into his face, and let dad turn after us. Dad is this, and we will be the moon. If you spin very, very quickly, you can even fly without touching the floor with your feet. And so that we do not fly away to the wall, dad will have to hold us very tightly. It's the same in heaven. The hands of the Pope - the Earth grabbed the Moon tightly and did not let her go.
Experience 3. You can also give an example with the amusement ride "Carousel", which is located in the City Garden of Kemerovo. The speed of rotation of the "Carousel" is specially calculated, and if the centrifugal force was less than the tension force of the chain, otherwise it would end in disaster.
Experience 4. Washing machine - automatic machine will also be an example. The laundry that is washed in it is attracted to the walls of its drum, when it moves with acceleration, the laundry is wrung out, and falls only when the drum stops.
Conclusion. That's how the moon is. If it did not revolve around the Earth, then, for sure, it would have fallen on it. But centrifugal forces prevent her from doing this. And the Moon cannot escape either - the Earth's gravity keeps it in orbit.
Conclusion
So, after studying the literature on this issue and visiting the Kemerovo State University planetarium, we found out:
That the Moon is the only natural satellite of the Earth.The moon is 4.5 billion. years - about the same as the Earth.
Through observations we have noticed that the appearance of the moon changes every day. Such changes in the shape of the moon are calledphases.
We also concluded that the Moon is held by the Earth by the force of gravity between bodies. The force that prevents the moon from "running away" when rotating isEarth's gravity (centripetal) ... And the force that prevents the Moon from falling to Earth -it is centrifugal force , which occurs when the moon rotates around the earth. If the Moon moved faster, then it would overcome the gravity of the Earth and flew into Space, if the Moon moved more slowly, the force of gravity would pull it to the Earth.Rotating around the Earth, the Moon moves in orbit at a speed of 1 km / sec, that is, slow enough not to leave its orbit and "fly away" into Space, but also fast enough not to fall to Earth.
Literature and Internet resources
New school encyclopedia « Celestial bodies", M., Rosmen, 2005.
"Why Much" Children's Encyclopedia, M., Rosmen, 2005.
"Why doesn't the Moon fall to Earth?" Zigunenko S.N., Pochemuchkin's books, 2015.
Ranzini. J. “Space. Supernova Atlas of the Universe ", M.: Eksmo, 2006.
- "Children!" site for parents of the Kemerovo region.
Wikipedia
The site “For children. Why "
Astronomy and Space Laws website
"How simple!"
One ancient Greek, allegedly Plutarch, uttered: they say, as soon as the Moon slows down, it will immediately fall to the Earth, like a stone thrown out of a sling. This was said back when the stars were falling, not meteorites.
Fifty-three years later, Newton inserted his own: they say, dear ones, if the Moon moved only by inertia, it would move in a straight line, long ago disappearing into the abyss of the Universe; The Earth and the Moon are held close to each other by the force of mutual gravity, forcing the latter to move in a circle. Moreover, he said, gravity, being, most likely, the primary cause of any movement in the Universe, is capable of even accelerating the slightly slowed running of the Moon in certain parts of the elliptical (Keplerian) orbit ... Fifty years later, Cavendish allegedly proved the existence of forces of mutual gravity between celestial bodies.
That's all. Therefore, it is inertia and gravity, forcing the Moon to move in a closed orbit, and are the reasons that prevent the Moon from falling to Earth. It turns out that if the gravitational mass of the Earth suddenly increases, then the Moon will only move away from it in its higher orbit due to the increase in speed and proportionally to the increasing effect of centrifugality. But…
The satellites of the planets cannot have any closed orbits - circular and elliptical. Now we will look at the joint "fall" of the Earth and the Moon on the Sun and make sure of this.
So, the Earth and the Moon together "fall" in the gravitational space of the Sun for about 4 billion years. In this case, the speed of the Earth relative to the Sun is about 30 km / s, and the Moon's - 31. For 30 days, the Earth passes along its trajectory 77.8 million km (30 x 3600 x 24 x 30), and the Moon - 80.3. 80.3 - 77.8 = 2.5 million km. The radius of the moon's orbit is approximately 400,000 km. Therefore, the circumference of the Moon's orbit is 400,000 x 2 x 3.14 = 2.5 million km. In our reasoning alone, 2.5 million km is already the "curvature" of the almost straight trajectory of the Moon.
A large-scale display of the trajectories of the Earth and the Moon may look like this: if there is 1 million km in one cell, then the path traversed by the Earth and the Moon in a month will not fit into the entire turn of the notebook into a cell, while the maximum distance of the trajectory of the Moon from the trajectory of the Earth in the phases of the full moon and new moon will be equal to only 2 millimeters.
However, you can take a segment of an arbitrary length, which means the path of the Earth, and draw the movement of the Moon in a month. The movement of the Earth and the Moon occurs from right to left, that is, counterclockwise. If the Sun is somewhere at the bottom of the figure, then on the right side of the figure we will mark the Moon in the full moon phase with a dot. Let the Earth at this time be exactly under this point. In 15 days, the Moon will be in the new moon phase, that is, just in the middle of our segment and just under the Earth in the figure. On the left side of the figure, we again denote by dots the position of the Moon and the Earth in the full moon phase.
The moon crosses the trajectory of the Earth twice during the month at the so-called nodes. The first node will be approximately 7.5 days from the full moon phase. From the Earth at this time, just half of the lunar disk is visible. This phase is called the first quarter, since the moon by this time passes a quarter of its monthly path. The second time the Moon crosses the trajectory of the Earth in last quarter, that is, approximately 7.5 days from the new moon phase. Have you painted?
Here's what's interesting: the Moon at the node of the first quarter is 400,000 km ahead of the Earth, and at the node of the last quarter it is already 400,000 km behind it. It turns out that the Moon "along the upper crest of the wave" moves with acceleration, and "along the lower" - with deceleration; the path of the Moon from the node of the last quarter to the node of the first quarter is 800,000 km longer.
Of course, the Moon in its motion along the "upper arc" does not accelerate spontaneously, it is the Earth with its gravitational mass that captures it and, as it were, throws it over itself. It is this property of moving planets - to capture and accelerate, dragging them along - and is used to accelerate space probes in the so-called gravitational maneuver. If the probe crosses the path of the planet in front of it, then we have a gravitational maneuver with the probe slowing down. It's simple.
The climax of the full moon is repeated after 29 days, 12 hours and 44 minutes. This is the synodic period of the Moon's revolution. Theoretically, the Moon should travel through its orbit in 27 days, 7 hours and 43 minutes. This is a sidereal orbital period, which, in fact, simply does not exist, just as there is no closed orbit with a certain circumference. The discrepancy in two days in textbooks is explained by the movement of the Earth and the Moon in a month relative to the round Sun ...
So, Newton explained the "non-fall" of the Moon to the Earth by its temporary accelerations while moving in an elliptical orbit. We seem to have explained it even easier. And most importantly, it is more correct and more practical.
I remember that Kepler and Galileo laughed together at the "obsession with roundness" of the orbits of their advanced contemporaries: they say, let's laugh, my Kepler, of great human stupidity ... However, only the one who laughs last laughs well. True, laughing at the stupidity that got into textbooks is somehow not accepted. And we won't.
Now is the time to answer the difficult question "Why is the Moon always one side to the Earth?" The answer is simple: because the trajectory of the Moon is not a wave, but a spiral with an axis located on Earth.
If one plane just flies, and the other makes a "barrel" around it, then from the first plane you can always see only the "belly" of the second. In this case, the second plane is alternately exposed to the sun's rays with all its sides, if the sun is somewhere to the side of them. Thus, the change of daylight and darkness occurs on the Earth due to its daily rotation, and on the Moon, day and night are replaced due to its movement along a spiral trajectory.
Reviews
Sorry, but Sir Isaac Newton / ˈnjuːtən /, December 25, 1642 - March 20, 1727 according to the Julian calendar, in force in England until 1752; or January 4, 1643 - March 31, 1727 according to the Gregorian calendar)
Galileo Galilei (Italian Galileo Galilei; February 15, 1564, Pisa - January 8, 1642, Archetri) - Italian physicist, mechanic.
Henry Cavendish is a British physicist and chemist and a member of the Royal Society of London. Born: October 10, 1731, Nice, France. Died: February 24, 1810, London.
In other words, Isaac Newton was born in the year of Galileo Galilei's death and died on March 31, 1727! Genri Kavendish was born 4 years later.
But how do all these facts fit in with your words like this:
Seventeen centuries later, Galileo, armed not only with the art of reasonable generalizations, but also with a telescope, continued: The moon, they say, does not slow down its run because it moves by inertia, and obviously nothing hinders this movement. Said it suddenly and bluntly.
Two hundred and three years later, Newton inserted himself: they say, dear ones, if the Moon moved only by inertia, it would move in a straight line, long ago disappearing into the abyss of the Universe; The Earth and the Moon are held close to each other by the force of mutual gravity, forcing the latter to move in a circle. Moreover, he said, gravity, being, most likely, the primary cause of any movement in the Universe, is capable of even accelerating the slightly slowed running of the Moon in certain parts of the elliptical (Keplerian) orbit ... A hundred years later, Cavendish allegedly proved the existence of a force with the help of lead blanks and torsion weights mutual gravitation between celestial bodies.
And thank you for my sincere hope, the desire to make your own changes to the version of "Why the Moon does not fall to the Earth." As for me, I, as an adherent in solving this issue, rather Sir Isaac Newton than Galileo, cannot help but notice that Newton's version is closer to me a priori.
Closer only because Newton, in contrast to the stubborn Galileo, coordinated his judgments in this matter with the student of Leucippus from Miletus, Democritus, other Ancient Greeks who substantiated the so-called. planetary model of the structure of the atom. The model of the atom, as the smallest and indivisible particle of matter, preserving all its properties and consisting, following the example of our solar system, of a star named the Sun and the smallest particles that revolve around our Sun in their orbits, and which we call planets.
In other words, following Newton, I am deeply convinced that all planets do not fall on their stars only because they, as well as all other material particles, are subject to the Law that the Ancient Greeks already knew!
The law that Isaac Newton formulated is succinct, including with the help of mathematical formulas... Remember, the laws of physics are written in the language of mathematics, which is called the Law of Gravitation!
Do you know that "During the fall of the apple, the Earth bounces towards it by half the diameter of the atomic nucleus" (Wikipedia)? And for the Earth to be able to jump to the middle of the height of the apple tree, the stump is clear, the weight of the apple must be exactly equal to weight Earth. This is the mathematical law of falling apples discovered by Newton... However, only a mobile atom is both a source and a receiver of gravimagnetic induction, not a body or a mass; the reaction of the moving atoms of the body to this induction creates the appearance of a force. "Bodies gravitate with the dependent probability of translational impulses of their oscillating particles" - this is physical law gravitation, not mathematical. However, it is not so difficult to wrap it around.
As for the movement of the Earth-Moon tendency around the Sun, I like your desire to understand everything scrupulously, so to speak, once and for many years, at least, for example, and not as described in our textbooks. For what, at least, it is necessary to decide, finally, with the question of "The reasons for the change of seasons." Namely, to firmly know what the ecliptic is? I tried to discuss this issue with Nikolai Kladov, but he refused to discuss this topic and said, read the LETTER, everything is written correctly there! And that's what it says!
1. The ecliptic is a large circle of the celestial sphere, along which the apparent annual movement of the Sun relative to the stars occurs. Accordingly, the ecliptic plane is the plane of the Earth's revolution around the Sun. Wikipedia
2. The reason for the change of seasons is the slope earth axis in relation to the plane of the ecliptic and the rotation of the earth around the sun. Due to the elliptical shape of the earth's orbit, the seasons vary in length. So, in the Northern Hemisphere, autumn lasts approximately 89.8 days, winter - 89, spring - 92.8, summer - 93.6.
3. It's all about the angle of inclination of the earth's axis in relation to the plane of the ecliptic, which is 23.5 °. Actually, it is he who is responsible for the change of seasons on our planet.
So let's try to figure out all this obvious confusion! So, I say to Nikolai, it doesn’t work !! You, Victor, as far as I understand, are on my side in this matter. That is, I think you need to know exactly what the angle of the ecliptic is? Its value, at least, and do not poke it in the nose when solving important, for example, issues!
So the angle of the ecliptic, as I understand this of course, and I ask you to either support me or refute, this is the maximum angle of deviation of the planes of the orbits of all planets, no matter how many of them there are, from each other when they revolve around the Sun! Well, as you said: Take a thick table. In the center of this thick table is the Sun, around which the planets move in elliptical orbits naturally with their satellites and all other cosmic bodies that revolve around the Sun. So there you go! The angle of the ecliptic, as it naturally turns out then, is some maximum angle of deviation of the planes of the orbits of all planets from each other! And then it turns out that this angle of the ecliptic to the change of seasons, in principle, even cannot have anything to do with the change of seasons, including on Earth!
Since the change of seasons on the Earth depends solely on the angle of inclination of the Earth's axis of rotation to the plane formed by the elliptical, no doubt, the orbit of the Earth-Moon tendency around the Sun! And this angle has a strictly defined value, and not equal to 23 ° 44 ", but 66 ° 16"! And this angle, due to the gyroscopic moment of the Earth's revolution around its axis, has a value that is unchanged for the entire period of the Earth's revolution around the Sun. Sincerely,
Victor! That is why I am discussing with you in order to clarify what is true in Wikipedia and what is false! Moreover, I am not saying that all the laws of motion, namely 3 Newton's Law of Motion, which quite correctly states that the forces with which bodies interact are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction and that the line of action of the forces lies on one straight line connecting centers of all masses of these bodies.
Lead exactly to what you described so colorfully and emotionally !! So naturally, in the course of comprehending and understanding what is actually happening, it is necessary to make additions and clarifications of these laws so that there is complete clarity of what is taking place, what is actually happening. I mean the inertia of bodies, substances, which depends on the mass of bodies, substances and which does not allow the Earth to fall on the apple, while forcing this same apple to fall on the Earth in full accordance with the Law of gravity.
That is, the gravitational force of both the Earth and the apple is the same! But, due to the inertia of the bodies of substances, what happens is what happens and what we observe. So don't deny everything at once !! And what in return?! Since indeed, it is not so difficult to mate any supposed Law. And what in return?! Sincerely,
It is not necessary to explain the reason for the change of the seasons, but the very fact of the existence of the days of the solstices. Then the reason for the change of seasons will be explained correctly. And fucking Wikipedia can't even give the correct definition of the ecliptic. The ecliptic is simply the plane in which the orbits of all the planets in Solar system and the sun. Now this plane is in the plane of the oak table of Cratet Mullsky, and the axis of rotation of the Sun is inclined to this plane at an angle of 2.2. And as soon as this plane is deflected from this table by 7.2 degrees, raising the right edge, the explanation of the days of the solstices, and the explanation of the angle of inclination of the Sun itself, and the average angle of librations of the planets, and the absence of days of equinoxes on days of equinox immediately appear. Everything is simpler than a steamed turnip. And this topic is not at all interesting to me.
Really! The fucking Wikipedia is to blame! And all because, as I, of course, understand this, that we, unlike the Ancient Greeks, for example, do not know how to establish among ourselves such comradely relations that could reveal to us the truth of the phenomena and events we are considering, at least as all this happened before in Greece, for example.
After all, what happens? There are judgments of researchers: Viktor Babintsev, Mikhail Bliznetsov, Nikolai Kladov, Vladimir Danilov, Pavel Karavdin, Alexey Stepanov, other researchers, for example, who take part in solving problems:
"The reason for the change of seasons."
“So the Earth inside is empty, that is, hollow” ?!
What's the output? But in the end, there is no agreed solution to the problems, even between any two researchers. And then, in fact, it turns out that there is only a reaction to problems, and then naturally there is no solution to the problems! So I propose to conduct a dialogue the way the Ancient Greeks did, for example, that is, behave not like relativists, who, as you know, always utter the ultimate truth, but like dialectics! That is, to coordinate any of your judgments with your comrades, and only after, thus, an agreed judgment can something be discussed even further! Whatever happens, how many researchers have so many judgments and explanations !!
So I propose to start our agreements with the development of a unanimous opinion on the question, what is, excuse me, the ecliptic? Here we have already established, Victor, at least that there is an axis of rotation, and not only for one Earth, but also for all planets, and also, which is very important, including the Sun! That is, according to even the most general judgments of the formation of the solar system, at first there was some kind of huge red-hot ball rotating around its axis, from which later our entire solar system was formed.
The Solar System was formed, which includes the Sun revolving around its axis, as well as all the planets revolving around their own axes, together with their satellites, which can also either revolve around their planets, or, like the Moon, always be turned to the Earth by one of its sides.
Summarize! That is, let us clarify which of our colleagues agrees with such judgments:
The Earth, like all other planets, revolves around its axis and at the same time revolves around the Sun in an orbit, the plane of which passes through the center of the Sun and makes an angle with the axis of rotation of the Sun, which we will call the angle of the Earth's ecliptic!
Moreover, as I believe, now astronomers know the exact value not only of the ecliptic angle of the Earth, but also the exact value of the ecliptic angle of all other planets of the solar system! Nevertheless, for some reason this information is not available to us, I mean the general public. As a result, let's say so carefully, we do not know whether the angle of the Earth's ecliptic remains constant, for example, when the Earth revolves around the Sun in its orbit, or whether it changes its value during the year.
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Here I decided to make a selection of answers to the most tricky questions about the Moon. Write new questions and your answers in the comments at the bottom of the page!
1. Why doesn't the moon fall to earth?
For the same reason that all the planets do not fall on the Sun, the centrifugal force that occurs when the Moon moves around the Earth compensates for the gravitational force between the Earth and the Moon. But if the Moon is stopped relative to the Earth, it will fall.
2. The sun pulls the moon 2.2 times more strongly than the earth. Why doesn't the Moon fly away from the Earth to the Sun?
This is because the Moon and Earth move together in an orbit around the Sun and the centrifugal force generated by the Moon's motion around the Sun compensates for the Sun's gravity. If, for example, remove the Earth, the Moon will revolve around the Sun in practically the same orbit in which it revolves with the Earth around the Sun.
3. The Moon moves away from the Earth by about 4 cm annually. Perhaps this is due to the fact that the sun attracts the moon more than the earth?
Not certainly in that way. The removal of the Moon from the Earth is a consequence of tidal acceleration. The meaning of the phenomenon is as follows. The Earth rotates around its axis with a period of a day, while the Moon rotates around the Earth with a period of 27.3 days. As a result, the gravitational field of the Earth pushes the Moon (individual parts of the rapidly rotating Earth drag along the slowly flying Moon), that is, it gives its energy to the movement of the Moon around the Earth. This energy accelerates the Moon, which means it raises its orbit.
4. And what, the Moon will then completely fly away from the Earth?
Will not fly far :) Taking away the energy of the Earth's rotation to raise its orbit, the Moon slows down the Earth's rotation. Because of this, the Earth slows down its rotation around its axis and the geostationary orbit (that is, the orbit in which the speed of the satellite over the planet is equal to the speed of rotation of the planet) of the Earth rises. In the end, the Moon will be in geostationary orbit and the phenomenon of complete synchronization will occur, in which the Moon and Earth will look at each other with only one side. This is a steady state and will last for billions of years. And only in the very distant future the influence of our Sun (or some other object) can slow down the mutual rotation of the Moon-Earth pair and the Moon will fall on the Earth.
5. Have the Americans been to the moon or not?
According to Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation, all material objects are attracted to each other, with a force directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. Well, don't think too much. I know how you don’t like to do it. Then I will explain everything in detail! So, keep in mind that when you jump, the Earth pulls you back, it also happens to the Earth, you also pull it to you. But this is not noticeable, because your mass is negligible in comparison with the mass of the earth!
Now let's remove everything: air, the Sun, satellites, other systems and objects of the universe. Let's leave only the experimental Moon and Earth! 
Do you think that in such ideal system, Will the Moon collide with the Earth?
Well, in principle, this should happen, relying on the above law, the Earth should attract the Moon to itself, the Moon to attract the Earth to itself, and they will unite into one thing! But this is not happening! Something is interfering! Now let's add me to our system! Well, also, for clarity, let's give me a stone in my hand! (this is how it should be) 
Note that I am already on Earth, I was attracted and I could not unhook myself from it! And the stone in my hand is still reaching for the Earth, but I do not allow it to be attracted ... I gloat over the Earth.
So the experiment:
I am launching the rock with all my might along the surface of the Earth! 
He flies some distance and would fly away, with joy, to another solar system, if the treacherous Earth did not begin to attract him. He could not resist this law of universal gravitation. From which Newton suffered. Surely the apple stuffed him with a good bump! So that it ...
Now I launch this stone with even greater force ... Well, in short, with all the force I started! 
He flew around almost more than half of the Earth. But all the same, the Earth turned out to be stronger and still attracted him!
And what do you think ...
I will not rest on this, now I launched the stone at a speed of almost 8000 m / s.
A stone flies to itself and thinks: "Finally I am moving away from this hefty planet ... Or not? ... AAAAAAAA She again attracts me to her ...!" 
Before I had time to look back, my stone flies to the back of my head ... And if I duck? ... Obviously, it will fly further to the next orbit!
It remains only to give the stone a second space and we will see ... 
... How the stone will leave the orbit and possibly the solar system, if no one, of course, another will pull it!
That's it!
The sun is here and has nothing to do with it! And the Moon is the same stone, and if you slow it down, it will certainly fall to the Earth!
Relevance:
On April 12, our country recalls a grandiose event - a manned flight into space. In the lessons, we also discussed the topic of space, drew pictures. And the teacher asked us to cook interesting reports about space. Therefore, I chose this particular topic, since I myself am interested in it. And on the eve of this holiday "Cosmonautics Day" for us this is actual, I think that you will be interested too.
My assumptions:
At home, I got the encyclopedia "Heavenly Bodies" and began to read. Then I asked myself, can the Moon fall on us? I replied that, probably, the moon will fall if it gets closer to the Earth. Or, maybe, something keeps it with the Earth, so it does not fall and does not fly away anywhere.
The purpose and objectives of my work:
I decided to study the literature in more detail, how the Moon was formed, how it affects the Earth, what connects it with the Earth, and why the Moon does not fly into space and does not fall on the Earth. And here's what I learned.
Introduction
In astronomy, a satellite is a body that revolves around a large body and is held by the force of its attraction. The Moon is the Earth's satellite. Earth is a satellite of the Sun. The moon is a solid, cold, spherical celestial body, which is 4 times smaller than the Earth.
The moon is the closest celestial body to the Earth. If it were possible, the tourist would have walked to the moon for 40 years.
The Earth - Moon system is unique in the solar system, as no other planet has such a large satellite. The moon is the only satellite of the earth.
It is visible to the naked eye better than any planet through a telescope. Our companion conceals many mysteries.
The moon is so far the only cosmic body that a person has visited. The Moon revolves around the Earth in the same way as the Earth revolves around the Sun (see Fig. 1).
The distance between the centers of the Moon and the Earth is approximately 384467 km.
What does the moon look like?
The moon is not at all like the earth. There is no air, no water, no life. The concentration of gases near the lunar surface is equivalent to a deep vacuum. Due to the lack of atmosphere, its gloomy dusty expanses heat up during the day to + 120 ° С and freeze at night or just in the shade up to - 160 ° С. The sky on the moon is always black, even during the day. The huge disk of the Earth looks from the Moon more than 3.5 times than the Moon from the Earth, and hangs in the sky almost motionless (see Fig. 2).
The entire surface of the Moon is pitted with funnels, which are called craters. You can see them by looking closely at the moon on a clear night. Some craters are so big that they could fit a huge city. The main variants of crater formation are two - volcanic and meteoric.
The lunar surface can be divided into two types: very old mountainous terrain (lunar continent) and relatively smooth and younger lunar seas.
Lunar seas, which make up approximately 16% of the entire surface of the Moon, are huge craters created by collisions with celestial bodies that were later flooded with liquid lava. The lunar seas were named: Sea of Crises, Sea of Abundance, Sea of Tranquility, Sea of Rains, Sea of Clouds, Sea of Moscow and others.
Compared to the Earth, the Moon is very small. The radius of the moon is 1738 km, the volume of the moon is 2% of the volume of the earth, and the area is about 7.5%
How was the moon formed?
The moon and the earth are almost the same age. Here is one of the versions of the formation of the moon.
1. Soon after the formation of the Earth, a huge celestial body crashed into it.
2. From the impact, it shattered into many fragments.
3. Under the influence of gravity (attraction) of the Earth, the fragments began to revolve around it.
4. Over time, the fragments came together, and from them the moon was formed.
Moon phases
The moon changes its appearance every day. First a narrow sickle, then the moon gets fat and after a few days it becomes round. For a few more days, the full moon gradually becomes smaller and smaller and again becomes like a sickle. The crescent moon is often referred to as the month. If the sickle is turned with a bulge to the left, like the letter "C", then the moon is said to be "aging". After 14 days and 19 hours after the full moon, the old month will disappear altogether. The moon is not visible. This phase of the moon is called "new moon". Then gradually the Moon from a narrow crescent, turned to the right, turns back into a full moon.
For the moon to “grow” again, the same period of time is required: 14 days and 19 hours. Changing the appearance of the moon, i.e. the change in lunar phases, from full moon to full moon, occurs every four weeks, more precisely in 29 and a half days. This is the lunar month. It served as the basis for compiling lunar calendar... During the full moon, the Moon is turned towards the Earth with the illuminated side, and during the new moon - with the unlit side. Turning around the Earth, the moon turns to it either with a completely illuminated surface, sometimes with a partially illuminated surface, sometimes with a dark one. That is why the appearance of the moon is constantly changing during the month.
Ebb and flow
The gravitational forces between the Earth and the Moon have some interesting effects. The most famous of these is the ebb and flow of the sea. The difference in high and low tide levels in open areas of the ocean is small and amounts to 30–40 cm. However, near the coast, due to the onslaught of the tidal wave on the solid bottom, the tidal wave increases in height in the same way as ordinary wind waves of the surf.
Taking into account the direction of rotation of the Moon around the Earth, it is possible to form a picture of the following of a tidal wave in the ocean. The maximum amplitude of the tidal wave on Earth is observed in the Bay of Fundy in Canada and is 18 meters.
Moon exploration
The moon has attracted people's attention since ancient times. The invention of telescopes made it possible to distinguish the finer details of the relief (surface shape) of the Moon. One of the first lunar maps was compiled by Giovanni Riccioli in 1651, he also gave names to large dark areas, calling them "seas", which we still use today. In 1881 Jules Janssen compiled a detailed Photographic Atlas of the Moon.
Since the beginning of the space age, the amount of our knowledge of the moon has increased significantly. The Soviet spacecraft Luna-2 visited the Moon for the first time on September 13, 1959.
For the first time I managed to look at reverse side Luna in 1959, when the Soviet station "Luna-3" flew over it and photographed a part of its surface invisible from Earth.
The American manned moon mission program was called Apollo.
The first landing took place on July 20, 1969, and the first person to set foot on the lunar surface was American Neil Armstrong. Six expeditions visited the moon, but in last time it was back in 1972, as the expeditions are very expensive. Each time, two people landed on it, who spent up to three days on the moon. New expeditions are currently being prepared.
Why doesn't the moon fall to earth?
The moon would instantly fall to Earth if it were stationary. But the Moon does not stand still, it revolves around the Earth.
When we throw an object, such as a tennis ball, gravity pulls it towards the center of the earth. high speed the tennis ball will still fall to the ground, but the picture will change if the object is much further away and moves much faster.
My experience:
I asked this question to my dad and he explained it to me with a simple example. We tied an ordinary eraser on a string. Imagine that you are the Earth, and the eraser is the moon, and start spinning it. The eraser on the thread will pull out of your hand, but the thread will not let it go. The moon is so far away and moving so fast that it never falls down in one direction. Even falling constantly, the moon will never fall to earth. Instead, it moves around the earth in a constant path.
If we rotate the eraser very hard, the thread will break, and if we rotate it slowly, the eraser will fall.
We conclude: if the moon moved even faster, then it would overcome the gravity of the earth and flew into space; if the moon moved slower, the force of gravity would pull it to the earth. This precise balance of the speed of gravity creates what we call an orbit, where the smaller celestial body constantly revolves around the larger one.
The force that prevents the Moon from “running away” as it rotates is the Earth's gravity. And the force that prevents the Moon from falling to the Earth is the centrifugal force that arises when the Moon rotates around the Earth.
Orbiting the Earth, the Moon moves in its orbit at a speed of 1 km / sec, that is, slow enough not to leave its orbit and “fly away” into space, but also fast enough not to fall to Earth.
By the way...
You will be surprised, but in fact the Moon ... is moving away from the Earth at a rate of 3-4 cm per year! The movement of the moon around the earth can be thought of as a slowly unwinding spiral. The reason for this trajectory of the Moon is the Sun, which attracts the Moon 2 times more than the Earth.
Why, then, does the moon not fall on the sun? And because the Moon, together with the Earth, revolves, in turn, around the Sun, and the attractive action of the Sun is completely spent on constantly transferring both of these bodies from a straight path into a curved orbit.
- The moon itself does not shine, it only reflects the falling on it sunlight;
- The moon turns around its axis in 27 Earth days; during the same time, it makes one revolution around the Earth;
- The moon, revolving around the earth, always faces us with one side, its reverse side remains invisible to us;
- The moon, moving in its orbit, is gradually moving away from the Earth by about 4 cm per year.
- The force of gravity on the Moon is 6 times less than on Earth.
Therefore, it is much easier for a rocket to take off from the Moon than from the Earth.
It is possible that soon on distant interplanetary flights spaceships will be sent not from the Earth, but from the Moon.
At the beginning of this century, China announced its readiness to explore the moon, as well as to build several habitable lunar bases there. After this announcement, space organizations of leading countries, in particular the United States (NASA) and ESA (European Space Agency), again deployed their space programs.
What will come of this?
Let's see in 2020. It was for this year that George W. Bush planned the landing of people on the moon. This date is ahead of China by a whole ten years, since in their space program it was said that the creation of inhabited lunar bases and the landing of people on them would take place only in 2030.
The moon is the most explored celestial body, but for humans it still holds many mysteries: perhaps it is the base extraterrestrial civilizations, perhaps life on Earth would be completely different if there was no Moon, perhaps in the future a person will settle on the Moon ...
Conclusions:
So, we found out that the Moon is a natural satellite of the Earth, it revolves around our planet and, together with the Earth, moves in an orbit around the Sun;
- the question of the origin of the moon is still controversial;
- changes in the shape of the moon are called phases. They only exist for us
One of my assumptions turned out to be correct, the Moon is really held by something, and this is the Earth's gravity and centrifugal force.
And my other assumption that the moon will fall if it approaches the Earth is not entirely correct. The Moon will fall to the Earth when the Moon stops rotating, is motionless, then the centrifugal force will not work.
Studying encyclopedias and the Internet, I learned a lot of new and interesting things. I will definitely share these discoveries with my classmates in the world around me class.
We managed to solve some of the riddles of the Moon, but this did not make it less interesting and attractive!
References:
1. “Space. Supernova Atlas of the Universe ”, M.,” Eksmo ”, 2006.
2. New school encyclopedia "Celestial bodies", M., "Rosmen", 2005
3. "Why Much" Children's Encyclopedia, M., "Rosmen", 2005.
4. “What is it? Who it?" children's encyclopedia, M., "Pedagogy -
Press "1995
5. Internet - reference books, pictures about space.
Completed: student of grade 3B
Khaliullin Ildar
Supervisor: Sakaeva G.Ch.
MOU Secondary School No. 79, Ufa
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