Newton what he discovered. What Isaac Newton Discovered? Years of the Great Plague Epidemic

/ brief historical perspective /

The greatness of a real scientist is not in the titles and awards that he has been awarded or awarded by the world community, and not even in the recognition of his services to Humanity, but in the discoveries and theories that he left to the World. It is difficult to overestimate or underestimate the unique discoveries made during his bright Life by the famous scientist Isaac Newton.

Theories and discoveries

Isaac Newton formulated the main the laws classical mechanics , was opened the law of universal gravitation, developed a theory movement celestial bodies created fundamentals of celestial mechanics.

Isaac Newton(independently of Gottfried Leibniz) created theory of differential and integral calculi, opened light dispersion, chromatic aberration, studied interference and diffraction, developed corpuscular theory of light, gave a hypothesis combining corpuscular and wave representations, built mirror telescope.

Space and time Newton considered absolute.

Historical formulations of Newton's laws of mechanics

Newton's first law

Any body continues to be held in a state of rest or uniform and rectilinear motion, as long as and insofar as it is compelled by the applied forces to change this state.

Newton's second law

In the inertial frame of reference, the acceleration received material point, directly proportional to the resultant of all forces applied to it and inversely proportional to its mass.

The change in the amount of motion is proportional to the applied driving force and occurs in the direction of the straight line along which this force acts.

Newton's third law

There is always equal and opposite reaction to action, otherwise the interactions of two bodies against each other are equal and directed in opposite directions.

Some of Newton's contemporaries considered him alchemist... He was the director of the Mint, established the minting in England, led the society Prior-Zion, was engaged in the chronology of the ancient kingdoms. Several theological works (mostly unpublished) devoted to the interpretation of biblical prophecy.

Newton's works

– « New theory light and colors ", 1672 (message to the Royal Society)

- "The movement of bodies in orbit" (lat. De Motu Corporum in Gyrum), 1684

- "Mathematical principles natural philosophy"(Lat. Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica), 1687

- "Optics or a treatise on reflections, refractions, bends and colors of light" (eng. Opticks or a treatise of the reflections, refractions, inflections and colors of light), 1704

- "On the squaring of curves" (lat. Tractatus de quadratura curvarum), supplement to "Optics"

- "Lines of the third order" (lat. Enumeratio linearum tertii ordinis), supplement to "Optics"

- "Universal arithmetic" (lat. Arithmetica Universalis), 1707

- "Analysis using equations with an infinite number of terms" (lat. De analysi per aequationes numero terminorum infinitas), 1711

- "Method of Differences", 1711

According to scientists from all over the world, Newton's works were significantly ahead of the general scientific level of his time and were incomprehensible to his contemporaries. However, Newton himself said about himself: “ I don't know how the world perceives me, but to myself I only seem to be a boy playing on seashore, who amuses himself by the fact that from time to time he finds a pebble more colorful than others, or a beautiful shell, while the great ocean of truth spreads before me unexplored. »

But according to the conviction of no less great scientist, A. Einstein “ Newton was the first to try to formulate elementary laws that determine the temporal course of a wide class of processes in nature with high degree completeness and accuracy " and “... had a deep and strong influence on the whole worldview with his works. »

An inscription was left on Newton's grave:

“Here lies Sir Isaac Newton, a nobleman who, with an almost divine mind, was the first to prove with the torch of mathematics the movement of planets, the paths of comets and the tides of the oceans. He investigated the difference between light rays and the resulting different properties of colors, which no one had previously suspected. A diligent, wise and faithful interpreter of nature, antiquity and the Holy Scriptures, he asserted with his philosophy the greatness of Almighty God, and expressed gospel simplicity in his disposition. Let mortals rejoice that there was such an adornment of the human race. "

Prepared Lazarus Model.

Isaac Newton, an outstanding English scientist, was born on January 4, 1643. From childhood, Newton was distinguished not only by his craving for knowledge of the world, but also by his desire to create something new. Moreover, these were not only new laws, but also inventions. We will tell you about five inventions of Isaac Newton.

Windmill with mouse

While still a very young man, Newton built a small windmill that attracted everyone's admiration. However, Newton did not stop there. Instead of the wind, the mill was supposed to be moved by a living miller - this role Newton intended for the mouse, which moved the wheel. To make the mouse climb the wheel and thus set it in motion, he hung a sack of grain over the wheel.

Water clock

In order to make a water clock, Newton first obtained a large box that served as a container for the mechanism. Hour hand was set in motion by a wheel, which rotated from the action of a piece of wood, and the piece of wood vibrated from the fall of large drops of water on it. The water clock was so accurate that the pharmacist's family used it.

Subsequently, being a famous scientist, Newton once started a conversation about this clock and said: "The main inconvenience of this kind of mechanisms is that water must be passed through a very narrow opening, and it is easily clogged, as a result of which the correctness of the course is gradually violated."

Newton's reflector

Newton built a mixed reflector telescope, consisting of a lens and a concave spherical mirror, which Newton made and polished himself. The project of such a telescope was first proposed by scientist James Gregory, however, this plan was never realized. Newton's first design was also unsuccessful, but the next one, with a more carefully polished mirror, despite its small size, gave a 40-fold increase in quality.

The practical importance of the invention was great: astronomical observations served to accurately determine the time, which, in turn, was necessary for navigation at sea.

Scooter

Newton's scooter was a trolley-like cart. The person sitting in the cart, acting on the handle, set the wheels in motion. The disadvantage of such a scooter was that it could only move on a smooth surface. Nevertheless, this invention proves Newton's immense engineering ability: many self-taught mechanics went crazy reinventing the wheel.

> What Isaac Newton Discovered?

Isaac Newton's discoveries- laws and physics from one of the greatest geniuses. Learn the law of universal gravitation, the three laws of motion, gravity, the shape of the Earth.

Isaac Newton(1642-1727) was remembered by us as a philosopher, scientist and mathematician. For his time, he did a lot and actively participated in the scientific revolution. Interestingly, his views, laws and Newtonian physics will prevail for another 300 years after his death. In fact, we have before us the creator of classical physics.

Subsequently, the word "Newtonian" will be inserted to all statements related to his theories. Isaac Newton is considered one of the greatest geniuses and the most influential scientists, whose activities spanned many scientific spheres... But what do we owe him and what discoveries did he make?

Three laws of motion

Let's start with it famous work"Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy" (1687), which revealed the foundations of classical mechanics. We are talking about three laws of motion, derived from the laws of planetary motion, put forward by Johannes Kepler.

The first law is inertia: an object in a state of rest will remain in that rest until it is influenced by an unbalanced force. The body in motion will continue to move at its original speed and in the same direction unless it encounters an unbalanced force.

Second, acceleration occurs when the force affects the mass. How more mass, the more strength is required.

Third: for every action there is an equal reaction.

Universal gravity

Newton should be thanked for the law of universal gravitation. He deduced that each point of the mass attracts another by a force directed along the line intersecting both points (F = G frac (m_1 m_2) (r ^ 2)).

These three postulates of gravity will help him measure the trajectories of comets, tides, equinoxes and other phenomena. His arguments shattered the last doubts about the heliocentric model and the scientific world accepted the fact that the Earth does not act as a universal center.

Everyone knows that Newton came to the conclusion about gravity thanks to the incident with an apple falling on his head. Many people think that this is just a comic retelling, and the scientist has developed the formula gradually. But entries in Newton's diary and retellings of his contemporaries speak in favor of the apple breakthrough.

Shape of the earth

Isaac Newton believed that our planet Earth was formed in the form of an oblate spheroid. Later, the guess will be confirmed, but in his time it was important information that helped to translate most of the scientific world from the Cartesian system to Newtonian mechanics.

In the mathematical field, he generalized the binomial theorem, investigated power series, deduced his own method for approximating the roots of a function, and divided most of the curves of cubic planes into classes. He also shared his developments with Gottfried Leibniz.

His discoveries were breakthroughs in physics, mathematics and astronomy, helping to understand the structure of space using formulas.

Optics

In 1666 he delved deeper into optics. It all started with studying the properties of light, which he measured through a prism. In the years 1670-1672. investigated the refraction of light, showing how a multi-colored spectrum is reconstructed into a single white light using a lens and a second prism.

As a result, Newton realized that color is formed due to the interaction of objects originally colored. In addition, I noticed that the lens of any instrument suffers from light scattering (chromatic aberration). He managed to solve problems with a telescope with a mirror. His invention is considered the first model of a reflective telescope.

Besides…

He also deserves credit for the formulation of the empirical law of cooling and the study of the speed of sound. From his submission, the term "Newtonian fluid" appeared - a description of any fluid, where viscous stresses are linearly proportional to the rate of its transformation.

A large amount of time Newton devoted to the study of not only scientific postulates, but also biblical chronology and was introduced into alchemy. However, many works appeared only after the death of the scientist. So Isaac Newton was remembered not only as a talented physicist, but also as a philosopher.

What do we owe to Isaac Newton? His ideas were breakthrough not only for that time, but also served as starting points for all subsequent scientists. He paved the way for the new discoveries and inspired the exploration of this world. It is not surprising that Isaac Newton had followers who developed his ideas and theories. If you are interested in learning more, then the site has a biography of Isaac Newton, which presents the date of birth and death (in the new and old style), the most important discoveries, as well as Interesting Facts about the greatest physics.

On the statue of sir Isaac Newton(1643-1727), erected in the Cambridge Trinity College, engraved with the inscription "Reason, he surpassed the human race."

Today's post contains a curriculum vitae of life path and scientific achievements of the great scientist. We will find out when and where Isaac Newton lived, in which he was born, as well as some interesting facts about him.

Brief biography of Isaac Newton

Where was Isaac Newton born? Great English, mechanic, astronomer and physicist, creator of classical mechanics, President of the Royal London was born in the village of Woolsthorpe in Lincolnshire in death.

Isaac Newton's date of birth may have a double designation: according to the one in effect in England at the time of the birth of the scientist - December 25, 1642, by, which began in England in 1752, - January 4, 1643.

The boy was born prematurely and very painful, but he lived 84 years and accomplished so much in science that would be enough for a dozen lives.

As a child, Newton, according to his contemporaries, was withdrawn, loved to read and constantly made technical toys:, etc.

After graduating in 1661 he entered Trinity College, Cambridge University. Even then, a strong and courageous Newton was formed - the desire to get to the bottom of everything, intolerance to deception and oppression, indifference to noisy glory.

In college, he immersed himself in the study of the works of his predecessors - Galileo, Descartes, Kepler, as well as the mathematicians Fermat and Huygens.

In 1664, an epidemic of plague broke out in Cambridge, and Newton had to return to his native village. He spent two years at Woolsthorpe, during which time his major mathematical discoveries were made.

At the age of 23, the young scientist was already fluent in the methods of differential and integral calculus. At the same time, as he himself argued, Newton discovered universal gravitation and proved that white sunlight is a mixture of many colors, and also derived the famous formula "Newton's binomial".

No wonder they say that the greatest scientific discoveries committed most often by very young people. So it happened with Isaac Newton, but all these epochal scientific achievements were published only twenty years later, and some even forty years later. The desire not only to discover, but also to thoroughly prove the truth has always remained the main thing for Newton.

The works of the great scientist opened up a completely new picture of the world for his contemporaries. It turned out that celestial bodies located at great distances are interconnected by the forces of gravity into a single system.

In the course of his research, Newton determined the mass and density of the planets and found that the planets closest to the Sun are distinguished by the highest density.

He also proved that it is not a perfect ball: it is "flattened" at the equator and "swollen" at the equator, and in due to the action of gravity and the Sun.

Isaac Newton's scientific research and discoveries

In order to list all the scientific achievements of Isaac Newton, more than a dozen pages are needed.

He created the corpuscular theory, assuming that light is a stream of the smallest particles, discovered the dispersion of light, interference and diffraction.

He built the first one - the prototype of those giant telescopes that are now installed in the largest observatories in the world.

He discovered the fundamental law of universal gravitation and the main laws of classical mechanics, developed the theory of celestial bodies, and his three-volume work "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy" brought the scientist worldwide fame.

Among other things, Newton turned out to be a wonderful economist - when he was appointed director of the British court, he quickly put in order the money circulation in the country and started the issue of a new coin.

The scientist's works were often misunderstood by his contemporaries, he was subjected to fierce criticism from colleagues - mathematicians and astronomers, but in 1705 Queen Anne of Great Britain elevated the son of a simple farmer to the knighthood. For the first time in history, the title of knight was awarded for scientific merit.

The Legend of the Apple and Newton

The story of the discovery of the law of universal gravitation - when Newton's thoughts were interrupted by the fall of a ripe apple, from which the scientist concluded about the mutual attraction of bodies with different masses, and then mathematically described this dependence with the famous formula - is just a legend.

However, for a whole century, the British showed visitors the "very" apple tree, and when the tree got old, they cut it down and made a bench out of it, which is preserved as a historical monument.

Probably, there is not a single person in the world who would not know who Isaac Newton is. One of the most prominent world scientists, who made discoveries in several fields of science at once, which gave rise to scientific directions in mathematics, optics, astronomy, one of the founding fathers classical physics. So who is Isaac Newton. Widely known today short biography and his discoveries.

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The history of a scientist and researcher

One could say about him in the words of the poet Nikolai Tikhonov: “Nails would be made of these people. There would be no stronger nails in the world. " Born prematurely, very small and weak, he lived 84 years in full health, to a ripe old age, devoting all myself to the development of science and doing public affairs. Throughout his life, the scientist adhered to solid moral principles, was an example of honesty, did not strive for publicity and fame. Even the will of King James II did not break him.

Childhood

The scientist considered his birth on the eve of Catholic Christmas to be a special sign of providence. After all, he managed to accomplish his greatest discoveries... Like a new star of Bethlehem, he illuminated many of the directions along which science further developed. Many discoveries have been made thanks to the planned their way.

Newton's father, who seemed eccentric to his contemporaries and a strange person, never learned about the birth of his son. A successful farmer and a good owner, who only a few months did not live to see the birth of his son, left the family a significant economy and money.

From his youthful years, feeling tender affection for his mother all his life, Isaac could not forgive her for the decision to leave him in the care of his grandparents, after she married a second time. Autobiography, compiled by him back in adolescence, tells about gusts of despair and children's plans for revenge on mother and stepfather. Only paper could he entrust the story of his emotional experiences, in life the famous scientist was closed, did not have close friends and never married.

At the age of 12, he was assigned to the Grantham School. A closed and uncommunicative disposition, as well as inner concentration, turned his peers against him. From childhood, the future scientist preferred lessons to boyish mischief natural sciences... He read a lot, was fond of designing mechanical toys, and solved mathematical problems. Conflict situation with classmates prompted the proud Newton to become the best student of the school.

Studying at Cambridge

Widowed, Newton's mother hoped very much that her 16-year-old son would begin to help her with her farming business. But through the joint efforts of the school teacher, the boy's uncle and especially Humphrey Babington, a member of Trinity College, they managed to convince her of the need for further education. In 1661, Newton passed the exam in Latin and enters Holy Trinity College at the University of Cambridge. It was in this institution that for 30 years he studied sciences, conducted experiments and made world discoveries.

Instead of paying for college, where the young man first lived as a student-sizer, he had to carry out some errands of wealthier students and other chores around the university. After 3 years, in 1664, Newton passed exams with honors and received an advanced student category, as well as the right not only to free education but also for a scholarship.

Studying so fascinated and inspired him that, according to the recollections of classmates, he could forget about sleep and food. I was still engaged in mechanics and designed various things and tools, was fond of mathematical calculations, astronomical observations, research in optics, philosophy, even music theory and history.

Deciding to devote his years of his life to science, he abandons love and plans to create a family. The young pupil of the pharmacist Clark, who has school years he lived, did not marry either, and retained a fond memory of Newton for the rest of her life.

First steps in scientific activity

1664 was an inspiring year for the young scientist. He compiles a "Questionnaire" of 45 scientific tasks and aims to solve them all.

Thanks to the lectures of the famous mathematician I. Barrow, Newton made his first discovery of binomial expansion, which later allowed him to deduce the method of differential calculus, which is used today in higher mathematics... He successfully passes the exam and getting bachelor's degree.

Even the plague epidemic of 1665-1667 could not stop this inquiring mind and make it sit idle. At the time of the rampant illness, Newton leaves home, where he continues to engage in scientific activities. Here, in seclusion at home, does most of their great discoveries:

• establishes the basic methods of calculus types - integral and differential;
• deduces the theory of color and gives rise to the development of optical science;
• finds a method for finding the roots of quadratic equations;
• derives a decomposition formula for an arbitrary natural degree binomial.

Important! The famous apple tree, observation of which helped in the discovery, has been preserved as a memorial bench for the scientist.

Major discoveries

Isaac Newton a brief description of his activities. He was not just a genius, a well-known scientist, but a person with versatile interests in many fields of science and technology. What is he famous for and what he discovered. The keen mathematician and physicist was equally well versed in both exact sciences, and in the humanitarian. Economics, alchemy, philosophy, music and history - in all these directions the genius of his talent worked... Here are just short description great discoveries of Isaac Newton:

• derived the theory of the motion of celestial bodies - determined that the planets revolve around;
• formulated three important laws of mechanics;
• deduced the theory of light and color shades;
• built the world's first mirror;
• discovered the Law of Gravitation, thanks to which he became famous.

By existing legend, Newton discovered the famous law by watching apples fall from an apple tree in his garden. Biographer of the famous scientist William Stukeley describes this moment in a book dedicated to the memories of Newton, which was published in 1752. According to Stukeley's story, it was the apple that fell from the tree that suggested to him about attraction of cosmic bodies and gravity.

"Why do apples fall perpendicular to the ground?" - thought Newton and, thinking, deduced new law... In the garden of the University of Cambridge, students revere and carefully care for a tree that is considered a descendant of the same "Newton's apple".

The fall of the apple served only as an impetus to famous discovery... Newton went to him for many years, studying the works Galileo, Bullialda, Hooke, other astronomers and physicists. Another impulse, the scientist considered "Keller's Third Law". Truth, modern interpretation He compiled the law of universal gravitation a little later, when he studied the laws of mechanics.

Other scientific developments

Classical mechanics is based on Newton's Laws, the most important in the field of mechanics, were formulated in scientific work in mathematics, principles of philosophy, published in 1687:

• first law uniform movement in a straight line, if no other forces act on the body;
• second Law -, in differential form describing influence acting forces to accelerate;
• the third Law is about the force of interaction of two bodies at a certain distance.

Currently, these Newton's laws are an axiom.

Astronomy

At the end of 1669, the scientist received at Trinity College one of the most prestigious positions in the world, the named Lucas professorship of mathematics and optics. In addition to the £ 100 salary, bonuses and scholarships, there is an opportunity to devote more time own research activities. Engaged in experiments and experiments in optics and the theory of light, Newton creates his first reflector telescope.

Important! The improved telescope became the main tool for astronomers and navigators of the time. With its help, the planet Uranus was discovered, other galaxies were discovered.

Studying the celestial bodies through his reflector, the scientist deduced the theory of celestial bodies, determined the motion of the planets around the Sun. Using your reflector's calculations and applying to your Bible study scientific approach, made my own end of the world message... According to his calculations, this event will take place in 2060.

State activity

1696 year. The great scientist holds the post of curator of the Mint, moved to London, where he lived until 1726. After conducting financial accounting and establishing order in the documentation, he becomes a co-author of Montagu on monetary reform.

During the period of his activity, a branch network of the Mint was created, the issue of silver coins increased several times. Newton introduces technology to get rid of counterfeiters.

1699 year. Becomes Governor of the Mint. In this post, he continues to fight counterfeiters. His actions as manager were as brilliant as they were during scientific activities... Thanks to the reforms carried out in England the economic crisis was averted.

The year is 1698. a report on Newton's economic reform was presented. While in England, Tsar Peter met three times with famous professor... In 1700, a monetary reform similar to the English one was carried out in Russia.

1689-1690 years. He was a representative of the University of Cambridge in the country's parliament. From 1703 to 1725 he served as President of the Royal Society.

The professor lived in Kensington for the last months of his life. The great scientist died on March 20, 1727. He died in his sleep and was buried on the grounds of Westminster Abbey in the tomb of the kings and the most prominent people of England. All the townspeople came to say goodbye to the famous contemporary. The funeral procession was led by the Lord Chancellor himself, followed by the ministers of Great Britain in the mourning procession.