The main discoveries of l Pasteur. A cure for a deadly disease

French microbiologist and chemist

short biography

Louis Pasteur(right Pasteur, fr. Louis Pasteur; December 27, 1822, Dole, Department of Jura - September 28, 1895, Villeneuve-l'Etane near Paris) - French microbiologist and chemist, member of the French Academy (1881). Pasteur, showing the microbiological essence of fermentation and many human diseases, became one of the founders of microbiology and immunology. His work in the field of crystal structure and polarization phenomena formed the basis of stereochemistry. Also, Pasteur put an end to the centuries-old dispute about the spontaneous generation of some forms of life at the present time, by empirically proving the impossibility of this. His name is widely known in non-scientific circles thanks to the technology he created and later named after him. pasteurization.

Early years of life

Louis Pasteur was born in the French Jura in 1822. His father, Jean Pasteur, was a tanner and veteran Napoleonic Wars... Louis attended college in Arbois, where he was the youngest student. Here he became interested in reading books and was able to become a teacher's assistant. The letters of Pasteur of these years, addressed to the sisters, have survived, in which the dependence of "success" on "desire and work" is described. He then secured a teaching position at Besançon while continuing to study. There the teachers advised him to enter the Higher Normal School in Paris, which he succeeded in 1843. He graduated from it in 1847.

Pasteur proved to be a talented artist, his name was listed in the reference books of portrait painters of the 19th century. He left portraits of his sisters and mother, but due to his hobby for chemistry he gave up painting. Pastels and portraits of parents and friends, painted by Pasteur at the age of 15, are now exhibited and kept in the museum of the Institut Pasteur in Paris. His work was highly regarded - Louis received a Bachelor of Arts (1840) and a Bachelor of Science (1842) from the High School of Normal. After a short service as professor of physics at the Dijon Lyceum in 1848, Pasteur became professor of chemistry at the University of Strasbourg, where in 1849 he met and began to care for Marie Laurent, the daughter of the university rector. They married on May 29, 1849, and had five children, but only two of them survived to adulthood (the other three died of typhoid fever). The personal tragedies endured inspired Pasteur to search for causes and forced him to try to find a cure for infectious diseases such as typhus.

In 1854 Louis Pasteur was appointed dean of the new faculty natural sciences in Lille. On this occasion, Pasteur uttered his often quoted remark: “Fr. Dans les champs de l "observation, le hasard ne favorise que les esprits préparés." educational work (directeur des études) at the Higher Normal School. Thus, Louis Pasteur took control of the Higher Normal School and began a series of reforms (1858-1867). The system of examinations is becoming more rigid, which contributes to better results, strengthening knowledge, increasing competition and increasing the prestige of the institution.

Works in the field of chemistry

The first scientific work Pasteur published it in 1848. Studying physical properties tartaric acid, he found that the acid obtained during fermentation has optical activity - the ability to rotate the plane of polarization of light, while the chemically synthesized isomeric grape acid does not have this property. Studying crystals under a microscope, he identified two types of them, which are, as it were, mirror images of each other. When dissolving crystals of one type, the solution turned the plane of polarization clockwise, and the other, counterclockwise. A solution of a mixture of two types of crystals in a 1: 1 ratio had no optical activity.

Pasteur came to the conclusion that crystals are composed of molecules of different structures. Chemical reactions create both types with equal probability, but living organisms use only one of them. Thus, the chirality of molecules was shown for the first time. As it was discovered later, amino acids are also chiral, and only their L-forms are present in living organisms (with rare exceptions). In some ways, Pasteur anticipated this discovery.

After this work, Pasteur was appointed an adjunct professor of physics at the Dijon Lyceum, but three months later, already in May 1849, at the invitation he moved as an adjunct professor of chemistry at the University of Strasbourg. Here he decided to marry and wrote a letter to the dean's daughter with a successful proposal, where, in particular, Pasteur said the following about himself:

There is nothing in me that a young girl could like, but as far as I remember, everyone who got to know me better loved me very much.

Some of his experiences in the light of knowledge modern science look naive: in an attempt to change the chemical processes in animal organisms, Pasteur placed them between giant magnets. And with the help of a large pendulum mechanism, he tried, rocking the plants, to turn them into mirror molecular reflections of themselves.

Studying fermentation

Flask "with a swan neck" - fermenter used by Pasteur

Pasteur began to study fermentation in 1857. At that time, the dominant theory was that this process is of a chemical nature (J. Liebig), although there were already published works on its biological nature (C. Canyard de Latour, 1837), which had no recognition. By 1861 Pasteur showed that the formation of alcohol, glycerol and succinic acid during fermentation can occur only in the presence of microorganisms, often specific.

Portrait of Louis Pasteur by A. Edelfelt

Louis Pasteur proved that fermentation is a process closely related to the vital activity of yeast fungi, which feed and multiply due to the fermenting liquid. In clarifying this question, Pasteur had to refute Liebig's view of fermentation, which was dominant at that time, as chemical process... Particularly convincing were Pasteur's experiments, made with a liquid containing pure sugar, various mineral salts that served as food for the fermenting fungus, and ammonia salt, which supplied the fungus with the necessary nitrogen. The fungus developed, increasing in weight; the ammonium salt was spent. According to Liebig's theory, it was necessary to wait for a decrease in the weight of the fungus and the release of ammonia, as a product of the destruction of nitrogenous organic matter that makes up the enzyme. Subsequently, Pasteur showed that the presence of a special "organized enzyme" (as the living cells of microbes were called at that time) is also necessary for lactic fermentation, which multiplies in a fermenting liquid, also increasing in weight, and with which it is possible to induce fermentation in new portions of liquid.

At the same time, Louis Pasteur made another important discovery. He found that there are organisms that can live without oxygen. For some of them, oxygen is not only unnecessary, but also poisonous. Such organisms are called strict (or obligate) anaerobes. Their representatives are microbes that cause butyric fermentation. The proliferation of such microbes causes rancidity in wine and beer. Fermentation thus turned out to be an anaerobic process, “life without oxygen,” because it is negatively affected by oxygen (the Pasteur effect).

At the same time, organisms capable of both fermentation and respiration grew more actively in the presence of oxygen, but consumed less organic matter from the environment. It has been shown that anaerobic life is less effective. It has now been shown that aerobic organisms are able to extract almost 20 times more energy from the same amount of organic substrate than anaerobic ones.

Study of the spontaneous generation of microorganisms

In 1860-1862 Pasteur studied the possibility of spontaneous generation of microorganisms. He conducted an elegant experiment that proved the impossibility of spontaneous generation of microbes (in modern conditions, although the question of the possibility of spontaneous generation in past eras was not raised at that time), taking a thermally sterilized nutrient medium and placing it in an open vessel with a long curved neck. No matter how long the vessel was in the air, no signs of life were observed in it, since the bacterial spores contained in the air settled on the bends of the neck. But as soon as it was broken off or the bends were rinsed with a liquid medium, microorganisms that emerged from the spores began to multiply in the medium. In 1862, the French Academy of Sciences awarded Pasteur a prize for solving the question of the spontaneous generation of life.

Sculptural group at the foot of the Louis Pasteur monument, Paris, Place de Breteuil

Study of infectious diseases

In 1864, French winemakers turned to Pasteur with a request to help them develop means and methods for combating wine diseases. The result of his research was a monograph in which Pasteur showed that wine diseases are caused by various microorganisms, and each disease has a specific pathogen. To destroy harmful "organized enzymes", he suggested heating the wine at a temperature of 50-60 degrees. This method, called pasteurization, is widely used in laboratories and in the food industry.

In 1865 Pasteur was invited by his former teacher to the south of France to find the cause of silkworm disease. After the publication in 1876 of the work of Robert Koch "Etiology anthrax"Pasteur completely devoted himself to immunology, finally establishing the specificity of the causative agents of anthrax, childbirth fever, cholera, rabies, chicken cholera and other diseases, developed the concept of artificial immunity, proposed a method of protective vaccinations, in particular against anthrax (1881), rabies ( together with Emile Roux, 1885), attracting specialists from other medical specialties(for example, the surgeon O. Lannelong).

The first rabies vaccination was given on 6 July 1885 to 9-year-old Joseph Meister at the request of his mother. The treatment was successful, and the boy did not develop symptoms of rabies.

Pasteurization

Pasteurization- process disposable heating most often liquid products or substances up to 60 ° C for 60 minutes or at a temperature of 70-80 ° C for 30 minutes. The technology was proposed in the middle of the 19th century by the French microbiologist Louis Pasteur. It is used for disinfecting food products, as well as for extending their shelf life.

In the process of such processing, the product perishes vegetative forms of microorganisms, but disputes remain in a viable state and, when favorable conditions arise, begin to develop intensively. Therefore, pasteurized products (milk, beer, etc.) are stored at low temperatures for a limited period of time. It is believed that the nutritional value of products during pasteurization practically does not change, since the taste and valuable components (vitamins, enzymes) are preserved.

Religious views

Pasteur was a devout Catholic:

... Outside of his science, Pasteur was a man of traditional views, which he accepted without any criticism, as if all his genius, critical mind, skepticism were absorbed by science (and it was so), and there was nothing left for other things. He accepted religion as he was taught as a child, with all the consequences, kissing His Holiness's shoes and the like. The embodiment of skepticism, disbelief and critical spirit in scientific matters, he manifested the faith of a Breton peasant or even a "Breton woman", in his own words, of course exaggerated. So, he did not confine himself to reports about his experiments, but added to them pious remarks that the triumph of "heterogeneity" (the doctrine of spontaneous generation) would be a triumph of materialism, that the idea of ​​spontaneous generation eliminates the idea of ​​God and the like.

M.A.Engelgardt. Louis Pasteur, his life and scientific activity... - Chapter IV. - P. 36.

• Pasteur studied biology all his life and treated people without receiving any medical or biological education.
• In addition, as a child, he was fond of drawing. Years later, J.-L. Jerome saw his work. The artist expressed his satisfaction that Louis Pasteur chose science as he could become a strong competitor in painting.
• In 1868 (at the age of 45) Pasteur suffered a cerebral hemorrhage. He remained disabled: his left hand was inactive, his left leg dragged along the ground. He nearly died, but eventually recovered. Moreover, he made the most significant discoveries after that: he created a vaccine against anthrax and vaccinations against rabies. When the scientist died, it turned out that a huge part of his brain was destroyed. Pasteur died of uremia.
• According to I.I.Mechnikov, Pasteur was a passionate patriot and a hater of the Germans. When a German book or brochure was brought to him from the post office, he took it with two fingers and threw it away with a feeling of great disgust.
• Later, a genus of bacteria was named after him - Pasteurella ( Pasteurella), causing septic diseases, to the discovery of which he, apparently, had nothing to do.
• Pasteur was awarded orders from almost all countries of the world. In total, he had about 200 awards.

Memory

Louis Pasteur died in 1895 near Paris. The death was caused by complications from a series of strokes that began in 1868. He was buried in the Cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris, but later his remains were reburied in a crypt at the Institut Pasteur (Paris, France). Currently, the body of the scientist is located under the building of the Pasteur Institute, the vaults of which are covered with Byzantine mosaics illustrating his achievements.

More than 2,000 streets in many cities around the world are named after Pasteur. For example, in the USA: Palo Alto (Historic Center of Silicon Valley) and Irvine, California; Boston and Polk, Florida; streets near the University of Texas Science Center health in San Antonio; in the cities of Quebec, Jonquière, San Salvador de Jujuy, Buenos Aires (Argentina), Great Yarmouth in Norfolk (United Kingdom), Queensland (Australia), Phnom Penh (Cambodia), Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnam), Batna (Algeria) , Bandung (Indonesia), Tehran (Iran), Milan (Italy), Bucharest, Cluj-Napoca and Timisoara (Romania), Astana (Kazakhstan), Kharkov (Ukraine), as well as the street on which the building of the Odessa State medical university(Odessa, Ukraine). Avenue Pasteur in Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnam) is one of the few streets in this city that has preserved its French name... Pasteur Street is the former name of Makatayev Street in Almaty (Kazakhstan).

After the reform of Minister E. Fora in 1968, the University of Strasbourg was divided into three parts. One of them (the largest in the country) was named "University of Pasteur - Strasbourg I". It continued until the merger of the Strasbourg universities in 2009.

In Russia, the Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, founded in 1923 and located in St. Petersburg, bears the name of Louis Pasteur.

In 1961, the International Astronomical Union named the crater on back side The moon.

Depicted on a 1995 Belgium postage stamp.

Institut Pasteur

Institut Pasteur(French Institut Pasteur) - Institute of Microbiology, French private non-profit scientific institute in Paris doing research in biology, microorganisms, infectious diseases and vaccines. Named after the famous French microbiologist Louis Pasteur, founder and first director of the institute. The institute was founded on June 4, 1887 with funds raised by international subscription, and opened on November 14, 1888.

Louis Pasteur major scientific discoveries and inventions influenced the development of chemistry, biology and other sciences. What Louis Pasteur is known for, you will find out in this article.

Louis Pasteur and his discoveries

French scientist Louis Pasteur, being a chemist by training, devoted his whole life to the study and research of microorganisms, and also was engaged in the development of methods for combating diseases.

Microbiologist Louis Pasteur studied the spontaneous generation of microbes and the fermentation processes, silkworms and the disease of beer and wine. The scientist has developed vaccines against rabies and anthrax.

Louis Pasteur's invention

Louis Pasteur, the founder of microbiology, who received an award from the French Academy for being refuted the long-standing theory of spontaneous generation of microorganisms.

Louis Pasteur proved that many well-known processes such as rotting and fermentation are caused by microorganisms. The scientist was the first to discovered anaerobes Are microbes that can easily multiply and live without oxygen. His work in this direction was very significant, for it implied practical significance.

Louis Pasteur also discovered that diseases of beer and wine are also caused by microorganisms, they cause them to sour and ferment. He was involved in the development of practical measures to prevent spoilage of drinks. The scientist brought that heating them at 60-70 ° C and warming up drinks kills microbes and protects them from souring. This method received the name pasteurization and is still used in industry.

Louis Pasteur whose scientific discoveries are also associated with the proof that microorganisms cause putrefactive processes... This discovery was of great importance for surgery. The famous English surgeon Joseph Lister proposed, on the basis of Pasteur's discovery, a system of measures to protect wounds from the ingress of microbes and the subsequent development of this inflammatory process.

Also great are the achievements of the microbiologist in the field of rabies and anthrax studies... He proved that the causative agent of the disease is a rod-shaped bacterium. He proposed his own system for combating pathogens by creating a vaccine. From the brain of a rabbit, Pasteur deduced a vaccine against rabies.

Louis Pasteur is considered the founder of vaccine prevention. And in this area he succeeded a lot, thereby giving impetus to the future discoveries of other researchers.

We hope that from this article you have learned what the merit of Louis Pasteur is.

- a remarkable French biologist and chemist, who, through his activities, made a great contribution to development. Fame came to Pasteur for the development of preventive vaccination techniques. The idea for prevention came to Louis when he was studying the theory of the development of disease as a result of the activity of pathogenic microbes. Biography of Pasteur, tells us about the originality of this person and the iron willpower. He was born in 1822 in France, in the city of Dole. V adolescence moved to Paris, and graduated from a local college. During the years of study, the young man did not manage to prove himself, then one of the teachers spoke about the student as "mediocrity in chemistry."

Louis, over the years of his life, proved to the teacher that he was wrong. He soon received his doctorate, and his research on tartaric acid made him a popular and renowned chemist. Having achieved some success, Pasteur decided not to stop, and continued his research and experiments. Studying the process of fermentation, the scientist proved that it is based on the activity of microorganisms of a certain type. The presence of other microorganisms in the fermentation process can adversely affect the process. Based on this, he suggested that such microorganisms can also live in the human or animal body that secrete unwanted products and negatively affect the entire body. Soon Louis was able to substantiate the theory of infectious diseases, it was a new word in medicine. If the disease is caused by an infection, then, therefore, it could be avoided. To do this, you just need to prevent the penetration of the microbe into the human body. Louis believed that antiseptics should acquire special importance in medical practice.

As a result, surgeon Joseph Lister began to practice antiseptic methods in his work. Microbes could also enter the body through food and drink. Then Louis developed a method of "pasteurization", which destroyed harmful microbes in all liquids, with the exception of spoiled milk. At the end of his life, Pasteur seriously studied the terrible disease - anthrax. As a result, he managed to develop a vaccine that was a weakened bacillus. The vaccine was tested on animals. The injected vaccine caused a mild form of the disease. It made it possible to prepare the body for a severe form of the disease. It soon became clear to the scientific world that many life-threatening diseases could be prevented with a vaccine. Louis died in 1895 near Paris.

The scientist left behind a great legacy for mankind. We owe him the existence of vaccinations that help us teach the body to resist various diseases. Pasteur's discovery helped to increase life expectancy, his contribution to development can hardly be overestimated.

Pasteur, Louis (Pasteur, Louis) (1822-1895), French microbiologist and chemist. Born December 27, 1822 in Dol. He graduated from the Higher Normal School in Paris (1847), defended his doctoral dissertation (1848). He taught natural sciences in Dijon (1847-1848), was a professor at Strasbourg (1849-1854) and Lille (since 1854) universities. In 1857 he became dean of the Faculty of Natural Sciences at the Higher Normal School, from 1867 - professor of chemistry at the University of Paris. In 1888 he founded and headed the Scientific Research Microbiological Institute (later the Pasteur Institute).
Pasteur made his first discovery in his student years, having discovered the optical asymmetry of molecules. Separating from each other two crystalline forms of tartaric acid, he showed that they differ in their optical activity (right and levorotatory forms). These studies formed the basis of a new scientific direction - stereochemistry. Later Pasteur found that optical isomerism is characteristic of many organic compounds, while natural products, unlike synthetic ones, are represented only by one of two isomeric forms.

From 1857 Pasteur began to study the processes of fermentation. As a result of numerous experiments, he proved that fermentation is a biological process caused by the activity of microorganisms. Further developing these ideas, he argued that each type of fermentation (lactic acid, alcoholic, acetic) is caused by specific microorganisms ("embryos"). Pasteur outlined his theory in an article on fermentation called milk (Sur la fermentation appelée lactique, 1857). In 1861, he discovered microorganisms that cause butyric fermentation - anaerobic bacteria that live and develop in the absence of free oxygen. The discovery of anaerobiosis led Pasteur to think that for organisms that live in an environment devoid of oxygen, fermentation replaces respiration. Between 1860 and 1861, Pasteur proposed a method for preserving food by heat treatment (later called pasteurization).

In 1865 Pasteur began to study the nature of the silkworm disease and, as a result of many years of research, developed methods of combating this infectious disease (1880). He studied other infectious diseases of animals and humans (anthrax, rabies, night blindness, pig rubella, etc.). He proposed a method of inoculation against these and other infectious diseases using weakened cultures of the corresponding pathogenic microorganisms. He proposed to call the weakened cultures vaccines, and the procedure for their application - vaccination. In 1880 Pasteur established the viral nature of rabies.

Monument to Louis Pasteur. Photo: couscouschocolat

Pasteur made a number of outstanding discoveries. In a short period from 1857 to 1885, he proved that fermentation (lactic acid, alcoholic, acetic acid) is not a chemical process, but is caused by microorganisms; refuted the theory of spontaneous generation; discovered the phenomenon of anaerobiosis, i.e. the possibility of the life of microorganisms in the absence of oxygen; laid the foundations for disinfection, asepsis and antiseptics; discovered a way to protect against infectious diseases through vaccination.

Many discoveries of L. Pasteur have brought great practical benefits to mankind. By heating (pasteurization), diseases of beer and wine, lactic acid products caused by microorganisms were defeated; to prevent purulent complications of wounds, an antiseptic was introduced; Based on the principles of L. Pasteur, many vaccines have been developed to combat infectious diseases.

However, the significance of the works of L. Pasteur goes far beyond just these practical achievements... L. Pasteur brought microbiology and immunology to fundamentally new positions, showed the role of microorganisms in human life, economy, industry, infectious pathology, laid down the principles by which microbiology and immunology develop in our time.

L. Pasteur was, in addition, an outstanding teacher and organizer of science.

L. Pasteur's work on vaccination was opened new stage in the development of microbiology, rightfully called immunological.

The principle of attenuation (weakening) of microorganisms by means of passages through a susceptible animal or by keeping microorganisms under unfavorable conditions (temperature, drying) allowed L. Pasteur to obtain vaccines against rabies, anthrax, chicken cholera; this principle is still used in the preparation of vaccines. Consequently, L. Pasteur is the founder of scientific immunology, although a method for preventing smallpox by infecting people with cowpox, developed by English doctor E. Jenner. However, this method has not been extended to prevent other diseases.

Robert Koch. The physiological period in the development of microbiology is also associated with the name of the German scientist Robert Koch, who developed methods for obtaining pure cultures of bacteria, staining bacteria with microscopy, and micrographs. Also known is the Koch triad formulated by R. Koch, which is still used to identify the causative agent of the disease.

Soon New Year- a very good time to remember the merits of the great French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur to mankind: firstly, he was born on December 27, and this year we celebrate the 193rd anniversary of his birth. Secondly, his contribution to the development of science can hardly be overestimated, and stories about such people and their achievements usually inspire and charge with enthusiasm. Agree, on the eve of the New Year, this is very important.

Exposing the theory of spontaneous generation of life

In 1862, the French Academy of Sciences awarded Pasteur a prize for the final resolution of the question of the spontaneous generation of life. The theory of the origin of living things from inanimate matter has been taken for granted since the times Of the ancient world... It was believed in Ancient egypt, Babylon, China, India, Greece. It was believed, for example, that worms are born from rotten meat, and frogs and crocodiles - from river silt.

Only in the Middle Ages did some scientists begin to question this theory, arguing that spontaneous generation does not occur in a boiled and sealed flask with a nutrient solution. However, for every argument of scientists, adherents of the theory found a counterargument, inventing either a "life-giving" force that died during boiling, then the need for natural unheated air.

Louis Pasteur conducted an ingenious experiment with a sterile culture medium, which he placed in a specially made S-neck flask for this purpose. Normal air freely entered the flask, but microorganisms settled on the walls of the neck and did not reach the nutrient medium. Therefore, even after a few days, no living microorganisms were found in the laboratory glassware. That is, despite the ideal conditions, spontaneous generation did not occur. But as soon as the walls of the neck were rinsed with a solution, bacteria and spores began to actively develop in the flask.

This experiment by Pasteur refuted the prevailing medical science the opinion that diseases arise spontaneously inside the body or originate from "bad" air ("miasms"). Pasteur laid the foundations for antiseptics, proving that infectious diseases are transmitted by infection - pathogens must enter a healthy body from the outside.

Even before Pasteur refuted the theory of spontaneous generation of life, he studied the processes of fermentation. He proved that this is not a chemical process, as claimed by another outstanding chemist, Liebig, but a biological one, that is, the result of the multiplication of certain microorganisms. At the same time, the scientist discovered the existence of anaerobic organisms, which either do not need oxygen for their existence, or it is even poisonous for them.

In 1864, at the request of French wine producers, Pasteur began researching wine diseases. He found that they are caused by specific microorganisms, each disease by its own. To prevent spoilage of the wine, he advised to heat it to a temperature of about 50-60 ° C. This is enough to kill harmful bacteria without affecting the quality of the product itself.

Now this method is called pasteurization and is widely used in laboratories, in the production of food and some non-food products. Currently, several types of pasteurization have been developed:
- long-term - 30-40 minutes at t no more than 65 ° С;
- short - ½-1 minute at t 85-90 ° С;
- instantaneous - a few seconds at t 98 ° C;
- ultra-pasteurization - a few seconds at t above 100 ° С.

Vaccination and the theory of artificial immunity

Beginning in 1876, Pasteur focused on the study of infectious diseases. He managed to isolate the causative agent of anthrax, cholera, childbirth fever, chicken cholera, rubella of pigs, rabies and some other infectious diseases. For treatment, he suggested using inoculations with weakened cultures of microorganisms. This method became the basis of the theory of artificial immunity and is still used today.

The vaccine against rabies brought the scientist especially well-known. After the first successful human experience in July 1885, people from all over Europe began to come to Paris, hoping for a cure from a previously fatal disease. For example, in a group of 19 Russian peasants, 16 were cured, although a whole 12 days have passed since the infection. Ilya Mechnikov, who worked with Pasteur, called the development of a rabies vaccine his "swan song."

All over the world began to organize Pasteur stations, which gave vaccinations against rabies. In Russia, the first such station was put into operation already in 1886.

Paris Institute Pasteur

In 1889, Pasteur became the head of a private institute he organized in Paris, for which funds were collected by subscription all over the world. He managed to gather the best biologists of that time at the institute and organize a scientific school of microbiology and immunology, from which many famous scientists came, including 8 Nobel laureates... For example, at the Pasteur Institute from the very beginning until his death, the Laureate Nobel Prize 1908 Ilya Mechnikov, whom Pasteur personally invited to head one of the laboratories.