Structure and structural components of research work. The structure of the research student work The structure of the content of the research work

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The structure of research work. Application of the task Introduction This test devoted to the topic Structure of research work. The purpose of writing this work is to study structural elements research work.

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Topic: “The structure of research work. Requirements for the introduction, abstract, main part and conclusion ".

Introduction …………………………………………………………………. 3

The structure of research work ………………… .. 4
Requirements for the title page and table of contents ………………… .. 5
Requirements for the abstract …………………………………………… .. 6
Introduction requirements ……………………………………………. 7
Requirements for the main part ……………………………………… .. 7
Requirements for the conclusion and annexes …………………… .. 8

Conclusion …………………………………………………………… .. 10

Bibliography………………………………………. eleven

Appendix (tasks) …………………………………………………… 12

Introduction

This test is devoted to the topic "The structure of research work. Requirements for the introduction, abstract, main part and conclusion. "

The relevance and significance of this topic is determined by the fact that no scientific work can do without dividing it into appropriate parts.

IN modern world clear requirements for research work have been developed.

The purpose of writing this work is to study the structural elements of research work.

To achieve this goal, the following tasks are solved in the work:

Reviewed with structure of research work;

Considered the requirements for the title page and table of contents;

Reviewed the requirements for the abstract;

Requirements for the introduction are considered;

Considered the requirements for the basis of the part;

Considered the requirements for the conclusion and applications;

The main provisions for the work are formulated.

When writing the work, various educational materials: guidelines, textbooks and normative legal acts.

The list of used literature is given at the end of the work.

Research structure

Any work of a scientific nature can be conditionally divided into three parts: introductory, main and final.

All materials obtained in the process of research are developed, systematized and formalized in the form of scientific work. This is a document that contains comprehensive systematized information about the work performed.

General requirements to research work:

Clarity and logical sequence of presentation of the material;

Persuasiveness of argumentation;

Brevity and accuracy of wording, excluding the possibility of ambiguous interpretation;

Concrete presentation of the results of the work;

Research work structure:

title page;

list of performers;

essay;

list of symbols, symbols, units and terms;

introduction;

main part;

conclusion;.

- list of used and from sources;

- applications.

Requirements for the title page and table of contents

A title page is a page of a manuscript that contains superscript data, information about the author, title, subheading data, information about scientific advisor, place, year of work.

Overhead data includes: full name educational institution, faculty, department for which the work was done. Further, the full surname, name and patronymic of the author are indicated.

The title of the work is written in the middle of the title page.

The subheading data indicates the type of work (term or diploma, master's thesis).

Then, closer to the right edge of the title page, the academic degree, academic title, full surname, name and patronymic of the scientific adviser are written.

At the bottom of the title page, the place and year of writing the work are indicated.

The titles of chapters and paragraphs should exactly repeat the corresponding headings in the text.

Abstract requirements

The abstract must contain:

information about the volume;

number of illustrations;

the number of tables;

Number of work books;

sources used;

list of keywords;

abstract text.

The list of keywords should describe the content of the reviewed research. The list should include from 5 to 15 keywords in the nominative case, printed on a line, separated by commas.

The abstract text should reflect:

Object of study,

Purpose of work,

Research method and equipment,

The results obtained and their novelty,

Implementation degree,

Efficiency, application area,

Basic design characteristics,

Technical and operational characteristics.

The optimal volume of the abstract text is 1200 characters, but not more than 2000 characters.

Introduction requirements

The introduction is intended to introduce the reader to the range of problematic issues raised in the work. It defines :

Relevance;

Novelty;

Scientific and practical significance of the topic,

The degree of elaboration;

Goals and objectives of the study;

Object and subject of research

Research methods;

The practical base of the research.

In dissertation papers, in addition, they indicate the provisions submitted for defense and the practical value of the results obtained, information about their approbation.

The introduction of the work should contain an assessment of the current state of the research problem being solved, the basis and initial data for the development of the topic, the justification for the need to perform the work.

Usually the volume of the introduction does not exceed 5-7% of the volume of the main text.

Requirements for the base part

The main part should include:

Choosing a direction of research;

Theoretical and (or) experimental research;

Generalization and evaluation of research results.

The research work should reflect:

- substantiation of the choice of the accepted direction of research, methods for solving the problem and their comparative assessment, development of a general research methodology, analysis and generalization of existing results;

the nature and content of the theoretical research, research methods, calculation methods, for experimental work- substantiation of the need for experimental research, the principle of operation of the developed equipment, characteristics of this equipment, assessment of measurement errors, obtained experimental data;

Evaluation of the completeness of the solution to the task, the compliance of the performed studies with the program, assessment of the reliability of the results (characteristics, parameters), their comparison with similar results of domestic and foreign works, justification of the need for additional research, negative results leading to the need to terminate further research.

Requirements for the conclusion and applications

The conclusion should contain summary conclusions based on the results of the completed research work or its individual stages, proposals for their use, including implementation, assessment of the technical and economic efficiency of implementation. In conclusion to work for which the determination of the technical and economic effect is impossible, it is necessary to indicate the national economic, scientific, social value of the work results.

Usually the volume of the conclusion should not exceed 5-7% of the volume of the main text.

The list of references includes only those literary sources that were used in writing the work and mentioned in the text or in footnotes. The list of references is drawn up in sections, in accordance with the requirements of the state standard.

The appendices should include a report on patent research, if they were carried out in the course of research work, copyright certificates, patents, if they were published or obtained as a result of research work.

If necessary, the annexes should include supporting material for the sake of completeness of the report:

Intermediate mathematical proofs, formulas and calculations;

tables of auxiliary digital data;

test reports and acts;

descriptions of equipment and instruments used in experiments, measurements and tests;

instructions and techniques, descriptions of algorithms and programs of tasks to be solved on a computer, developed in the process of performing research;

illustrations of an auxiliary nature;

a copy of the decision of the academic (scientific and technical) council;

acts on the implementation of research results.

When calculating the total number of pages of research, applications are not counted.

Conclusion

Thus, it is possible to formulate aspen conclusions on the work.

Any research work has a clear structure.Research work has the following structure: title page; list of performers; essay; content; list of symbols, symbols, units and terms; introduction; main part; conclusion;. list of used and c sources; applications.

The title page is the page of the manuscript that contains the superscript data, information about the author, title, subheading data, information about the supervisor, place, year of work

The abstract must contain information about the volume; number of illustrations; the number of tables; number of work books; sources used; list of keywords; abstract text

The introduction is intended to introduce the reader to the range of problematic issues raised in the work. It defines: relevance; novelty; scientific and practical significance of the topic, the degree of elaboration; goals and objectives of the study; object and subject of research research methods; practical research base.

The main part should include: choice of research direction; theoretical and (or) experimental research; generalization and evaluation of research results.

In conclusion, the obtained research results are presented in a logical sequence, indicate the possibility of their implementation into practice, and determine further prospects for working on the topic.

Bibliography

Bilukha M.T. Basics of scientific doslіdzhen. - K .: Vischa shk .., 1997. - 271s.
Kapitsa P.L. Experiment, theory, practice. - M., Nauka, 1977 .-- 420 p.
Rachkov P.A. Science of Science. - M. Publishing house of Moscow University., 1974 .-- 242p.
Ruzavin G.I. Research methodology: tutorial for universities. M., Infra-M, 1999 .-- 245 p.
Sabitov R.A. "Basics scientific research": Textbook / K., Vishcha school, 2001 - 118 p.

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There is an accepted scheme for writing a research paper. It is the same for coursework, diploma, bachelor's, master's and dissertations. This scheme assumes the presence of the following parts in the work: content, introduction, a number of chapters (with at least two paragraphs per chapter), conclusion, bibliography, applications.

The most formalized part of the job is INTRODUCTION... The introduction sets out research program- the ideal plan of action of the researcher, which is necessary both for understanding what, why, how and With using what to explore and to understand how to implement this research(sequential action plan). The introduction has a well-established structure:

Relevance of the research topic. In this part of the introduction, a rationale is given as to why and why this particular topic or problem is being studied. It is important to formulate relevance as specific as possible, within the framework of the chosen research topic. Abstract general statements about the state of humanity and human knowledge, as well as discussions about the high significance of the direction chosen by the student and the importance of this work are undesirable. Revealing the relevance of the research, it is necessary to show what tasks are facing theory and practice, before psychological and pedagogical science in the aspect of the chosen direction in specific socio-economic conditions, reflect what has already been done by previous scientists and researchers and what has not yet been fully studied, what new the perspective of the problem is revealed in the work.

Coverage of relevance should be laconic. There is no particular need to start describing it from afar. It is enough to show the main thing - the essence of the problem situation - within one (maximum two) for the term paper and two or three pages of typewritten text for the thesis.

The relevance of the topic of the course work is enough to express in understanding the context of the research, argumentation of interest in the chosen topic, problematization of the research topic.

The relevance of the topic of the thesis research, master's thesis can unfold in three directions:

Social... A paragraph on the contemporary social context in relation to the research problem. For example: "In the conditions of an ever-widening gap in the value orientations of different generations, it becomes urgent ... such and such a problem, the disclosure of which will allow ..."

Theoretical... A paragraph on the scope of the theory of the question. For example: “This problem was considered in the human sciences (or psycho-pedagogical sciences) in such and such a perspective (or aspect). However, the main attention was paid to that and not the question ... ".

Practical... A paragraph on the state of affairs in the practice of the problem under discussion. For example: "An analysis of practice shows that psychologists (children) are not familiar enough (they do not have sufficient skills, they do not always pay professional attention), and they are increasingly faced with ...". Or: "The disclosure of this problem will contribute to the development ... in practice ...".

After briefly and at the same time, the relevance of the study is described in detail, research contradiction. Contradiction is understood as a certain relationship between mutually exclusive, but at the same time interdependent and interpenetrating opposites within a single object and its states. In pedagogy and psychology, contradiction is understood as inconsistency, inconsistency between any aspects of a single object. For example: "In the current state of the issue, there are unresolved contradictions between this and that in theory ... and that and that in practice ...".

Research begins with the formulation of a scientific Problems which follows from the chosen themes research. In a broad sense, a problem is a complex theoretical or practical issue that requires study and resolution. In science - a contradictory situation that appears in the form of opposite positions in the explanation of any phenomena, objects, processes and requires an adequate theory to resolve it. A research problem is a question that is planned to be answered in the process of working on a research, this is what we are studying. It is easier to formulate the problem as an interrogative form of the topic. For example: the theme sounds like “ Psychological features role behavior of a woman in an incomplete family ", then the problem can be formulated as" What are the features of the role behavior of a woman in an incomplete family in comparison with the role behavior of women in complete families? " Or the topic "Formation of a teacher's professional identity in the process of university training" may suggest such a problem as: "What are the psychological and pedagogical conditions for the formation of a teacher's professional identity in the process of university training?"

It is important to understand that the problem is not only a clarification of the topic, but the finding and laconic formulation of a certain contradiction or unknown that needs to be resolved or clarified in the course of research.

After the problem is formulated, it is necessary to designate purpose of the study. The goal is a presented and desired future event or state, an ideal representation of the result of our action. The means necessary to achieve it are matched with the goal. The goal is what the researcher intends to achieve in the course of work; what we want to clarify in the study. For example, "The purpose of the study is to identify, substantiate and experimentally test the conditions ...". How more specific purpose, the clearer is what, how and by what means it is planned to achieve in work. It is also possible to use the phrase "The solution to this problem was the goal of the study", which will avoid repeating the "inversion" of the problem.

Following the problem is determined object of study, and then subject of study.

Object of study- this is, as a rule, a field or sphere of phenomena, real psychological and pedagogical processes that contain contradictions and generate a problematic situation. By defining the object of research, the author designates the field of research.

Subject of study- these are separate aspects, properties, characteristics of an object; that side, that aspect, that point of view from which the researcher cognizes the integral object, while highlighting the main, most essential features of the object for research. Formulating the subject of research, the author clarifies the question: what is being investigated?

The subject is a narrower concept in comparison with the object of study. Reflecting on the subject of research, the student determines what relations, properties, aspects, functions of the object this research reveals. The research subject should be in tune with the research topic.

The object and the subject, the problem and the purpose of the study are closely related research objectives. Tasks are the goal of the activity set in certain specific conditions. In research, tasks are specific questions or actions, the resolution or accomplishment of which brings closer to the disclosure of the research problem and the achievement of the goal of the work. The comprehension of tasks is facilitated by the search for answers to the question: what needs to be done to achieve the goal, to solve the research problem? When formulating the tasks, it should be remembered that, in solving them, the research program is actually set: give a description, determine the theoretical foundations of the research, identify, characterize, reveal the specifics of the phenomenon (make an assumption, select methods, develop a program, collect information, obtain data, compare data with each other according to such and such parameters, etc. - these are internal research tasks that are not included in the category of general ones).

Thus, each next task can be solved only on the basis of the result of solving the previous one. In total, it is recommended to formulate and solve at least three, but not more than five problems. After the formulation of the tasks, it is logical to move on to the formulation research hypotheses.

Research hypothesis- scientific assumption, an assumption that requires verification by experience and theoretical justification in order to become reliable scientific theory... The formulation of a hypothesis is the most difficult and important stage of research design. The hypothesis in many respects builds up the "author's" logic of the research.

The hypothesis contains a conjectural answer to the question, which is presented in the form of a formulation of the research goal.

A hypothesis is a scientifically grounded assumption about the structure of the subject of research, about the nature of its elements and their connections, about the mechanism of functioning and development. A hypothesis contains factors that determine this or that phenomenon. Hypotheses should be tested in the course of research, but they can be both confirmed and refuted.

A hypothesis should not contain unspecified concepts; should not allow value judgments; should not include many restrictions and assumptions; must be verifiable using available techniques or methods.

Exist different kinds hypotheses:

1.descriptive:

· Structural - an assumption about a characteristic set of elements in the object under study;

· Functional - an assumption about the form of connections between the elements of the studied object;

2. explanatory - an assumption about cause-and-effect relationships in the object under study, requiring experimental verification.

Hypotheses can also be categorized into:

· General - to explain the entire class of phenomena, to deduce a natural character from interrelationships at any time and in any place;

· Private - to find out the reasons for the occurrence of regularities in a certain subset of the elements of a given set;

· Single - to identify patterns of single facts, specific events or phenomena;

· Workers - an assumption put forward at the beginning of the study and not setting the task of finally clarifying the reasons and patterns. It allows the researcher to construct a certain system (grouping) of observation results and to give a preliminary description of the phenomenon under study that is consistent with it.

Besides , hypotheses can be subdivided into: basic (which constitute the basis of the study) and inferential (derived from the study and being a prerequisite for the following).

In exceptional cases, research (prospecting work, historiographic, etc.) may not initially have a hypothesis, but this must be substantiated.

The next step should be to comprehend theoretical and methodological basis of the research. The theoretical and methodological basis is one or several interrelated conceptual ideas, in the mainstream of which one's own research is built. The methodological basis cannot be a simple list of the names of scientists or theories that are discussed in the work. It is not necessary to put forward ideas from conflicting each a friend of scientific paradigms or concepts. The methodological basis of the research is the stated position, on the basis of which particular research questions will be understood and interpreted.

The introduction also mentions: research methods in the form of a simple enumeration on the basis of the general (analysis scientific literature on the problem, terminological analysis, survey, observation, narrative (descriptive) techniques, etc.) to specific (techniques used in empirical research); experimental research base- organization, enterprise, department (for example, school, university, company, etc.) in which research or experimental work is carried out; sample - the total number of subjects and detailed according to the differences that are significant for the study (gender, age, social groups; experimental and control groups, etc.).

It is possible (but not necessary) to highlight an item defense provisions, representing the "answers" to the tasks set, formulated in the form of theoretical statements.

The introduction may indicate Theoretical and practical significance of the research- statements about what is fundamentally new in this work, how and in what areas it will be possible to use the research results.

If the study was carried out in several stages, then given a brief description of each stage of the study: in what time frame and what was done.

Actually work is structured into chapters ... Number of chapters in term paper- usually two (maximum three); in the thesis - two or three (if necessary - four). If the work is structured into three chapters, then the following logic is reasonable: the first chapter is theoretical; second - the rationale and description of research methods; the third is the presentation of the research results and their discussion. In a more abbreviated version: the first chapter is theoretical; the second is empirical.

CHAPTER 1. The theoretical part of the work. Review and analysis of the state of knowledge of this problem. This chapter provides an overview of the history of studying the problem discussed in the work. This overview can be structured by scientific directions and scientific schools, on the historical stages of the development of science, on the development of ideas in foreign and domestic research, etc. In the first chapter, it is significant to discuss the basic concepts, giving their essential characteristics, and theoretical positions in relation to the issues considered in the study. When analyzing the history of a problem, it is prudent to focus on unexplored aspects or controversial issues. As a result of the first chapter, a clear theoretical justification for the planned empirical research, the conceptual apparatus is formulated, the logic of the research is substantiated.

CHAPTER 2. The empirical part of the work. Contains the rationale and description of the procedure and research methods; characteristics of the sample, research space, collected materials; description of the course of experimental work, main stages and logic of research; a description of the control and experimental groups; data processing facilities. The chapter describes the results of an empirical study or experiment, their analysis and interpretation; conclusions are drawn.

It is important that the first and second chapters be meaningfully interconnected. Justification of the course of research, choice of methods, logic of analysis and interpretation of data should follow from the theoretical foundations of empirical research.

The main problem in the presentation of research results in the form explanatory note is to develop its structure. In this case, the structure should be understood as the structure of the research report, the number of sections (chapters), subsections, points, their sequence. It is not enough to know what is said above. It is also necessary to preliminarily present the content of these chapters, subsections and points, as well as to know well the ways, methods of sequential, logical presentation of the material. In this subsection guidelines the general methodological approach is considered and general structure presentation of the results of research work.

In economic systems, the experimental stage of research is physically difficult, at best, the experiment is an inertial process, long in time. Therefore, research work often ends with the construction of only a theoretical model (development of a concept, methodology, model, etc.), followed by testing on conditional (possibly real) examples.

In the most general case, the structure of research work should contain 3 - 4 chapters (sections). Perhaps, of course, a larger number, but this will correspond to the structure of research work at the level of a doctoral dissertation. In our case, this is not necessary. The experience of writing student research projects, candidate dissertations demonstrates the presence of three to four sections. In addition, it is necessary introduction, conclusions for each section (chapter), general conclusion, list of sources used, list of symbols, symbols, units and terms, applications(the last two points are introduced as needed). Below is the sequence of the location of the structural sections of the research work:

1. Title page

2. Abstract

4. List of symbols, symbols, units and terms

5. Introduction

6. Main part

7. Conclusion

8. List of sources used

9. Applications

View title page the research report is presented in Appendix 1 of these guidelines.

annotation should contain: information about the volume, the number of illustrations, tables, the number of sources used, a list of keywords and text.

The list of keywords should describe the content of the summarized report. The list should include from 5 to 15 keywords in the nominative case, printed on a line, separated by commas.

The annotation text should reflect the object of study; goal of the work; research method; results; efficiency and scope.

The optimal size of the annotation is 1200 characters (but no more than a page); optimal structure - 3 paragraphs.

List of symbols, symbols, units and terms... If a specific terminology is adopted in the work, and also less common abbreviations, new symbols, designations, etc. are used (more than three times), then their list should be presented in the report as a separate list, otherwise the decoding is given in the text at the first mention ... The list should be located in a column in which, on the left (in alphabetical order), for example, an abbreviation or a term is given, and on the right - its detailed decoding or definition, respectively.

Introduction research work should contain purpose of the study; tasks to achieve the set goal in general view , as well as an overall assessment of the current state of the problem being solved (total volume 1-2 pages).

Main part R&D should consist of 3-4 sections (chapters), as mentioned above. Each section (chapter) can contain at least 2 subsections. For student and candidate research work, it is advisable to take as the upper limit - 5-6 subsections within a chapter.

General methodology performing research is as follows. First chapter consists in the formation of the research goal and its objectives, which includes the following actions:

1. Stratification and composition of research objectives(dividing into sub-questions and ordering them according to meaning, logic). I.e, goal setting and its objectives.

2. Target localization(limiting the field of study in accordance with the possibilities).

3. Goal finitization(a tentative description of the expected result).

4. Partial evaluation of the research objective, which is as follows:

· Conditioning (identification of all methods, methods, techniques, research techniques);

· Inventory (identification of opportunities and prerequisites for achieving the goal);

· Compromising the research goal and establishing its relevance (search for arguments, objections to the set goal; confirmation of the need for a solution).

Chapter two consists in determining the state of the solution to the problem... This is followed by assessment of the research objective, namely:

· Cognition of the problem (identification of the degree of problematicity of the research goal as a result of information retrieval (literary review)). The second chapter should also include an analysis of the existing methods for solving the problem posed and the conclusions drawn from them (advantages and disadvantages).

· Variation of the research goal (development of alternatives to the formulated tasks);

· A description of the research methodology (methods, methods, techniques of research). This subsection of the research report, depending on the volume, can be allocated as a separate chapter (section).

Chapter Three includes entirely theoretical research. It should contain the following steps:

· Definition of basic concepts, input of terms and conventions related to research;

· Constructing hypotheses regarding the object (subject) of research and compromising hypotheses;

· Final formation of a theoretical model (development of a model, methodology, concept, etc.).

It should be noted that after each chapter it is necessary to draw conclusions that are specifically formulated and clearly stated point by point.

Conclusion should contain the conclusions of the entire work as a whole, proposals for their use; assessment of the possibility of implementation, social and scientific value of the results (1-3 pages).

IN annexes a report on patent research should be included if it was carried out in the course of research; a complete list of copyright certificates or patents obtained as a result of research and development; auxiliary material:

· Intermediate mathematical proofs, formulas and calculations;

· Calculations on specific numerical data (real or conditional), confirming the conclusions made in the main part of the note.

· Tables of auxiliary digital data;

· Illustrations of an auxiliary nature;

· Tables and illustrations presented on sheets of more than A4 format.

in such a work of purpose. The introduction also describes other elements of the scientific process. These include, in particular, an indication on which specific material the work itself was performed. It also provides a description of the main sources of information (official, scientific, literary, bibliographic), and also indicates methodological foundations conducted research. In chapters the main part of research the research methodology and technique are considered in detail and the results are summarized. All materials that are not essential to understanding the solution scientific tasks, are placed in the annexes. The content of the chapters of the main part should exactly correspond to the research topic and fully disclose it. These chapters should show the ability to concisely, logically and reasonably present the material. R&D ends the final part, which that's what the "conclusion" is called. Like any conclusion, this part of the research work plays the role of an ending determined by the logic of the research, which is in the form of a synthesis of the accumulated scientific information in the main part. This synthesis is a consistent, logically coherent presentation of the results obtained and their relationship with the general goal and specific tasks set and formulated in the introduction. It is here that the so-called "derivative" knowledge is contained, which is new in relation to the original knowledge. This inference knowledge should not be replaced by a mechanical summation of conclusions at the end of chapters that present a brief summary, but should contain something new, significant, which makes up the final results of the study, which are often framed in a number of numbered paragraphs. Their sequence is determined by the logic of the study design. At the same time, not only its scientific novelty and theoretical significance, but also its practical value, arising from the final results are indicated. After the conclusion, it is customary to place bibliographic list of used literature. This list is one of the essential parts of research and development and reflects an independent creative work... Each literary source included in such a list should be reflected in the text. If the author makes a reference to any borrowed facts or cites the works of other authors, then he must indicate in the subscript where the materials are taken from. You should not include in the bibliographic list those works that are not referenced in the text, and that have not actually been used. It is not recommended to include encyclopedias, reference books of popular science books, newspapers in this list. If there is a need to use such editions, then they should be cited in footnotes. Auxiliary or Additional materials that clutter up the body text are placed in application. In terms of content, applications are very diverse. These, for example, can be copies of original documents, excerpts from reporting materials, production plans and protocols, individual provisions from instructions and rules, previously unpublished texts, correspondence, etc. In form, they can be text, tables, graphs, maps. The appendices must not include a bibliographic list of used literature, auxiliary indexes of all kinds, reference comments and notes that are not appendices to the main text, but elements of a reference and accompanying apparatus that help to use its main text.Each appendix should begin on a new sheet (page) with indicating in the upper right corner of the word "Application" and have a thematic title. If there is more than one annex, they are numbered with Arabic numerals (without a No. sign), for example: "Appendix I", "Appendix 2", etc. The pagination of the pages on which the appendices are given should be continuous and continue the general pagination of the main text. The link between the main text and the annexes is carried out through links that are used with the word "look"; it is usually abbreviated and enclosed, together with the code, in parentheses in the form: (see Appendix 5).

Traditionally, a certain compositional structure of research work has developed, the main elements of which, in the order of their arrangement, are as follows: 1. Title page 2. Table of contents 3. Introduction 4. Chapters of the main part 5. Conclusion 6. Bibliographic list 7. Appendices Title page is the first page of the research work and is filled in according to strictly defined rules. After the title page is placed table of contents, in which all the titles of the research work are given and the pages from which they begin are indicated. Table of contents headings should exactly repeat the headings in the text. Introduction. It usually substantiates the scientific novelty and relevance of the chosen topic, the purpose and content of the tasks, the object and subject of the research is formulated, the chosen method (or methods) of research is indicated, and what is the theoretical significance and applied value of the results obtained. The scientific novelty of the research work gives the author the right to use the concept "For the first time" when characterizing the results obtained, this means the absence of such results before their publication. Scientific novelty is manifested in the presence of theoretical provisions, which were formulated for the first time and substantively substantiated, methodological recommendations, which were introduced into practice and have a significant impact on the development of science in general and its individual directions. The relevance of the topic is assessed from the point of view of modernity and social significance, a problematic situation is created, and you propose a way out of it. In order to inform the reader of the research work about the state of development of the selected topic, a brief overview of the literature, which in the end should lead to the conclusion that this particular topic has not yet been disclosed (or disclosed only partially or in the wrong aspect and therefore needs further development). A review of the literature on the topic should show a thorough acquaintance with special literature, the ability to systematize sources, critically examine them, highlight the essential, evaluate what was previously done by other researchers, and determine the main thing in the current state of study of the topic. All publications of any value that are directly and directly related to the topic of research work should be named and critically evaluated. From the formulation of a scientific problem and proof that that part of this problem, which is the topic of research, has not yet received its development and coverage in special literature, it is logical to move on to the formulation the objectives of the research being undertaken, and also indicate the specific tasks to be solved in accordance with this goal. This is usually done in the form of an enumeration (study ..., describe ..., install ..., identify ..., derive a formula, etc.). The formulation of these tasks must be done as carefully as possible, since a description of their solution should form the content of the chapters of the research work. This is also important because the titles of such chapters are "born" precisely from the formulations of the objectives of the research undertaken. An obligatory element of the introduction is the wording object and subject of research. An object is a process or phenomenon that generates a problem situation and is selected for study. The subject is what is within the boundaries of the object. The object and subject of research as a category of the scientific process are related to each other as general and particular. In the object, that part of it is highlighted that serves as the subject of research. It is to him that the main attention is directed, it is the subject of research that determines the topic of research, which is indicated on the title page as its title. A mandatory element of the introduction is also an indication of research methods, which serve as a tool in obtaining factual material, being a necessary condition for achieving the goal set in such work. The introduction also describes other elements of the scientific process. These include, in particular, an indication on which specific material the work itself was performed. It also provides a description of the main sources of information (official, scientific, literary, bibliographic), and also indicates the methodological foundations of the study. In chapters the main part of research the research methodology and technique are considered in detail and the results are summarized. All materials that are not vital for understanding the solution of a scientific problem are included in the appendices. The content of the chapters of the main part should exactly correspond to the research topic and fully reveal it. These chapters should show the ability to concisely, logically and reasonably present the material. R&D ends the final part, which that's what the "conclusion" is called. Like any conclusion, this part of the research work plays the role of an ending determined by the logic of the research, which is in the form of a synthesis of the accumulated scientific information in the main part. This synthesis is a consistent, logically coherent presentation of the results obtained and their relationship with the general goal and specific tasks set and formulated in the introduction. It is here that the so-called "derivative" knowledge is contained, which is new in relation to the original knowledge. This inference knowledge should not be replaced by a mechanical summation of conclusions at the end of chapters that present a brief summary, but should contain something new, significant, which makes up the final results of the study, which are often framed in a number of numbered paragraphs. Their sequence is determined by the logic of the study design. At the same time, not only its scientific novelty and theoretical significance, but also its practical value, arising from the final results are indicated. After the conclusion, it is customary to place bibliographic list of used literature. This list is one of the essential parts of research and development and reflects independent creative work. Each literary source included in such a list should be reflected in the text. If the author makes a reference to any borrowed facts or cites the works of other authors, then he must indicate in the subscript where the materials were taken from. You should not include in the bibliographic list those works that are not referenced in the text, and which have not actually been used. It is not recommended to include encyclopedias, reference books of popular science books, newspapers in this list. If there is a need to use such editions, then they should be cited in footnotes. Auxiliary or additional materials that clutter up the text of the main part are placed in application. In terms of content, applications are very diverse. These, for example, can be copies of original documents, excerpts from reporting materials, production plans and protocols, individual provisions from instructions and rules, previously unpublished texts, correspondence, etc. In form, they can be text, tables, graphs, maps. The appendices must not include a bibliographic list of used literature, auxiliary indexes of all kinds, reference comments and notes that are not appendices to the main text, but elements of a reference and accompanying apparatus that help to use its main text.Each appendix should begin on a new sheet (page) with indicating in the upper right corner of the word "Application" and have a thematic title. If there is more than one annex, they are numbered with Arabic numerals (without a No. sign), for example: "Appendix I", "Appendix 2", etc. The pagination of the pages on which the appendices are given should be continuous and continue the general pagination of the main text. The link between the main text and the annexes is carried out through links that are used with the word "look"; it is usually abbreviated and enclosed, together with the code, in parentheses in the form: (see Appendix 5).

Structure and structural components of research work. The structure of the research student work The structure of the content of the research work

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