Montrea Black Sea. Black Sea Straits: Does Montreux Convention works? Long way to compromise

E. V. King Bulgarian, President of the French Republic, E. V. King of Great Britain, Ireland and British Dominions Behind the seas, Emperor India, E. V. King Ellinov, E. V. Emperor of Japan, E. V. King Romania, President Turkish Republic, Central Executive committee Soviet Union Socialist Republics, E. V. King of Yugoslavia;

animate desire to streamline passage and shipping in the Dardanella Strait, in the Marmara Sea and in the Bosphorus embracing the general definition of the "Straits", in order to fencing the security of Turkey and security, in the Black Sea, coastal states, the principle enshrined in Article 23 of the Peace Treaty. signed in Lausanne on July 24, 1923;

we decided to replace the Convention, signed in Lausanne on July 24, 1923, and appointed for this purpose with their authorized, namely:

which, upon presentation of their powers recognized as prescribed in due and appropriate form, agreed on the following regulations:

Article 1.

High Contracting Parties recognize and confirm the principle of the right of freedom of passage and navigation in the straits.

The implementation of the specified right will continue to be regulated by the decrees of this Convention.

Section I. Trading Courts

Article 2.

In peacetime, commercial vessels will enjoy the right of full freedom of passage and swimming in the straits, day and night, regardless of the flag, and cargo, without any formalities, under the condition of compliance with the decree next below. Article 3. No fees or fees, other than Those challenged which is provided for by Appendix I to this Convention will not be charged with the Turkish authorities from these vessels when passing them with transit without stopping in one of the ports of the straits.

To facilitate the charging of these fees or boards, commercial vessels, following the straits, should inform the station's officials specified in Article 3, its name, flag, tonnage, destination and departure.

Article 3.

Any ship that will enter the straits from the Aegean Sea or from the Black Sea should stop at the sanitary station at the entrance to the Straits in order to be subjected to a sanitary inspection established by Turkish rules within the framework of international sanitary rules. This inspection against ships with a pure sanitary patent or a sanitary declaration certifying that they do not fall under the decrees of paragraph 2 of this article, will be carried out both during the day and at night with the highest possible speed; The courts mentioned above will not be obliged to stop at any other paragraph of the straits during their passage.

Courts having on board the cases of plague, cholera, yellow fever, raw typhoid or smallpox, or those who have been on board over the past seven days, as well as vessels who left the infected port is less than five days, will be required to stop at the sanitary station specified in the previous Paragraph, to take on board of sanitary supervisors, if any will be appointed Turkish authorities. In this regard, no fees or fees will be charged, and the supervisors will need to be planted on a sanitary station upon leaving the straits.

Article 4.

During the war, when Turkey is not a warring party, commercial vessels, regardless of the flag and cargo, will enjoy the right of freedom of passage and swimming in the sheds, on the conditions provided for in Articles 2 and 3.

Wiring by pilots and the use of towing vessels remain optional.

Article 5.

During the war, when Turkey is a warring party, trade vessels that do not belong to the country in the war with Turkey will enjoy the right of freedom of passage and swimming in the straits, provided that these vessels) do not assist the enemy.

These ships will have to enter the straits during the day; The passage will be carried out along the way, which in each individual case will be indicated by the Turkish authorities.

Article 6.

In the event that Turkey would consider itself under threat of direct military hazards, the application of decisions of Article 2 will nevertheless continue, however, that the courts will have to enter the straits during the day and that the passage should be committed along the path indicated in Each individual case, Turkish authorities.

Wiring by pilots can, in this case, be made mandatory, but will be free.

Article 7.

The concept of "trade vessels" applies to all vessels that are not provided for by section II of this Convention.

Section II. WARSHIPS

Article 8.

For the purposes of this Convention, the definition to be applied to military ships and to their specification, as well as to the calculation of the tonnage, is the definition set out in Appendix II to this Convention.

Article 9.

The auxiliary ships of the military fleet, exclusively adapted for the transport of liquid or other fuel, will not be obliged to pre-exercise provided for in Article 13, and will not be included in the calculation of the tonnage to be restricted by virtue of Articles 14 and 18, subject to passing through the straits alone. However, they will be summarized under military ships in relation to other conditions of passage.

The auxiliary ships indicated in the previous paragraph can use the preignment above only if their weapons consist: in relation to artillery against floating purposes, no more than two guns of maximum caliber in 105 mm; With regard to artillery against air targets, no more than two devices of maximum caliber is 75 mm.

Article 10.

In peacetime, light surface ships, small combat vessels and auxiliary vessels, regardless of whether they belong to the powers, coastal to the Black Sea, or not, Whatever their flag be, will enjoy the right of freedom of passage through the straits, without any or fees or boards, as they come there during the day and on the conditions provided for in the following articles 13 and the following.

War ships, other than those suitable for the classes indicated in the previous paragraph, will have the right to pass only on the special conditions provided for in Articles 11 and 12.

Article 11.

The coastal to the Black Sea of \u200b\u200bPowers is allowed to carry out through the straits of its linear ships of the tonnage exceeding the tonnage provided in the first paragraph of Article 14, provided that these ships are followed through the straits alone, those who are escorted by no more than two destroyers.

Article 12.

The powers, coastal to the Black Sea, will have the right to spend through the straits, in order to return to their base, their submarines, built or bought out of this sea, if Turkey has been made in advance notification of the bookmark or purchase.

Submarines belonging to these powers can equally pass through the spills to repair on shipyards located outside this sea, provided that the exact data on this occasion will be given to Turkey.

And in that and in another case, submarines will have to float during the day and while on the surface and pass through the straits alone.

Article 13.

For the passage of warships, the Turkish government is a diplomatic way to be made to a diplomatic way. The normal period of previation will be eight days; However, it is desirable to keep, the nearest to the Black Sea, he was brought to fifteen days. The previation will indicate the destination, the name, type and number of ships, as well as the date of the passage in the original direction and, if there is a place, then when returning. Any date change should be a subject of predusion for three days.

The entrance to the pouring for the passage in the initial direction should take place within the five-day period from the day specified in the initial prevention. After this period, a new prevention should be given, on the same conditions as for initial previation.

Upon passion, the head of the maritime unit will report, without being obliged to stop, the signal station, located at the entrance to Dardanelles or in the Bosphorus, the accurate structure of the detachment under his command.

Article 14.

The total maximum tonnage of all vessels of foreign seafrocks that can be in a state of transit through straits should not exceed 15,000 tons, except in cases provided for in Article 11 and in Appendix III to this Convention.

However, the detachments specified in the preceding paragraph should not be more than nine ships.

Will not be included in this tonnage ships belonging to powers, coastal to the Black Sea or not coastal, which, according to decisions of Article 17, make a visit to one of the ports of the straits.

Article 15.

Military ships passing by transit sheds cannot in any case, the use of aircraft that could be on them.

Article 16.

Military ships passing by transit sheds will not have to be, with the exception of an accident or misfortune to the sea, to stay there over the time required to commit their passage.

Article 17.

Resolutions of previous articles cannot at any point to prevent the seabed of any tonnage and the composition of the invitation of the Turkish government the short-term visits of politeness into the port of straits. This squad must leave the strait in the same way as for the entrance, if only it does not satisfy the conditions required for the passage of the transit sheds, according to the decisions of Articles 10, 14 and 18.

Article 18.

1. The general tonnage, which is powers, the neaser to the Black Sea, may have in this sea in peacetime, is limited as follows:

a) Except for the case provided for in paragraph "B" following below, the total tonnage of these powers will not exceed 30,000 tons;

b) in case, at any given moment, the tonnage of the strongest fleet in the Black Sea will exceed at least 10,000 tons of tonnage of the strongest fleet in this sea to the day of the signing of this Convention, the total tonnage of 30,000 tons provided for in the paragraph " a "will be increased as much as the maximum number of 45,000 tons. To this end, each coastal power will report, according to Annex IV to this Convention, the Turkish government on January 1 and July 1 of each year, the total tonnage of his fleet in the Black Sea, and the Turkish government will transfer this information to other high Contracting Parties, as well as the General Secretary of the League of Nations;

c) a tonnage that any of the non-coastal powers will have the right to have in the Black Sea will be limited to two thirds of the total tonnage provided for in the paragraphs above paragraphs "a" and "b";

d) However, in case one of the powers, not coastal to the Black Sea or several of them, would wish to send there, for humanitarian purposes, the sea squad, then this detachment, which in general should not be, in any case exceed 8000 Tons will be allowed to enter the Black Sea without prejudation provided for in Article 13 of this Convention by permission from the Turkish government under the following conditions: if the general tonnage provided above in paragraphs "A" and "B" is not reached and not will be exceeded by a detachment, the parcel of which is requested, the Turkish government will give a mentioned permission as soon as possible upon receipt of a request to him; If a common general tonnage is already used or if it was exceeded by a detachment, the package of which is requested, the Turkish government immediately informs about the request to give permission other coastal powers of the Black Sea; If these powers after the day after receiving this notification, they will not against this objection, it will report to interested powers, no later than in the proper two-day term about the decision that will be accepted by them relative to their request.

Any subsequent entrance to the Black Sea of \u200b\u200bthe Sea Detachment is not coastal powers will take place only in the free framework of the total tonnage provided for in the paragraphs presented above "a" and "b".

2. Whatever the purpose of their stay in the Black Sea, the military ships are not coastal powers cannot remain there more than twenty-one days.

Article 19.

During the war, when Turkey is not a warring party, warships will enjoy the right of full freedom of passage and swimming in the straits, on the conditions identical to those specified in Articles 10 - 18.

However, the warships of all the warring power will not have the right to pass through the straits, except for the cases subject to the application of Article 25 of this Convention, as well as in the case of assistance provided to the state that has been the victim of the attack, by virtue of the agreement on mutual assistance obliging Turkey, Prisoner under the statute of the League of Nations, registered and published according to the decisions of Article 18 of the title statute.

In exceptional cases provided for in the preceding paragraph, the limitations specified in Articles 10 - 18 will not be applied.

Despite the reversion of the passage established above in paragraph 2, the military ships of the warring powers, coastal or not coastal to the Black Sea, separated from the ports of their main parking, can return to these ports.

Wargoing warships are prohibited to produce in the sheds of all kinds of captures, to carry out the right to inspect and produce any hostile actions.

Article 20.

During the war, when Turkey is a warring party, the decree of Articles 10 - 18 will not be applied; The passage of warships will depend solely on the discretion of the Turkish government.

Article 21.

In the event that Turkey would consider itself under threat of direct military danger, it will have the right to apply the decisions of Article 20 of this Convention.

War ships, who pass the strait of previously use by Turkey the possibility provided by the preceding paragraph, would be thus separated from the ports of their main parking, they can return to these ports. It is agreed, however, that Turkey may not give to use this right ships of the state whose position would cause the application of this article.

If the Turkish government uses the opportunities provided by the above paragraph above, it will notify the high Contracting Parties, as well as the Secretary General of the League of Nations.

If the League Council of Nations by a majority of two-thirds of votes will decide that the measures taken in this way by Turkey are unreasonable and if such is equally the opinion of the majority of the high Contracting Parties that signed this Convention, the Turkish government undertakes to cancel these measures, as well as those that were Would be taken by article 6 of this Convention.

Article 22.

Military ships on board the cases of plague, cholera, yellow fever, raw typhoids or smallpox, or having those on board at least over the past seven days, as well as ships who left the infected port at least as five days should be held in Straits in quarantine and apply the necessary prophylactic measures to the vessels to avoid any possibility of infection of the strands.

Section III. Aircraft

Article 23.

To ensure the passage of civil aircraft between the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea, the Turkish government will indicate outside the forbidden zones of the straits, air routes intended for this passage; Civil aircraft can use these paths by making the Turkish government for episodic air flights for three days, and for regular airflights - the overall prevention about the date of the passage.

On the other hand, despite the remilitarization of the straits, the Turkish government will be provided with the necessary facilitations on the aisle, on the basis of complete safety, civil aircraft who received permission due to air regulation, operating in Turkey, on the Turkish territory flight between Europe and Asia. In cases where the permission for the flight was given, it will periodically be to indicate a route for which it should be followed in the zone of the strands.

Section IV. General decisions

Article 24.

The functions of the International Commission formed by virtue of the Convention on the Straits of June 24, 1923 are transferred to the Turkish government.

The Turkish government undertakes to draw up statistics and give information relating to the use of Articles 11, 12, 14 and 18.

It should be monitored by any of the decisions of this Convention related to the passage of warships in the straits.

As soon as it will be prevalent about the upcoming passage in the straits of the foreign marine detachment, the Turkish government will inform the representatives of the high Contracting Parties in Ankara about the composition of this detachment, about its tonnage, about the date provided for for its entry into the straits and, if it takes place, about the likely date of his return.

The Turkish government will annually send the League of Nations to the Secretary General of Nations, as well as high Contracting Parties, reports indicating the movement of foreign warships in the straits and giving any information beneficial for trade, navigation and air movements that are meant in this Convention.

Article 25.

None of the regulations of this Convention dereges the rights and obligations arising from the statute of the League of Nations for Turkey or for any other high Contracting Party, which is a member of the League of Nations.

Section V. Final Resolutions

Article 26.

This Convention will be ratified as soon as possible.

Rattification will be commissioned to the archives of the government of the French Republic in Paris.

The Japanese government will have the right to confine themselves to the report by the Government of the French Republic through its diplomatic representative in Paris, that ratification followed, and, in this case, it will have to convey the ratification letter rather.

The delivery protocol will be compiled as soon as six ratification leads will be handed over, including the diploma of Turkey. For this purpose, the message provided for in the previous paragraph will be equivalent to the instrument of ratification.

This Convention will come into force from the date of signing this protocol.

The French government will give all high Contracting Parties a certified copy of the Protocol specified in the previous paragraph, and the protocols for subsequent ratifications.

Article 27.

From the day of its entry into force, this Convention will be opened to join any Power, who signed the Lausanne Mirny Treaty of July 24, 1923.

Any accession will be reported diplomatic through the Government of the French Republic, and the last to all high Contracting Parties.
It will come into force from the day of the message to the French government.

Article 28.

This Convention will have a twenty-year term from the date of its entry into force.

However, the principle of freedom of freedom and swimming, announced in Article 1 of this Convention, will have a validity period without limiting time.

If two years before the expiration of this twenty-year period, none of the high Contracting Parties inform the French government a prevention of denunciation, the present convention will remain in force before two years will expire after sending pre-denunciation. This prevention will be reported by the French government to high Contracting Parties.

If this Convention would be denounced according to the decisions of this article, the high Contracting Parties agree to be presented at the conference to compile the text of the new Convention.

Article 29.

After each five-year period, counting from the date of entry into force of this Convention, each of the high Contracting Parties may take the initiative to propose a change in one or more of the decisions of this Convention.

In order to be made to production, a request for revision declared by one of the high Contracting Parties should be supported by another Contracting Party if it comes to changes in article 14 or in Article 18, and if the case is about changes in any other Article, two other high Contracting Parties.

The request for revision, thus supported, must be communicated to all high Contracting Parties over three months before the current five-year period. This pre-release will contain instructions on the proposed changes and their rationale.

If it is impossible to agree on their proposals with a diplomatic way, high Contracting Parties will send their representatives to the conference, which will be convened for this purpose.

This conference will have the right to make decisions only unanimously, with the exception of the reviews relating to Article 14 and to Article 18, which will be quite the majority of the three-quarters of the high Contracting Parties.

This majority will be calculated, including three-quarters of high contracting parties, coastal to the Black Sea, including Turkey.

In the certificate of which the authorized themselves signed this Convention.

Done in Montre, the twentieth of July, a thousand nine hundred and thirty-sixth year in eleven copies, of which the first, having the press of the authorized, will be commissioned in the archives of the government of the French Republic, while others will be transferred to the signatory powers.

"We will not allow you to violate the Monter Convention to anyone, including the United States. It is too important for stability in the Black Sea and Security region of Istanbul and Straitov, "said Turkish Foreign Minister Ahmet Davutoglu, during his visit to Japan on April 13.

Slightly earlier, Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov criticized Turkey for violation of the Convention, when Turkey allowed the US Navy ships to stay in the Black Sea more than 21 days. Although Lavrov's statement was officially refuted by Ankara, the Russian ambassador to Turkey Andrei Karlov repeated them during the conference last week, relying on the recommendation of the Russian Foreign Ministry.

Turkish Foreign Ministry officially stated in response: "We are puzzled by persistent attempts Russian Federation Save negotiations on the Monter Convention on the agenda. Russia stated that the US Navy ship was USS Taylor in the Black Sea more than 21 days, but Turkey's Ministry of Foreign Affairs reminds that the aforementioned ship is stuck in the port due to damage to the screw that occurred at the entrance to the Samsun port. When the repair attempts did not give any result, the ship was departed beyond the limits of both the Black Sea and strait. "

The statement that the Monter Convention was violated due to the time spent in an attempt to repair the damaged ship, which was in the port and was unable to move, incomprehensible. "

Also, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey notified the Russian Foreign Ministry in writing, that "... The second US ship, USS Truxtun, left the Black Sea for 21 days and there was no violation at all."

USS Truxtun (DDG 103) in the Mediterranean Sea

Recompanying that the Black Sea region is experiencing a crisis moment because of the Ukrainian events, Turkish Foreign Minister Davutoglu admitted that "... from time to time, at such moments, the emergence of disagreements with Russia inevitably.

However, the last 78 years, Turkey conscientiously fulfills the Montreux Convention, which makes a significant contribution to the safety of the Black Sea countries. We believe that discussing the small technical provisions of the Convention through the media does not benefit anyone.

On the other hand, it is wonderful that we have the opportunity to resolve disagreements with Russia through dialogue. We will sit down and discuss all our disagreements. Turkey will continue to implement the Montra Convention thoroughly, as it has always been, "he said.

Meanwhile yesterday, the four Turkish F-16 flew to the interception of the Russian intelligence aircraft IL-20Mwho went through a few tens of kilometers parallel to the Turkish marine border, from the side of the Black Sea, but not crossing it, examining its own means of observation Turkish coast and ports

Probably, IL-20M controlled the lack of military activity in Turkish Black Sea ports, as well as the possible presence of the US and France submarine in this region.

The source in Turkey was reported that: "... We are not offended. Trust, but check, as they say in Russia."

Georgia suggested NATO to establish the coast guard base in Poti. About such details of Tbilisi's cooperation with the North Atlantic Alliance, as the "look" writes, on March 28, journalists told head of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Georgia Brigadier General Vladimir Chachibay.

One of the possibilities of the operational enhancement of NATO on the Black Sea - frequent visits of warships of the North Atlantic Alliance, but here there is a deterrent factor - the Monter Convention. Another way out is if NATO will help Georgia and Ukraine to strengthen the war flotillas, which is associated with large finances. Or, for example, in the coastal zone of Georgia, to establish the base of the coast guard, near the port, which has strategic importance, "said Chačibay.

As the edition notes, in mid-February in NATO minister of Defense of Georgia Levan Isorean "Concrete proposals for the form of participation of Georgia in practical safety measures on the Black Sea" were presented, their details were not revealed. It is known that the Minister discussed these plans in Brussels during negotiations with Romanian colleague Gabriel Benjamin Lesmem: Allegedly Romania - NATO member country, will oversee the issue of the inclusion of Georgia, which is not included in the military in the block, in this Black Sea Safety Sphere.

Recall that in accordance with the Montreux Convention, which has been operating since 1936, the non-Black Sea is allowed through the straits in the Black Sea only light surface ships and auxiliary ships with displacement of each no more than 10,000 tons. They are not entitled to enter aircraft carriers and submarines into the Black Sea. General tonnage squadron of the warships of non-Black Sea countries in the Black Sea should not exceed 45,000 tons. The time of stay of warships of non-Black Sea countries is also strictly limited and should not exceed 21 days, regardless of the purpose of the parish. Turkish authorities should be notified by diplomatic channels about the passage of warships through the Black Sea Straits, for non-Black Sea countries - for 15 days, for Black Sea - usually in 8 days, but not less than three.

On the one hand, the strata control regime has long been determined and is clearly observed, on the other, a number of experts believe that the West has a desire to find loopholes in the Montreux Convention. For example, they say that the Alliance may use Odessa, Illichivsky and South ports in Ukraine and ports of Poti and Anacliament in Georgia for military purposes. The latter rejuvenate the "Consortium of the Development of Anacalia" together with the American company Conti International and TBC Georgian Bank. However, there are arguments that this project is of purely economic importance and is necessary in order for the port to be able to take dry cargo and tankers with large displacement.

Associate Professor of the Department of International Security Faculty of World Politics MSU named after Lomonosov Alexey Fenenko believes that the United States has long been attempting to destroy the Montreux Convention - since 2007, that is, from the moment that the worsening of US-Turkish relations has been planned.

This desire was very manifested at the time armed conflict 2008 between Georgia, on the one hand, and the republics of South Ossetia and Abkhazia, as well as Russia, on the other. Even before the conflict was for the first time for the first time in the Black Sea, NATO ship grouping as part of the USS Mount Whitney Fleet flagship, USS McFaul destroyer, watchman USCGC Dallas, as well as three frigates - German FGS Lübeck, Spanish Almirante Juan de Borbon and Polish - Generał Kazimierz Pułaski. But directly during the crisis - for the period of the active Russian operation, Turkey closed for American ships sent to Georgia with humanitarian cargo, pass through the Bosphorus and Dardanelles. So Moscow then was a dialogue with Ankara. The United States did not want to be dependent on the position of Turkey, so the search for pathways was activated by the Montreux Convention. In early 2009, the issue of lease of the Bulgarian port of Burgas was actively discussed. Now this topic went to the background and, judging by contacts, the rate is done on Georgia.

"SP": - And what, in your opinion, will give Americans such a rental?

If the United States concludes an agreement with Georgia, Romania, Bulgaria about renting ports, then it will automatically make them a Black Sea power and lead to the destruction of the Montreux Convention. Then the United States will be able to introduce ships to the Black Sea, without requesting the permission of Turkey. In this regard, it does not matter how the object will be called - the "Basic Guard Base", two pier or somehow more, the most importantly - paper and the contract that will make them the Black Sea country. By the way, it once again shows how profitable the Russian-Turkish rapprochement: Russia with Turkey is located in the same boat and both countries need a Montreux convention.

Deputy Director of the Tauride Information and Analytical Center of Rici Sergey Ermakov It also suggests that Turkey, on the guard of the Convention and Straits, Bosphorus and Dardanelles, no desire to swallow it for something else.

Especially there is no such desire after the summer events - a failed state version in which Ankara indirectly accuses his ally - the United States, since Fethullah Gyulen. Since 1999, lives in America since 1999.

It is clear that Tbilisi has a great desire to somehow consolidate its status among its allies - NATO member countries, given that the Alliance actively implements its new long-term strategy in the Black Sea region in response, according to NATOV, for "aggressive actions of Russia" . In Brussels, they do not hide the desire to increase the marine capabilities of the military unit and create a more advanced coordination system between the naval forces of the Black Sea countries and the maritime grouping of the Alliance. In this regard, NATO is important to rely even if not on the members of the block - Romania and Bulgaria, but on fairly engaged allies - Georgia and Ukraine.

Do not forget about changes in the US foreign military system system, when the Americans modestly call their military facilities in the region of advanced based and security items. In fact, the States make focus on allied NATO countries that would develop infrastructure. It can be used and periodically checking through various "activation" - military exercises under all sorts of legends, including to combat international terrorism, and so on.

Plus, as far as I understand, NATov has an idea to reanimate the program The Black Sea Naval Force, in which, by the way, and Russia, and to try through such a mechanism to tie the Black Sea countries, to expand the format of cooperation at the expense of friendly visits in their ports of NATO ships. And then to such teachings- "activations" to attach the countries of the block that have developed naval forces.

"SP": - How does Georgia fit into such a mechanism?

On the territory of Georgia, as well as Ukraine, Romania, Bulgaria, infrastructure can be rebuilt, capable of receiving and serving the ships of the North Atlantic bloc.

"SP": - Currently, NATO ships can also go to the ports of these countries ...

They can, but we are talking about creating integrated bases of a new type, which, on the one hand, allow you to take ships, on the other, are centers and reference points for tracking and monitoring the marine situation. And at such paragraphs, by definition, a sufficient number of specialists from the Armed Forces of NATO countries should be present. Due to this, there will be an increase in the possibilities of the alliance in the region, and political pressure on Ankara will be rendered in the sense to give it clearly understanding: it is not the only ally in the Black Sea.

However, there are other opinions. Deputy Director of the Institute of Political and Military Analysis Alexander Khramchikhin It notes that in a strict understanding of such a military term as the "Basic Guard" does not exist.

That under this implies the Georgian warlord - absolutely incomprehensible. And I still do not understand how the Montreux Convention can be circumvented, because everything is clearly written there. There is only one "Bypass" mechanism - it is openly stopped performing the regimen of the strata control, that is, publicly declare it. By the way, therefore, there were stories about absolute fantastics about the fact that the NATO base should appear in Sevastopol. high School № 5 ". There are no such objects in the US Navy, nor Varna, nor in Constance, although the corresponding countries already as 13 years are in the North Atlantic Alliance.

Researcher of the Center for Analysis of Strategies and Technology, the chief editor of the Export Arms Journal Andrei Frolov also believes that it can be about purely cosmetic measures that will not lead to any significant practical result and serious strengthening of the Alliance's military potential in the region.

If it were possible to make it so easy to conclude a rental agreement, become a Black Sea power and not to carry out the control regime, then the Americans would take advantage of this loophole in times cold War. In my opinion, the statement of the Georgian military commander is the next attempt to attract attention to various initiatives. Tbilisi and Kiev do it regularly.

History

The conference on the mode of the Black Sea strait was held on June 22 - July 21 in Montreux (Switzerland) with the participation of the USSR, Turkey, Great Britain, France, Bulgaria, Romania, Greece, Yugoslavia, Australia and Japan. The conference was convened at the proposal of Turkey in order to revise the Convention on the Chernomorian Straits, adopted at the Lausanne Conference 1922-23. Italy refused to participate in the conference, since the participating countries supported international sanctions against Italy in connection with the situation in Ethiopia. At the Conference in Montreux, the United Kingdom made a proposal to equalize the rights of the Black Sea and non-Blacks of the Power on the passage of their warships through the straits, which would lead to the restriction of the rights of the passage of ships of the USSR Navy. The conference's work has further complicated the collusion of Turkey's delegation with the Delegation of the UK. Soviet Union Ensured a principled position. Ultimately, the conference was not torn and led to the development of agreed solutions. On July 20, the participating countries signed a new convention on the regions, on the basis of which Turkey received the right to remilitarize the strait zone.

The main provisions of the Convention

The Montreux Convention remains behind the shopping ships of all countries freedom of passage through the shed both in peaceful and in war time. However, the regime of the warships of warships is poured against the Black Sea and non-Blacks. Subject to the preliminary notification of the Turkish authorities, the Black Sea powers can conduct their warships of any class through the straits in peacetime. For warship of non-Black Sea powers, significant limitations in the class were introduced (only small surface ships are held) and on tonnaging. The general tonnage of military vessels of non-Black Sea states in the Black Sea should not exceed 30 thousand tons (with the possibility of increasing this minimum to 45 thousand tons in the event of an increase in the Naval Forces of the Black Sea countries) with a period of stay no more than 21 days. In the case of Turkey's participation in the war, and also if Turkey considers that it directly threatens the war, she is given the right to resolve or prohibit passage through the straits of any military vessels. During the war in which Turkey does not participate, the sheds should be closed to the passage of military courts of any warring power. The Convention has liquidated the International Commission on Straits provided for by the Lausanne Convention with the transfer of its functions to the Government of Turkey.

The meaning of the Convention

Decisions taken at the conference in Montreux began to take a step forward on the way of recognizing the rights of the Black Sea countries on the status of straits. Italy joined Montreux Convention in 1938

Sources

Convention on Straits (Montere Convention) 1936 - The Convention on Straits, which is more known as the Montreux Convention, was signed on July 20, 1936 following the conference on the revision of the Chernomorian Strait regime, held from June 22 to July 21, 1936 in the Swiss ... ... Encyclopedia Newsmakers

Convention Montreux of 1936 Convention, which restored Turkey's sovereignty over black sutures to the Mediterranean Sea, adopted at a conference on the mode of the Black Sea Straits, held on June 22, July 21, 1936 in Montreux (Switzerland). With ... ... Wikipedia

Convention Montreux of 1936 Convention, restored by Turkey's sovereignty over black sutures in the Mediterranean Sea, adopted at the conference on the mode of the Black Sea Straits, held on June 22, July 21, 1936 in Montreux ... ... Wikipedia

In 1936, the Convention, which restored the sovereignty of Turkey over the straits from black to the Mediterranean Sea, adopted at the conference on the mode of the Black Sea Straits, held on June 22, July 21, 1936 in Montreux (Switzerland). At the same time, Turkey ... ... Wikipedia

1936 (June 22, July 21) On the mode of the Black Sea Straits; He took place in Montre with the participation of the USSR, Turkey, Great Britain, France, etc. Signed the Convention on Straits, Replacing the Convention, adopted at the Lausanne Conference 1922 23. Recognized ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

City Montreux FR. Montreux coat of arms ... Wikipedia

NATO countries ignore the contract for the Black Sea Strait

The other day, the third military ship of the United States, destroyer Donald Cook, and the French Dupuy De Lome military intelligence ship entered the Black Sea through the Turkish Bosphorus Straits and Dardanelles. Shortly before that, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation announced violation by Turkey and the United States of the International Convention Montreux (1936), which regulates the term of presence and tonnage of foreign military vessels in the Black Sea basin. But the American and Turkish side of Moscow is ignored. The West clearly demonstrates military power In connection with the situation in Ukraine and with the reunification of the Crimea with Russia.

The famous Turkish political scientist Fatih Er actually confirmed that these (NATO) "invasions" are addressed, above all, Russia.

In view of the increasingly frequent "visits" of NATO military vessels in the Black Sea, Sergey Lavrov, Sergey Lavrov, said that "the extension of the stay of the US Navy ships in the Black Sea often exceeded the deadlines established by the Montreux International Convention.

S. Lavrov clarified: "According to the Montreux Convention on the status of the Straits, the military ships of countries that do not have access to the Black Sea can be in its water area for no more than 21 days, and there are significant limitations in the class and on the vessel tonnage."

According to the Russian Foreign Minister, "USS Taylor Navy Frigate entered the Black Sea on February 5, and loss in the Mediterranean Sea on March 9 of this year, which for 11 days exceeded the maximum allowed time and, accordingly, is a violation of the Convention. At the same time, the Turkish side did not immediately inform us about this delay. For its part, our concerns are brought to the attention of American and Turkish parties in the form of verbal notes. "

Recall that since Russia's exit to the Black Sea and the expansion of its Black Sea Territories, ensuring their security has always resulted in Turkish politics on military shipping issues through Dardanelles - the Marmara Sea - Bosphorus.

Russia's proposals to prohibit the entrance to this artery between the Black, Aegean seas and the Mediterranean Military Courts of the Nefthern Countries, have always been rejected by European powers and Turkey, and after the First World War - and the United States.

Let's say Crimean War (1853-1856) Western coalition against Russia became possible thanks to the free access of European naval forces through the same straits. During the intervention of the Entente in Russia in 1918-1919. The Western Fleet also had unhindered through these straits not only to Black Sea, but also to the Azov and Danube ports of Russia. It is notable to remind you that the Allies of Russia categorically objected to the Russian naval operation in the Bosphorus and in the Marmara Sea during the First World War, which would quickly entit Turkey from the war.

In 1915, Anntan wanted to capture Constantinople and, thus, close the Bosphorus and the Marmara Sea from Russia, but in vain! That was the unsuccessful Gallipoly Operation of 1915, conducted without the participation of Russian troops. However, during previous Russian-Turkish wars, European powers threatened Russia almost a collective invasion of its territory, if russian troops "Understand" to join Constantinople and master the Bosphorus. But perennial and numerous bloody battles of the troops of Russia and Turkey in the Balkans and in the East Turkish mountains, including in 1914-1917, did not cause dissatisfaction with the powers of Europe: let the Russians and the Turks kill each other. And although after 1918, until the mid-1930, the warming of Soviet-Turkish relations was observed, Ankara did not agree with the proposal of Moscow about the indefinite demilitarization of the straits and the bilateral - the Soviet-Turkish military security.

Under pressure from London, Paris and Washington on July 24, 1923 in Lausanne (Switzerland), the International Convention on Straps mode was signed. It was signed by the United Kingdom, France, the USSR, Italy, Japan, Greece, Romania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia and Turkey. The Convention envisaged the demilitarization of the sheds zone, but allowed free passage through the Bosphorus, the Marmara Sea and Dardanelles not only commercial and passenger, but also military vessels of any country. Therefore, the USSR did not ratify the Convention. As follows from the statement of the Soviet NKID, "... due to the lack of appropriate security conditions of the straits, the Black Sea basin as a whole and, accordingly, the southern borders of the USSR." In the future, the Soviet side was able to achieve partial revision of the regimen for straits.

In the Swiss Montreux, on July 21, 1936, the current Strait status convention was signed. It was signed and ratified the USSR, Turkey, United Kingdom, France, Bulgaria, Romania, Greece, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria and Japan.

The document retains all countries by the freedom of passage through the straits in peaceful and wartime. But the passage regime of warships is spilled for the Black Sea and non-Black Sea states. With the prior notice of the Turkish authorities, the Black Sea countries may conduct their warships of any class in peacetime. And for the military vessels of the non-Black Semorests, restrictions on the class and tonnage were introduced. Only small and auxiliary surface ships can be held here, and the general tonnage of military vessels of non-Black Sea countries in the Black Sea should not exceed 30 thousand tons, although it is possible to increase this volume to 45 thousand tons if Black Sea countries are increasing their Navy in the region. The stay of the "non-Black Sea" military courts was limited to 21 days (Moscow insisted on 14 days, but the British achieved more).

As for Turkey's policies in the straits, such rules were introduced by the Convention: in the event of Turkey's participation in the war, and if Turkey considers it to threaten the war, the Turkish side is given the right to resolve / prohibit passage through the spirits of military courts of any countries. And during the war in which Turkey does not participate, the straits are closed for the passage of military courts of any warring power.

In addition, the Montreux Convention has liquidated the International Commission on Straps established by the Lausanne Convention, and the Sovereignty in this region has been transferred to them.

But during the Great Patriotic War Turkish straits were used by Germany and its allies for operations against the USSR. In an effort to smooth out such a hostile politics on the straits, Turkey in late February 1945 declared war in Germany and Japan. And from mid-April 1945, he allowed the delivery of allied goods to Soviet ports through Dardanelles, the Marmara Sea and Bosphorus. The total volume of these deliveries to the Black Sea ports of the USSR for 1945 amounted to 681 thousand tons, which approximately corresponds to 5% of all allied supplies to the USSR. Over 300 thousand tons came in Batumi, up to 100 thousand tons - in Poti, the rest of the goods accepted the ports of Sukhumi and Tuapse. Nevertheless, the USSR March 19, 1945 denounced the Soviet-Turkish treaty "On Friendship and Neutrality" (December 1925).

And then, June 7, 1945, V.M. Molotov stated Turkey Ambassador to the USSR S. Sarperu that "the desired conditions for the conclusion of a new agreement is a mode of exclusively Soviet-Turkish control in the Black Sea strait and their demilitarization. With the placement of the Soviet naval base in the framework of the Soviet naval base within the framework of the long-term lease "(similar to the Soviet Bases of Pilkkalla-UDD in Finland or Far in China in 1945-1955). But Ankara rejected these projects.

At the beginning of the Potsdam Conference, Molotov repeated these proposals, adding that "... We have repeatedly stated our allies that the USSR cannot consider the correct Montreux Convention."

Then the problem was discussed with the participation of Stalin himself, which denied the thesis on the threat of Turkey by the USSR. Noticing that "the Turks in the area of \u200b\u200bConstantinople has more than 20 divisions, possibly 23 or 24 divisions. And, by owning the straits, a small state, supported by England, keeps a big state for the throat and does not give him a pass. "

The United Kingdom and the United States have energetically ented Turkey and for the Montreux Convention. But under the pressure of the USSR, and taking into account the prosecutor's position in this matter of Greece, near the straits, in section XVI "Black Sea Straits" of the final conference protocol, it was said: "The Convention on the Straits concluded in Montreux must be revised as not meeting the conditions of the present. We agreed that as the next step, this question will be the topic of direct negotiations between each of the three governments and the Turkish government. "

But Moscow decided to "waiver" to the Ankara independently. On August 7, 1946, the USSR Government made a note in which the requirements mentioned above were repeated. However, this time, the US and the United Kingdom expressed the unambiguous support of Turkey. Already at the end of the 1940s, military and intelligence dietary supplies of the United States appeared in Turkey, including in her Black Sea areas, and in February 1952, Turkey and Greece entered NATO. Thus, NATO NATO countries in the Black Sea received card blanche. Moreover, the Montreux Convention, repeat, does not rebel the presence of the "non-Black Sea" Navy in this basin.

And on May 30, 1953, the Soviet government officially refused the Stalinist requirements, and in the future the USSR never raised the question of the regions. Even during the Caribbean crisis (October 1962). In Moscow, was afraid to "press" on Ankara, which could provoke the strengthening of the US military presence and, in general, NATO in the Black Sea region. At the same time, according to the available data, NATO, including Turkey, in the 1960s - 1980s. At least 30 times violated the military conditions of the Montreux Convention. There is a version that NATO naval intelligence has put her hand - again through the straits, - to the destruction of the Lincar "Novorossiysk" in 1955 near Sevastopol ...

During the preparation and conduct of the Helsinki Security and Cooperation Meeting in Europe (beginning-mid-1970s), the United Kingdom and Turkey were made to understand that they were not inclined to change anything in the Convention and that the return to this issue could move the timing of the final act . Moscow chose not to lengthen these terms. And in 1991-1992 The Russian Federation, Ukraine and Georgia joined the Convention in return to the USSR.

Today it is obvious that the Montreux Convention, retaining the possibilities for direct and indirect military-political provocations against Russia, quite suits the West.

Moreover, with the current frankly hostile relations of the Kiev junta to Russia, as it was, for example, and during the period of the Armed Conflict of Georgia with Russia in 2008. Therefore, it is possible to create by the countries-signed by the Montreux Convention by the countries, for example, the Commission on verifying the implementation of all the rules of this document or to clarify them.

By the way, the USSR in the second half of the 1940s - early 1950s has repeatedly proposed to create such a commission. The idea was supported by Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Romania, Greece. Western countries And Turkey did not respond to such proposals. But if the provisions of this Convention can be broken even to non-Black Sea countries, and without consequences, then Russia will have to look for symmetrical answers. And not to appeal more to the Montreux Convention, which other countries signed, located, notice, for thirty lands from the Black Sea ...

Especially for century

Montrea Black Sea. Black Sea Straits: Does Montreux Convention works? Long way to compromise

History

The main provisions of the Convention

The meaning of the Convention

Sources

see also

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