Earth shell consisting of plates. Lithosphere - "Stone" Earth Shell

The atmosphere of the lithosphere hydrosphere closest to the land of the atmosphere, it is airspace around the Earth. The atmosphere consists of nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor and a minor number of other gases. Thanks to the atmosphere on our planet there was life. Plants, animals and a person for breathing need oxygen, which they get from the atmosphere. The sea, oceans, rivers, lakes, reservoirs, glaciers form an intermittent water shell of the Earth. Without hydrosphere, life on our planet would be impossible (the body of a person by 65% \u200b\u200bconsists of water!). The lithosphere is a solid shell of the Earth, dry and the bottom of the oceans, it form rock rocks, and geologists are called earthly crust.

In nature, minerals are in its pure form, but much more often they form connections with other minerals. Such natural compounds of minerals are called rocks. If you carefully consider found by the sea or in the mountains of pebbles, then you can see that it often happens to be multi-colored or striped due to penetrating veins, or spotted, or with divorces incorrect form. This is because the found pebbles consists of different minerals, on which natural natural processes left their traces. Minerals are distinguished by color, hardness, weight and composition. Of them, as from bricks, the world of inanimate nature around us

Mineral Agat Beautiful Delicate Stone, it is considered semi-precious. Agate is bluish-gray, dark gray, white. Coal, as it turned out, a brilliant gem diamond brother. Diamond is the hardest substance in the world. Red crystals mineral grenades. Transparent garnet crystals are precious stones. They have a high hardness, therefore are often used as abrasives (grinding materials). People learned to synthesize this mineral.

Mineral Sapphire Gemstone, which has long been used as decorations. A synthetic colorless sapphire is also obtained, whose crystals are used in microelectronics, infrared technique and other areas. Salt not only dissolved in sea water. It meets in the mountains in the form of crystals. Such a stone salt is called Galit. This is the only mineral that can be eaten. The name comes from Greek "Galls" sea \u200b\u200bsalt. In color, it is predominantly white, it can be colorless. Sometimes, due to impurities of other minerals, intensively blue or red is purchased. In conjunction with silicon oxygen, the most common mineral on Earth forms quartz. Quartz species include all beloved semiprecious stones Rhinestone, amethyst, smoky topaz (Ruhathopaz), Morion, Chalacedon, Avenant, Yashma, Agat.

Groups on the conditions of their formation when eruption from the subsoil of the molten mountain breeds Magmatic rocks are formed. This is granite, Andesit, basalt, Gabbro, Peridotitis. The hot mass rises from natural cracks, gradually cools and hardens. Sometimes the molten rocks are poured onto the surface of the lava (during volcanic eruptions) and also frozen. 1. Magmatic granite array. Mountain breed granite consists of quartz, mica and wild spa. A sheer mountain wall, composed of a magmatic rocks basalt. Basalt black. Basalts also occupy huge areas of the bottom of the oceans. This is valuable construction and facing material.

2. Sedimenta of the wreckage of ancient rocks destroyed by the wind and sharp differences in temperature, sedimentary rocks occur. Such wreckages and grains often, together with the remains of plants and animals accumulate at the bottom of the oceans and seas. This process is very long and continuous, therefore, the following layers are gradually decisive, under the severity of which the lower layers are compacted under the weight. Limestone, sandstone, plaster, clay, gravel, peat, coal, oil are formed. Small quartz chips turn into sand construction material And raw materials for glass. The amount of sand in the world is huge. And its widespread use. Stone coal Important mineral. Used as fuel.

3. Metamorphic If sedimentary or magmatic rocks fall into a greater depth, then under the action of high temperatures and pressure, they are strongly changed and turned into new Metamorphic rocks. In such a way, a solid marble, iron ore, shale formed from soft and loose limestone. Marble iron ore shale

1. Construction of roads, houses (gravel, sand, clay, limestone) 2. decoration of buildings, metro stations, manufacture of monuments (marble, granite, Labrador) 3. Medicine (diamond dust, talc) 4. Decorative items and decorations 5. Art (Natural dyes - Ossociation, Cynanar, Graphite) 6. Production of dishes (clay, quartz sand) 7. Food (Galit - Casting salt) 8. Selling economy (Mineral fertilizers)

As often, in search of answers to your questions, how the world is arranged, we look up on the sky, the sun, the stars, look far-far away for hundreds of light years in search of new galaxies. But, if you look under the legs, then under your feet there is a whole underground world of which our planet is - Earth!

Bowels of the earth This is the most mysterious world under the legs, the underground body of our land, on which we live, build houses, deploy roads, bridges and many thousands of years we master the territory of the native planet.

This world is the secret depths of the earth's subsoil!

Structure of land

Our planet refers to the planets of the earth group, and just like other planets, consists of a layer. The surface of the earth consists of a solid shell earth crust, it is an extremely viscous mantle deeper, and in the center there is a metal core, which consists of two parts, an external - liquid, internal - solid.

Interestingly, many objects of the universe are so well studied that every schoolboy knows about them, spacecraft are sent to space for distant hundreds of thousands of kilometers, but in the very deep depths of our planet, still stand out of the defense task, so what is under the surface of the earth still It remains a big mystery.

Abstract lesson class 5

Topic: Litosphere - "Stone" Earth Shell. Internal structure Earth. Earth's crust. The structure of the earth's crust.

The purpose of the lesson : To form an idea of \u200b\u200bthe inner layers of the Earth and their distinctive features, the movement of lithospheric plates.

Tasks:

Familiarize students S. internal layers: earth bark, mantle, core and their distinctive features. Give the concept - a lithosphere.

Demonstrate the result of the movement of lithospheric plates.

Develop the skills of students to analyze information, read the scheme, allocate the main thing, use additional information, work with a geographic map.

Teach students working with electronic textbooks.

Promoting the formation of geographical thinking of schoolchildren, geographic culture.

During the classes:

Organizing time

Emotional mood.

Hello guys. I hope our mutual work in the lesson will be fruitful, and you are active. Sit down. Today we begin to explore new topic. For successful work in the lesson, we have prepared everything you need: tutorial, notebook, simple pencil, pen.

Actualization of knowledge

Cosmonauts flying in outer space say it when viewed from spacecraft Has an excellent blue color. Looks like a precious blue pearl.

This color is due to the properties of the atmosphere and the fact that the world ocean covers 71% of its area.

What or others are we talking about?(About planet Earth)

Guys, I read the text now. You carefully listen to the text, and then answer a number of questions.

"Originally, the planet was cold, then began to warm up, and later it became, cool again. At the same time, "lungs" elements rose, and "heavy" descended. So formed the initial earth bark. Heavy elements formed the inner substance of the planet - the core and the mantle. "

What do these lines say? (On the hypothesis of the origin of the Earth. Schmidt's hypothesis - Fesenkov has fewer contradictions and responds to a larger number of questions.)

What cloud has our planet formed from?(From a cold gas pepper cloud.)

What is the form of the Earth?(Sharo-shaped earth shape.)

Remember from the material of environmentaling, what external shells of the Earth are you known?(The land has the following external shells: atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, lithosphere.)

The shells interact with each other?(Yes)

Motivation of educational activities.

Once - Circle,

Two - Circles,

Three - Circle,

Again a circle ...

How many different shells!

Not land, but just onions!

The Earth is designed by Heathro

More than any toy:

Inside is the kernel,

But not the kernel from the gun!

Then, imagine the mantle

Lies inside the earth.

But not such a mantle,

What the kings are worn!

Then - Litosphere

(Earth's crust).

We got on the surface,

Hooray!

And in the midst of this litio -

The hydrosphere is spilled.

Hydro is not hydra.

Even sometimes

People call it -

WATER!

Well, for this sphere

We meet with the atmosphere.

(This and air, and clouds ...)

And what is there for her? - Unknown yet!

(A. Usachev)

Setting "Encryption".

Decipher theme lesson

C O R L A and F T E

Answer: Litosphere

Preparation of students for learning a new topic.

Guys, do you like fairy tales? Now I want to tell one fairy tale. Ready to listen?

In some kingdom, in some state there lived - there was King Zakir. He had a son - a remote good well done Ivan Tsarevich. It was hard to rule the tsar, he structured.

King Zakir decided to test his son. He sends him to the long road, and himself gives the order: "Go, Ivan - Tsarevich, the world to see him show himself. Looking in me the key of the earth, and then you will be king. "

Ivan Zakirov's son went to the road - the road. How long did it, briefly, came to someone else's kingdom - states. He sees: in front of him, 4 white palaces stand with golden roofs, and above them is the inscription - "atmosphere", "Hydrosphere", "Biosphere", "Lithosphere". Ivan Ivan the inscriptions and attended what it was.

Guys, let's tell me to Ivan that indicate these words.

It is Ivan at the gate, and the old man passes and asks: "What, Mil Man Has Has Hang? "

"Yes, here, I need to find the land key, but I just can't determine where I go. Help me, good man.

The elder explained that I was needed to go to Ivan to the palace called "Litosphere".

"Is there a land key in this country?" - asks Tsarevich. "There is - that is, but it is not easy to find it. He is stored deep underground, and he sees it beautiful Tsarevna».

"But how can I get there?" - Ivan asks.

"You need to dull a deep well," the old man answers it. "

I was taken by Ivan Zakirov Son in the hands of a shovel and began to dig a well. At first, Tsarevich was easy to dig, the breeds came across light, loose: sand, clay, chalk, stone salt. Deeper Ries Ivan, the breed becomes harder. Zheleznyaki come across him - brown, magnetic, ore of useful metals.

He was carried away by the work of Ivan - Tsarevich, hit once, hit the other, and huge boulders fell off. Ivan found himself in a big cave. The walls are glittered, overflowing precious stones. And in the center of the hall on the throne sits a beautiful princess. She bowed to her Ivan and says: "People are praying that you hide the key of the earth, and I need him, I promised me to get it!"

"Well, you guess my tasks, give you a cherished key!" - answered Tsarevna and extended to Ivan the envelope with the tasks.

"Major," said Ivan - Tsarevich, "I will try to guess!".

What is the internal structure of the Earth?

The internal structure of the Earth is complex. In her center there is a kernel. Then follows the mantle, and the earth bark. The structure of the Earth can be compared with the egg.

It consists of a shell, squirrel and yolk. The shell is like breathing globe. She is very thin. Protein - mantle. Yolk - core.

In the form of a scheme, this can be portrayed like this:

Internal structure of land \u003d core + mantle + earth bark.

What is the kernel?

The core is divided into two layers: internally kernel - solid, external - liquid. Consists of iron and nickel.

Previously, it was believed that the core of the earth was smooth, almost like a cannonic core.

It is assumed that the surface of the nucleus consists of a substance possessing the properties of the liquid. The boundary of the external core is at a depth of 2900km.

But the inner region, starting with the depth of 5100km, behaves like solid. This is due to very high pressure. Even on the upper border of the nucleus theoretically, the calculated pressure is about 1, 3 million. Atmospheres. And in the center reaches 3 million atmospheres. The temperature here may exceed 10,000 s °.

Perhaps the substance of the external core includes a relatively light element, most likely sulfur.

Composition of kernel \u003d iron + nickel

What properties is the substance of the mantle?

Mantle translated from Lat. Language means "bedspread". It takes up to 83% of the volume of the planet and is divided into the upper and lower mantle. The substance of the mantle due to the large pressure is in a solid state, although the temperature of the mantle is 2000 ° C. The middle layer of the mantle is slightly softened, and the inner and outer layers are in a solid state.

The first lies to a depth of 670 km. Fast pressure drop in the upper part of the mantle and high temperature lead to the melting of the substance.

At a depth of 400 km under the mainland and 10 - 150 km under the oceans, i.e. in the upper mantle, a layer was discovered, where seismic waves apply relatively slowly. This layer was called an asthenosphere (from Greek. "Assenis" is weak). The asthenosphere is more plastic than the rest of the mantle, serves as "lubricant", according to which rigid lithospheric stoves move.

What is it from? Main from rocks rich in magnesium and iron. Mantle breeds are highly density.

What is the lower mantle, while remains a mystery.

What is the earth's bark?

Ground Cora is a solid upper sheath of the Earth. It represents the thinnest film and compared with the radius of the Earth is negligible. It reaches a maximum thickness of 75 km over the mountains of the Pamirs, Tibet, Himalayas. Despite the small power, the earth bark has a complex structure.

Earth's crust

ocean mainland

5-10km 30-80 km

The upper boundaries of the earth's crust are well understood using well drilling (deep drilling method).

The deepest well has a depth of just 15 km. Compared with the dimensions of the Earth, this value is very small. But, despite the fact that deep into the Earth, the person penetrates just a few kilometers, some information about the inner structure of its scientists received with the help of geophysical methods. Geophysics on the surface or at some depth of the surface produce explosions. Special, very sensitive, appliances are recorded, at what speed the oscillations are applied inside the Earth. So, geophysics found that to the depth of average 30 km, the globe consists of sand, limestone, granite, etc.

With depth in the earth's crust, the temperature changes. The temperature of the top layer of the lithosphere varies by season of the year. Below this layer to a depth of about 1000 m, a pattern is observed: for every 100m depth the temperature of the earth's crust increases on average by 3 degrees.

How did the formation of the earth's crust occurred?

The formation of the earth's crust occurred billions of years ago from the visco-liquid substance of the mantle - Magma. The most common and lungs in its composition chemical substances - silicon and aluminum - frozen in the upper layers. Hardening, they no longer drowned and remained afloat in the form of peculiar islets. But these islands were not stable, they were in the authority of the internal mantle flows, which were fascinated by them down, and often simply drown in a hot magma. Magma (from Greek tagma -gusty dirt) - melted mass formed in the mantle of the Earth. But there was time, and the first small solid arrays gradually combined with each other, forming the territory of a significant area. Likelands in the open ocean, they moved along the planet by the will of internal mantle flows.

How did people manage to draw up an idea of \u200b\u200bthe inner structure of the Earth?

Valuable information on the structure of the Earth, humanity receives as a result of drilling ultra-deep wells, as well as with the help of special seismic research methods (from Greek. "Seismos" - oscillation). So study geophysics to our land. This method is based on studying the rate of propagation in the land of oscillations arising from earthquakes, eruptions of volcanoes or explosions. For this purpose, a special device is used - seismograph. Unique information about the depths of the Earth, seismic scientists are obtained from observations of eruptions of volcanoes. Science Seismology - science of earthquakes. Based on the seismic data in the structure of the Earth, 3 main shells distinguish between chemical composition, aggregate state and physical properties.

Lithosphere

The stone shell of the earth, including the earth's boron and the upper part of the mantle, is called a lithosphere. Under it is a preheated plastic layer of the mantle. Litosphere as it floats on this layer. Power of lithosphere B. different areas Earth varies from 20 to 200 kilometers and more. In general, under the continents, it is thicker than under the oceans. Scientists have established that a lithosphere is not monolithic, but consists of lithospheric plates. They are separated from each other deep faults. Seven very large and slightly smaller lithospheric plates, which constantly, are constantly moving along the plastic mantle layer. The average speed of their movement is about 5 centimeters per year. Some plates are completely oceanic, but most have different types Earth crust.

Lithospheric plates move relative to each other in different directions: or move, or, on the contrary, come closer and encounter. As part of lithospheric plates, their upper floor is moved - the earth's crust. Thanks to the movement of lithospheric plates, the location on the surface of the continig and oceans is changing. The continents are confronted with each other, then move apart from each other for thousands of kilometers.

And now the guys let's go back to our fairy tale

"Well done, Ivan - Tsarevich, correctly guess my tasks with the guys, here's the key of the earth and remember: only knowledge as the key, open any castles and doors," said Tsarevna.

Ivan bowed and went home, and so that he did not get lost, let's help him remember the way back.

Practical work

Fill out a table using a textbook

Test tasks. Choose the correct answer.

1. The ground consists of:

a) kernel and mantle

b) mantle and earthly crust

in)Nuclei, mantle and earthly crust

d) nuclei and earthly crust.

2. The kernel of the Earth consists of:

a) one layer

b)Two layers

c) three layers

Summarizing. Evaluation of students. Reflection.

Guys today at the lesson we set the tasks: to study the internal structure of the Earth, the methods of study and a lithosphere.

What do you think we coped with these tasks?

That is the purpose of the lesson reached?

Each of you on the desk is printed by emoticons that show the mood.

Check what mood you have today at the lesson.

The lesson is over. Thanks to all. Well done!

18 Litosphere - stone shell Earth, including the earth's boron and part of the upper mantle, stretches to the asthenosphere and has a capacity of 150-200 km. In the structure of L, 3 main layers are separated; Z.Koru, mantle and core. ZK is the uppermost of the solid shells of the Earth, characterized by the composition and low density of rocks. Its lower. The border is considered the border of Mocho (Mochorovichich). Consists of: acid, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium. Distinguish 2 axes. The type of crust: mainland (usually has a capacity of 35-45 km, in areas of mountain countries - up to 70 km) and oceanic (has a thickness of 5-10 km (along with the thickness of water - 9-12 km)). Mainland. ZK consists of 3 layers: sedimentary, granite (gneading-gneisov composition) and basalt (basalt and gabbro). Ocean ZK 2 layer: sedimentary (marine precipitation) and basalt (advantage. Gabbro). Mantle - Lit-Lit-Light Sheath, located between the earth's crust and the core of the Earth. From the earth's crust, it separates the border of Mokho, from the nucleus of the earth, the mantal is separated from the surface (at a depth of about 2900 km). M. Z. is divided into the lower and upper mantle. The latter, in turn, is divided (from top to bottom) to the substrate, a layer of Gutenberg and a layer of Golitsyn. Inside the mantle at a depth of 100-250 km under the continents and 50-100 km under the oceans begins the layers of high plasticity in-va close to the melting point, the so-called mantle is an asthenosphere. The outsole of the Asthenosphere is at depths of about 400 km. The kernel is at depths from 2900 to 6371 km, the nucleus radius is about 3470 km. It consists of a nucleus, probably from iron-nickel alloy (90% iron, 10% nickel). According to different estimates, the temperature of the nucleus is from 4,000 to 7000 ° C. Tektonosphere, External Obol Earth, covering the earth's bark and upper mantle, the main area of \u200b\u200bmanifestation of tectonic and magmatic processes. For her, Har-on vertical and horizontal heterogeneity of the FIZ SV-TV and the composition of the states of ev breeds. GEODIA-CA--Visor Geol-Ai, the study of strength and processes in the crust, mantle and the kernel Z.I, carrying out the deep and surface DV-I mass in time and pr-ve. Geodin is a magnetometrich, seismometric, gravimetric, etc. data, as well as a geological model-E and geochemistry of Har-ki. Mr. undergoes tectonics lit.plit (new global tectonics). Nonlinear Mr. studies the yawls and processes associated with irregular, chaotic and other impulses in the earth's depths and with removable extraterrestrial factors (two comets, the fall of meteorites, etc.). Fixism (from Lat. Fixxis is a solid, unchanged, fixed), one of the two for example in a tectonics, emanating from the submissions of the inviolability (fixed) of the floor of the continents on the reference of the earth and the decisive role of the vertically directed textschchtch DV-IY In the development of ZK . F. was one of the leaders of directions in geology to the Serb 60s. 20 V., KGD received the development of the position of Mob-ZMA. Supporters F, (in. V. Belousov, Amer. Known X. O. Meyrof, etc.) deny the position of mobilism about the possibilities of the horizontal displacements of large litospheres plates; Only minor (up to several tens of kilometers) are the horizontal empty-I relatively small accounting Z.K. According to the suggestions (shaggy) and shifts caused by the vertical DV-Ii. The composite part of the concept of the Flat-E of the form-in oceanic depression into the resort of lowering ZK without significant stretching, with the transformation of the mainland cortex in a thinner oceanic. Mobn. Ppch (from Lat. Mobilis - mobile) hypothesis, involving large (up to several thousand km) Horizontal movements: Mainland blocks of the earth's crust (lithosphere) relative to each other and relative to the poles during geological time. An allegedly, I was about 19 V, but the scientifically developed R-per M. was sforming for the first time in the first time in the first time in the first time in the first time in M. Geofizik A. Vegener (Th, drifting continents). L. is broken down by deep faults on large blocks - lit-loops, they move to the horiz. Direction from media. 5 -10 cm speed per year; 7 Plates: Eurasian, Pacific, African, Indian, Antarctic, North American, South American. Under the lithosphere of an asthenosphere - the softened shell serves as a plastic bedding, the CTR allows the hard lithospheric plot to move and slide in horizontal directions of relatively deeper subsoil. Together with lithospheric plates, the continents are on them. Where two neighboring plates are diverged, the opening reserves is filled with the lifting of the molten deep substance, the OBR-E and the growth of the oceanic lithosphere occur, its spreading. PRD processes. Localizes, hl., Within the middle-oceanic ridges and the ocean of the ocean, therefore, in these R-ah, it refers to a young one Under the other and obliquely goes to the depth in the softened matter of the asthenosphere - its subduction occurs. To the zones of subducts to the terror of the B-in Grimmer-y and MN-in volcanoes. Geomorphology Expression of the DBMS of Oll deep-water gutter. Accretion (from lat. Accretio ri-e, carried out), falling in Va on Cosmich body under dt Coming, accompanied by exterior of gravitational E. In the accretion phase 3. Protes approximately 95% of the modern mass, which it took 17 million years. Since the end of the phase 3. They consider the planetary breeding stage that entered into the stage. Collision is a collision of continental plates, which always leads to crumpled crust and the formation of mountain ranges. PR, is the Alyshysko-Himalayan mountain belt, forming the ocean closure of Tetis and collisions with the Eurasian slab in Industan and Africa. The relief is a set of irregularities (forms) of the earth's surface of a certain geological structure. R. Obr-Xia in the resort of complex interaction of the REC with water and wealth. Shells, alive. by organisms and man. R. consists of: forms - department. The irregularities that provide three-dimensional bodies occupying a certain volume (hill, ravine). Type R. is a complex of forms that have a community of origin and naturally repeated on a certain terr-AI. R. form: 1. Closed (hill) or open (ravine); 2. simple (nebol. in size) or complex (combo simple); 3. Positive (elevated) or negative (beam); 4. in size (morphometric): planetary (mate. Protrusions, ocean bed), megaForms (croup. Block. Lodge O - Mexican Hall, Alps, Caucasus), Macroforms (XP., Paddines), Mesoforms (ravines, beams) , microforms (karst funnels, coastal shafts), nanoforms (meadow bumps). Genetic class-Ia Fr (Gerasimov, Meshcheryakova): 1. Geotecture - croup. The relief shape created by the process of planetary Har-Ra: space and endogenous processes (mate. protrusions, bed O., transition zones, mid-oceanic xp.). 2. Morfostre-ra - croup. FR, formed by endo and exogenous processes with bodies. Endo (mountains, equal). Morphoskul-ra - the form of relief, which is an exogenous processes (river valleys, meadow bumps). Processes of relief formation: endogenous (tectonich. Movement: Goriz., Vertical., Fold-up (Plical: Anticlinals (Position), Synclinals (denying)), discontinuous (disjunctive: Rift valleys), injective (magma's introduction) dislocations; magmatism ( Batoliths, Lacolites) and Vulcanism (Lavoviews - Dean Plogradier in Wednesday. Siberia); Farmers (Obr-Ye Cracked); exogenous (depending on Sol. Radiation - climate: fluvial (watercourses: woundings, ravine, beam, speech valley) , Eaola (wind: pillars, locks, dunes), cryogenic (permenny: Kurumi, stains-medallions), glacial (glacier: Kara, carling, lamb foreheads), karst (leaching water of the mountains. Breeds: punctures, karst fields). Minerals and GP used by man for their own purposes are called useful statements. Depending on the physical condition, different types of minerals are distinguished: solid: various ores, coal, marble, granite, salts; Liquid: oil, mineral waters; Gaseous: combustible gases, helium, methane; Depending on the use of Pi, the following groups distinguish: combustible: coal, peat, oil, natural gas, slates; ore (mining ores, including metal useful components and non-metallic) - iron ore, non-ferrous metal ores, graphite, asbestos; Nermetal: sand, gravel, clay, chalk, various sop. A separate group is precious and diverse stones. According to GP, the PA 3 GP is divided: a) igneous, conges from the molten magma during its cooled and hardening. At a depth in the earth's crust, Magma cools slower, so there are dense rocks with large crystals. They are called deep magmatic rocks, it belongs to them, granite. The granite layer contains various non-ferrous, precious and rare metals. If Magma, after making it back, it is frozen by Pts quickly, while only the Mellen crystals only, the CTR is sometimes difficult to see the naked eye, and the breed looks homogeneous. These formed GP are usually dense, solid, heavy. PR, basalt. Pouring over the cracks, Magma creates extensive basalt covers. Laying in the other, they form a stepped elevation of the gear. b) sedimentary rocks. Obras only on the surface of the earth's crust as a result of sedimentation under the influence of gravity and accumulation of precipitation at the bottom of the reservoirs and per land. For SP-BU Education, these G.P. PA are divided: - chip. Called. The differences GP., Education of their connection with processes that destroy rock rocks (wind activity, water, glacier). Drawing from the size of these rocks are: large, medium, and fine-grinding (crushed stone, pebbles, gravel, sand, clay) as building materials. - Hemogenic GP are formed from aqueous solutions Minerals. This sedent on the bottom of the reservoirs is a cook and a potassium salt, falling out of the water of hot sources of silica. Many of them are increasing in the farm, for example, potash salts are sirring for fertilizers, sainted salt in food. - Organogenic to this group include sedimentary rocks consisting of the remains of rash and alive accumulated over millions of years at the bottom of the reservoirs. These are gas, oil, coal, combustible shale, limestone, chalk, phosphorites. G.Punn gr is a great practical value in the host bang. c) Metamorphic. Finding during the movement of the earth's crust for greater depth, sedimentary and magmatic rocks may be in conditions of much higher temperature and pressure than in its formation. In the depths of the 3rd, they fall under the influence of chemical solutions. This causes a change physical properties These rocks (primarily crystalline structure), the appearance of rock changes, does not significantly change its chemical composition. At the same time, there is a conversion of one rock to another, more resistant and firm: limestone - in marble, sandy - in quartzite, granite - in Gneis; clay -in clay shale. These new G.P. - Megamorfich-E (Greek. Transforming), and the process in which they occur - metamorphism.

Having mastered Mr. Knowledge, schoolchildren are aware of the role of the earth's crust, which gives man metals, sources of energy, building materials, it is the main supplier of fresh water. Knowledge of the relief in school geography is a didactically spent system of representations and concepts, laws and patterns that make up the main content of geomorphology science. Formation of Mr. Knowledge in 6, 7 and 8th grades. The study of the relief in the 6th grade is characterized by a number of features caused by the role of the initial course of physical geography in the overall system of the knowledge gained. In accordance with the program in the 6th grade, it is envisaged to obtain scientific knowledge about the relief in all of their diversity. There are a correct idea of \u200b\u200bthe relief and surface of the globe. Summary will raise the task: 1. Formed the concept of "Earth Bark.2. Comprehensive General ideas about the main types of rocks by birth. Internal I. external processes.4.Form the idea of \u200b\u200bthe relief of its locality as an integral part of the earth's crust. Topic: "Lithosphere". The consideration of the internal structure of the globe (the concepts of the earth's core, mantle and earthly crust) begins, the processes occurring in the depths of the Earth, the rocks, gorges of the earth. The endogenous processes are still being studied - volcanic eruptions and hot springs, earthquakes, slow sushi oscillations. Knowledge of endogenous processes are necessary for understanding the genesis of relief and property. In the process of study common concepts The students are reported determined, established by the program, minimum names of geographical objects that they need to know and be able to find on the geographical map. These geographic objects are needed to specify common concepts and are used to form students of the skills to give a description of the mountain, the plains according to the model plan based on physical card. An important task of the topic "Litosphere" is the development of knowledge of students about their terrain. Along with the formation of new general concepts, considerable attention is paid to practical work. All these knowledge is used as supported in the formation of common concepts. The formation of geological and geomorphological concepts in the 7th grade. In the process of studying the geography of continents, the further development of knowledge of the relief continues. Deeverass learned in the 6th grade concept about the relief. Students receive new knowledge about the structural elements of the earth's crust and get acquainted with tectonic cards. Knowledge and skills in reading relief on the map are also improved. In the 7th grade it is very important to teach schoolchildren to establish causal relationships and patterns. At the same time, comparisons play. The inclusion of new issues on geomorphology allows students on specific examples to make sure that the relief changes all the time and the modern structure of the surface is the result of the continuous and long interaction of the internal and external processes of the Earth, which is a great influence of the development history of the mainland, which is the placement of mineral resources Different with a certain pattern. The formation of geological and geomorphological concepts in the 8th grade in the 8th grade continues to continue the development of the concept of relief and factor of relief formation. Scientific knowledge of the relief in the course of the physical geography of Russia is formed in the process of studying the topic "Geological structure, relief and minerals". And when considering natural conditions Territories of Russia. The formation of large elements of the relief is genetically inextricably linked historical Development Earth crust. In this regard, information from geology that students are learned in the 8th grade, are of paramount importance for understanding the main patterns that take place in the origin and development of large forms of the surface of the globe. In the content of the topic "Geological structure, relief and minerals", the main geological structures are allocated as rod concepts: platform and geosyncline of different ages, relationships and relationships between them. The rest of the concepts, including the concept of relief, are considered in connection with the main structural elements of the earth's crust. The concepts of geosynclinal and the relevant form of relief for the first time are considered in the 8th grade. In the process of studying the topic "Geological structure, relief and minerals", it is generally considered by the genetic necessity of large form of relief: elements of geotexture and morphostructure. For the right organization of the educational process, when studying geological and geomorphological issues in the 8th grade, it is necessary to take into account that from theoretical and actual knowledge on these issues is firmly learned by students in previous classes. When studying the relief of individual territories of Russia, knowledge of students on the origin and development of large form of relief is fixed and deepened. At the same time, the large proportion belongs to establishing patterns of placement and the development of small forms, the origin of which is due to the activities of external factors of relief formation.

The stone shell of the Earth - the Earth Cora - firmly fastened with the upper mantle and forms a single integer with it. The study of the earth's crust and lithosphere allows scientific to explain the processes occurring on the surface of the Earth, and foresee changes in the appearance of our planet in the future.

The structure of the earth's crust

The earth's crust, consisting of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks, on the mainland and under the oceans has different thickness and structure.

In the continental earth crust it is customary to highlight three layers. Upper - sedimentary, in which sedimentary breeds dominate. The two lower layers are conventionally called granite and basalt. The granite layer consists mainly of granite and metamorphic rocks. Basalt layer - from more dense breeds comparable in density with basalts. Two-layer oceanic bark. In it, the upper layer - sedimentary - has a small power, the lower layer - basalt - consists of rocks of basalt, and there is no granite layer.

Power continental crust The plains are 30 50 kilometers, under the mountains - up to 75 kilometers. Oceanic bark is much thinner, its power from 5 to 10 kilometers.

The bark is on other planets of the earthly group, on the moon and on many satellites of planets-giants. But only the Earth has a bark of two types: continental and oceanic. On other planets in most cases it consists of basalt.

Lithosphere

The stone shell of the earth, including the earth's boron and the upper part of the mantle, is called a lithosphere. Under it is a preheated plastic layer of the mantle. Litosphere as it floats on this layer. The thickness of the lithosphere in different areas of the Earth varies from 20 to 200 kilometers and more. In general, under the continents, it is thicker than under the oceans.

Scientists have established that the lithosphere is not monolithic, but consists of. They are separated from each other deep faults. Seven very large and slightly smaller lithospheric plates, which constantly, are constantly moving along the plastic mantle layer. The average speed of their movement is about 5 centimeters per year. Some plates are completely oceanic, but most have different types of terrestrial crust.

Lithospheric plates move relative to each other in different directions: or move, or, on the contrary, come closer and encounter. As part of lithospheric plates, their upper floor is moved - the earth's crust. Thanks to the movement of lithospheric plates, the location on the surface of the continig and oceans is changing. The continents are confronted with each other, then move apart from each other for thousands of kilometers.