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• Tasks for the course Chess - school. First year of study. 1500 low-figured positions, Igor Georgievich Sukhin. The ability to declare checkmate to the opponent is the basis of the art of chess. However, in the sea of ​​chess literature, the most important stage of learning turned out to be undeservedly forgotten - checkmate problems in one move. V…
• Tasks for the course "Chess for school". Second year of study, Sukhin Igor Georgievich. The role of chess in the development of a new generation, children of the XXI century, is invaluable. 1464 entertaining and learning objectives on…

1550
Noble lady and boy
The lady is dressed according to the English fashion of the time. A small yoke of a darker color is inserted into the tight bodice; the high stand is decorated with a Medici collar. The high collar is complemented by an embroidered gold, bejeweled "yoke" with a medallion hanging from the yoke. The funnel-shaped sleeves fit the arm tightly at the top, then, at the elbow, they greatly expand. The lower sleeves are decorated with patterned piping and buckles that secured the sleeves at the hem. The front of the skirt is in Spanish bell style in the same color as the lower sleeves. The headpiece is an English version of the French hood, set on a rigid base and tight at the back of the head. The hood was folded back in front, and raised in the back in the shape of a horseshoe.

The boy is wearing a stuffed tunic. Although the tunic had lengthened in comparison with the fashion of the previous era, it still looked awkward; the waist line ran almost at the hips. The tunic itself, the sleeves and trousers had slits through which the undershirt looked through. The jacket follows the shape of a tunic. The collar is folded over the shoulders. A small beret with a pleated crown decorated with a plume. Shoes, like other toilet items, are decorated with slits.


1553
An English lady and a Spanish nobleman.
The lady is dressed in a tight-fitting dress with a high collar and a small collar (cutter) around the neck. A rather rigid bodice tightly covers the figure, the waist line passes in front into an elongated V-shaped tooth. The skirt with wedges, without folds, expands with a bell along the entire length from the narrow waist to the floor. From under the long, wrist-length sleeves, narrow, flat cuffs protrude. A welt surrounds the armhole for a subtle wing effect. The head is covered with a tight-fitting cap made of linen or other similar material. The so-called "bongraсe" is put on top of the cap. This piece was usually made of quilted velvet, had an oblong shape and was thrown over the head like a scarf or shawl.

Man (dressed in Spanish style in a tunic with light padding at the front and a hanging sash. The stand-up collar is completed by a turned-off edging in the form of teeth supporting cutters. Sleeves close to the wrist end with short flat cuffs. Puff pants with long slots are equipped with a fashionable braguette. The camisole, which is usually worn wide open, reaches down to the knees, and slit shoes made of soft leather, silk or velvet complement the toilet.


1557
Danish and English from the upper class.
The lady on the right is wearing a loose-fitting dress. It was worn on formal occasions over a bodice and skirt. A high collar completed a small cutter. The dress, snug at the shoulders, buttoned from the throat to the waist, was bell-shaped from top to bottom, and the skirt, slightly open from the waist to the hem in the shape of an inverted V, revealed the lower skirt. The head is covered with a fashionable "French hood".

The lady on the left is wearing a Danish-style hood, or "cornet" with sklalklmn. This headdress was made of linen, cambric, white gauze or muslin with a wire frame. A one-piece dress, worn over the bodice and skirt, fell to the waist, then fell to the ground. Long French sleeves ended with wide, fold-over cuffs lined with quilted velvet. The sleeves were decorated with wide velvet ribbons or mesh. The suit featured a long, straight "guimore", or shirt, revealed by the low rectangular corsage cut - from the neckline to the waist line.


1560-1572
English gentleman and Spanish lady
The lady is wearing an elegant beret, decorated with pearls and curved ostrich feathers. Pick up a cap embroidered with jewels, the so-called "taffeta pot". The bodice of the dress, worn over a corset, ends in the front with a very low prong and is complemented by a bell-shaped skirt with a hoop in the Spanish style. The bodice hugged the figure to the waist, then expanded at the hips. A high stand-up collar is framed by a medium-sized, closed collar. Long, loose sleeves hang down almost to the hem, below them are the lower sleeves made of patterned satin, with lace ruffle at the cuffs at the wrist.

The man is dressed in Venetian trousers (the so-called "sea trousers"), very wide, with scalloped knees. The sleeveless jacket was usually laced only on top of the chest, and below it remained undone so that the prick could be seen. Pants were tied with laces from the inside out to a tunic with modified wide sleeves - "hams". The high collar of the tunic supported a medium-sized, closed collar-cutter; the lacing was tied and hidden. Such a venetian-style tunic was stitched in layers at the belly to create the impression of volume. Sleeves were usually complemented by flat cuffs that followed the shape of the collar. Short hair was in vogue.


1564-1569.
Young lady and gentleman
The bodice of the young lady's dress has a deep rectangular cut and a low notch in the front. A small cutter was put on around the high gate. Under the short sleeves, "lanterns" long narrow lower sleeves. The trim on the neckline and front of the open bodice resembles scallops. The lady's headdress was a very popular "taffeta pot" at that time. The crown is assembled under the ribbon, the margins are narrow and flat. The hat is decorated with ostrich feathers.

The young gentleman is dressed in a tunic with a high stand-up collar. The coat is fastened in front from the top of the collar to the waist with many small, often set buttons. The waist is covered by a narrow belt, from which a sword hangs to the left. The cloak with a standing collar, hanging sleeves is sewn, probably of satin and trimmed with fur, it reaches the bottom of the "stripped" trousers - long narrow strips of fabric were sewn parallel to the bottom and at the waist. The stockings were sewn exactly on the leg. Shoes with rounded toes cover the foot and the ankle. The beret is trimmed along the edge with scallops and decorated with a feather on the side. In the hands of the young man are short perfumed gloves.


1571 g.
Spanish princess in crinoline dress
The figure shows an outfit in the Spanish style - outerwear, which was worn in cold weather or on ceremonial occasions over a bodice and a skirt. The dress fits to the waist and flares out from the hips. Tightly fitting at the shoulders, it dropped, widening to the floor, and in front it opened from the talin to the hem in the shape of an inverted V. sizes at the ankles, and they all together gave the skirt a funnel shape. Wedges were inserted into the lower crinoline skirts, so that they expanded evenly from the waist to the hem, forming a flat, without folds, surface, for which they were called "round skirts". Around the neck of the dress, a stand-up collar was sewn, which was tied or fastened in front. Long, dangling fake sleeves, embroidered with silk lining, were pulled together just below the elbow by narrow laces with precious pendants. Under them were the cambric sleeves of the lower dress trimmed with narrow lace ribbons. A small flat collar is released at the shirt collar. The lady is wearing a headdress in the style of "Mary Stuart" - like a hood, made of cambric or other similar fabric and decorated with lace and precious stones. Women wore perfumed leather, so-called "sweet" gloves. In the lady's hand is a cambric handkerchief trimmed with lace.


1580 g.
Fashionably dressed lady and nobleman, Germany
Lady's dress (German style) is a variant of outerwear, it was worn over a bodice and a skirt. At the front, the dress opens from neck to hem in an inverted V shape. It has no train, and the stand-up collar with rounded ends is open. There is a small frill around the high collar of the lower dress. Slim ruffles and long sleeves at the cuffs. A silk-lined mesh cap covers the crown and back of the head.

The nobleman is wearing a tight-fitting tunic worn on a shirt. The tunic, to give it rigidity, was put on a quilted lining. High at the back of the collar in front was slightly bent outward. A small closed cutter collar was also worn. Quilted wide slit sleeves ended in small, flat cuffs. From collar to the waist, the tunic was fastened with buttons close to each other. The unadorned "skirt" of the tunic was very narrow and short a little more than just a border. At the front, its ends were cut in the shape of a small inverted V. The trousers widened from the waist and were decorated with "windows" - the bright color of the lining was visible through the wide slots. Shoes without heels had slightly pointed toes. A raincoat with a stand-up collar reached mid-thigh.


1590 g.
Spanish lady in jeweled dress and aristocrat
The cavalier is dressed in a multilayer tunic in the Spanish style with a high stand-up collar. The camisole was decorated with slits, scallops and sewing and was fastened in front from the collar to the waist. Sleeves that fit snugly at the wrists end in small, flat cuffs. Like the tunic itself, they are decorated with slits and scallops. The armhole of the sleeves at the shoulders is accentuated by narrow "wings" rollers. The pumpkin-shaped puff pants extend to about mid-thigh. Stockings were sewn according to individual measurements. A short, hip-length cloak without a collar fits the shoulders and falls, widening, along the back. A tall hat with a flat crown and small crooked brim is adorned with a narrow, bejeweled ribbon and feathers.

The corsage of the lady's dress, falling behind the waistline with a deep tooth, was worn on a corset. The bodice is embroidered with precious stones. From under the huge hanging sleeves, the sleeves of the lower dress were visible - long. straight, with lace-trimmed cuffs. The dress fits the shoulders and the figure to the waist, then expands at the hips and drops down to the floor like a bell. Shoulder-wings hide the armhole of the sleeves. The lace cutter collar is starched tight and smoothed out. The brocade dress is richly embroidered and adorned with precious stones. The lady is holding a folding fan.

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The greatest wars and battles of modern times

Historical Phrase

June 14, 1800 Battle of Marengo

Yielding to the Austrians in numbers and in the number of guns - the French had to retreat under pressure large masses enemy. At about two o'clock in the afternoon, the battle seemed completely lost. The Austrians were so sure of the outcome of the battle that they even sent a courier to Vienna with the news of the victory, and some units began to settle down for rest and lunch.

But the unexpected blow of the fresh division of Deset, after which the entire army of Bonaparte rushed, led to the complete defeat of the Austrian army.

Desay himself was killed at the beginning of the attack, and in the evening after this battle, one of the great triumphs of his life, Bonaparte said with tears:

"How nice this day would be if today I could hug Deset!"

- "Why am I not allowed to cry? .."

- burst out from him a few hours before, in the midst of the battle, when he was informed that Deset had just fallen from his horse dead.

Only twice did Napoleon's comrades see tears in his eyes after the battle. The second time was a few years later, when Marshal Lann died in his arms, both of his legs were blown off by a cannonball.

HOT SITE THEMES site

Thematic sections of the History of Wars, articles about which have been compiled and already posted on the site.

Proposed content of the section History of the Wars of the New Time

SPANISH CAR AND LINEAR SHIP. 1500 - 1600
Military trends in the 16th century
Hand firearms of the 16th century
Artillery of the 16th century
16th century fortifications and siege art
16th century ground combat tactics
Military organization of the XVI century
Naval tactics and strategy of the 16th century
Western Europe
History of the wars of the British Isles in the 16th century
History of wars in France, 1495-1600
History of wars in Germany in the 16th century
The history of the wars of Scandinavia in the 16th century
History of the wars of the Netherlands, 1566-1609
History of wars in Switzerland in the 16th century
History of wars in Italy in the 16th century
The history of the wars of the Iberian Peninsula in the 16th century
Eastern Europe
History of Poland's wars in the 16th century
The history of the wars of Hungary and Bohemia in the 16th century
History of Russian wars in the 16th century
Eurasia and the Middle East
History of wars Ottoman Empire, 1500-1606
History of the wars of Persia in the 16th century
History of wars in the Caucasus in the 16th century
South asia
History of wars in North India in the 16th century
History of wars in South India in the 16th century
History of the wars of the Portuguese colonial empire in Indian Ocean in the 16th century
Central and East Asia
History of the wars of Inner Asia in the 16th century
History of wars between China and Manchuria in the 16th century
History of Korean Wars in the 16th century
History of Japanese wars in the 16th century
Southeast Asia
The history of the wars of Burma in the 16th century
History of the wars of Siam in the 16th century
The history of the wars of Laos in the 16th century
The history of wars in the Vietnam Region in the 16th century
The history of the wars of Malaya and Indonesia in the 16th century
Africa
History of wars North Africa in the 16th century
History of wars East Africa in the 16th century
History of the wars of West Africa in the 16th century
North and South America, 1492-1600
Basin Wars history Caribbean in the 16th century
History of wars in Mexico in the 16th century
History of the wars of Peru and the West Coast in the 16th century
History of the wars of Portuguese America, 1494-1600
History of the wars of French America in the 16th century

THE GENERATION OF MODERN STRATEGIES AND TACTICS. 1600 - 1700
The main trends in the art of war in the 17th century
Command
Hand firearms
Artillery
Fortifications and siege art
Military organization and theory
Military system of Gustav II Adolf, circa 1631
French system of Louis XIV
Fleet evolution
The most important wars of the 17th century
Thirty Years' War, 1618-1648
War of the Palatinate Succession (or the War of France with the League of Augsburg), 1688-1697
Western Europe
History of the wars of England, Scotland and Ireland in the 17th century
History of wars in France in the 17th century
History of wars in Germany in the 17th century
The history of the wars of Scandinavia in the 17th century
History of wars in the Netherlands in the 17th century
History of wars in Switzerland in the 17th century
History of wars in Italy in the 17th century
History of the wars of the Iberian Peninsula in the 17th century
Eastern Europe
History of wars in Poland in the 17th century
History of Russian wars in the 17th century
History of the wars of Hungary in the 17th century
Eurasia and the Middle East
History of the wars of the Ottoman Empire in the 17th century
History of the wars of Persia in the 17th century
South asia
The history of the wars of North India in the 17th century
History of the wars of South India and Ceylon in the 17th century
East and Central Asia
History of the wars of Inner Asia in the 17th century
History of the wars of China, 1600-1700
Japanese War History, 1600-1700
History of the wars of Korea in the 17th century
Southeast Asia
The history of the wars of Burma in the 17th century
History of the wars of Siam in the 17th century
The history of the wars of Laos in the 17th century
History of Vietnam wars in the 17th century
History of the wars of Cambodia in the 17th century
History of wars between Indonesia and Malaya in the 17th century
Africa
The history of the wars of North Africa in the 17th century
History of the wars of West Africa in the 17th century
History of wars in East Africa in the 17th century
History of wars South Africa in the 17th century
North and South America
History of Wars Wars with Indians in the 17th century
History of the wars of British America in the 17th century
History of the wars of French America in the 17th century
The history of the wars of the New Netherlands and New York in the 17th century
History of the wars of Spanish America in the 17th century
History of the wars of Portuguese America in the 17th century

MILITARY EXCELLENCE OF EUROPE 1700 - 1750
The main trends in the art of war in the first half of the 18th century
Fighting in the 18th century
Arms evolution
Ground warfare tactics
Military organization
Navy
The most important wars of the first half of the 18th century
Great Northern War, 1700-1721
War of Spanish Succession, 1701-1714
War of the Quadripartite Alliance, 1718-1720
War of Polish Succession, 1733-1738
Austro-Russian-Turkish war, 1735-1739
War of the Austrian Succession, 1740-1748
Western Europe
History of wars in Great Britain in the first half of the 18th century
History of wars in France in the first half of the 18th century
The history of the wars of the Iberian Peninsula in the first half of the 18th century
History of wars in the Netherlands in the first half of the 18th century
History of wars in Italy in the first half of the 18th century
History of wars in Switzerland in the first half of the 18th century
History of wars in Germany in the first half of the 18th century
The history of the wars of Scandinavia in the first half of the 18th century
Eastern Europe and Eurasia
History of wars in Poland in the first half of the 18th century
History of Russian wars in the first half of the 18th century
RUSSIAN-TURKISH WAR. 1735 - 1739
History of the wars of the Ottoman Empire in the first half of the 18th century
History of the wars of Persia in the first half of the 18th century
South asia
History of wars in Afghanistan in the first half of the 18th century
History of wars in India in the first half of the 18th century
East and Central Asia
History of wars in China in the first half of the 18th century
The history of wars in Inner Asia in the first half of the 18th century
History of Japanese wars in the first half of the 18th century
Southeast Asia
The history of the wars of Burma in the first half of the 18th century
History of the wars of Siam in the first half of the 18th century
The history of the wars of Laos in the first half of the 18th century
The history of the wars of Vietnam in the first half of the 18th century
History of wars in Malaya in the first half of the 18th century
History of wars in Indonesia in the first half of the 18th century
Africa
The history of wars in North Africa in the first half of the 18th century
History of the wars of West Africa in the first half of the 18th century
History of wars in South Africa in the first half of the 18th century
History of wars in East Africa in the first half of the 18th century
North and South America
History of wars North America in the first half of the 18th century
History of wars Latin America in the first half of the 18th century