Essay-reasoning on a linguistic topic in the format. The task is to write an essay-reasoning revealing the meaning of the statement of a famous linguist

Algorithm for writing an essay-reasoning on a linguistic topic in the OGE format 1. Carefully read the task C2 (part 3). 2. After reading the quote, proceed to its analysis: a) any statement about the language contains two structural elements (the first structural element : what is being said; second building block: what is said about it); b) find in the quote the first structural element (what it says, or the subject of the statement); c) find in the quote the second structural element (what is said about it, or a characteristic of the subject of the statement). 3. Explain the meaning of the quote in your own words, that is, comment on it. 4. The commentary can consist of two parts: 1) with a reference to the author, name the subject of the statement and indicate what the author says about the subject; 2) add what you know about it. 5. Pick up 2 example arguments in the text. 6. When including example arguments in the essay, follow the recommendations: a) the arguments must correspond to the commentary given in the essay; b) examples should be taken from the proposed text; c) it is necessary to indicate the numbers of the sentences of the text (sentence 14) or use the citation technique; d) the function of the linguistic unit or linguistic phenomenon (in relation to the text) should be named; e) remember: an example is considered an argument if it illustrates the named function of the linguistic phenomenon. 7. Write a conclusion, which should be the logical conclusion of the entire composition-reasoning. An essay-reasoning on a linguistic topic in the OGE format Option 1. Typical examinations I. P. Tsybulko, 2013. variants under the editorship Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the French writer N. Chamfort: "The author goes from thought to words, and the reader - from words to thought." Arguing your answer, give 2 examples from the text you read. The length of the essay must be at least 70 words. An approximate version of an essay-reasoning The French writer N. Chamfort in his statement defines the different positions of the author and the reader in relation to the meaning of what is written and its verbal expression. The author realizes his idea through words, and the reader, thanks to the means of linguistic expressiveness chosen by the author, adequately understands the essence of the work, the characters of the heroes, their feelings. Let's turn to the text by Albert Likhanov. In sentence 31, the writer successfully uses such a means of linguistic expressiveness as the metaphor: "A terrible thought hit Nicholas in the temple." This artistic technique helps to understand the boy's anxiety, loneliness and reluctance to agree that abandoned children exist. In order to show the confusion of a child who was unexpectedly asked a stupid and incorrect question, the author of the text appropriately uses the colloquial word “dumbfounded” (Pr. 11). Thus, the French writer N. Shamfort, who claimed that "... the author goes from thought to words, and the reader - from words to thought." Option 2. Typical exam options edited by I.P. Tsybulko, 2013. Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the famous linguist A.I. Gorshkov: "Expressiveness is the property of what is said or written in its semantic form to attract the special attention of the reader, to make a strong impression on him." An approximate version of an essay-reasoning. In his statement, the linguist A.I. Gorshkov speaks about the expressiveness of oral or written speech. Means of linguistic expressiveness are used by the authors of texts in order to draw the reader's attention to the episodes, characters, and actions of people that are important in a semantic sense. Artistic techniques also perform an emotionally expressive function: they convey the feelings, moods of the heroes of the works and contribute to the formation of vivid impressions among readers. Linguistic means of expressiveness include epithets, metaphors, comparisons, personifications. I can confirm my opinion with examples from the proposed text of Albert Anatolyevich Likhanov. First, the author uses the comparison “not sparing words, soft, like a good bandage” (Proposition 6). This means of expressiveness of speech emphasizes the importance of kind, affectionate words, the sympathetic attitude of the elderly woman of Aunt Grusha to the wounded soldier. Sometimes a kind word helps a person better than medicine. Secondly, there are many epithets in Albert Likhanov's text. For example, "tears are light" (Proposition 10). This epithet attracts readers' attention to the inner state of Aunt Pears, when she saw that her efforts were not in vain: with her help the soldier conquered pain and death, there was hope for his recovery. Consequently, the well-known linguist A.I. Gorshkov was right when he stated that "... expressiveness is the property of what is said or written in its semantic form to attract the special attention of the reader, to make a strong impression on him."

According to the French writer Nicolas de Chamfort, "the author goes from thought to words, and the reader from words to thought." I agree with this statement. Indeed, the author expresses his thoughts in writing using words; the reader, perceiving what is written, understands the writer's intention.

By what words a person uses in speech, how he builds sentences, you can say a lot about him. To express a special emotional condition women bosses, the author uses parceling in sentences 14-22.

Sentence 42 confirms the idea that the author chose the words carefully to put them in the mouth of a cynical, harsh nurse who judges little abandoned children as a commodity. How not to be indignant, because she speaks about them with such calmness: "Ours are white, strong, however, there are a lot of patients ..."

Thus, I can conclude that N. Shamfort was right. After all, the author draws images with words, describes actions, sets out thoughts in order to enable us, the readers, to present the events depicted and the characters participating in them, convey our emotions and evoke reciprocal feelings and experiences.

Chubenko Tatyana Ivanovna, teacher of the Moscow State Educational Institution of Secondary School No. 12 p. Burukshun of Ipatovsky district

№18(2).

Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the linguist Alexander Ivanovich Gorshkov: "Expressiveness is the property of what is said or written in its semantic form to attract the special attention of the reader, to make a strong impression on him."
There are many means of expressiveness in the Russian language. These are metaphors, epithets, hyperbole ... The authors use these artistic techniques to "... attract the special attention of the reader, make a strong impression on him." I will give examples from the text.

So, in sentences 4,6,7 I meet lexical repetitions: “sentencing, sentencing”, “sentencing, condemning”, “stroking ... and stroking”, - helping AA. Likhanov to tell how long and persistently she looked after Pryakhin as a guard.
In sentence 5 I find the metaphor "pupils dilated with pain", which allows readers to more clearly imagine Alexei's painful state.
Thus, I agree with the words of the linguist A.I. Gorshkov: imagery, emotionality and expressiveness of speech enhance its effectiveness, contribute to better understanding, perception and memorization, and give aesthetic pleasure.

Var18

Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the linguist Alexander Ivanovich Gorshkov: "Expressiveness is the property of what is said or written in its semantic form to attract the special attention of the reader, to make a strong impression on him."
From childhood I remember the teacher's phrase: "Read expressively!" It meant reading "with feeling, with sense, with consistency." In high school I already realized that the expressiveness of speech is its emotionality and imagery, which should help the speaker to attract the listener, to win his attention. Let me give examples of how the writer A. Likhanov “wins the attention” of the reader.

First, the soldier, asking how he can settle accounts with Aunt Grunya, jokingly uses the fabulous words "gold and silver", which make his speech vivid, vivid, emotional, and thus attract the attention of the reader.
Secondly, a woman's speech is not inferior in emotionality. In sentence 19, Aunt Grunya, angry with her tenant, says that people should be merciful and not think about calculating, otherwise (she uses a metaphor) people would “... turn the whole world into a store”. The phrase of this simple woman makes a strong impression on us, is remembered.
Thus, I can conclude that Alexander Ivanovich Gorshkov was right when he argued that "... expressiveness is the property of what is said or written in its semantic form to attract the special attention of the reader ...".

Undoubtedly, "the oral phrase, transferred to paper, always undergoes some processing", because oral speech is primary, and written speech is secondary, that is, edited and improved. In written speech, book vocabulary prevails, complex detailed sentences, participial and adverbial expressions. In oral speech, repetitions, incomplete, simple sentences, colloquial words and expressions are observed.

For example, in sentence 1 I find the adverbial phrase "perched on the fence", which says that we are dealing with written speech, not oral.
In sentence 42, the author uses the interjection "Fi!" to depict a boy whistling. In real life, this whistle sounds, undoubtedly, differently, but transferred to paper and processed, it looks exactly like this in the text.
Thus, the above examples and reasoning show that spoken language varies greatly under the pen of a writer.

Var19.

Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the Russian writer Boris Viktorovich Shergin: "An oral phrase transferred to paper is always subjected to some processing, at least in terms of syntax."
Words written down on paper can not express everything that is contained in living human speech, which is conveyed by intonation, speech rate, gestures and facial expressions. However, at the disposal of the writer and reader there are not only words, but also additional means - punctuation marks, which, participating in the processing oral speech, help to "transfer" these gestures and facial expressions to paper. Here are some examples.

V. Oseeva actively uses in the text such a syntactic device of "Russian understatement" as the ellipsis. So, in sentence 18 "Wait ... I'll arrange a piece for her!" this sign after the words of Levka can mean a lot! Perhaps, in a conversation, the boy at that moment showed something or made a gesture. The author, having processed the phrase, put an ellipsis.
In sentence 2 V. Oseeva uses an incomplete sentence “Look… I have a slingshot”. When processing the text, it "throws out" the reference and the predicate, but the reader understands everything, since these syntactic units are replaced by the ellipsis.
The syntax, I think, greatly helps the writer to process the "spoken phrase transferred to paper."

Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the linguist I.I. Postnikova: "The ability of a word to communicate with other words is manifested in a phrase."
I understand this phrase as follows: words have the ability to combine in meaning and grammatically as part of a phrase. I will give examples from the text of A. Likhanov.

In sentence 1, the words "splash" and "inflorescences", combined in meaning and grammar with the help of the preposition "in" and the endings of the dependent noun, created the phrase "splash in the inflorescences", which more clearly defines the action of the object, since dependent word clarifies the meaning of the main thing.
In sentence 9 I find the phrase "incomprehensible eyes", where two words have shown the ability, joining in the composition of the phrase with the help of the ending -e dependent participle, to more accurately determine the attribute of the object.
Thus, I can conclude that the linguist I.I. Postnikova, who argued that "... the ability of a word to associate with other words is manifested in a phrase."

Var20

Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the famous linguist Iraida Ivanovna Postnikova: "The ability of a word to communicate with other words is manifested in a phrase."

Let's think: what is behind these words? It is known that a phrase is a combination of two or more independent words related to each other in meaning and grammar. The grammatical connection in subordinate phrases during coordination and management is expressed using endings and prepositions. This linguistic phenomenon can be illustrated by examples from the text of R. Fraerman. All words in the text, combined into phrases, are related in meaning and grammatically. Firstly, let us turn to the phrase “beautiful dress” (sentence 39): the connection between the words here is expressed with the help of the ending - the th dependent adjective, which agrees with the main word in the genitive case, the singular. Secondly, in the phrase “returning to the cape” (sentence 10), there is a type of connection management: the main word, a special verb form of the gerunds, requires the dative case of the dependent noun. And this dependence is expressed not only by the ending -y, but also by the preposition "to".

Thus, the word combination really shows "the ability of a word to associate with other words."

Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the German linguist Georg von Gabelentz: "With language, a person not only expresses something, but also expresses himself with it."
The best way to recognize a person - to listen to how he speaks, because speech reflects him internal state, feelings, culture of behavior. I will give examples from the text of V. Oseeva.

So, in sentence 2 I see Pavlik's remark "... move over!", Addressed to the old man. The boy speaks harshly and dryly, using neither respectful treatment nor “ magic word". The speech shows what an ill-bred child we have in front of us.
But Pavlik, having mastered the "magic word" presented by the old man, is transformed before our eyes! Everything changes in the child's address to the grandmother (sentence 53): he uses not only the magic "please", but also words with diminutive suffixes "a piece of cake". Just a few words! And before us is a completely different person!
Thus, I can conclude that the German linguist Georg von Gabelentz was right: "... with language a person not only expresses something, but also expresses himself with it."

A Vietnamese proverb says: “ Good man at the beginning of the speech they recognize it ", that is, the speech of the interlocutor shows his mental development, and character traits. Here are some examples from Terry Dobson's text.
According to the hero's remarks (sentences 13 - 16), we can conclude that the passenger who entered the car is a real bully. He shouted loudly, swore, openly provoking passengers to fight.

Our "brawler" (sentence 39) changes strikingly after a conversation with a little old Japanese man. The passenger's face gradually softened, his fists unclenched, his voice died down. With tears, he told the old man his sad story. And the words of the hero already sounded differently. All the passengers of the carriage saw that there was an unfortunate person in front of them.
D.S.Likhachev was right when he argued that by listening to a person's speech, one can find out both his moral character and his character. On my own I will add: "And his fate!"

No. 22 (2 redone).

Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the Russian philologist D.S. Likhachev: “ The surest way to recognize a person - his mental development, his moral character, his character - to listen to how he speaks ”.
I share the point of view of the Russian philologist DS Likhachev, who argued that "... the surest way to recognize a person is his mental development, his moral character, his character, is to listen to how he speaks." Here are some examples from Terry Dobson's text.

First, according to the hero's remarks (sentences 13 - 16), one can draw a conclusion about his moral character. The Japanese threat to the foreigner: "Now I will teach you a lesson!" - characterizes him as a bully, openly provoking passengers to a fight.

Secondly, our "brawler" (sentence 39) changes strikingly after a conversation with a little Japanese. The passengers of the car, listening to what he was saying, understood: in front of them is an unhappy man, not a bully. And the words of the hero already sounded differently: "I am so bitter and ashamed of myself."

Thus, DS Likhachev was right. Indeed, having listened to a person's speech, one can draw a conclusion about his moral appearance and character.

Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of E.V. Dzhanzhakova: "A literary text makes you pay attention not only and not so much to what is said, but also to how it is said."
E.V.Dzhandzhakova believes that "... a literary text makes us pay attention not only and not so much to what is said, but also to how it is said." What helps writers to express their thoughts more vividly? Figurative and expressive language units, lexical and syntactic means. Let us refer to the text of L.N. Andreev.

The author, telling about the transformation of Kusaka, about the happy days that have come in her life, in sentence 30 uses the phraseologism “bloomed in soul”, which speaks of canine happiness and emphasizes with the help of a stable combination that she has changed both externally and internally. In my opinion, you can't say better!
Sentence 34 describes that fear of evil people who lives in the soul of Kusaka. He is so strong that it is almost impossible to get rid of him. The author, in order to describe the fear of a dog, uses the brightest metaphor: fear "has not yet been completely evaporated by the fire of caresses." This trope makes the story brighter, more colorful.
Thus, not just to say, but to say in a peculiar way about something helps the writer artistic means expressiveness, serving to give the text emotionality, colorfulness and persuasiveness.

№23(2).

Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the linguist E.V. Dzhandzhakova: "A literary text makes you pay attention not only and not so much to what is said, but also to how it is said."

“A literary text makes us pay attention not only and not so much to what is said, but also to how it is said,” says the linguist E. V. Dzhandzhakova. Indeed, for us it should be important not only what is said in the text, but also how it is written. I'll try to prove it using this text as an example.

The writer V. Tendryakov uses such a pictorial and expressive means as a metaphor, which gives the text a certain emotionality and expressiveness. To emphasize the idea of the transience of the protagonist's past years, Tendryakov writes about time that it is “invisible and inaudible, creeping by” (sentence 34). The author convincingly conveys Dyushka's state on the eve of his death through lexical repetition: "Soon, a little time will pass ..." (32, 35 sentences), "It is sneaking" (28, 37 sentences), which gives expressiveness to the literary text, helps to focus on the most important thing: life is lived, and time requires to sum up a certain result.

Thus, I can conclude that V. Tendryakov's text proves the correctness of the linguist's statement. In order to convey the main idea, the author uses artistic means of expressiveness, which serve to give the text emotionality, brilliance and persuasiveness.

Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the modern linguist G.Ya.Solganik: “An artist thinks in images, he draws, shows, depicts. This is the specificity of the language of fiction ”.
Feature of the language artwork lies in the fact that the writer strives for liveliness, clarity, brilliance of descriptions and actions and achieves this, thanks to the richness and imagery of the Russian language. I will give examples from the text of V.P. Astafiev.

Expressiveness of speech is very often achieved when using words in a figurative sense. So, in sentence 15, the author, claiming that the mountain ash has a soul, uses the personification “heard, lured and fed whimsical gourmands-birds”. This trope helps the artist of the word to visualize and vividly depict the tree he loved.
But not only artistic means help the writer "think in images." One of the conditions for the artist's skill is observation and his emotionality. So, noticing that lungwort and calendula disappeared from his garden, he finds an explanation for this: the “bad word” addressed to the plants by his aunt (sentence 21) drove the plants out. How vividly the scene is drawn by V.P. Astafyev when the narrator asks for forgiveness from the only flower left in the garden!
Thus, I can conclude that the specificity of the language of a work of art consists of the writer's ability not only to see, to notice something in real life, but also, highlighting the characteristic details, draw an image.

Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of Georgy Yakovlevich Solganik: “An artist thinks in images, he draws, shows, depicts. This is the specificity of the language of fiction ”.

“The artist thinks in images, he draws, shows, depicts. This is the specificity of the language of fiction, ”says Georgy Yakovlevich Solganik. I'll try to prove it using the example of V. Tendryakov's text.

Fictional text is imaginative, the writer introduces colorful descriptions, he achieves this by entering such expressive means like: metaphor, epithet. The main character fascinated by the mystery of the passing day, which he wanted to understand. And suddenly the rook's “flapping of wings, the noise of the air being cut, the bluish tint of black feathers in the sun” (sentence 15), the silence was broken by a rude machine “roar” and the rumble of “loose metal joints” (sentence 18). The artist of the word introduced an emotionally colored vocabulary, thereby conveying his negative attitude towards the rooks and the tractor, which prevent Duchke from concentrating on something important. At the end of the text, Tendryakov uses such a stylistic figure as a rhetorical exclamation (sentences 33,34,36,38), which helps the reader understand how excited the hero is. These proposals indicate the emotional tension of Dyushka: he finally made a discovery for himself.

Thus, I can once again confirm the idea of G.Ya. Solganik that "the specificity of the language of fiction" lies in the fact that a writer, using lexical and grammatical phenomena, skillfully "draws, shows, depicts" what is happening in the soul of a person, what is impossible for us to see, but only to feel the deep inner world.

Write - an essay reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the Russian writer and publicist N.G. Chernyshevsky: "The rules of syntax determine the logical relationship between words, and the composition of the lexicon corresponds to the knowledge of the people, testifies to its way of life."
Words testifying to the knowledge and way of life of the people are connected with each other in speech through certain logical relationships, forming phrases and sentences. I will give examples from the text of A. S. Barkov.

First, in simple sentence 3, all words are consistent in meaning and grammar. The predicate "oversleep" is in the form of a second person singular verb. The addendum expressed by the noun “beauty” and the definition expressed by the pronoun “all” are logically used in the accusative singular form female... But the word "dormouse", which is an address, as it should be according to the rules of syntax, is in the nominative case. Secondly, one of the examples of the richness of the lexicon in this text is the use by the author in sentence 34 not of the phrase “birch forest” or “silver birches”, but “silver birch forest”, which includes the vernacular word “birch forest” and the epithet “silver”, which reflects the people's love for white-barrel beauties.
Thus, I cannot but agree with the statement of N. G. Chernyshevsky, who argued that "... the rules of syntax determine the logical relationship between words, and the composition of the lexicon corresponds to the knowledge of the people, testifies to their way of life."

Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the famous linguist I. N. Gorelov: "The most amazing thing is that a master writer is able, taking ordinary, well-known words, to show how many shades of meaning are hidden and revealed in his thoughts and feelings."
You will not surprise anyone with an ordinary, well-known word in speech. But when a master writer gets down to business, it acquires "so many shades of meaning", opens up new thoughts and feelings. I will give examples from the text of V.P. Kataev, which tells about the "lesson" of mastering the word given by I. Bunin.

In sentence 14, the famous writer asks his young interlocutor to describe a climbing bush. And then he shows him how to do it. I. Bunin, using personification, says that these red flowers want to "look" into the room, "look" ... Seemingly ordinary words, but before us this curly bush appears more brightly and colorfully.
The author took the "lesson". In sentence 28, when discussing poetry, he says that he does not need to “pick out” it, poetry! The word clearly bears the stamp of vernacular, but for some reason does not cause either irritation or grin. And all because the writer gave it not the well-known meaning of "picking, take out", but the meaning of "search", "search".
Thus, using this text as an example, I am convinced: how many shades of meaning are hidden and revealed in every ordinary word when it falls into the hands of a master writer!

Write a reasoning essay revealing the meaning of the statement Soviet poet M. V. Isakovsky: “I realized that a person can know a great variety of words, can write them absolutely correctly and just as correctly combine them in a sentence. All this teaches us grammar. "

Have rich vocabulary does not mean to be a literate person yet. That's when "a great many words" is combined with the ability to write them correctly, combining into phrases and sentences, then we can talk about literacy. Let us prove this by referring to the text of Yu.T. Gribova.

For example, in sentence 6, the word "nature" requires that the adjectives "eternal" and "unchanging" stand in short form singular and feminine. The ending –– helps them in this. It is in these words that it is the linguistic means that serves to express grammatical meaning and facilitating the connection of words in a sentence.

Knowledge of grammar is at the core of good writing. So, in sentence 2, the author uses the word "slowly", in which a person does not knowing the rules, might have made a mistake. But, remembering that in adverbs, as many -n- are written as in full adjective, we write in this case -nn-.
I can conclude that the Soviet poet M.V. Isakovsky was right when he argued that knowledge of grammar helps us write words correctly, "correctly combine them in a sentence."

After reading the proposed text, I was convinced of the validity of the words of the Soviet poet M. V. Isakovsky: “I realized that a person can know a great variety of words, can write them completely correctly, and just as correctly combine them in a sentence. All this teaches us grammar. " I will give examples from the text of Yu.T. Gribova.

I understand the meaning of these words as follows: grammar teaches us to write and speak competently while still at school, which studies the structure of words, types of phrases, types of sentences, varieties of isolation. First, I will focus on such a syntactic unit as a phrase. In support of this, I will give an example from sentence 1, which consists of four phrases. For example, the phrase "potato fields". The connection between words here is expressed with the help of endings: in the dependent adjective - "x", and in the main word expressed by a noun in the genitive case plural, - "to her". Secondly, in Proposition 5 I find a separate circumstance expressed adverbial turnover“Being here”, which, according to the rules of grammar, depends on the verb “created” and, according to the rules of punctuation, is separated by commas.

Therefore, we can conclude: the statement of the poet M.V. Isakovsky is true.

Write - an essay of reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the Russian linguist M. V. Panov: “Language is like a multi-storey building. Its floors are units: sound, morpheme, word, phrase, sentence ... And each of them takes its place in the system, each does its own job. "
As M.V. Panov all language system compares it to a multi-storey building, so I imagine it like a nesting doll: the smallest doll is a sound, then a morpheme doll, then a word, and so on. But each of them "takes its place", decides its function in speech. I will give examples from the text of Yu.V. Sergeev.

First, I will focus on sound, a phonetic unit. In sentence 26, the author uses the word "Stenka" (Razin). Imagine that when typing, they did not indicate the softness of the consonant sound "n", and it turned out that the hero of Grinichka sang songs about daring ... Wall ... suggestions.

Secondly, I will turn to the morpheme doll in my nesting doll. So, in sentence 18, the author uses not the same root words: "fairy tale" and "skaz", but different lexical units, which, thanks to only one morpheme (suffix-k-), acquire their semantic meaning.
Therefore, every inhabitant of my language matryoshka not only takes his place in speech system, but also plays a strictly defined role.

The verb and the noun are the richest parts of speech in the Russian language in meaning and form. If every second word in our speech is a noun, then it is almost impossible to tell about any event without a verb. I will give examples from the text of L. Ulitskaya.

To name the main character of the story, the author uses contextual synonyms: Viktor Yulievich Shengeli, classroom teacher, teacher, writer. And only the noun "teacher", which appears repeatedly in the story, expresses the feelings of the guys in love with their mentor, whom everyone wanted to be like, whom everyone wanted to imitate.

The teacher's attitude towards children, his feelings are clearly manifested in sentence 18, which says how Viktor Yulievich was "worried about the feeling of very subtle power" over children, worried because he taught them to "think and feel"! Just two verbs! And in them is what aspires to, what every teacher dreams of!

Thus, Leo Tolstoy was right when he stated: "... the Russian language ... is rich in verbs and nouns, is diverse in forms expressing shades of feelings and thoughts."

№29(2)

Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy's statement: "The Russian language ... is rich in verbs and nouns, is varied in forms that express shades of feelings and thoughts."

I support the opinion of Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy that "... the Russian language ... is rich in verbs and nouns, is diverse in forms expressing shades of feelings and thoughts." I will find confirmation in the text of L. E. Ulitskaya.

Verbs and nouns are the basic building blocks of our language that help us express a variety of feelings. First, in Sentence 15, the author uses the verb form "shove," which is derived from the verb "shove," which means "to push others or each other." In this context, this colloquial word has a special connotation: the children were so in love with the teacher, mesmerized by his story, that after the call they do not rush to leave the classroom, “shoving”, but sit, listening attentively to the teacher. Second, turn to Proposition 18, which uses the noun "power" in an interesting way. It does not mean here "political domination", "persons vested with government powers", power over the children is exercised by the teacher, whom the children, adoring, listen to attentively.

Thus, I can conclude that L.N. Tolstoy was right.

I understand G. Stepanov's phrase as follows. Vocabulary reflects our understanding of the world, and grammar allows you to create a coherent statement, text. I will give examples from the text of F. Iskander.

So, in sentence 3 of a number of synonyms that can be called a lazy student, the author uses the colloquial word "loafer", meaning "loafer, lazy." This word sounds very appropriate in the text.
This sentence is also interesting from the point of view of grammar. It uses homogeneous members("Not lazy, not loafing, not a bully ..."), allowing you to more clearly describe the speech situation.
I can confidently say that the well-known linguist G. Stepanov was right when he said that "... the dictionary of a language testifies to what people think, and grammar testifies to how they think."

The famous linguist G. Stepanov stated: "Dictionary ...". I understand these words as follows: the lexical units of the language help to express a person's thoughts vividly and figuratively, and the grammatical ones help to give the content the desired form. I will prove this thesis on the material of the text I have read.
By using the colloquial word "classmates" in sentence 40, the author emotionally affects the reader.
And in Proposition 33, the author uses the address "young man" to show the attitude of the lecturer Lukin to his student Landau.
Thus, the competent use of lexical and grammatical units allows the author to more accurately implement plan your plan

№30

G. Stepanov, in my opinion, speaks of the unity of the content and form of language. Vocabulary reflects our understanding of the world, and grammar allows you to create a coherent statement, text.

In sentence 12 "In a word, computer games are a double-edged sword" I find a phraseological unit. It has the meaning: "That which can end well or badly," - and acts as a synonym in the sentence.

Proposition 12 is also interesting from the point of view of grammar, where I find an introductory word indicating the method and method of forming a thought.

I can confidently say that the well-known linguist G. Stepanov was right when he stated that "The dictionary of a language testifies to what people think, and grammar testifies to how they think."

№30(2)

Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the famous linguist Georgy Vladimirovich Stepanov: "The dictionary of the language testifies to what people think, and grammar - how they think."
This statement has two parts. By the word "dictionary" the linguist meant the vocabulary that people use in speech, and by the word "grammar" - the section of the science of language, allowing you to create a coherent statement. Depending on the content of the speech, its style, one can say in what social environment the action takes place in F. Iskander's story.

In the text I find words typical of school vocabulary: "lesson", " homework"," Magazine "... I draw a conclusion: the heroes of the passage are schoolchildren and a teacher, and these words are characteristic of their speech.
The story is also interesting from the point of view of grammar. In the text, I repeatedly come across a dialogue that has the character of a question-and-answer form (sentence 10-11) and is distinguished by the richness and variety of intonation.
Thus, I see the meaning of the aphorism in the fact that both a person's vocabulary and knowledge of the basics of grammar help him correctly and vividly design his speech.

Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the French philosopher Paul Ricoeur: "Language is that, thanks to which, with the help of which we express ourselves and things."
The famous French philosopher Paul Ricoeur stated: "Language is that, thanks to which, with the help of which we express ourselves and things."

It seems to me that the philosopher meant that language allows a person to express himself, and interlocutors to form an opinion about him. By the speech of the speaker, one can judge his professionalism, culture, intelligence, intellectual level. Let us turn to the text by L. Zakharova. First, the teacher Elena Mikhailovna, appreciating conflict situation in grade 7 "A", adhering to "pedagogical ethics", standing up for a colleague, urges children not to "do anything in a rush" so as not to break the wood (sentence 22). Secondly, we can conclude that this teacher is a conscientious person and loves children. Let us recall how Elena Mikhailovna blamed herself in the evening “as an older comrade” because she did not help the children to resolve the problem situation (sentences 41 - 42).
Thus, I consider the statement of Paul Ricoeur proposed for analysis to be fair.

I understand this phrase from the Russian language textbook as follows: we use stable phrases, phraseological units very often, sometimes without noticing it. I find the evidence in the text.

(You can start like this: When you hear a vivid, figurative speech, you do not always understand that the steady turns of speech-phraseologists of the snake make it so. The Russian textbook also tells about this. Using the example of this text, we will be convinced of the correctness of this statement.)

In sentence 7 there is a phraseological unit “blurted out everything in one breath”. It acts as a synonymous expression meaning "very quickly, instantly." But sustainable combination in the text it sounds clearly brighter, more expressive.

In sentence 24, the author uses the phraseological unit “wedged into the conversation”. He also has a synonym "... interrupting, intervene in someone else's conversation." This phraseological unit characterizes the girl's unceremonious behavior. In this text, it is used as visual medium language.

Thus, I can conclude that the author of the textbook was right when he stated that “... phraseological units are constant companions of our speech. We often use them in everyday speech, sometimes without even noticing, because many of them are familiar and familiar from childhood. "

№32 (1) Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement taken from the textbook of the Russian language: “Phraseologisms are invariable companions of our speech. We often use them in everyday speech, sometimes without even noticing, because many of them are familiar and familiar from childhood. "

I completely agree with the statement taken from the Russian language textbook: “Phraseologisms are the constant companions of our speech. We often use them in everyday speech, sometimes without even noticing, because many of them are familiar and familiar from childhood. " A clear confirmation of this is the text of Albert Anatolyevich Likhanov.

For example, AA Likhanov wrote that the teacher was crying when faced with "childish abuse" and a wild fight of the first graders. This will sound normal. And if we imagine that she “howled in full voice,” then we will immediately see a sad picture, namely impotence, the teacher's fear of the problem that has arisen.

Why did the teacher, having matured and gained experience, stopped crying when faced with problem situations? She simply realized that “tears cannot help grief,” and only hard work can eradicate childhood shortcomings. The phraseological units used by the teacher help to express the thought accurately and expressively: “we must get down to business, rolling up our sleeves”, not to be afraid to “admit a mistake”, “it is a grave sin to blame” “from a sore head to a healthy one”.

Thus, I can confidently say that if speech can be compared with the fabric of thinking, then phraseological units are its precious threads that give the fabric a peculiar, unique color and shine. They can rightfully be called pearl placers.

№32(3)

Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement taken from the textbook of the Russian language: “Phraseologisms are invariable companions of our speech. We often use them in everyday speech, sometimes without even noticing, because many of them are familiar and familiar from childhood. "

The words "mom", "dad", "Motherland", "home" and "school" are known to everyone. Just like these words, the expressions that we remember from childhood are understandable and close to us: “to sit in a galosh”, “hand in hand”, “shoulder to shoulder”. These are phraseological units that we do not memorize on purpose, they are included in our vocabulary with the speech of mothers, grandmothers, teachers. I will give examples from the text of Albert Likhanov.

In sentence 2 there is a phraseological unit “came to my senses”, which is often found in everyday speech. It acts as a synonymous expression meaning "stop worrying, calm down." But the stable combination in the text sounds clearly brighter, more expressive.

In Proposition 21, the author uses the phraseologism "grave sin" we use in speech. It also has synonymous meanings: grave error, grave sin, grave crime. In the text, this phraseological unit unobtrusively, but vividly characterizes the behavior of those teachers who, using their authority, shift their blame onto children ...

Thus, we can conclude that phraseological units, these gold placers of Russian speech, are our invisible, but everyday companions in the process of communication.

Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the Russian journalist A.A. Miroshnichenko: “Language is what a person knows. Speech is what a person can do. "
Russian journalist A.A. Miroshnichenko stated: “Language is what a person knows. Speech is what a person can do. "

Let's try to understand the meaning of these words. A huge "storeroom" is laid in the memory of a person. It has many shelves and cells where various language tools are stored that people use as soon as they start speaking, because every child knows their native language. And speech is language in action, language in “work”, when we use it to communicate with other people, to talk with ourselves. I will try to prove the validity of my judgment on the basis of the text of N.G. Garin-Mikhailovsky. Thus, in sentence 2 on the nanny's speech, we feel the indignation experienced by a woman who does not understand why it was necessary to throw the dog down the well. Nanny - carrier native language, and she definitely finds in the "pantries" a word characterizing the person who committed such a cruel act: "Herod!" (Proposition 2.)
We observe the language in “work” in those minutes when the boy Tema, experiencing fear at the bottom of the well, “encourages himself with a voice trembling with horror”: “… but I don’t do anything bad, I’m pulling out the Bug, my mom and dad will praise me for it” (proposal 29).
Therefore, we can conclude that the statement of the Russian journalist A.A. Miroshnichenko is true.

written in its semantic form to attract the special attention of the reader, to make a strong impression on him. "
There are many means of expressiveness in the Russian language. These are metaphors, epithets, hyperbole ... The authors use these artistic techniques to "... attract the special attention of the reader, make a strong impression on him." I will give examples from the text. Help please

Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the famous linguist A. A. Reformatsky: “ Pronoun words- secondary words, substitute words. The golden fund for pronouns are significant words, without which the existence of pronouns is "devalued." The linguist A.A. Reformatskiy was right in saying that "Significant words are the golden fund for pronouns." Without them, the existence of pronouns is meaningless. Let's turn to the text. So, in sentences 7-8, 19-20 instead of the word "Demosthenes" the personal pronoun "he" is used. This replacement allows the authors of the book to avoid lexical repetition, making speech more concise and expressive. In Sentence 20 I find relative pronoun"Which", which replaces the noun "expressiveness" and is used to connect parts of a complex sentence with each other. Thus, I can conclude that "... pronouns are secondary words, .. substitutes" for significant words, without which the existence of pronouns is "devalued."

Undoubtedly, epithets give the imagery and emotionality of modern speech. I will dwell on a number of examples.

First, in sentences 2,10,26, using the epithets "giant", "majestic", "beautiful" (animal) E. Seton-Thompson draws us an extraordinary deer of the Sandy Hills. All these colorful definitions belong to the category of pictorial ones. They help to vividly and clearly describe the handsome deer and give us the opportunity to see him as he appeared in front of the hunter that morning.

Secondly, in sentences 6, 16, 25 I find epithets expressed in qualitative adverbs: "move silently", "sounded uncertain, weak", "spoke powerfully and loudly" These epithets help to describe the action picturesquely.

I can conclude that the linguist A.A. was right. Zelenetsky: epithets allow us to make our speech brighter, more emotional, to give imagery to words. (103 words)

Test 12 Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the linguist M. N. Kozhina: "The reader penetrates into the world of images of a work of art through its speech fabric."

MN Kozhina's statement prompted me to the following reflections ... Reading a work of art, we realize in ourselves the gift of creativity, because for a full-fledged perception of the book, the cooperation of the author and the reader is necessary. Without this, the greatest works are just sheets of paper with letters. The world created by the writer will come to life for us only when we ourselves become creators, almost the same as the author of the work. Reading the words and sentences that form the basis of the speech fabric of the work, we recreate in our imagination the artistic world that was born of the writer's pen. We sympathize with some characters with all our hearts, even love them, the actions of others resent us, bad character traits cause rejection. Let's turn to the proposed text.

From Taborka's words about the dog, we can conclude that this is a very kind, sympathetic boy. Only a generous person can say: "There is only joy from a dog" (sentence 35). And with what confidence in sentence 59 the hero says what he will do when he becomes an adult: "I will protect the dogs!"

In sentences 31, 38-39, which are the hero's lines in dialogue, the negative image of Taborka's father and the boy's attitude towards him are recreated. He, never once calling his father "dad", only asks himself or the interlocutor rhetorical question: "How did the dog prevent him?" With just one phrase in sentence 46 (“And now I don’t have a dog”), the boy expresses his grief and intransigence towards his father, who drove the dog out of the house.

Thus, I can conclude that the linguist MN Kozhina was right, asserting that "... the reader penetrates into the world of images of a work of art through its speech tissue."

Test 13 Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the linguist Iraida Ivanovna Postnikova: "Possessing both lexical and grammatical meaning, a word can be combined with other words, included in a sentence." A word can be included in a sentence only when combined with other words that have lexical and grammatical meaning. Here are some examples.

Firstly, in sentence 8 of K. Osipov's text, I find among the words: "library", "books", "mind", it would seem that the word "food" is not suitable in meaning. But, used by the author in a figurative sense (“that which is a source for something”, in this case “a source” for enriching knowledge), it is very suitable for this verbal set and is “included” in the sentence with full rights. Secondly, sentence 25 of the text, consisting of ten words, only then becomes a syntactic unit when the author agrees with the adjective in gender, number and case, puts three verbs in the past tense and the singular, the phraseological unit "caught on the fly", which is predicate, agrees with the subject. Thus, I can conclude: I. I. Postnikova was right, who asserted that only "possessing both lexical and grammatical meaning, a word can be combined with other words, included in a sentence."

Test 14 Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the famous linguist A. A. Reformatsky: “Pronoun words are secondary words, words-substitutes. The golden fund for pronouns are significant words, without which the existence of pronouns is "devalued".

The term "pronoun" comes from the Latin "pronomen", which means "instead of a name", that is, instead of a noun, adjective and numeral. The linguist A.A. Reformatsky was right in that "the golden fund for pronouns are significant words." Without them, the existence of pronouns is meaningless. Let's turn to the text.

So, in sentences 7-8, 19-20 instead of the word "Demosthenes" the personal pronoun "he" is used. This replacement allows the authors of the book to avoid lexical repetition, making speech more concise and expressive.

In sentence 20 I find the relative pronoun "which", which replaces the noun "expressiveness" and is used to connect parts of a complex sentence with each other.

Thus, I can conclude that "... pronouns are secondary words, .. substitutes" for significant words, without which the existence of pronouns is "devalued."

Test 15 Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the linguist Alexander Alexandrovich Reformatsky: “What in the language allows it to fulfill its main role - the function of communication? This is the syntax. " Syntax studies the structure of coherent speech, which means that it is this section of the language that helps to solve the function of communication. An important syntactic technique is dialogue (the form of speech in which communication takes place), presented in the text of L. Panteleev very widely. Here are some examples.

Sentences 39 - 40 ("- I am a sergeant ... - And I am a major ..."), which are replicas of the dialogue, are distinguished by the brevity of the statement inherent in colloquial speech. In the replicas of the dialogue, I find several appeals that help in the communication process to designate the person to whom the speech is addressed. For example, in sentence 37: - Comrade sentry, - said the commander. Thus, I can conclude that the linguist A.A. Reformatsky was right: the syntax presented in this text in the form of a dialogue, appeals, allows you to perform the communicative function of the language.

Test 16 Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the modern scientist SI Lvova: “Punctuation marks have their definite purpose in written speech. Like every note, the punctuation mark has its own definite place in the writing system, has its own unique "character". "

Punctuation marks, in the words of A. P. Chekhov, are "notes when reading", which help in the perception of the text, lead our thought in the direction set by the author. In this passage I find almost all existing punctuation marks: period and question mark, exclamation mark and comma, dash and colon, ellipsis and quotation marks.

The most common character in the text is the comma. She also meets in complex sentence, and in a simple complicated, and in a dialogue ... It seemed interesting to me sentence 18, where the comma, firstly, separates the repeated words "..thank you, thank you ...", secondly, it highlights the word-appeal "old man", in- thirdly, this sign is present at the junction of direct speech and the words of the author.

The second sign that I noticed was the exclamation mark. In sentence 11 "How hard it is to wake up after this!" he helps the author to express the range of negative feelings that Meresiev experiences after a dream in which he saw himself healthy.

Thus, we can conclude that each punctuation mark "has its own definite place in the writing system, has its own unique" character ".

Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the linguist Svetlana Ivanovna Lvova: “Punctuation marks have their definite purpose in written speech. Like every note, the punctuation mark has its own definite place in the writing system, has its own unique "character". " I understand the meaning of the statement of the linguist Svetlana Ivanovna Lvova as follows: each punctuation mark has its own definite place, its own "character" and its purpose in the text. I will give examples from the text of B. Polevoy.

So, in a non-union complex sentence (2) I meet such a punctuation mark as a colon, which not only separates two simple sentences as part of a complex, but also indicates that one of them explains the other. Sentence 11 of the text with an exclamation mark emphasizes the emotional experiences of the hero. Thus, S.I. Lvova, who asserted that “... like every note, the punctuation mark has its own definite place in the writing system, has its own unique“ character ”.

Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the linguist Svetlana Ivanovna Lvova: “Punctuation marks have their definite purpose in written speech. Like every note, the punctuation mark has its own definite place in the writing system, has its own unique "character". " The world of human feelings is endless: joy, anger, sadness, fear, happiness ... In oral speech, these feelings convey not only words, but also facial expressions, gestures, and the sound of a voice. In written speech, "only an exclamation mark serves as a bearer of a wide variety of feelings." In the text proposed for analysis by B.N. In the field, this sign is found several times, performing various functions.

First, sentence 20 ("Nice guy!") With an exclamation mark expresses Gvozdev's attitude to Alexei Meresiev. Secondly, in sentence 21 "What are the strengths in this man!" this sign at the end of a sentence is used to express delight, admiration for the strength of the spirit of the legless pilot. Thus, I can conclude that SI Lvov is right when she asserted that each sign has its own “character”. And the exclamation mark in the text is a vivid example of this!

Test 17 Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the French writer N. Chamfort: "The author goes from thought to words, and the reader - from words to thought." According to the French writer Nicolas de Chamfort: "The author goes from thought to words, and the reader from words to thought." I agree with this statement. Indeed, both the author and the reader are two links in the same chain. And you, and I, and each of us - we all constantly think. Is it possible to think without words?

By what words a person uses in speech, how he builds sentences, you can say a lot about him. To express the imitation of oral speech, to express the special emotional state of the speaker, in this case a woman boss, the author uses parceling in sentences 14-22. Sentence 42 confirms the idea that the author chose the words carefully to put them in the mouth of a cynical, harsh nurse who judges little abandoned children as a commodity. How not to be indignant, because she speaks about them with such calmness: “Ours are little white, strong ones, however, there are a lot of patients ...” Thus, I can conclude that N. Shamfor was right. After all, the author draws in words images, pictures, thoughts, actions, actions in order to enable us, the readers, to present the described events, to convey our emotions, to evoke reciprocal feelings and experiences.

Test 18 Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the linguist Alexander Ivanovich Gorshkov: "Expressiveness is the property of what is said or written in its semantic form to attract the special attention of the reader, to make a strong impression on him." There are many means of expressiveness in the Russian language. These are metaphors, epithets, hyperbole ... The authors use these artistic techniques to "... attract the special attention of the reader, make a strong impression on him." I will give examples from the text.

So, in sentences 4,6,7 I meet lexical repetitions: “sentencing, sentencing”, “sentencing, condemning”, “stroking ... and stroking”, - helping AA. Likhanov to tell how long and persistently she looked after Pryakhin as a guard. In sentence 5 I find the metaphor "pupils dilated with pain", which allows readers to more clearly imagine Alexei's painful state. Thus, I agree with the words of the linguist A.I. Gorshkov: imagery, emotionality and expressiveness of speech enhance its effectiveness, contribute to better understanding, perception and memorization, and give aesthetic pleasure.

(Add a conclusion, shorten the introduction) Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the linguist Alexander Ivanovich Gorshkov: "Expressiveness is the property of what is said or written in its semantic form to attract the special attention of the reader, to make a strong impression on him." From childhood I remember the teacher's phrase: "Read expressively!" It meant reading "with feeling, with sense, with consistency." In high school I already realized that the expressiveness of speech is its emotionality and imagery, which should help the speaker to attract the listener, to win his attention. Let me give examples of how the writer A. Likhanov “wins the attention” of the reader.

First, the soldier, asking how he can settle accounts with Aunt Grunya, jokingly uses the fabulous words "gold and silver", which make his speech vivid, vivid, emotional, and thus attract the attention of the reader. Secondly, a woman's speech is not inferior in emotionality. In sentence 19, Aunt Grunya, angry with her tenant, says that people should be merciful and not think about calculating, otherwise (she uses a metaphor) people would “... turn the whole world into a store”. The phrase of this simple woman makes a strong impression on us, is remembered. Thus, I can conclude that Alexander Ivanovich Gorshkov was right when he argued that "... expressiveness is the property of what is said or written in its semantic form to attract the special attention of the reader ...".

(good examples, but there are comments on the language of the essay. Inconsistency in paragraph 1: if only "read", then why "read or speak"? in the conclusion (involve). This is overkill. I suggest in the main part to simply shorten the sentences to avoid repetition.)

Test 19 Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the Russian writer Boris Viktorovich Shergin: "An oral phrase transferred to paper is always subjected to some processing, at least in terms of syntax." Undoubtedly, "the oral phrase, transferred to paper, always undergoes some processing", because oral speech is primary, and written speech is secondary, that is, edited and improved. In written speech, book vocabulary prevails, complex detailed sentences, participial and adverbial expressions. In oral speech, repetitions, incomplete, simple sentences, colloquial words and expressions are observed.

For example, in sentence 1 I find the participle phrase "perched on the fence", which says that we are dealing with written speech, not oral. In sentences 42, the author uses the interjection "Fi!" to depict a boy whistling. In real life, this whistle sounds, undoubtedly, differently, but transferred to paper and processed it looks exactly like this in the text. Thus, the above examples and reasoning show that spoken language varies greatly under the pen of a writer.

Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the Russian writer Boris Viktorovich Shergin: "An oral phrase transferred to paper is always subjected to some processing, at least in terms of syntax." Words written down on paper can not express everything that is contained in living human speech, which is conveyed by intonation, speech rate, gestures and facial expressions. However, the writer and reader have at their disposal not only words, but also additional means - punctuation marks, which, participating in the processing of oral speech, help to "transfer" these gestures and facial expressions to paper. Here are some examples.

V. Oseeva actively uses in the text such a syntactic device of "Russian understatement" as the ellipsis. So, in sentence 18 "Wait ... I'll arrange a piece for her!" this sign after the words of Levka can mean a lot! Perhaps, in a conversation, the boy at that moment showed something or made a gesture. The author, having processed the phrase, put an ellipsis. In sentence 2 V. Oseeva uses an incomplete sentence “Look… I have a slingshot”. When processing the text, it "throws out" the reference and the predicate, but the reader understands everything, since these syntactic units are replaced by the ellipsis. The syntax, I think, greatly helps the writer to process the "spoken phrase transferred to paper."

Test 20 Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the linguist I.I. Postnikova: "The ability of a word to communicate with other words is manifested in a phrase." Words have the ability to connect in meaning and grammatically as part of a phrase. I will give examples from the text of A. Likhanov.

In sentence 1, the words "splash" and "inflorescences", combined in meaning and grammatically with the help of the preposition "in" and the endings of the dependent noun, created the phrase "splashing in the inflorescences", which more clearly defines the action of the object, since the dependent word clarifies the meaning the main one. In sentence 9 I find the phrase "incomprehensible eyes", where two words have shown the ability, joining in the composition of the phrase with the help of the ending -e dependent participle, to more accurately determine the attribute of the object. Thus, I can conclude that the linguist I.I. Postnikova, who argued that "... the ability of a word to associate with other words is manifested in a phrase"

(Edit: 1 sentence: Words (mandatory plural!) ... 2 sentence: ... from the text (indicate the author). The theoretical level (C1K1 criterion) for this quote assumes the following information: the connection between words in phrases is expressed by endings dependent words, prepositions, conjunctions, intonation. Therefore, in 1 example we correct the factual error: ... with the help of the preposition "in" and the endings of the dependent noun o created a phrase ... - in the 2 example we concretize: ... the composition of the phrase using the ending -e of the dependent adjective ...)

Test 21 Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the German linguist Georg von Gabelentz: "With language, a person not only expresses something, but also expresses himself with it." The best way to get to know a person is to listen to how he speaks, because speech reflects his inner state, feelings, culture of behavior. I will give examples from the text of V. Oseeva.

So, in sentence 2 I see Pavlik's remark "... move over!", Addressed to the old man. The boy speaks harshly and dryly, using no respectful address or "magic word." The speech shows what an ill-bred child we have in front of us. But Pavlik, having mastered the "magic word" presented by the old man, is transformed before our eyes! Everything changes in the child's address to the grandmother (sentence 53): he uses not only the magic "please", but also words with diminutive suffixes "a piece of cake". Just a few words! And before us is a completely different person! Thus, I can conclude that the German linguist Georg von Gabelentz was right: "... with language a person not only expresses something, but also expresses himself with it."

(Right: 1. The best way to get to know a person is to listen to how he speaks, because speech reflects his inner state, (expresses thoughts, we will remove it, since speech does not express thoughts, but with its help we express thoughts) feelings, culture (we will remove it, this pronoun is already in the sentence) of behavior. 2-3 But Pavlik, having mastered the “magic word” donated by the old man, changes before our eyes! In sentence 53, addressed to the grandmother, everything changes in the child's speech: he uses not only the magic “please,” but also words with diminutive-l aspirational suffixes “a piece of pie.” - Changes - changes ... In a sentence ... in speech ... In a magic - magic ... - REPEAT!

Test 22 Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the Russian philologist DS Likhachev: "The surest way to recognize a person is his mental development, his moral character, his character - to listen to how he speaks." A Vietnamese proverb says: "A good person is recognized at the beginning of his speech," that is, the speech of the interlocutor shows both his mental development and character traits. Here are some examples from Terry Dobson's text. According to the hero's remarks (sentences 13 - 16), we can conclude that the passenger who entered the car is a real bully. He shouted loudly, swore, openly provoking passengers to fight.

Our "brawler" (sentence 39) changes strikingly after a conversation with a little old Japanese man. The passenger's face gradually softened, his fists unclenched, his voice died down. With tears, he told the old man his sad story. And the words of the hero already sounded differently. All the passengers of the carriage saw that there was an unfortunate person in front of them. D.S.Likhachev was right when he argued that by listening to a person's speech, one can find out both his moral character and his character. On my own I will add: "And his fate!"

Test 23 Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of E.V. Dzhanzhakova: "A literary text makes you pay attention not only and not so much to what is said, but also to how it is said." To influence the reader, to attract his attention, authors of literary texts widely use pictorial and expressive units of the language, attract lexical and syntactic means of other styles, which makes the reader “... pay attention not only and not so much to what is said, but also to that as said. " Let us refer to the text of L.N. Andreev.

The author, telling about the transformation of Kusaka, about the happy days that have come in her life, in sentence 30 uses the phraseological unit “blossomed with her soul”, which not only speaks of canine happiness, but also emphasizes with the help of a stable combination that she has changed both externally and internally. Sentence 34 talks about the fear of evil people that lives in the soul of Kusaka. He is so strong that it is almost impossible to get rid of him. The author, in order to describe the fear of a dog, uses the brightest metaphor: fear "has not yet been completely evaporated by the fire of caresses." This trope makes the story brighter, more colorful. Thus, not just to say, but to say in a peculiar way about something, artistic means of expressiveness help the writer, serving to give the text emotionality, brilliance and persuasiveness.

Test 24 Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the modern linguist G.Ya.Solganik: “An artist thinks in images, he draws, shows, depicts. This is the specificity of the language of fiction ”. The peculiarity of the language of a work of art lies in the fact that the writer strives for liveliness, clarity, brilliance of descriptions and actions and achieves this, thanks to the richness and imagery of the Russian language. I will give examples from the text of V.P. Astafiev.

The imagery of speech is very often achieved when using words in a figurative sense. So, in sentence 15, the author, claiming that the mountain ash has a soul, uses the personification “heard, lured and fed whimsical gourmands-birds”. With this example, the artist of the word clearly depicts a tree that he loved. But it is not only the paths that help the writer "think in images." One of the conditions for the artist's skill is observation and his emotionality. So, noticing that lungwort and calendula disappeared from his garden, he finds an explanation for this: the “bad word” addressed to the plants by his aunt (sentence 21) drove the plants out. How vividly the scene is drawn by V.P. Astafyev when the narrator asks for forgiveness from the only flower left in the garden! Thus, I can conclude that the specificity of the language of a work of art consists of the writer's ability not only to see, to notice something in real life, but also, highlighting the characteristic details, to draw an image using

Test 25"The rules of syntax determine the logical relationship between words, and the composition of the lexicon corresponds to the knowledge of the people, testifies to its way of life." Nikolay Gavrilovich Chernyshevsky

Test 26“The most amazing thing is that a master writer is able, taking ordinary, well-known words, to show how many shades of meaning are hidden and revealed in his thoughts and feelings.” Ilya Naumovich Gorelov

Test 27“I realized that a person can know a great variety of words, can write them absolutely correctly and also correctly combine them in a sentence. All this teaches us grammar. " Mikhail Vasilievich Isakovsky

Test 28“The language is like a multi-storey building. Its floors are units: sound, morpheme, word, phrase, sentence ... And each of them takes its place in the system, each does its own job. " Mikhail Viktorovich Panov

Test 29"The Russian language ... is rich in verbs and nouns, various forms expressing shades of feelings and thoughts." Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy

Test 30"The dictionary of the language testifies to what people think, and grammar - how they think." Georgy Vladimirovich Stepanov

The well-known linguist G. Stepanov stated: "The dictionary of the language testifies to what people think, and grammar - how they think." Let's try to understand the meaning of this aphorism.

This statement has two parts. Let's take a look at the first part. In my opinion, by the word "dictionary" G. Stepanov meant vocabulary, or the vocabulary of the language that people use in speech. Man needed words to give a name to everything in the world. This means that they reflect the thoughts of people. Figuratively speaking, language is a mold of our thinking. That is, "the dictionary of the language testifies to what people think about." For example, using in the remarks of one of the girls (sentences 34, 35, 38) emotionally expressive vocabulary ("unfortunate coward") and colloquial words ("picny", "we will arrange"), the author of the text emphasizes the rudeness and cruelty in the thoughts of children, their insidious intentions ...

Now let's dwell on the second part of the statement. To understand its meaning, you need to find out the meaning of the word "grammar". Grammar is a branch of linguistics that includes word formation, morphology and syntax. Knowledge of grammatical rules not only helps a person correctly and clearly express his own thoughts, but also reveals his inner world, state, attitude towards others. Take sentences 19 and 20, for example. Everyone knows that the word "please" is used if a person wants to win over the interlocutor, show him respect and politeness. But if we consider these sentences from the point of view of their construction, that is, grammar, then we will see that this word is not part of the previous sentence, but is an independent syntactic construction. In this case, the author used such a syntactic device as parcelling to emphasize the hidden aggression of schoolchildren, their demanding tone. The use of the word "must" also helps in this (sentence No. 19).

Thus, in the way a person thinks and speaks, his essence lies.

Test 31"Language is that through which, with the help of which we express ourselves and things." Paul Ricoeur

Test 32 Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement taken from the textbook of the Russian language: “Phraseologisms are invariable companions of our speech. We often use them in everyday speech, sometimes without even noticing, because many of them are familiar and familiar from childhood. "

Writing-reasoning

I understand this phrase from the Russian language textbook as follows: we use stable phrases, phraseological units very often, sometimes without noticing it. I find the evidence in the text.

In sentence 7 there is a phraseological unit “blurted out everything in one breath”. It acts as a synonymous expression meaning "very quickly, instantly." But the stable combination in the text sounds clearly brighter, more expressive.

Test 33“Language is what a person knows. Speech is what a person can do. " Andrey Alexandrovich Miroshnichenko

Test 34“Some scientists even propose to distinguish two languages - oral and written, so big differences exist between oral and written speech". Andrey Alexandrovich Miroshnichenko

Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the Russian journalist A.A. Miroshnichenko: "Some scholars even propose to single out two languages - oral and written, so much difference exists between oral and written speech."

I share the point of view of A. A. Miroshnichenko that there are differences between oral and written speech. Here are some examples.

So, in sentence 3, which is a sample of written speech, I find a complex unfolded construction. It is dominated by book vocabulary: "massive writing desk", "huge and somehow dusty albums", "lingering and plaintive howl." The sentence follows the spelling and punctuation rules. All this is not typical of oral speech.

But in the dialogue (sentences 29 - 49), characteristic of oral speech, I observe simple incomplete sentences: "So ... It interferes, it means ..." In sentence 49 there is an interjection "Oh", characteristic of oral speech. The entire dialogue is full of pauses, gestures and facial expressions, which are given in literary text as the author's comments.

Thus, I can conclude that, indeed, the differences between spoken and written speech are huge.

(Allowed myself to correct a little. So, in Proposition 3, which is a sample of written speech, I find a complex detailed construction. Book vocabulary prevails in it: "massive writing desk", "huge and somehow dusty albums", "drawn-out and plaintive Howl. "The sentence is built in accordance with the grammatical norms of the Russian language. All these signs are not characteristic of oral speech. But in the dialogue (sentences 29 - 49), which directly conveys the replicas of the heroes, that is, oral speech, I observe simple incomplete sentences:" So ... It interferes, then ... "There is an interjection" O "in Proposition 49, which is often used [CENSORSHIP] in oral speech.

Test 35“The Russian language ... has all the means to express the most subtle sensations and shades of thought. " Vladimir Galaktionovich Korolenko

Test 36 Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the modern linguist Nina Sergeevna Valgina: "The functions of the paragraph are closely related to the functional and style of the text, at the same time reflect the individual author's peculiarity of text design."

Writing-reasoning

In each text, in addition to the main topic, there are micro topics around which sentences are grouped that make up a part of the topic - a paragraph. A paragraph is a piece of written speech that has a compositional, subject-thematic, rhythmic meaning and is associated with the author's style.

In the text of M. Loskutov I find five paragraphs, four of which fulfill the traditional function, demonstrating that a new semantic passage begins with the red line, in which a different thought develops.

And here is one of the possible paragraphs, which should begin with the introductory word "second", the author hides inside the second paragraph. This stylistic device is understandable: M. Loskutov does not want to present as a new thought the information that his dog "was obscenely cowardly." It is no coincidence that the author "hid" this information, did not make it as new, because from the fourth paragraph we learn that the cowardly Borozhai accomplished a feat: he made people act with his behavior! He threw himself into the fire and called people for him! They rescued the calf from the fire, and Borozhai suffocated in the smoke ...

Thus, I can conclude that NS Valgina was right, asserting that "... the functions of the paragraph are closely related to the functional and stylistic belonging of the text, at the same time reflect the individual author's peculiarity of text design."

How to treat borrowed words?

How to relate to the borrowed words that have flooded Russian speech? This is the problem that Vadim Glagolev ponders.

In his article, he complains about the avidity of "our language for foreign words." But at the same time, the author examines with particular interest those cases when the replacement of the Russian word for "foreigner" is justified. V. Glagolev is sure that the native language is so rich and strong that it will never yield primacy to borrowed words, which will always perform a black, boring, thankless job in our speech. The position of Vadim Glagolev is clearly manifested in the sentence: "In general, let foreign words continue to creep into us." Let them "climb" because the author is sure: verbal "guest workers" in the Russian language are assigned dirty and uninteresting work. I partly share the author's opinion: those foreign words that transform, update Russian speech, make it richer, are not so bad, but I am sure that borrowed words will always remain on the sidelines in our speech ... I will cite as an example the non-Russian word “highway”, which stuck with us, because its meaning is more accurate than that of the word "road". We call a "highway" a paved road. A.S. Pushkin, complaining about the off-road, dreamed of the time when highways would appear in Russia. He has such ironic lines: ... (according to the calculation of the Philosophical Tables, in five hundred years) the roads are true We will change immensely: The Highways of Russia here and here, Having united, will cross. The words turned out to be prophetic: the highways connected small and large cities of the country. But has this word supplanted our native word "road"? Of course not! During the Great Patriotic War, a road of life, not a highway, was laid across Lake Ladoga ... We are standing on someone's road, not on a highway! But there are sections of science where it is simply impossible to do without borrowed words. Let's remember the science of linguistics. How can we do without such words as suffix, paragraph, synonym, antonym, pun ... But you never know them! But these terms, having firmly entered the vocabulary of Russians, do not violate the stylistic norms of scientific speech and therefore have the right to life! Thus, I can conclude that borrowed vocabulary is not so scary for the Russian language! And it is necessary to treat it rationally: a word is worthy to enter our vocabulary - green is for it, unworthy is red!

Task 15.1. Write a reasoning essay revealing the meaning of a famous linguist's statement A.I. Gorshkova: "Expressiveness is the property of what is said or written in its semantic form to attract the special attention of the reader, to make an impression on him" ...

Expressiveness is such a property of speech, thanks to which it affects people. Under the pen of the master, various linguistic units acquire a special meaning, allowing the author to draw the attention of readers to the most important in the text. I think this is the meaning I put into my statement. A.I. Gorshkov.

Let's illustrate the thought of a linguist with examples from the text Albert Likhanova... The writer skillfully uses lexical and syntactic means of expression, and therefore the story of Aunt Grun makes a strong impression on us.

Describing a woman who unselfishly helps the wounded, the author uses a comparison: her words addressed to Alexei were “soft, like a good bandage” (sentence no. 6). This trail helps us to feel how important the kindness and affection of Aunt Grunya was for the fighter. The syntactic tool - a rhetorical question (sentence number 3) - allows the writer to focus on one of the main traits of a woman - the ability to compassion. As a result, we are imbued with respect for Aunt Gruna.

So, the above examples prove the idea that "expressiveness is the property of what is said or written in its semantic form to attract the special attention of the reader, to make an impression on him."

Task 15.2. Write a reasoning essay. Explain how you understand the meaning of the text fragment: “ If people began to pay for everything with each other, the whole world would turn into a store«…

Albert Likhanov talks about a simple watchman, Aunt Gruna, who helps the wounded. She does this without any calculation, guided only by the desire to ease the pain of the soldiers, to support them. " If people began to pay for everything with each other, the whole world would be turned into a store", Says the woman. I understand the meaning of this phrase as follows: true good does not require payment, does not expect gratitude, this is precisely its essence.

Aunt Grunya understands that in difficult times people, more than ever, need disinterested support, sympathy, empathy. Not everyone will ask for this, but helping a neighbor is a moral duty of a person: "... is it really necessary to ask when there is a war, when people need compassion more than bread?" (proposal number 3).

The woman also realizes that the good, for which payment is expected, will be “destroyed”. “Because good is without self-interest,” says Aunt Grunya to Alexei (proposal # 25).

Thus, in my opinion, there is a deep meaning in the simple words of an illiterate old woman. The world will really turn out to be nothing more than a "store" if good deeds cease to be performed unselfishly.

Task 15.3. How do you understand the meaning of the word COMPASSION? Formulate and comment on your definition. Write an essay-reasoning on the topic: “ What is compassion?“Taking your definition as a thesis ...

Compassion, I consider the ability to perceive the misfortune of a neighbor as one's own, the willingness to come to the aid of someone who needs it. This is a moral duty of a person, but not everyone is in a hurry to fulfill it. Sometimes we dwell on our own little problems or enjoy the peace, indifferently passing by someone else's grief. But often just a drop of compassion can save a person.

The text of Albert Likhanov makes us think about this. Aunt Grunya disinterestedly helps the wounded soldiers, counting neither on payment nor on gratitude: in her words, "good without self-interest." A woman is driven by a sense of compassion. She cares for the wounded at the call of her heart.

IN fiction there are many examples of compassion. So, Valentin Rasputin in the story "French Lessons" tells about the teacher Lydia Mikhailovna. She tried to help her student who found himself in a difficult life situation.

People who are capable of compassion cannot but inspire admiration. Thanks to them, faith in the triumph of good does not fade away in the world.