Drop spit presentation. Presentation on the history of the siege of pleven

December 10, 1877 during the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878. After a heavy siege, Russian troops captured Plevna, forcing the 40-thousandth Turkish army to surrender. It was an important victory for Russia, but it came at a great cost.

“Defeated. Memorial service "

Heavy battles near Plevna, which cost the Russian army tens of thousands of killed and wounded, were reflected in painting. The famous battle painter V.V. Vereshchagin, former member siege of Plevna (one of his brothers was killed during the Third assault on the fortress, and the other was wounded), he dedicated the canvas “The Defeated. Memorial service ". Much later, after the death of V.V. Vereshchagin himself in 1904, another participant in the events near Plevna, scientist V.M.Bekhterev, responded to this picture with the following poem:

The whole field is covered with dense grass.
Not roses, but corpses cover him
The priest stands with a naked head.
Shaking the censer reads ...
And the chorus behind him sings long and long
One prayer after another.
He gives eternal memory and sorrow
To all those who fell for their homeland in battle.

Under a hail of bullets

One of the factors that led to the high losses of the Russian army during the three unsuccessful assaults of Plevna and a number of other battles for the capture of Turkish strongholds around this fortress was the high density of Turkish infantry fire. Often, Turkish soldiers had two types of firearms at the same time - the American Peabody-Martini rifle for long-range shooting and Winchester magazine carbines for close combat, which made it possible to create a high density of fire at a short distance. Of the famous battle canvases, where the Turks are depicted with rifles and carbines at the same time, is A. N. Popov's painting "Defense of the Eagle's Nest" by the Orlov and Bryanskites on August 12, 1877 (events at the Shipka Pass) - the appearance of Turkish soldiers at Plevna was similar ...

In the 16th division

A number of striking episodes of the Russian-Turkish war are associated with the name of Mikhail Dmitrievich Skobelev. The preparation of Skobelev's 16th division for the passage through the Balkans after the capture of Plevna is noteworthy. First, Skobelev rearmed his division with Peabody-Martini rifles, which were taken in huge numbers in the arsenals of Plevna. Most of the Russian infantry units in the Balkans were armed with the Krynk rifle, and the more modern Berdan rifles were only in the Guard and Grenadier Corps. Unfortunately, this example of Skobelev was not followed by other Russian military leaders. Secondly, Skobelev, using the shops (warehouses) of Plevna, provided his soldiers with warm clothes, and when moving to the Balkans also with firewood - therefore, moving along one of the most difficult sections of the Balkans - the Imetli Pass, the 16th division did not lose a single person frostbitten ...

Troop supply

The Russo-Turkish war and the siege of Plevna were marked by enormous difficulties in military supply, which, under very dark circumstances, was entrusted to the Greger-Hervitz-Kogan Partnership. The siege of Plevna was carried out in extremely difficult conditions of the beginning of the autumn thaw. Diseases increased and the threat of hunger arose. Up to 200 people were out of action every day. During the war, the size of the Russian army at Plevna constantly increased, and its needs increased. Therefore, in September 1877, two civilian transport was formed, consisting of 23 departments of 350 steam-horse carriages in each, and in November 1877, two more transport, consisting of 28 departments of the same composition. By the end of the siege of Plevna in November, 26 thousand 850 civilian carriages and a large number of other transport. Fighting the autumn of 1877 was also marked by the first appearance of field kitchens in the Russian army much earlier than other European countries.

E. I. Totleben

After the Third unsuccessful assault on Plevna on August 30-31, 1877, the famous engineer, the hero of the defense of Sevastopol, E. I. Totleben, was summoned to supervise the siege work. He managed to establish a tight blockade of the fortress, destroy the Turkish water mills in Plevna by dumping streams of water from open dams, depriving the enemy of the opportunity to bake bread. The outstanding fortifier did a lot to improve the life of the troops besieging Plevna, preparing the Russian camp for the stormy autumn and the approaching cold weather. Refusing frontal attacks from Plevna, Totleben organized constant military demonstrations in front of the fortress, forcing the Turks to keep significant forces in the first line of defense and suffer heavy losses from concentrated fire of Russian artillery. Totleben himself noted: “The enemy keeps only defensively, and I hold continuous demonstrations against him so that he could assume on our part the intention to storm. When the Turks fill the redoubts and trenches with people, and their reserves approach, I order to fire volleys from a hundred or more guns. In this way, I try to avoid losses on our part, inflicting daily losses on the Turks. "

War and diplomacy

After the capture of Plevna, Russia once again loomed the threat of war with England, which was extremely painful for any Russian successes in the Balkans and the Caucasus. Back in July 1877, the English fleet entered the Dardanelles. And after the fall of Plevna, the Prime Minister of England Disraeli even decided to declare war on Russia, but did not receive support in the cabinet of ministers. On December 1, 1877, a memorandum was sent to Russia with the threat of a declaration of war if the Russian troops occupied Istanbul. In addition, it was deployed active activity on the organization of collective international mediation (intervention) for the conclusion of peace. However, at that time Russia rejected such a development of events, pointing out its consent only to direct Russian-Turkish negotiations.

Outcomes

The siege and capture of Plevna by Russian troops became one of the key events of the war of 1877-78. After the fall of this fortress, the way was opened for Russian troops through the Balkans, and the Ottoman Empire lost its first-class army of 50,000. Further swift actions of the Russian troops made it possible to carry out a swift passage through the Balkan Mountains and achieve the signing of the Peace of San Stefano, which was beneficial for Russia. And nevertheless, the siege of Plevna entered the Russian military history as one of the bloodiest and most difficult. During the siege, the losses of the Russian troops amounted to more than 40 thousand people killed and wounded.

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Slide 1

Lesson number 32 Grade 8 History Russia XIX century

Russian-Turkish war of 1877-78

Slide 2

Lesson plan.

1.Balkan crisis. 2. The beginning of the war. 3. The fighting in the summer of 1877. 4. The fall of Plevna. 5. Results of the war. 6. The meaning and reasons for the victory.

Slide 3

Assignment for the lesson.

Determine the reasons for the military successes and diplomatic failures of Russia during the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878?

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In the summer of 1875, an uprising broke out in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In 1876, an uprising broke out in Bulgaria. Serbia and Montenegro came to her aid, but these uprisings were brutally suppressed by the Turks. The Russian public supported the struggle of the Slavs. Russia, Germany and Austria demanded reforms for Christians, but the Ottoman Empire refused. In October 1876, Russia, supported by Austria, issued an ultimatum to the Turks.

1.Balkan crisis.

Russian octopus. English caricature of Russian foreign policy.

Slide 5

On April 12, 1877, Alexander II declared war. The balance of forces was in favor of Russia, but the military reform was not completed and the army lacked the latest weapons and high command personnel. Commander-in-chief in the area of ​​military operations was appointed the brother of the emperor, deprived of military talents Grand Duke Niko-lai Nikolaevich.

2. The beginning of the war.

Nikolai Nikolaevich. Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army.

Slide 6

Combat map.

In the summer of 1877, the Russian army entered the territory of Romania and crossed the Danube River. The Bulgarians enthusiastically met the liberators. General N. Stoletov began to form the Bulgarian militia. General I. Gurko occupied Tarnovo and on July 5 captured the Shipka mountain pass. But after the forcing of the Danube, Niko-lai Nikolaevich lost control of the troops.

3.Fighting in the summer of 1877

Slide 7

While the Russian command was figuring out the location of their detachments, the Turks unexpectedly struck Plevna and occupied the city, creating a threat to the rear of the Russian army. The Turks tried to beat off Shipka, but failed. But the Russians' attempts to capture Plevna did not lead to anything. All 3 assaults failed.

V. Vereshchagin. Picket in the Balkans

Slide 8

By order of the Minister of War D. Milyutin, the army proceeded to the siege of the city. The Turks, not prepared for the siege in November 1877, surrendered - this was a turning point in the hostilities. General Gurko, having crossed the Balkans, occupied Sofia, and Sko-Belev, bypassing the Turks, broke through from Shipka and occupied Andrianople. On January 18, 1878, the Russians occupied the Istanbul suburb of San Stefano.

4. The fall of Plevna.

Near Plevna Lithograph of the 19th century.

Slide 9

Fearing interference in the war of European states, Alexander II stopped the offensive. 18.2. 1878. A peace treaty is signed in San Stefano. Russia received Bessarabia, Batum, Ardahan, Kars, Serbia, Montenegro, Romania, which were in vassal dependence on Turkey, became independent. Bulgaria received autonomy.

5. Results of the war.

V. Vereshchagin. The defeated memorial service for the dead.

Slide 10

But at the request of the European countries in the summer of 1878 at the Berlin Congress the results of the war were revised. Northern Bulgaria became a vassal of Turkey, while southern Bulgaria remained an autonomy. The possessions of Serbia and Montenegro were reduced. Austria received Bosnia and Herzegovina. And the island of Cyprus went to England.

The Balkans after the Berlin Congress.

Slide 11

The war in the Balkans ended the almost 400-year-old national struggle of the Balkan peoples. Russia restored its military prestige and won enormous prestige among the Balkan population. The victory was won thanks to the heroism of the soldiers, the support of the local population and the Russian society. It became possible thanks to the military reform carried out in the country.

6. The meaning and reasons for the victory.

Monument to the fallen near Plevna in Moscow.

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Plevna is a city in the northern part of Bulgaria. The city is located on the Danube Plain, 35 kilometers from the Danube. The city is an important transport point on the railway railways Bulgaria. Plevna during the Russian-Turkish War of 1877-1878. The city was of strategic importance - control across the Danube and its capture would allow the Russian army to advance deep into the Ottoman Empire and break the poorly organized defense of the Turkish troops without any problems. The siege of Plevna began on July 20, but on July 19, the division of Yuri Ivanovich Shilder-Schuldner reached the city, catching the Turks during preparations for the defense of Plevna. For four hours, Turkish and Russian batteries fired at each other, but the next day the main Russian army approached and proceeded to a decisive assault on the city. The Turkish troops of Osman Pasha were in the city. This was the first assault that ended with the entry of Russian troops into Plevna, but later they were driven out of there by Turkish troops. The Russian army lost about 800 people more than the Turkish - 2800 people.

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The second assault took place after the Plevna garrison and the troops of Schilder-Schuldner received reinforcements. The general command of the army, intended for the occupation of Pleven, was transferred to General N.P. Kridener at the direction of Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich. According to the plan of the commander-in-chief, the attack was to be preceded by prolonged artillery fire. On July 30, Kridener gave the order to start the offensive. Before the attack, the Russians conducted an artillery barrage, during which several Turkish guns installed in the unfinished fortifications were destroyed. After the shelling, the Russian troops, led by Kridener, went into battle, but their actions turned out to be inconsistent, the soldiers were poorly guided in unfamiliar terrain and, with huge losses, having captured two trenches and three fortifications, they were stopped at the redoubt. The attack of Skobelev's detachment, which attacked the left flank, was also repelled. The emboldened Turks launched a counteroffensive, knocking out the Russians with rifle fire, but the latter, having received reinforcements, continued to hold the captured positions for some time. At the end of the day, Kridener gave the order to retreat, which ended the second assault attempt. After this unsuccessful attack Russian government requested assistance from Romania. The request was granted, and Romanian troops soon joined the Russians.

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Osman Pasha's sortie On August 31, Osman Pasha attempted a diversionary maneuver, setting out from Plevna with large forces. His army successfully attacked the Russian outposts, captured one gun, but could not defend the captured redoubt and returned to Plevna, having lost 1350 people. The Russian troops lost about 350 fewer people than the Turkish.

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Capture of Lovcha In order to cut off Plevna from Orhaniye and prevent the Turks from receiving provisions without hindrance, the Russians attacked Lovcha, occupied by a small Turkish army, almost a third of which were irregular detachments of Bashibuzuk and Circassians. On August 19, Skobelev's detachment attacked Lovcha. Upon learning of the ongoing battle, Osman Pasha sent reinforcements to the defenders of the city, but they did not manage to reach Lovcha, which was completely captured by the Russians on 22 August. Infantry General Mikhail Dmitrievich Skobelev

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Third assault Returning to Pleven, surrounded by superior enemy forces, Osman Pasha began to prepare to repel a new attack. On September 7-10, Russian and Romanian guns fired at the Turkish fortifications. Despite the duration of the shelling and the large number of shells fired, the Turks did not manage to inflict tangible losses, the damage to the Plevna fortifications was also insignificant, the Turks easily restored the damaged buildings in between shelling their positions. "Battle of Plevna on August 27, 1877"

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On September 8, Skobelev's detachment went on the offensive, pushing the Turks back to the redoubt, but retreated under fire, repelling several counterattacks. The beginning of the general assault was postponed. The Turks tried to seize the initiative and went on the offensive themselves, but could not advance. Soon, supported by a hurricane of artillery fire, the Romanian troops under the command of General Angelescu moved on the Turks, during the fighting they captured one trench. The actions of the Russian troops were crowned with the successful capture of the second ridge of the Green Mountains. The general assault on Pleven began on September 11 in unfavorable weather conditions. After the artillery preparation, the Russian-Romanian infantry was thrown into battle. The Romanians attacked the Grivitsky redoubt three times with heavy losses and were able to take it only after receiving Russian reinforcements. Skobelev's troops, moving to the third ridge of the Green Mountains, after long and exhausting battles, took possession of the redoubt. The Turkish troops made several attempts to knock out the enemy, but to no avail. In the morning the Turks concentrated their forces and after a series of attacks, the last of which was led by Osman Pasha himself, they forced Skobelev's troops to retreat. "Capture of the Grivitsky redoubt near Plevna"

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Blockade and fall of Plevna Unable to seize Plevna by storm, the Russian headquarters decided to summon the famous military engineer E. I. Totleben to the troops for consultations. At his suggestion, the Russian command began a blockade of the city and abandoned further attempts to storm Plevna. To lock the Turks in Plevna, the Russians moved to the fortifications near the villages of Gorny Dubnyak and Telish. For the capture of Gorny Dubnyak, they allocated 20 thousand people and 60 guns, the Russians were opposed by a garrison of 3500 soldiers and 4 guns. Starting the battle on the morning of October 24, the Russian grenadiers, at the cost of heavy losses, captured both redoubts. The Turks offered fierce resistance. " The last battle near Plevna on November 28, 1877 "

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Now it was Telish's turn. Telish defended successfully at first, the Turkish garrison repelled the attack, inflicting sensitive damage on the attackers: about a thousand Russian soldiers died in the battle, 200 among the Turks. It was possible to take possession of Telish with the help of powerful artillery fire, but the success of this shelling was not so much in the number of killed Turks, which was small, as in the demoralizing effect produced. Started complete blockade Plevna, Russian guns periodically inflicted blows on the city. The blockade of the city led to the depletion of provisions in it, the army of Osman Pasha suffered from diseases, lack of food and medicine. Russian troops carried out a series of attacks: in early November, Skobelev's troops occupied and held the first ridge of the Green Mountains, repelling enemy counterattacks. On November 9, the Russians attacked in the direction of the Southern Front, but the Turks repulsed the attack. Plevna was surrounded by a 125 thousandth Russian-Romanian army with 496 guns, its garrison was completely cut off from outside world... Knowing that the food supply in the city would sooner or later dry up, the Russians suggested that the Plevna garrison surrender, to which Osman Pasha refused.

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Due to the lack of food in the besieged city, shops were closed, the ration of soldiers was reduced, most of the inhabitants suffered from diseases, the army was exhausted by fever. But the morale of the Turkish soldiers was high, they were not going to surrender; at the military council held, it was decided to break out of the city in the direction of the bridge over the river Vid, held by the Turks, and move towards Sofia. On the evening of December 10, the Turkish army, accompanied by local Muslim residents, set out. Bridges were built for the crossing at night. At the forefront at this time were the Kiev and Siberian grenadier regiments; from the flanks they were covered by the Tauride and Little Russian regiments. A battle ensued between the Russian troops and the breaking Turkish army, during which the Turkish soldiers overloaded with weapons and luggage suffered significant damage, but managed to capture 3 lines of trenches, 6 guns and destroy the Siberian regiment. Unbearable artillery fire and the arrival of Russian reinforcements created a critical situation for the Turks, forcing them to stop at the Kopanaya Mogila mound. Unable to withstand the attack of the Astrakhan regiment, the Turks soon wavered and turned into a disorderly flight, which ended after the wounding of Osman Pasha in surrender. Thus ended the siege of Plevna. In fact, the road to Ottoman Empire was opened and only the intervention of Great Britain saved the Ottomans from complete defeat and seizure of most of the lands The Russian empire... A sortie from Plevna. December 1877